DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY COURSE NO.: EEE 212 EXPT.

NO. 01 NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT: STUDY OF DIODE CHARACTERISTICS OBJECTIVE To study the I-V characteristics o si!ico" #$" %u"ctio" diodes& MATERIALS REQUIRED #$" %u"ctio" diode'(N)**+, -. /e"er diode resistor '(0, dc #o1er su#!y si2"a! 2e"erator osci!!osco#e chords a"d 1ire THEORY A #$" %u"ctio" diode is a t1o$ter3i"a! de4ice that acts as a" o"e$1ay co"ductor& 5he" a diode is or1ard 6iased as sho1" i" Fi2& ('a,7 curre"t ID !o1s throu2h the diode a"d curre"t is 2i4e" 6y
Va I D = I S e nVT (

o"e #iece o"e #iece o"e #iece o"e #iece o"e #iece o"e u"it !ot

'(,

1here7 " is the idea!ity actor a"d ( " 8& IS is the re4erse$saturatio" curre"t a"d .T 9:T;< is the ther3a! 4o!ta2e& .T is a6out *&*8=. at roo3 te3#erature& .a D( (N)**( (0 R $

> .

Fi2&('a, 5he" it is re4erse 6iased as sho1" i" Fi2& ('6,7 ID 9 $IS ' or see e<"& '8,,& As it is 2e"era!!y i" #A '#ico$a3#, ra"2e7 i" 3a"y a##!icatio"s this curre"t is "e2!ected a"d diode is co"sidered o#e"&
V R I D = I S e VT ( = I S

or ?.? @@.T

'8,

The 3ateria! or #$" %u"ctio" diode is si!ico" se3ico"ductor& Se3ico"ductors are a 2rou# o 3ateria!s ha4i"2 e!ectrica! co"ducti4ity i"ter3ediate 6et1ee" 3eta!s a"d i"su!ators& Meta!s: A! 'a!u3i"u3,7 Cu'co##er,7Au'2o!d,& I"su!ators: Cera3ic7 5ood 7 ru66er& Se3ico"ductor: Si 'si!ico",7 Ae '2er3a"iu3,7 AaAs '2a!!iu3$arse"ide,&

P$ty#e Si!ico":
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5he" a" i"tri"sic si!ico" se3ico"ductor is do#ed 1ith A! i3#urities7 it 6eco3es #$ty#e& At ther3a! e<ui!i6riu37 #o9NA a"d "o 9 "i8;NA 1here7 #o is the ho!e co"ce"tratio" 7 "o is the e!ectro" co"ce"tratio" 7 NA is the do#i"2 de"sity o i3#urities'acce#tor ato3s,7 "i is the i"tri"sic co"ce"tratio"& "i 9 (&-B(*(*c3$+ or Si at roo3 te3#erature &

N$ty#e si!ico":
5he" a" i"tri"sic si!ico" se3ico"ductor is do#ed 1ith P'#hos#horous, i3#urities it 6eco3es "$ty#e & At ther3a! e<ui!i6riu37 "o9ND a"d Po9 "i8;ND& Here7 ND is the do#i"2 de"sity o i3#urities 'do"or ato3s,&

In semiconductor both holes and electrons contribute to current .

C !!"#$-V%&$'(" C)'!'*$"!+,$+*,
I

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Grea:do1"

Re4erse

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Fi2& ('6, .i" is the cut$i" 4o!ta2e& Its 4a!ue is usua!!y *&-.& At this 4o!ta2e7 diode is or1ard 6iased 6ut e4e" the" I is 4ery s3a!! a"d it is usua!!y "e2!ected& 5he" diode is re4erse 6iased a"d .C .07 diode dri4es i"to 6rea:do1" a"d a !ar2e curre"t 1i!! !o1& The curre"t ca" 6e !i3ited 6y usi"2 resistor i" diode circuit& I the s!o#e 'dI;d., is 4ery stee#7 the 6rea:do1" 3echa"is3 is ca!!ed /e"er 6rea:do1"& /e"er diode ca" 6e used i" re2u!ator circuit&

S3a!! Si2"a!
Co"sider the circuit sho1" i" Fi2& ('c,& For ac 4o!ta2e .d C(* 3.7 1e ca" 1rite

id 9 DID;".TE F 4d 9 4d;rd
1here7 rd 9 ".T;ID is the diode s3a!!$si2"a! 'dy"a3ic, resista"ce a"d ID is the dc curre"t& Dc resista"ce is 2i4e" 6y rD 9 .D;ID 1here .D is the dc 4o!ta2e across the diode &

V V.

(N )**(

Fi2& ( 'c, CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS FOR EXPERIMENTS > .R $ (0 F+(. 2 'Circuit dia2ra3 or diode characteristics&, > .D $ (N )**(

.dc

> .R $ (0 F+(. / .dc 'Circuit dia2ra3 or He""er diode characteristics&, > ./ $

-.

> CH ( $

(0 F+(. 0 (* . '#$#,7 (** HH $ CH 8 > (N )**(

'Circuit dia2ra3 or o6tai"i"2 diode characteristics ro3 osci!!osco#e&, PROCEDURE

(& Measure resista"ce accurate!y usi"2 3u!ti3eter& Co"struct the circuit as sho1" i" Fi2& 8&.ary i"#ut 4o!ta2e '.dc, a"d 3easure .D7 .R or 4a!ues o .D9*&(.7 *&8.7 *&+.7 *&).7 *&-.7 *&=.7 *&I. a"d so o"& O6tai" 3aBi3u3 4a!ue o .D 1ithout i"creasi"2 .dc 6eyo"d 8- . 'Note that ID9.R; R,& 8& Re#eat ste#( or the 4a!ues at .H 9*&-.7 (&*.7 (&-.7 8&*.7 8&-.7 +. a"d so o" u# to the 3aBi3u3 4a!ue o6tai"a6!e 1ithout i"creasi"2 .dc 6eyo"d 8-.& A##!y circuit i" Fi2& + or this ste#& +& Co"struct the circuit as sho1" i" the Fi2& )& Set the osci!!osco#e i" X$Y 3ode a"d !ocate the Hero #oi"t o" osci!!osco#e dis#!ay& Ma:e #ro#er co""ectio" 'accordi"2 to Fi2& ), a"d o6ser4e the out#ut& )& Re#eat ste#+ 6y i"creasi"2 su##!y re<ue"cy to - :HH& REPORT (& P!ot diode I$. characteristics or di ere"t readi"2s o6tai"ed i" this eB#eri3e"t& 8& Ca!cu!ate static a"d dy"a3ic resista"ce or ID9- 3A7 (* 3A a"d a!so or .D9*&= .7 *&I8 . or circuit i" Fi2& 8& +& Deter3i"e the J$#oi"t or the circuit i" Fi2& 8 1he" .dc9(- .& )& EB#!ai" the resu!t o6tai"ed i" ste# )& -& 5hat is the /e"er 4o!ta2e o the diode o Fi2& +K =& 5hat is the dy"a3ic resista"ce o the /e"er diode at /e"er 4o!ta2eK