KU-1286 PENGANTAR REKAYASA INFRASTRUKTUR

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Infrastructure Definition
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The Associated General Contractors of America (AGCA, 1982): The nations infrastructure is its system of public facilities, both publicly and privately funded, which provide for the delivery of essential services and a sustained standard of living..

INFRASTRUKTUR PANTAI dan LEPAS PANTAI

FAKULTAS TEKNIK SIPIL DAN LINGKUNGAN

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG

Lecture 5

Infrastructure facility categories:

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Uses of the Ocean

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Transportation Water and wastewater Waste management Energy production and distribution Buildings Recreation facilities Communication

(Hudson, Haas, Uddin, 1997)

Fisheries and aquaculture Recreation and Tourism Transportation and Telecommunication Human Settlements on the Coast Offshore Oil, Gas and Mining Energy Marine Biotechnology Non-Consumptive Uses Ocean Dumping and Ship Wastes Disposal of Waste from Land
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Learning Objective
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Learning Objective
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The objective of this session is to introduce students to types, function, and management of onshore & offshore infrastructure

In particular this lecture will discuss: Waves Tide Current Shore Protection Structure Ports & Harbors Offshore Structure Subsea pipelines

The Ocean
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Ocean & Coastal Zone

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Over 70% of the Earth's surface is covered by oceans. The oceans play a major role in weather and climate The atmosphere picks up most of its moisture and heat from the oceans The weather patterns and climate are controlled by the oceans. The oceans vary considerably in their depth. These features effect the circulation of the oceans and the ecosystems that inhabit the oceans.
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http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm

Coastal zones are continually changing because of the dynamic interaction between the oceans and the land. Waves and winds along the coast are both eroding rock and depositing sediment on a continuous basis, and rates of erosion and deposition vary considerably from day to day along such zones.

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http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm

Ocean & Coastal Zone

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Ocean basins
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The energy reaching the coast can become high during storms, and such high energies make coastal zones areas of high vulnerability to natural hazards. Understanding of the interactions of the oceans and the land is essential in understanding the hazards associated with coastal zones. Tides, currents, and waves bring the energy to the coast

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http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm

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http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm

Ocean Basins
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Heights and Depths

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Tides
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Tides

Tides are due to the gravitational attraction of Moon and the Sun on the Earth. Because the Moon is closer to the Earth than the Sun, it has a larger effect and causes the Earth to bulge toward the moon. At the same time, a bulge occurs on the opposite side of the Earth due to inertial forces Tides are a product of Gravitational forces and Inertial (or Centrifugal) forces The Moon has about 2x the effect of the Sun
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Tides
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Center of Mass for the Earth-Moon system Gravitational forces Centrifugal forces
Excess inertial force Moon

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16 http://www tulane edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones htm

Tides
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The tidal bulges result in a rhythmic rise and fall of ocean surface, which is not noticeable to someone on a boat at sea The tidal bulges is magnified along the coasts. Usually there are two high tides and two low tides each day a variation in sea level occur as the tidal bulge passes through each point on the Earth's surface.

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http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm

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Types of Tidal Regime

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Tidal Records (examples)

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Neap Tide
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Spring Tide
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Important Tidal Elevation

Tide Tables
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HHWL MHWS MHWL

Tidal Range

MSL

MLWL

MLWS LLWL

HHWL MHWS MHWL MSL MLWL MLWS LLWL

Highest High Water Level Mean High Water Spring Mean High Water Level Mean Sea Level Mean Low Water Level Mean Low Water Spring Lowest Low Water Level

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Oceanic Currents
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Oceanic Currents

The surface of the oceans move in response to winds blowing over the surface. The winds, in effect, drag the surface of oceans creating a current of water that is usually no more than about 50 meters deep. Surface ocean currents tend to flow in patterns similar to the winds, and they are reinforced by the Coriolis Effect. unlike winds, the ocean currents are diverted when they encounter a continental land mass.
25 26 http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm

Oceanic Currents
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Ocean Conveyor Belt System

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Indonesian Through Flow (ITF)

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Waves in the Ocean

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What Causes Waves?

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Wind Generation of Waves

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Wind Waves are generated by winds that blow over the surface of oceans.

The type of wave generated by wind is determined by:

Wind velocity Wind duration Fetch (distance over which wind blows)

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Wind Generation of Waves

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Progressive Waves
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wave size increases as the strength and duration of the wind, and distance over which it blows increases.

Wind-generated waves are progressive waves because they travel across the sea surface. Progressive Wave Types
Sea - irregular waves in the area of generation Swell - more regular waves beyond area of generation Surf - waves that have reached the coast, grow in height, and break

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Transformation of Shallow-water Waves

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Surfs Up!
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depending on the slope of the bottom

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Wave Refraction
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Properties of Ocean Waves

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Waves generally do not approach shoreline parallel to shore. In shallow water, the sea bottom transforms the waves properties. This leads to wave refraction
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An ocean wave is an undulation of the sea surface.

Wave crest Wave trough Wave height Wave length Wave period

Progressive waves
move across the sea surface.

Standing waves
oscillate about a fixed point.
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Wave Parameters
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Wave Motions
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Two basic motions associated with an ocean wave

The forward movement of the wave form. The orbital motion of water particles beneath the wave.

It is wave energy not water particles that moves across the sea surface.

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Deep Water Waves

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Deep Water Waves

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In a wave, water particles travels in loops. Since the surface is the area affected, the diameter of the loops decreases with depth. The diameters of loops at the surface is equal to wave height (H).

Waves DO NOT interact with the seafloor. Orbits of the water particles are circular.

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Shallow Water Waves

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Shallow Water Waves

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When waves approach shore The water depth decreases and the wave will start feeling bottom. Because of friction,
the wave velocity decreases, period (T) remains the same Thus, the wavelength (L) will decrease.

Waves DO interact with the seafloor. Orbits of the water molecules become elliptical.

as the wave "feels the bottom", the circular loops of water motion change to elliptical shapes
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Breaker
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Transformation of Waves
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As the wavelength (L) shortens, the wave height (H) increases. Eventually the steep front portion of wave cannot support the water as the rear part moves over, and the wave breaks. This results in turbulent water of the surf, where incoming waves meet back flowing water.

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Wave Erosion Rigorous erosion of sea floor takes place in the surf zone ( between shoreline and breakers )

Coastal Zone

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Coastal Zone
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A coastal zone is the interface between the land and water. These zones are important because a majority of the world's population inhabit on coastal zones.

http://earthtrends.wri.org/

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http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm

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Top Ten Largest Cities

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http://earthtrends.wri.org/

Tokyo, Japan Mexico City, Mexico Mumbai, India So Paulo, Brazil New York City, USA Shanghai, China Lagos, Nigeria Los Angeles, USA Calcutta, India Buenos Aires, Argentina

Coastal Inland Coastal Inland Coastal Coastal Coastal Coastal Coastal Coastal
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Coastal Erosion and Sediment Transport

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Transport of Sediment by Waves

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Coastlines are zones along which water is continually making changes. Waves can both erode rock and deposit sediment. Because of the continuous nature of ocean currents and waves, energy is constantly being expended along coastlines and they are thus dynamically changing systems

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http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm

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Rocky Coasts
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Protection of the Shoreline

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rocky coasts with cliffs along the shoreline. Due to resistance to erosion, a wave cut bench and wave cut cliff develops. The cliff may retreat by undercutting and resulting mass-wasting processes.

Shoreline protection can be divided into two categories: hard stabilization in which structures are built to reduce the action of the waves soft stabilization which mainly refers to adding sediment back to a beach as it erodes away.

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http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm

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http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm

Hard Stabilization
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Hard Stabilization
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Seawalls
Interrupts the force of the waves. built parallel to the coastline to protect structures on the beach. usually built of concrete or piles of large rocks. Waves crash against the seawall and are prevented from running up the beach.

Breakwaters
Interrupts the force of the waves. built slightly offshore preventing the force of the waves from reaching the beach Protect ports and harbors from waves

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http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm

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http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm

Hard Stabilization Attached BW

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Hard Stabilization Detached BW

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cause sediment to be redistributed along the shoreline.

cause sediment to be redistributed along the shoreline.

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http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm

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http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm

Hard Stabilization
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Hard Stabilization - Jetty

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groins and jetties,

Interrupts the flow of sediment along the beach. built at right angles to the beach to trap sand and widen the beach.

cause sediment to be redistributed along the shoreline.

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http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm

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http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm

Hard Stabilization - Groin

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Soft Stabilization
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cause sediment to be redistributed along the shoreline.

primarily accomplished by adding (filling) sediment to the coastline usually by dredging sediment from offshore and pumping it onto the coastline. Addition of sediment will need to be periodically repeated. Combination with Hard Stabilization to avoid/reduce periodic sediment filling.

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http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/coastalzones.htm

Submerge Breakwater
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Offshore Oil and Gas Production

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Exploration
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Exploratory Drilling
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Looking for a location of oil or gas trap. The task of geologists. (Using seismic survey vessel)

to confirm weather oil or gas is exist or not.

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Type of Offshore Platform

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Offshore Operation
Exploratory Drilling JackUp Rig

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Component of Offshore Platform

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Component of Offshore Platform

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Topside
Top portion of Platform as a place for all equipments to drilling and production of oil or gas. Other terminology : Deck , Upper Structure

Supporting Structure
To support deck/topsides and withstand/protect from loads and environmental such as wave, current, winds and earthquake. Other terminology : Sub Structure

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Type of Supporting Structure

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Fix Structures
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selection is based on :
Water depth & environment condition Platform function and topside loads.

Structure directly supported to seabed. Designated to shallow to medium water depth (50 m 412 m). Examples :
Jacket, Concrete Gravity Structure.

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Jacket Platform
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Jacket Platform
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Fixed Platform types. supported directly by piles which is driven to seabed up to some depth. For shallow to medium water depth up to 1353 ft / 412 m (Bullwinkle 1991, GOM). Commonly used around the world.
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Topside Facility (Upper structure/Deck) Jacket (Sub structure) Piles / Foundation

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Fix Structures jacket structure installation

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Fix Structures gravity base structure

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Floating Structures
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Fix Structures
gravity base structure installation

Structure floats in sea water and moored to seabed by mooring/tendon. Designated to deep water (500 m 3000 m). Examples :
SPAR FPSO Tension Leg Platform (TLP).

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Floating Structures deep water system

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Tension Leg Platform (TLP)

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Floating Platform type. Designated for deep water, 1000 ft - 4700 ft (Magnolia 2004, GOM).

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What is Pipeline actualy

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Pipeline

Pipeline Engineering
Piping

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PIPELINE DESIGN

DATA GATHERING OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY OTHERS

Hydrodynamic Load
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FORMULATE DESIGN CRITERIA

PIPELINE MATERIAL AND STEEL GRADE SELECTION

PRELIMINARY DESIGN WALL THICKNESS BUCKLING CHECK

INCREASE WALL THICKNESS OR MATERIAL GRADE

Pipeline Design Flowchart

STABILITY DESIGN PIPELAY LIFTING PIPELINE PROPERTIES INSTALLATION DESIGN

INPLACE DESIGN

NATURAL BEND SPANNING THERMAL CROSSINGS

IS PIPELINE LAYABLE YES

NO

CORROSION PIPELINE MATERIAL

CORROSION COAT ANODE DESIGN

DESIGN REPORT

EVALUATE HAZARDS

DESIGN PROTECTION

IS PIPELINE SAFE NO DESIGN ADDITIONAL STABILIZATION

YES

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Cross Section of Line Pipe

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Route Selection
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Concrete coating Corrosion coating

Polypropelene Adhesive FBE

Steel pipe Routing Design Criteria

Minimize cost Minimize risk Minimize impact

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Free Span
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Offshore Installation Methods

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Laybarge Method
S-Lay or J-Lay technique Laybarges (S-Lay) differentiated by generation

Reelbarge Method
Horizontal reel or vertical reel

Towing Method

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Bottom Off-Bottom Mid-Depth (Controlled Depth Tow Method) Surface and Near Surface
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Lay Barge Method

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Lay Barge Method

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Lay Barge Method

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Reel Barge Method

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Towing Method
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Towing Method
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Terima Kasih

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