Multiphysics Simulations in BioHeating and BioTechnology

John Dunec, Ph.D. COMSOL

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Agenda BioHeating and BioTechnology

Introduction BioHeating Examples using COMSOL Low Frequency Joule Heating High Frequency Microwave Heating Chemical Heating Acoustic Heating Tissue Damage Simulation Other Bio Examples Step-by-Step Demo: Low Frequency Cancer Therapy

Multiphysics: Multiple Interacting Phenomena

Could be simple: Heat convected by Flow Could be complex: Local temperature sets reaction rates Multiple exothermic reactions Convected by flow in pipes and porous media Viscosity strongly temperature dependent

COMSOL Multiphysics Solves These!

Multiphysics Everything can link to everything. Flexible You can model just about anything. Usable You can keep your sanity doing it. Extensible If its not specifically thereadd it!
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Anywhere you can type a number you can type an equation

Or an interpolation function And it can depend on anything known in your problem Example: Concentration-dependant viscosity:
Low concentration, High velocity

= 0.001 (1 + 2c

High concentration, Low velocity

COMSOL Multiphysics 4.4 Product Suite

Examples: Low Frequency Joule Heating

100 sec

300 sec Necrosis Boundary

Voltage Equipotential

IsoTherms

Two Physics Involved

Select Two Individual Physics Electric Currents - and Heat Transfer Or One Coupled Multiphysics Heat Transfer > EM Heating > Joule Heating

Two Methods: RMS DC or True 1.2 KHz AC

Recall: RMS value of an AC signal is AC Magnitude divided by the square root of 2

VDC

RMS

VAC = 2

31 volts AC at 1200 Hz Equivalent to 22 volts RMS DC

Two Physics
Electromagnetics

Heat Transfer

T=Tblood on Surfaces

Insulated

Artery

Link Electrical Power Loss to Heat Source

BioHeat Equation

dT Cp = (kT ) + bCbb (Tb T ) + Qmetabolic + QElectrical dt

Electrical Heat Source Coupling

QDC = J E QAC RMS 1 = Re J E* 2

Time-varying electromagnetic field E* is Complex Conjugate of E

Solve for EM and Heat

IsoTherms (600 sec)

Voltage Isopotentials

Examples: High Frequency RF Heating

Geometry

Necrosis Boundary E-Field Temperature

Geometry
Liver Tissue Insulated Catheter CoAxial Cable inside Catheter Slit in Coax Shielding to emit waves Metalize end to reflect waves Use 2D Symmetry
Metalize end of CoAx Dielectric Slit in CoAx. Shielding CoAxial Catheter

Two Physics Involved

Select Two Individual Physics Electromagnetic Waves - and Heat Transfer Or One Coupled Multiphysics Heat Transfer > EM Heating > Microwave Heating

Electromagnetics

Two Physics
Heat Transfer CoAxial Catheter: Insulated CoAxial Catheter: Insulated T = Tblood

CoAxial Port CoAx Dielectric

Scattering Boundary

CoAxial Catheter: PEC

Scattering Boundary

Slit

Liver Tissue with Capillary Perfusion

Scattering Boundary T = Tblood

Liver Tissue

T = Tblood

Link Electrical Power Loss to Heat Source

BioHeat Equation

dT Cp = (kT ) + bCbb (Tb T ) + Qmetabolic + QElectrical dt

Electrical Heat Source Coupling

QElectrical

1 = Re J E* + j B H * 2

Time-varying electromagnetic field E* is Complex Conjugate of E H* is Complex Conjugate of H

Mesh for Waves

Frequency = 2.45[GHz] 10 DOF / wavelength 2nd Order Elements Max Elem Size = 3 mm

Make even finer in CoAx dielectric

Set Frequency (2.45 GHz) and Solve

E-Field

Temperature

IsoTherms

Example: Hip Replacement

PMMA (Polymethyl methacrylate) is an acrylic cement mixed with powdered bone Curing reaction is exothermic Potential Problems Thermal osteonecrosis if temperature rise is too high Polymer shrinking and void formation
Temperature After 700 sec PMMA Cement

Heat from Curing Reaction After 700 sec

COMSOL Implementation
Two (possibly 3) Physics Bioheat Transfer with Damage Integral Reaction ODE (or Diffusion Equa) (Structural Equation with Thermal Expansion) Three Domains Live Bone Cement Metal

Reaction Dynamics
Cure polymerization reaction is

Aliquid Bhardened
k

As a lumped-mass (no diffusion) reaction this is expressed as

n = K 0 e ( E / RT ) m (1 ) t
Where is the normalized concentration of hardened form B

= 0 all liquid = 1 fully cured

Alpha at T=700 sec

Heat Transfer
Reaction heat proportional to reaction rate

Qexothermic reaction = qr
This is a source term in the Bioheating equation

0 since u = 0

C p u T = (kT ) + bCbb (Tb T ) + Qmetabolic + QReaction

Qreaction at t = 700 sec

Temperature at t = 700 sec

Link Reaction Heat to Heat Transfer

Add Heat Source Term to Heat Transfer in Cement Domain

Qexothermic reaction = qr

Solve as Transient for 1600 seconds

Temperature of MidPoint vs Time

Example: Focused Ultrasound Heating

Sound Intensity (dB) Temperature Rise after 1 sec

High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) uses sonic energy to heat damaged or diseased tissue (For Example: Uterine fibroids)

Geometry
Spherical Focusing Transducer Tissue immersed in Water 2D Axisymmetric
PML
Perfectly Matched Layer

Tissue

Water

PML
Water

1st of Two Physics: Pressure Acoustics

Pressure Acoustics Setup PMLs Absorb Waves
Tissue PML
Perfectly Matched Layer

Axial Symmetry Set pressure on Transducer Boundary

Water

PML

2nd of Two Physics: BioHeat Transfer

BioHeat Setup Solve only in Tissue (Here without perfusion) Outer Boundaries Water Temperature Axial Symmetry Infinite Elements Heat Source from Sound Not Included in Heat Calc. Twater Tissue Twater Twater Inf Elem
Infinite Element Domain

Link Sound Losses to Heat Source Gain

Pressure Acoustics: Include attenuation Set absorption, alpha Bioheat Equation Add a heat source Use sound intensity and absorption coef, alpha

Qsound = 2 I [Watt / m 3 ]

Mesh to Support 10 GHz Sound Waves

Wavelength = 1.483 mm 10 DOF / wavelength 2nd & 4th Order Elements Max Elem Size = 1.483 / 5

Make even finer at focus

135,000 elements

Solve (Frequency & Time Domain)

Sound Intensity (dB) Temperature Rise after 1 sec

Response to Acoustic Transducer Pressure: 1 MPa

Details 1 sec
Temperature Rise Along Vertical symmetry axis

Temperature Contours Near Acoustic Focus

Calculating Damage Based on Temperature

Included in Biological Tissue (with Heat Transfer Module)
100 sec 600 sec

300 sec Isotherms and Necrosis Boundary After 100 & 300 sec

Isotherms and Necrosis Boundary after 600 sec

Damage Equations 2 Approaches

Time Above Temperature: T > 50C for at least 50 sec
t

100 sec

Energy Based (Ref Below) Energy Absorption

TimeAbove 50 = (T > 50C )dt

0

= Ae
0

E RT

dt

TimeAbove 50 50 seconds

Percent ( Dead Tissue) = 1 e At = 1, blood 0

(Ref) Isaac Chang and Uyen Nguyen, Thermal modeling of lesion growth with radiofrequency ablation devices, BioMedical Engineering OnLine, 2004, 3:27, August 6, 2004. http://www.biomedicalengineering-online.com/content/3/1/27

Example: Fluid Structure Interaction

Heart Mitral Valve Flow moves structure Mesh informs flow

Simulation of Blood Flow through the Mitral Valve of the Heart: A Fluid Structure Interaction Model. D.M. Espino, M. A. Watkins, D. Shepherd, D. L. Hukins & K G. Buchan COMSOL 2006 Conference

Stent Expansion
Plastic deformation upon catheter balloon inflation Very Nonlinear Elasto-plastic Large deformation Possible Extensions Contact analysis with blood vessel walls Export deformed geometry Convection-diffusion of antirejection coating
Plastic Strain

Geometry

Dog-boning / Foreshortening vs Pressure

Von Mises Stress

Deflection

Antirejection Coating Convection-Diffusion

Diffusion in tissue Convection in blood Measure flux to calculate lifespan of coating

Worked Example: Joule Heating

Here with 22 volt RMS DC

Catheter

Artery

100 sec

IsoPotential

300 sec Necrosis Boundary

Voltage Equipotential

IsoTherms

Video Demo
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100 sec Tissue Necrosis Boundary Voltage Equipotential IsoTherms

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