FLOW TROUGH PIPES

Aim: To determine Darcy Weisbach factor for circular pipes. Study the verification of F for laminar and turbulent flow through pipe. Theory: A pipe may be designed as the closed conduit which is used for carrying fluids under pressure. Pipes are commonly circular in section. As pipes carry fluid under pressure, the pipes are always subjected to resistance due to shear force between fluid particle and boundary walls of the pipe and between fluid particles themselves resulting from viscosity of fluid. The resistance to the flow of fluid is generally known as functional resistance. Since certain amount of energy possessed by flowing fluid will be consumed in overcoming this resistance to flow, there will be always some loss of energy in the direction of flow which however depends upon type of flow. Flow fluid in the pipe mat be laminar or turbulent. Loss of energy due to friction in case of circular pipes can be expressed by Darcy Weisbach equation: hf = F L V2 d 2g Where, hf = Darcy Weisbach friction factor. Experimental setup: Pipe friction apparatus consists of inlet tank. Three pipes of different diameters mounted on stand are connected to inlet tank. Each pipe is provided with two pressure tappings separated at suitable distance apart. A regulating valve is provided at downstream side on each pipe to regulate the flow. A U-tube manometer containing mercury is connected between two pressure tappings for measuring pressure loss in the pipes and to compute head loss due to friction (hf). Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Open inlet valve and allow moderate water to flow through pipes. Remove all air bubbles from U-tube manometer as well as from pipes. Open inlet valve completely and allow more discharge to flow through pipes. By regulating valve maintain the flow to measure discharge. Measure the deflection in U-tube manometer. Repeat the above procedure for pipes of different diameters.

Observations: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Length of pipe = L= Diameter of pipe= d= Average height of roughness = K= Area of measuring tank = A= Specific gravity of water flowing through pipe = Kinematic viscosity of water = =

Observation table: Sr No Manometer reading left right Diff. (h)m Discharge measurement I.R. F.R. Diff. (h)m Time (t)sec Qact.= Ah T 3 m /se c Head in Velocity terms = Q/A of m/sec water H= 12.6h Re Fexpt. Ftheor.

Graph: Plot log (hf) v/s log (V). Plot log (Fexpt.) v/s log (Re). Plot log (Ftheor.) v/s log (Re). Result: Coefficient of friction is: Fexpt.= Ftheor = Fgraphical = Conclusion: