Ancient Egypt

I. Ritual Architecture
A. Monolithic
1. Religious architecture 2. Burial of Kings Valley of the Kings 3. Relationship to Mesopotamia
II. Completely different thought of death and the after life

III. Architectural Legacy

A. Hypostyle Halls B. Clerestory Windows
1. Supporting Point 2. Supporting Point

C. Urban Planning
1. Worker cities 2. North/South Plan 3. Compare with Ur

D. Examples
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Saqquara Funeral Complex of King Zoser Pyramid of Cheops Temple of Hatshepsut Karnak Temple of Amon Luxor and Thebes Temple of Rameses II

As in Mesopotamia Egypt develops as an agrian society into one of large scale cities. Essentially two parts Lower and Upper Nile kingdoms. It became a unied country and this affected its architecture. First of course there were the rammed earth and reed constructed architecture, but it was followed by the monumental and this had to do

with the their religion and hence their rituals. They became building places and tombs in brick but soon moved onto stone that was highly articulate and very precise. Like mesopotamia they had a plannign structure inplace. But where the Babylonians has a plan that focused on the palace and things developed around the palaces as ll in, the Egyptians used a very rigid North and South orthogonal plan. Housing was zoned like we have today. Also the environment affected their planning. They conceived of their projects in monumental ways and along predetermined episodes. Look at the the way Giza, Luxor or Karnak operate.

Zoser Was built in the mustaba form why they changed it later to the more pyramidal form we know is not certain
Djoser was the rst or second king of the 3rd Dynasty (ca. ) of the Egyptian Old Kingdom (ca. 2686 to 2125 BC).[1] He is believed to have ruled for 19 years or, if the 19 years were biennial taxation years, 38 years[6]. He reigned long enough to allow the grandiose plan for his pyramid to be

realized in his lifetime.[5] Djoser is best known for his innovative tomb, which dominates the Saqqara landscape.[6] In this tomb he is referred to by his Horus name Netjerykhet; Djoser is a name given by New Kingdom visitors thousands of years later.[7] Djosers step pyramid is astounding in its departure from previous architecture. It sets several important precedents, perhaps the most important of which is its status as the rst monumental structure made of stone. The social implications of such a large and carefully sculpted stone structure are staggering.[7] The process of building such a structure would be far more labor intensive than previous monuments of mud-brick. This suggests that the state, and therefore the royal government had a new level of control of resources, both material and human.[5] Also, from this point on, kings of the Old Kingdom are buried in the North, rather than at Abydos. Furthermore, although the plan of Djosers pyramid complex is different than later complexes, many elements persist and the step pyramid sets the stage for later pyramids of the 4th, 5th, and 6th Dynasties, including the great pyramids at Giza.[5] Finally, another intriguing rst is the identication of the architect Imhotep, who is credited with the design and construction of the complex.[5] Precedents Djosers Pyramid draws ideas from several precedents. The most relevant precedent is found at Saqqara mastaba 3038.[7] The substructure lay in a 4m deep rectangular pit, and had mudbrick walls rising to 6!m. Three sides were extended and built out to create eight shallow steps rising at an angle of 49.[7] This would have been an elongated step pyramid if the remaining side had not been left uncovered. In another parallel to Djosers complex, to

complete this mastaba complex a niched enclosure wall Temples of the festival complex. Djosers Step Pyramid complex has several structures pivotal to its function in both life and the afterlife. Several are discussed below with attention paid to function and form. The pyramid was not simply a grave in ancient Egypt. Its purpose was to facilitate a successful afterlife for the king so that he could be eternally reborn. The symbolism of the step pyramid form, which did not survive the 3rd Dynasty, is unknown, but it has been suggested that it may be a monumental symbol of the crown, especially the royal mortuary cult, since seven small step pyramids (not tombs) were built in the provinces. The Djoser complex is surrounded by a wall of light Tura limestone 10.5m high.[9] The wall design recalls the appearance of 1st Dynasty tombs, with the distinctive paneled construction known as the palace faade, which imitates bound bundles of reeds.[10] The overall structure imitates mudbrick.[7] The wall is interrupted by 14 doors, however only one entrance, in the south corner of the east faade, is functional for the living. he trench measures 750 m long and 40 m wide and is a rectangle on a North-South axis. The walls of the trench were originally decorated with niches and its function seems to have been to make entry into the complex more difcult.[12] The Step Pyramid The superstructure of the Step Pyramid is six steps and was built in six stages, as might be expected with an experimental structure.[10] The pyramid began as a square mastaba (one should note that this designation as a mastaba is contended for several reasons) (M1) which was

gradually enlarged, rst evenly on all four sides (M2) and later just on the east side (M3).[10] The mastaba was built up in two stages, rst to form a four-stepped structure (P1) and then to form a six-stepped structure (P2), which now had a rectangular base on an east-west axis.[12] The fact that the initial mastaba was square has led many to believe that the monument was never meant to be a mastaba, as no other known mastabas had ever been square.[12] The nal pyramid was 62m tall and 1221 square meters in area.[5] When the builders began to transform the mastaba into the four step pyramid, they made a major shift in construction.[7] Like in the construction of the mastaba, they built a crude core of rough stones and then cased them in ne limestone with packing in between.[7] The major difference is that in mastaba construction they laid horizontal courses, but for the pyramid layers, they built in accretion layers that leaned inwards, while using blocks that were both bigger and higher quality.[7] Much of the rock for the pyramid was likely quarried from the construction of the great trench.[13] It is widely accepted that ramps would have been used to raise heavy stone to construct the pyramid, and many plausible models have been suggested.[14] Apparatuses like rollers in which the heavy stone could be placed and then rolled were employed in transport.[8]

Cheops

The Great Pyramid of Giza (called the Pyramid of Khufu and the Pyramid of Cheops) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza Necropolis bordering what is now El Giza, Egypt. It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact. Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built as a tomb for fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu (Cheops in Greek) over an approximately 20 year period concluding around 2560 BC. Initially at 146.5 metres (480.6!ft), the Great Pyramid was the tallest man-made structure in the world for over 3,800 years. Originally, the Great Pyramid was covered by casing stones that formed a smooth outer surface; what is seen today is the underlying core structure. Some of the casing stones that once covered the structure can still be seen around the base. There have been varying scientic and alternative theories about the Great Pyramid's construction techniques. Most accepted construction hypotheses are based on the idea that it was built by moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into place. There are three known chambers inside the Great Pyramid. The lowest chamber is cut into the bedrock upon which the pyramid was built and was

unnished. The so-called[1] Queen's Chamber and King's Chamber are higher up within the pyramid structure. The Great Pyramid of Giza is the only pyramid in Egypt known to contain both ascending and descending passages. The main part of the Giza complex is a setting of buildings that included two mortuary temples in honor of Khufu (one close to the pyramid and one near the Nile), three smaller pyramids for Khufu's wives, an even smaller "satellite" pyramid, a raised causeway connecting the two temples, and small mastaba tombs surrounding the pyramid for nobles. t is believed the pyramid was built as a tomb for fourth dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Khufu and was constructed over a 20 year period. Khufu's vizier, Hemon, or Hemiunu, is believed by some to be the architect of the Great Pyramid.[2] It is thought that, at construction, the Great Pyramid was originally 280 Egyptian cubits tall, 146.5 metres (480.6!ft) but with erosion and absence of its pyramidion, its present height is 138.8 metres (455.4!ft). Each base side was 440!cubits, 230.4 metres (755.9!ft) long. A royal cubit measures 0.524!metres.[3] The mass of the pyramid is estimated at 5.9!million tonnes. The volume, including an internal hillock, is roughly 2,500,000!cubic metres.[4] Based on these estimates, building this in 20 years would involve installing approximately 800 tonnes of stone every day.

Similarly, since it consists of an estimated 2.3!million blocks, completing the building in 20 years would involve moving an average of more than 12 of the blocks into place each hour, day and night. The rst precision measurements of the pyramid were made by Egyptologist Sir Flinders Petrie in 188082 and published as The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh.[5] Almost all reports are based on his measurements. Many of the casing stones and inner chamber blocks of the Great Pyramid were t together with extremely high precision. Based on measurements taken on the north eastern casing stones, the mean opening of the joints is only 0.5 millimetres wide (1/50th of an inch).[6] The pyramid remained the tallest man-made structure in the world for over 3,800 years,[7] unsurpassed until the 160-metre-tall spire of Lincoln Cathedral was completed c.!1300. The accuracy of the pyramid's workmanship is such that the four sides of the base have an average error of only 58!millimetres in length.[8] The base is horizontal and at to within 15!mm.[9] The sides of the square base are closely aligned to the four cardinal compass points (within 4!minutes of arc)[10] based on true north, not magnetic north,[11] and the nished base was squared to a mean corner error of only 12 seconds of arc.[12] The completed design dimensions, as suggested by Petrie's survey and

The Mortuary Temple of Hatsheput located beneath the cliffs at Deir el Bahari on the west bank of the Nile near the Valley of the Kings in Egypt. The mortuary temple is dedicated to the sun god Amon-Ra and is located next to the mortuary temple of Mentuhotep II, which served both as an inspiration, and later, a quarry. It is considered one of the "incomparable monuments of ancient Egypt." [1] Hatshepsut's chancellor, royal architect, and possible lover Senemut oversaw construction and most likely designed the temple.[2] Although the adjacent, earlier mortuary temple of Mentuhotep was used as a model, the two structures are nevertheless signicantly different in many ways. Hatshepsut's temple employs a lengthy, colonnaded terrace that deviates from the centralised structure of Mentuhoteps model an anomaly that may be caused by the decentralized location of her burial chamber.[3] There are three layered terraces reaching 97 feet tall. Each 'story' is articulated by a double colonnade of square piers, with the exception of the northwest corner of the central terrace, which employs Proto Doric columns to house the chapel. These terraces are connected by long ramps which were once surrounded by gardens with foreign plants including frankincense and myrrh trees.[4] The layering of Hatshepsuts

temple corresponds with the classical Theban form, employing pylons, courts, hypostyle hall, sun court, chapel and sanctuary. Sculpture and Relief The relief sculpture within Hatshepsuts temple recites the tale of the divine birth of a female pharaoh the rst of its kind. The text and pictorial cycle also tell of an expedition to the Land of Punt, an exotic country on the Red Sea coast. While the statues and ornamentation have since been stolen or destroyed, the temple once was home to two statues of Osiris, a sphinx avenue as well as many sculptures of the Queen in different attitudes standing, sitting, or kneeling. Many of these portraits were destroyed at the order of her resentful stepson Thutmose III after her death.[5] Historical Inuence

Panoramic view of the mortuary temple Hatshepsuts temple is considered the closest Egypt came to Classical architecture.[6] Representative of New Kingdom funerary architecture, it both aggrandizes the pharaoh and includes sanctuaries to honor the gods relevant to her afterlife.[7] This marks a turning point in the architecture of Ancient Egypt, which forsook the megalithic geometry of the Old Kingdom for a temple which allowed for

active worship, requiring the presence of participants to create the majesty. The linear axiality of Hatshepsuts temple is mirrored in the later New Kingdom temples. Karnak Temple of Amon: Luxor and Thebes The complex is a vast open-air museum and the largest ancient religious site in the world. It is believed to be the second most visited historical site in Egypt, second only to the Giza Pyramids near Cairo. It consists of four main parts of which only the largest is currently open to the general public. The term Karnak often is understood as being the orientation of the sacred area. Many portions of it may have been carried away for use in other buildings. The key difference between Karnak and most of the other temples and sites in Egypt is the length of time over which it was developed and used. Construction of temples started in the Middle Kingdom and continued through to Ptolemaic times. Approximately thirty pharaohs contributed to the buildings, enabling it to reach a size, complexity, and diversity not seen elsewhere. Few of the individual features of Karnak are unique, but the size and number of features are overwhelming. The deities represented range from some of the

earliest worshiped to those worshiped much later in the history of the Ancient Egyptian culture. Although destroyed, it also contained an early temple built by Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten), the pharaoh who later would celebrate a near monotheistic religion he established that prompted him to move his court and religious center away from Thebes. It also contains evidence of adaptations, using buildings of the Ancient Egyptians by later cultures for their own religious purposes. One famous aspect of Karnak, is the Hypostyle Hall in the Precinct of Amun-Re, a hall area of 50,000!sq!ft (5,000!m2) with 134 massive columns arranged in 16 rows. 122 of these columns are 10 meters tall, and the other 12 are 21 meters tall with a diameter of over three meters. The architraves on top of these columns are estimated to weigh 70 tons. These architraves may have been lifted to these heights using levers. This would be an extremely time-consuming process and also would require great balance to get to such great heights. A common alternative theory about how they were moved is that there were large ramps made of sand mud brick or stone and the stones were towed up the ramps. If they used stone for the ramps they would have been able to build the ramps with much less material. The top of the

ramps presumably would have either wooden tracks or cobblestones for towing the megaliths. History Main article: History of the Karnak Temple complex The history of the Karnak complex is largely the history of Thebes and its changing role in the culture. Religious centers varied by region and with the establishment of the current capital of the unied culture that changed several times. The city of Thebes does not appear to have been of great signicance before the Eleventh Dynasty and previous temple building here would have been relatively small, with shrines being dedicated to the early deities of Thebes, the Earth goddess Mut and Montu. Early building was destroyed by invaders. The earliest known artifact found in the area of the temple is a small, eight-sided temple from the Eleventh Dynasty, which mentions Amun-Re. Amun (sometimes called Amen) was long the local tutelary deity of Thebes. He was identied with the Ram and the Goose. The Egyptian meaning of Amen is, "hidden" or, the "hidden god".[5] Major construction work in the Precinct of Amun-Re took place during the Eighteenth dynasty when Thebes became the capital of the unied Ancient Egypt.

Temple of Rameses II temples in Abu Simbel (!"#$ %&' in Arabic) in Nubia, southern Egypt. They are situated on the western bank of Lake Nasser, about 230!km southwest of Aswan (about 300!km by road). The complex is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the "Nubian Monuments,"[1] which run from Abu Simbel downriver to Philae (near Aswan). The twin temples were originally carved out of the mountainside during the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses!II in the 13th century!BC, as a lasting monument to himself and his queen Nefertari, to commemorate his alleged victory at the Battle of Kadesh, and to intimidate his Nubian neighbors. However, the complex was relocated in its entirety in 1968, on an articial hill made from a domed structure, high above the Aswan High Dam reservoir. Construction Construction of the temple complex started in approximately 1264 B.C. and lasted for about 20 years, until 1244 B.C. Known as the "Temple of Ramesses, beloved by Amun," it was one of six rock temples erected in Nubia during the long reign of Ramesses!II. Their purpose was to impress Egypt's southern neighbors, and also to reinforce the status of Egyptian religion in the region.

The complex consists of two temples. The larger one is dedicated to Ra-Harakhty, Ptah and Amun, Egypt's three state deities of the time, and features four large statues of Ramesse!II in the facade. The smaller temple is dedicated to the goddess Hathor, personied by Nefertari, Ramesses's most beloved of his many wives.[4] The temple is now open to the public. The Great Temple The Great Temple at Abu Simbel, which took about twenty years to build, was completed around year 24 of the reign of Ramesses the Great (which corresponds to 1265 BCE). It was dedicated to the gods Amun, Ra-Horakhty, and Ptah, as well as to the deied Rameses himself.[5] It is generally considered the grandest and most beautiful of the temples commissioned during the reign of Rameses II, and one of the most beautiful in Egypt. Four colossal 20 meter statues of the pharaoh with the double Atef crown of Upper and Lower Egypt decorate the facade of the temple, which is 35 meters wide and is topped by a frieze with 22 baboons, worshippers of the sun and ank the entrance.[6] The colossal statues were sculptured directly from the rock in which the temple was located before it was moved. All statues represent Ramesses II, seated on a throne and wearing the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt.

The hypostyle hall (sometimes also called a pronaos) is 18 meters long and 16.7 meters wide and is supported by eight huge Osirid pillars depicting the deied Ramses linked to the god Osiris, the god of the Underworld, to indicate the everlasting nature of the pharaoh. The colossal statues along the left-hand wall bear the white crown of Upper Egypt, while those on the opposite side are wearing the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt(pschent).[5] The bas-reliefs on the walls of the pronaos depict battle scenes in the military campaigns the ruler waged. From the hypostyle hall, one enters the second pillared hall, which has four pillars decorated with beautiful scenes of offerings to the gods. There are depictions of Ramesses and Nefertari with the sacred boats of Amun and Ra-Harakhti. This hall gives access to a transverse vestibule in the middle of which is the entrance to the sanctuary. Here, on a black wall, are rock cut sculptures of four seated gures: Ra-Horakhty, the deied king Ramesses, and the gods Amun Ra and Ptah. Ra-Horakhty, Amun Ra and Ptah were the main divinities in that period and their cult centers were at Heliopolis, Thebes and Memphis respectively.[5]

Lecture 4: Egypt

Architecture of Kings and Gods

!

Ritual of the Architecture Scale of Architecture

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Lecture 4: Egypt

Egyptian architecture was based on their religion.

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Lecture 4: Egypt

This is why everything is so big.

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Lecture 4: Egypt

Hypostyle Halls and Clerestory Windows Worker Cities Egyptian culture leads to creation of paper (papyrus) Hieroglyphics and Cuneiform

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Lecture 4: Egypt

Egyptian Society was based on a two class system

!

First class consisted royalty and priests Second class was everyone else

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Lecture 4: Egypt

What is the legacy of Egyptian architecture and culture?

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Lecture 4: Egypt

Monolithic Architecture Hypostyle Halls and Clerestory Windows Architectural Order Hieroglyphics which helps become the base of language

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Irrigation Technique

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Ziggurat of Ur-Nammu
Ur (Iraq) 2047-2030

Thursday, April 25, 2013

City Planning

Thursday, April 25, 2013

City Housing

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Ancient Egypt

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Pyramid Distribution

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Plan of Cheops (Giza)

Date 2580

to 2560 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Residential Neighborhood in Ur
Ur (Iraq) 2047-2030

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Workers Town

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Lecture 4: Egypt

Temple Complex of Zoser 2667 to 2648 BC Temple of Hatshepsut 1458 BC Karnak Temple of Amon Temple of Ramses II

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Plan of Zoser
Date 2667

to 2648 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Clerestory Lighting at Zoser

Date 2667

to 2648 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Saqquara Complex of Zoser

Date 2667

to 2648 BC Imhotep

Thursday, April 25, 2013

North Palace and Pyramid of Userkaf in Complex of Zoser

Date 2667

to 2648 BC Imhotep

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Stepped Pyramid of Zoser

Date 2667

to 2648 BC Imhotep

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Saqquara Complex of Zoser

Date 2667

to 2648 BC Imhotep

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Temple of Mentuhotep at Deir el Bahri

Date

2050~1550 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Temple of Mentuhotep and Hatsheput at Deir el Bahri

Date

2050~1550 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Temple of Hatsheput at Deir el Bahri

Date

2050~1550 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Temple of Hatsheput at Deir el Bahri

Date

2050~1550 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Temple of Hatsheput at Deir el Bahri

Date

2050~1550 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Temple of Hatsheput at Deir el Bahri

Date

2050~1550 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Temple of Hatsheput at Deir el Bahri

Date

2050~1550 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Temple of Hatsheput at Deir el Bahri

Date

2050~1550 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Temple of Hatsheput at Deir el Bahri

Date

2050~1550 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Temple of Hatsheput at Deir el Bahri

Date

2050~1550 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Temple of Hatsheput at Deir el Bahri

Date

2050~1550 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Temple of Hatsheput at Deir el Bahri

Date

2050~1550 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Temple of Hatsheput at Deir el Bahri

Date

2050~1550 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Plan of Temple of Amon at Karnak

Date

1417~1379 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Temple of Amon at Karnak

Date

1417~1379 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Temple of Amon at Karnak

Date

1417~1379 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Temple of Amon at Karnak

Date

1417~1379 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Temple of Amon at Karnak

Date

1417~1379 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Temple of Amon at Karnak

Date

1417~1379 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Temple of Amon at Karnak

Date

1417~1379 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Temple of Amon at Karnak

Date

1417~1379 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Temple of Amon at Karnak

Date

1417~1379 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

8th Pylon at Temple of Amon at Karnak

Date

1417~1379 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

10th Pylon at Temple of Amon at Karnak

Date

1417~1379 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Temple of Amon at Karnak (reconstruction)

Date

1417~1379 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Hypostyle Hall at Temple of Amon at Karnak

Date

1417~1379 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Hypostyle Hall at Temple of Amon at Karnak

Date

1417~1379 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Temple of Amon at Karnak

Date

1417~1379 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Temple of Amon at Karnak

Date

1417~1379 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

9th PylonTemple of Amon at Karnak

Date

1417~1379 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

9th PylonTemple of Amon at Karnak

Date

1417~1379 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Festival Hall at Temple of Amon at Karnak

Date

1417~1379 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Festival Hall at Temple of Amon at Karnak

Date

1417~1379 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Festival Hall at Temple of Amon at Karnak

Date

1417~1379 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Lecture 4: Egypt

Temple of Ramses II
Date

1458 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Temple of Ramses II
Date

1458 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Temple of Ramses II
Date

1458 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Temple of Ramses II
Date

1458 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Temple of Ramses II
Date

1458 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Temple of Ramses II
Date

1458 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Temple of Ramses II
Date

1458 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Temple of Ramses II
Date

1458 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Temple of Ramses II
Date

1458 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013

Temple of Ramses II
Date

1458 BC

Thursday, April 25, 2013