1

TK5102
Ad d T t Ph Advanced Transport Phenomena
Transports in Laminar Regimes:
Complex Problems
I Dewa Gede Arsa Putrawan
Chemical Engineering ITB
28-Sep-09 DGA/1
TK5102
Outcomes
Students can simplify equations of change to derive Students can simplify equations of change to derive
mathematical models of complex problems in transport
phenomena.
Students can estimate property profiles for complex
problems in transport phenomena.
28-Sep-09 DGA/2 TK5102
2
The Equation of Change
for Isothermal System
28-Sep-09 DGA/3
TK5102
Equation of Continuity
28-Sep-09
TK5102
DGA/4
3
Mass balance
over a volume element Ax, Ay, Az
Ax, Ay, Az
Rate of mass accumulation
z
AxAyAz c/ct
Rate of mass in
( v
x
AyAz)
x
+ ( v
y
AxAz)
y
+ ( v
z
AxAy)
z
x, y, z
x
y
Rate of mass out
( v
x
AyAz)
x+Ax
+ ( v
y
AxAz)
y+Ay
+ ( v
z
AxAy)
z+Az
28-Sep-09 DGA/5 TK5102
Mass Balance
over a volume element Ax, Ay, Az
( ) ( )
y z v v
x y z


c
(
A A
A A A =

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
x x
x x x
y y
y y y
z z
z z z
y z v v
x y z
t
x z v v
x y v v

+A
+A
+A
(
A A
A A A =

c
(
+ A A
(

(
+ A A

( )
( ) ( )
0
y
x z
v
v v
t x y z

c
c c c
+ + + =
c c c c
28-Sep-09 DGA/6 TK5102
4
Mass Balance
over a volume element Ax, Ay, Az
D c
( ) ( )
0 0
D
v or v
t Dt


c
+ V = + V =
c
G G
(Rate of increase of mass per unit volume = Net rate
of mass addition per unit volume by convection)
Incompressible fluid
0 v V =
G
28-Sep-09 DGA/7 TK5102
The equation of continuity
28-Sep-09 DGA/8 TK5102
5
The Equation of Motion
28-Sep-09
TK5102
DGA/9
Momentum concentration
Three components of momentum (x y z Three components of momentum (x, y, z
components)
Concentration of x-component of
momentum : v
x
Accumulation rate of x component of Accumulation rate of x-component of
momentum
( )
x
v
x y z
t
c
A A A
c
28-Sep-09 DGA/10 TK5102
6
Flow of momentum
by molecular diffusion
y
y z

xx

yx

zx
x
y z
xx yx zx
y z x z x y t t t A A + A A + A A
28-Sep-09 DGA/11 TK5102
Flow of momentum in by molecular
xx yx
x x
y y
y z x z t t
=
=
A A + A A
Flow of momentum out by molecular
zx
z z
x yt
=
+ A A
xx yx
y z x z t t
A
A A + A A
xx yx
x x x
y y y
zx
z z z
y
x yt
= + A
= + A
= + A
+ A A
28-Sep-09 DGA/12 TK5102
7
Flow of momentum
by convective mechanism
x
v y z A A

x
y
z
volumetric flow rate v
v
x
y
v x z
x y

A A

A A

x
( v )( )
x
y z v A A
Q
Q
z
AxAy
y
z
( v )( )
( v )( )
x
x
x z v
x y v

+ A A
+ A A
Q
x
Q
y
28-Sep-09 DGA/13 TK5102
Flow of momentum in by convective
x y
( v )( ) ( v )( )
x x
x x
y y
y z v x z v
=
=
A A + A A
z
( v )( )
x
z z
x y v
=
+ A A
Flow of momentum out by convective
x y
( v )( ) ( v )( )
x x
y z v x z v
A
A A + A A
x y
z
( )( ) ( )( )
( v )( )
x x
x x x
y y y
x
z z z
y
x y v

= +A
= +A
= +A
+ A A
28-Sep-09 DGA/14 TK5102
8
Forces acting on fluid
Gravity Gravity
Pressure
( )( )
x
x y z g A A A
( )( ) y z p p
A
A A ( )( )
x x x x x
y p p
= = +A
28-Sep-09 DGA/15 TK5102
The equation of motion in terms of
28-Sep-09 DGA/16 TK5102
9
The equation of motion in terms of
28-Sep-09 DGA/17 TK5102
The equation of motion in terms of
28-Sep-09 DGA/18 TK5102
10
Equation of motion for a newtonian
fluid with constant and
28-Sep-09 DGA/19 TK5102
Equation of motion for a newtonian
fluid with constant and
28-Sep-09 DGA/20 TK5102
11
Equation of motion for a newtonian
fluid with constant and
28-Sep-09 DGA/21 TK5102
Tangential annular flow of a
Newtonian fluid
Outer cylinder rotates at Outer cylinder rotates at
angular velocity of
o
Incompressible and
Newtonian fluid with constant
transport properties
Laminar flow in direction
only at steady state condition
28-Sep-09 DGA/22 TK5102
y y
1D momentum transfer in
radial direction
Pressure varies in radial and
axial directions
12
Continuity equation
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1
0
r z
v rv v
t r r r z
u

u
c c c c
+ + + =
c c c c
v c
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/23
0
v
u
u
c
=
c
Equation of motion for r-component
| |
2
r r r r
r z
v v v v v v p
v v
t r r r z r
u u

u
| | c c c c c
+ + + =
|
c c c c c
\ .
2 2
( ) 1 1 2 v rv v v
(
| | c c c c c
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/24
2 2 2 2
( ) 1 1 2
r r r
r
v rv v v
g
r r r r r z
u

u u
(
| | c c c c c
+ + + +
( |
c c c c c
\ .

13
Equation of motion for -component
1
r
r z
v v v v v v v p
v v
t r r r z r
u u u u u u

u u
c c c c c
| |
+ + + =
|
c c c c c
\ .
2 2
( ) 1 1 2 rv v v v
(
| | c c c c c
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/25
2 2 2 2
( ) 1 1 2
r
rv v v v
g
r r r r r z
u u u
u

u u
(
| | c c c c c
+ + + + +
( |
c c c c c
\ .

Equation of motion for z-component
| |
2
z z z z
r z
v v v v v v p
v v
t r r r z z
u u

u
| |
c c c c c
+ + + =
|
c c c c c
\ .
2 2
1 1 v v v
(
| | c c c c
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/26
2 2 2
1 1
z z z
z
v v v
g
r r r r z

u
(
| | c c c c
+ + + +
( |
c c c c
\ .

14
Simplified equations of motion
2
v p
u
c
(Effect of centrifugal
Eq. B.6.4
v p
r r
u

c
=
c
(Effect of centrifugal
force on pressure)
Eq. B.6.5
1
( ) 0
d d
rv
dr r dr
u
| |
=
|
\ .
(Velocity
distribution)
27
Eq. B.6.6
p
g
z

c
=
c
(Effect of gravity
force on pressure)
Distribution of angular velocity
1
( ) 0
d d
| |
|
Eq. B.6.5
1
( ) 0
d d
rv
dr r dr
u
| |
=
|
\ .
BC: v

= 0 at r = R and v

=
o
R at r = R
Velocity profile
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/28
( )
( )
/( ) /
1/
o
r R R r
v R
u
k k
k k

= O

15
Momentum flux and torque
v d
| |
Momentum flux
2 2 2
2 ( / ) ( /(1 ))
r
o
v d
r
dr r
R r
u
u
t
k k
| |
=
|
\ .
= O
Torque
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/29
Torque
2 2 2
2
4 /(1 )
z r
r R
o
T RL R
R L
u
k
t tk k
t k k
=
=
= O
Concentric cylinder viscometer
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/30
16
Flow near a slowly rotating sphere
| |
2
2
1
v
r
r r r
|
c
| | c
+
|
c c
\ .
2
1 1
( sin ) 0
sin
v
r
|
u
u u u
c c
| |
=
|
c c
\ .
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/31
\ .
BC 1 : v

= R sin at r = R
BC 2 : v

= 0 at r =
Cone and Cup Viscometer
28-Sep-09 DGA/32 TK5102
17
Cone and Cup Viscometer
2
( / ) sin v R R r

Velocity distribution
Torque
28-Sep-09 DGA/33 TK5102
3
8
z
T R
Equations of Change
for non isothermal system
28-Sep-09 DGA/34
TK5102
18
Energy Equation
2 2

(0, 5 ) { (0, 5 )} v U v U q
c
+ = V + V (0, 5 ) { (0, 5 )} v U v U q
t
+ V + V
c
( ) ( [ ]) ( ) pv v v g t V V +
Accumulation
of energy
Convective
mechanism
Conduction
( ) ( [ ]) ( ) pv v v g t V V +
28-Sep-09 DGA/35 TK5102
Pressure
forces
Gravitational
forces
Viscous
forces
Special Forms of Energy Equation

( ) ( ) U U
c
V V V V ( ) ( : ) U Uv q p v v
t
t =V V V V
c

( ) ( : )
DU
q p v v t =V V V
28-Sep-09 DGA/36 TK5102
( ) ( : ) q p v v
Dt
t = V V V
(the equation of thermal energy)
19
Special Forms of Energy Equation
Incompressible fluid (constant )

( : )
DU
q v
Dt
t = V V
U = H p/
( : )
DH Dp
q v
Dt Dt
t = V V +
28-Sep-09 DGA/37 TK5102
Energy equation
in terms of fluid temperature

DT p c
| |

( : ) ( )
v
V
DT p
C q v T v
Dt T
t
c
| |
= V V V
|
c
\ .
(1/ )

( : )
p
p
DT Dp
C q v T
Dt T Dt

t
c
| |
= V V
|
c
\ .
For incompressible fluid : C
v
= C
p

( : )
p
DT
C q v
Dt
t = V V
28-Sep-09 DGA/38 TK5102
20
Energy equations
for incompressible fluids
28-Sep-09 DGA/39 TK5102
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21
28-Sep-09 DGA/41
TK5102
28-Sep-09 DGA/42
TK5102
22
28-Sep-09 DGA/43
TK5102
28-Sep-09 DGA/44
TK5102
23
28-Sep-09 DGA/45
TK5102
28-Sep-09 DGA/46
TK5102
24
Forced Convection
of Laminar Flow in Pipe
Fluid in at T
1
z
r
f
l
u
k
s
q
o
Steady state momentum and heat
transfer
1D momentum transfer (v
z
= v
(r)
)
T = T
(r,z)
Constant physical properties
H
e
a
t

Constant physical properties
28-Sep-09 DGA/47 TK5102
Continuity equation
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1
0
r z
v rv v
t r r r z
u

u
c c c c
+ + + =
c c c c
v c
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/48
0
z
v
z
c
=
c
25
Equation of motion for z-component
| |
2
z z z z
r z
v v v v v v p
v v
t r r r z z
u u

u
| |
c c c c c
+ + + =
|
c c c c c
\ .
2 2
1 1 v v v
(
| | c c c c
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/49
2 2 2
1 1
z z z
z
v v v
g
r r r r z

u
(
| | c c c c
+ + + +
( |
c c c c
\ .

Energy Equation
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/50
26
Forced Convection
of Laminar Flow in Pipe
Fluid in at T
1
Continuity equation
z
r
f
l
u
k
s
q
o
y q
dv
z
/dz = 0
Equation of motion
1
0
z
dv dP d
r g
dz r dr dr

| |
= + +
|
\ .
Energy equation
viscous
dissipation
H
e
a
t

2
2
2
1

z
p
dv dT dT T
C k r
dz r r dr z dr

( c c | | | |
= + +
| | (
c c
\ . \ .

28-Sep-09 DGA/51 TK5102
heat conduction
in z direction
Tangential flow in an annulus with
viscous heat generation
Incompressible and Newtonian
fl id i h fluid with constant transport
properties
Outer cylinder rotates
Laminar flow in direction
Steady state condition
1D momentum and heat transfers
in radial direction
28 September 2009 DGA/52
in radial direction
Pressure varies in radial and axial
directions
27
Energy Equation
T T T T c c c c
| |
r z
v T T T T
Cp v v
t r r z
u

u
c c c c
| |
+ + + =
|
c c c c
\ .
2 2
1 1 T T T
k
( c c c c
| |
u
| (
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/53
2 2 2
v
k r
r r r r z u
| |
+ + + u
| (
c c c c
\ .

Dissipation Function
2
2 2
1
2
r z
v v v
u

c ( c c | | | | | |
u
`
| | | (
2 2
2
1
r z
v r
z z r
v
r r z
v v v v
z r r z
u
u

u
(
| | | | | |
u = + + + +
`
| | | (
c c c
\ . \ . \ .


)

c c c c | | | |
+ + + +

| |
c c c c
\ . \ .

28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/54

2
1
r
v v
r
r r r
u
u

( c c | |
+
`
| (
c c
\ .


)
28
Energy Equation
2
1 v T ( c c c
| | | |
1 v T
k r r
r r r r r
u
( c c c
| | | |
+
| | (
c c c
\ . \ .

From momentum balance:
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/55
( )
( )
/( ) /
1/
o
r R R r
v R
u
k k
k k

= O

Energy Equation
2 4 4
4 1 1 R T k O c c
| |
2 2 4
4 1 1
0
(1 )
o
R T
k r
r r r r
k
k
O c c
| |
+ =
|
c c
\ .
Boundary conditions :
T = T at r = R
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/56
T = T
b
at r = R
T = T
o
at r = R
29
Energy Equation
(dimensionless form)
1 1
4
d d
N
| | O
|
2 4 4
2 2
( )(1 )
o o
b o b o
T T R r
N
R T T k T T
k

k
O
= O = =

4
4N
d d

=
|
\ .
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/57
( )( )
b o b o
k
Boundary conditions :
= 1 at = 1
= 0 at = 0
Temperature Profiles
Annulus
2 2
ln 1 1 ln
1 1 1
ln ln
N

k k k
(
| |
| | | |
O = +
( | | |
\ . \ .
\ .

1 (1 )( )
Br
k k (
| |
O = +
| (
Annulus
Treating annulus as parallel plates
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/58
2
1 2 (1 )
Br
k k
O = +
| (

\ .

Note : N = Br
4
/ (1
2
)
2
30
Tangential flow in an annulus with
viscous heat generation
= 92 3 cP = 92.3 cP
= 1.22 g/ml
k = 0.0055 cal/(s cm C)
Tb = 100 C
To = 70 C
R = 5.060 cm
= 0.99
= 7980 rpm
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/59
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/60
31
Tangential flow in an annulus with
viscous heat generation
= 92 3 cP = 92.3 cP
= 1.22 g/ml
k = 0.0055 cal/(s cm C)
Tb = 100 C
To = 70 C
R = 5.060 cm
= 0.50
= 7980 rpm
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/61
28-Sep-09 TK5102 DGA/62
32
Continuity Equation for Component
28-Sep-09 DGA/63
TK5102
Mass Balance of A
over volume element Ax, Ay, Az
Ax, Ay, Az
z
Rate of accumulation
y
z
AxAyAz c
A
/ct
Rate of Ain
Rate of production
AxAyAz r
A
x, y, z
x
Rate of A in
n
Ax

x
AyAz + n
Ay

y
AxAz
+ n
Az

z
AxAy Rate of A out
n
Ax

x+Ax
AyAz + n
Ay

y+Ay
AxAz + n
Az

z+Az
AxAy
28-Sep-09 DGA/64 TK5102
33
Equations of Continuity
for a Binary System
Component A Component A
A A
A
A
Az
Ay
Ax A
r n
t
atau r
z
n
y
n
x
n
t
= V +
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
Component B
B B
B
B
Bz
By
Bx A
r n atau r
n
n
n
= V +
c
=
|
|
|

| c
+
c
+
c
+
c
B B B
t z y x t c
|
|
.

\
c c c c
Mixer
0 ) ( ) ( = V +
c
c
+ = + V +
c
c
v
t
atau r r n n
t
B A B A


28-Sep-09 DGA/65 TK5102
Equations of Continuity
for a Binary System
Component A Component A
A A
A
A
Az
Ay
Ax A
R N
t
C
atau R
z
N
y
N
x
N
t
c
= V +
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
Component B
B B
B
B
Bz
By
Bx A
R N
c
atau R
N
N
N c
= V +
c
=
|
|
|

| c
+
c
+
c
+
c
B B B
t z y x t c
|
|
.

\
c c c c
Mixer
B A B A B A
R R cv
t
c
atau R R N N
t
c
+ = V +
c
c
+ = + V +
c
c
) ( ) (
*
28-Sep-09 DGA/66 TK5102
34
Equations of Continuity
for a Binary System
Component A Average velocity Component A
A A
A
r n
t
= V +
c
c
Ficks law
A AB B A A A
w D n n w n V + + = ) (
Average velocity
v n n
B A
= +
Component A
A A AB A
A
r w D v
t
+ V V = V +
c
c
) ( ) (

28-Sep-09 DGA/67 TK5102

Equations of Continuity
for a Binary System
Component A Average velocity Component A
A A
A
R N
t
c
= V +
c
c
Ficks law
A AB B A A A
x cD N N x N V + + = ) (
Average velocity
*
cv N N
B A
= +
Component A
A A AB A
A
R x cD v c
t
c
+ V V = V +
c
c
) ( ) (
*
28-Sep-09 DGA/68 TK5102
35
Equations of Continuity
for a Binary System (dilute component)
Component Awith constant and D
AB
(weight base) Component A with constant and D
AB
(weight base)
A A AB A A
A
r D v v
t
+ V = V + V +
c
c

2
A A AB A
A
r D v
t
+ V = V +
c
c

2
Component Awith constant and D
AB
(molar base) Component A with constant and D
AB
(molar base)
A A AB A A
A
R c D c v v c
t
c
+ V = V + V +
c
c
2 * *
) (
2 *
B A A A A AB A
A
R R x R c D c v
t
c
+ + V = V +
c
c
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28-Sep-09 DGA/71
TK5102
Reaction in Pipe Reactor
Fast reaction A B at cylinder wall
z
r
L
2R
Dilute solution
Concentration c
A
B in solution can be neglected
Steady state, isothermal, and laminar flow
Constant transport properties
28-Sep-09 DGA/72 TK5102
37
Reaction in Pipe Reactor
Equation of motion Equation of motion
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
dr
dv
r
dr
d
r dz
dP
z
1
0
Continuity equation of A
( c
|
|

| c c c
2
1 c c
D
c
A A A
Boundary conditions:
Boundary conditions:
v
z
= 0 at r = R
dv
z
/dr = 0 at r = 0
(

c
c
+ |
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
2
1
z
c
r
c
r
r r
D
z
c
v
A A
AS
A
z
y
c
A
= c
A0
at z = 0
c
A
= 0 at r = R
dc
A
/dr = 0 at r = 0
neglected
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