Concept & Formula

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 Concept & Formula
CONCEPT & Formulae to remember GIVEN FORMULAE /
POINTS TO NOTE
1 FUNCTIONS
 Relations : one to one, one to many, many to one, many to many.
 Functions , f(x) = y, f: x y x = object , y = image
 Composite functions; fg, gf, f 2
 Inverse Functions ; f –1 f –1 (2) = x  2 = f(x)

 Absolute functions f(x) = y if  y  = k  y = k or y = –k

- Graf y = ax + b , y = ax + b b
-b
a
2 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
 ax2 + bx + c = 0
 x 2 – (a + b)x + ab = 0 sum of roots =  b
a
x2 – ( sum of roots)x + (product of roots) = 0 c
product of roots =
 b2-4ac >0 2 distinct real roots a

b2-4ac = 0 2 equal real roots

b2-4ac < 0 no roots

  b  b2  4ac
Find the roots : factorisation, completing square, using formula x
 Form quadratic equation: given roots  and . 2a

3 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
 f(x) = a(x + p)2 + q  completing the square form max /min point  (– p , q)

 Equation of axis of symmetry , x   b

2a
 Sketch Graph : Shape : a<0 , a>0
Max/min point:
Two other points seen
 Inequalities : if there are two inequalities solve using graph or a b a b
number line.
x<a x>b a<x < b
4 SILMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS
 Use SUBSTITUTION method.
check answers by
 5 types - simple , one line , with fraction
substituting values into the
- solutions given with different unknown.
non-linear equation.
- find the intersections points

5 INDICES & LOGARITHM a m x an = a m + n ,

 Rule of Indices: am  an = a m – n ,
(a m) n = a m n
 Rule of Logarithms:
 Change base: log m + log n = log mn
 If y = a x
loga y = x and vice versa. l og m – log n = log m/n
log mn = n log m
 Solving index and logarithms equations log b x
log a x 
log b a

 Formula not given / important concept

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 Concept & Formula
GIVEN FORMULAE /
CONCEPT & Formulae to remember POINTS TO NOTE

6 STATISTICS x
x
 Ungrouped data: mean, median, mode, range, interquartile N
range, standard deviation, variance. ( x  x )2 x 2
    x2
N N

 Grouped Data : (written in class)  fx

x
mean - use the midpoint of class f
median - use formula or orgive
mod - use Histogram  f ( x  x )2  fx2
    x2
Interquartile range - use formula or orgive f f
standard deviation & variance - use formula 1NF
m  L 2 C
 f 
 m 
 Effects on Changes in data . see NOTES

7 COORDINATE GEOMETRY

 distance between 2 points AB = ( x1  x2 )2  ( y1  y2 )2

 midpoint x  x y  y2
midpoint  ( 1 2 , 1 )
 gradient , m  y1  y 2 2 2
x1  x 2
 Equation of straight line: ax + by + c = 0 (general) point that divides a line segment in m: n
y = mx + c (gradient form)  nx1  mx2 ny1  my2 
 , 
x y
 1 (intercept form)  mn mn 
a b
 find equation of straight line: y – y1 = m (x – x1),
y = mx+c
 Parallel : m1 = m2 perpendicular : m. m2 = – 1
 equation of locus : use the distance formula area of triangle =
1
 area of polygon ( x1 y2  x2 y3  x3 y1)  ( x2 y1  x3 y2  x1 y3 )
2

8 DIFFERENTIATION

 Idea of limit  x = x + x and y = y + y

y
 First derivative using first principle.  Find lim
x 0 x
dy
 y = axn ;  nax n1
dx dy dv du
u v
 naax  b n 1
dy dx dx dx
 y = (ax+b)n ;
dx du dv
u v  u
 y = uv and y  dy
 dx dx
v dx v2

dy dy du
 If y = u, and x = u , thus  
dx du dx

2
 Second derivative, d y  d  dy 
2
dx dx  dx 

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Concept & Formula

GIVEN FORMULAE /
CONCEPT & Formulae to remember POINTS TO NOTE
[Differentiation]
 APPLICATIONS:
- Equation of tangent and normal  dy/dx = gradient of tangent
use y = mx + c or y – y1 = m (x – x1)  m NORMAL  m TANGENT = –1
where m = gradient of tangent

d2y
- Problems on Maximum / Minimum dy/dx = 0 max point when 0
dx 2
d2y
min point when 0
dx 2

- Rate of change , dy/dt = dy/dx  dx/dt

use negative values for decreasing
changes.
- small changes / approximate change , y  dy/dx . x

9 CIRCULAR MEASURES

  radians = 180 90 =  , 60 =  , 45 =  , 30 = 

2 3 4 6
 arc length, s = r , the angle is in radian s = r
 area of sector, A = ½ R2  , angle is in radian
A = ½ r2 
 Area of segment = ½ r2 ( - sin )

10 PROGRESSIONS
AP : Tn = a + (n – 1)d
 AP: a, a+ d, a+ 2d ….  GP: a, ar, ar2, ar3 …
Sn  n2 ( 2a  ( n  1 )d )
 common difference,  common ratio r  T2
T1
d = T2 – T1
GP : Tn = ar n – 1
 nth term : Tn
a( 1  r n ) a( r n  1 )
Sn   , r 1
 Sum of the first n terms: Sn 1 r r 1
n( a  l )  Sum to infinity a
 Sum:: Sn  S 
2 1 r

 a = T1 = S1  Tn = Sn – Sn-1  Sa m = Sm – Sa --1

11 LINEAR LAW
 Convert to linear form, Y = mX + c
 draw line of best fit. always show table when drawing graphs
 find unknown from graph

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 Concept & Formula

GIVEN FORMULAE /
CONCEPT & Formulae to remember
POINTS TO NOTE

12 INTEGRATION


 f ( x)  g ( x)  c
(ax  b) n1

 (ax  b) n dx 
(a)( n  1)
c b b
Luas 
 y dx atau
 x dy

dy a a
 Equation of curve y  dx
dx

 y
b
(integrate the gradient fxn.)
Isipadu  2
dx
 Area under graph a
 Generated volume when area revolved 360 about
b
: x- axis
: y - axis

 xa
2
dy

13 VECTORS
 vectors a parallel to b : a = k b, k = constant
 Law of triangle, parallelogram, polygon
 addition and substraction of vectors
 multiply scalar with vectors.
 x
 vectors in Cartesan coordinate r  xi  y j   
 y
- magnitude r, r  x2  y2
- vector unit in the direction of r, xi  yj
rˆ 
x2  y2

14 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
 positive and negative angles
sin2 A + cos2A = 1
 functions: sin, cos, tan, sec, cosec, cot cosec2A = 1 + cot2A
 Graph sine, cosine and tangent sec2 A = 1 + tan2 A
 Basic identity sin (AB) = sin AcosB  cosAsinB
 Double angle: sin 2A, cos 2A and tan 2A cos(AB) = cos AcosB  sin Asin B
tan(AB) = tan A  tan B
 Addition formula: sin (A B), cos(A B), tan(AB)
1  tan A tan B
 Solving dan Proofing
sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A
sin A
 tan A 
cos A cos 2A = cos2A – sin2A
= 2 cos2A – 1
1 1 1
 cos ec A  , sec A  , cot A  = 1 – 2sin2 A
sin A cos A tan A
tan 2A = 2 tan A .
 special angles : SEE NOTES 1 – tan2A

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Concept & Formula

GIVEN FORMULAE /
CONCEPT & Formulae to remember
POINTS TO NOTE
15 PERMUTATION & COMBINATIONS
 Permutation : choose r objects from n objects ( the order is n!
important)
n
Pr 
( n  r )!
- permutations under given conditions
n!
n
Cr 
 Combinations : the order of choosing is not important. ( n  r )! r!
- combinations under given conditions

16 PROBABILITY

 Probability, P  A  n A
nS 

 Event A or B P(A) + P(B)

 Event A and B P(A)  P(B)
 Probability of 2 combine events ( non-mutually exclusive) P(AB) = P(A) + P(B) – P(AB)

17 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
 Binomial Distributions:
P(X=r) = nCr pr q n – r , p+q=1
- Binomial Distributions Probability
- Graph of Binomial Distributions Mean,  = np
- mean, variance & standard deviation
 =  npq

variance = npq

 Normal Distributions: X μ
Z
- Graph of Standard Normal Distribution σ
- Normal Distributions Probability

18 SOLUTIONS TO TRAINGLE
a b c
 Sine Rule  
sin A sin B sin C
- Ambiguous Case
 Cosine Rule a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc kos A

 Area of triangle A = ½ ab sin C

where C is included angle

19 INDEX NUMBERS
Q1
I  100
 Nombor indeks : Q0

P1 Wi I i
o Indeks Harga : I  100 I
P0 Wi
 Indeks harga pada tahun asas, I0 = 100

 Indeks gubahan

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 Concept & Formula

CONCEPT & Formulae to remember GIVEN FORMULAE /

POINTS TO NOTE

20 PENGATURCARAAN LINEAR
 write inequalities that satisfy the condition given.
–
 draw and find the region that satisfies the inequalities
 find the max / min values within the region.

21 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

o Displacement: s  v dt
- return to O : s = 0
ds v =0
- maximum displacement ; 0
dt
- distant traveled in the nth second: dist = s n – s n–1

o velocity: v  ds
dt

- maximum velocity: dv  0 a=0

dt
- constant velocity : a = 0

dv d 2s
o acceleration: a  , a
dt dt 2
da
- maximum acceleration: 0
dt

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Concept & Formula

EFFECTS ON CHANGES IN DATA

each data is each data is

The new value of added with multiplied by
+p k

mean +p k

mode +p k

median +p k

range no change k

interquartile range no change k

standard deviation no change k

variance no change  k2

TRIGONOMETRIC SPECIAL ANGLES

0 30 45 60 90 180 270 360

1 3
sin A 0  2
1 0 –1 0
2

3 1
cos A 1
2  0 1 0 1
2

1
tan A 0 1 3  0 –1 0
3

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