Basics of Electronic Circuits

Experiment 6 Measurement of Two-Port Parameters 2005-06/I

The objective of this experiment is to understand the methodology of measuring two-port parameters. The methodology will be illustrated by making the measurement of the impedance (z-) and hybrid (h-) parameters of a resistive two-port network consisting of resistors! shown in "ig. #.$. %ote that this network does %&T have a common terminal between the input and output ports! and as such the connections of the signal source ("') and the measuring e(uipment ()*&) will have to be made carefully to ensure proper ground connections. 1 )onnect the "' output to one of the )*& input channels and set the "' controls for a $k+z sinusoidal output with a peak-to-peak value of $, -. .et up the circuit of "ig. #.$ on the breadboard in a nicely spread-out manner! so that the terminals $! $/! 0 and 0/ are in the left upper! left lower! right upper and right lower parts of the breadboard! respectively. This will reduce mistakes in connections while making the measurements. *esistive Two-8ort $ 3 -$ $5 2 2$ $,.9k .:,k .:,k $,.9k 0 20 3 -0 -$ 1 z$$2$ 3 z$020! -0 1 z0$2$ 3 z0020 (all phasors are real) -$ 1 h$$2$ 3 h$0-0!

20 1 h0$2$ 3 h00-0 05 !i" 6 1 T#e "i$en two-port an% e&uations %efinin" '- an% #-parameters

4easurement of two-port parameters will be carried out by measuring the dependent variables in the two-port e(uations (- $ and -0 for z-parameters! -$ and 20 for h-parameters) with one of the independent variables (2$ and 20 for z-parameters! 2$ and -0 for h-parameters) e(ual to zero. "or making any port current (2 $ or 20) e(ual to zero! the corresponding port has to be open-circuited! while for making -0 1 ,! port 0-05 has to be short-circuited. %ote that the )*& is inherently a voltage-measuring instrument! and hence current measurement has to be done by measuring the voltage across a resistance placed in the path of the current. This introduces an error in the values of the two-port parameters depending on current measurements. 6ven voltage measurements will be subject to errors because of the finite input impedance of the )*&! which will be assumed to be $ 4 ! though the actual value would be lower due to the )*& and cable capacitances. 7ou will have to estimate the effects of all such errors on the final accuracy achieved for the two-port parameters.

( Measurement of Impe%ance Parameters )hannel $ )*& )hannel 0 2$ $ "' ($, -! $k+z) *$ 3 $ Two-8ort of "ig. #.$ 03 3 -$ $5 05 !i" 6 ) Measurin" '12 an% '22 Two-port of "ig. #.$ 20 0 3 -0

3 -*$

-*0 3 *0 "' ($, -! $k+z)

-$

-0

!i" 6 2 Measurin" '11 an% '21 $5

05

$5

05

* 5

)onnect the "' output to the input port ($-$/) of the two-port through a resistance * $ (1 9.#k) as shown in "ig. #.0! and measure the peak-to-peak values of the voltages - *$! -$ and -0 by using the )*& appropriately. %ote that while - $ is a voltage with reference to ground! and hence can be directly measured by using any of the input channels of the )*&! both - *$ and -0 are ;floating< voltages! and hence have to measured by making connections both the channels of the )*& as shown in "ig. #.0! and using the capability of the )*& to display the difference signal after subtracting one input from the other. )alculate the values of z$$ and z0$! assuming 2$ 1 -*$= *$ and 20 1 ,> z$$ 1 -$= 2$ 1 *$-$= -*$ and z0$ 1 -0= 2$ 1 *$-0= -*$. )onnect the "' output to the output port (0-0/) of the two-port through a resistance * 0 (1 9.#k) as shown in "ig. #.?! and measure the peak-to-peak values of the voltages - *0! -$ and -0 by using the )*& appropriately. %ote that - *0 and -$ are now the ;floating< voltages for the measurements in this step! and hence connections to both the channels of the )*& have to be made in a manner similar to what was done in step 0. )alculate the values of z$0 and z00! assuming 20 1 -*0= *0 and 2$ 1 ,> z$0 1 -$= 20 1 *0-$= -*0 B Measurement of +,-ri% Parameters and z00 1 -0= 20 1 *0-0= -*0.

. /

The measurement of the h-parameters will have to be carried out by following similar procedures! using the measurement setups shown in "igs. #. and #.9. The purpose of placing a resistance *@ (1$,,) across the output port is to enable the measurement of 20. The input and output port currents are determined from the voltages measured as indicated in "ig. #. > 2 $ 1 -*$=*$! and 20 1 A-0=*@. %ote that -*$ and -0 are ;floating< voltages in this setup and have to measured by using the differential measurement capability of the )*& as done in step 0. 4easure - *$! -$ and -0! and! assuming h$0-0BBh$$2$ and h00-0BB h0$2$! calculate h$$ and h0$ from these values of by the following e(uations> h$$ 1 -$= 2$ *$-$= -*$ 3 -*$ "' ($, -! $k+z) *$ 2$ 03 Two-8ort of "ig. #.$ and h0$ 1 20= 2$ A*$-0= *@-*$. 0 %ote that the arrangement for the measurement of h$0 and h00 is the same as that for measuring z$0 and z00! as given in "ig. #.?! and hence no fresh measurement is re(uired. Cetermine h$0 and h00 by using the relationships h$0 1 -$=-0 and h00 1 20=-0 1 -*0=*0-0! where -$! -0 and 20 are the values measured in step 9.

3 $

-$

-0 *@

!i" 6 * Measurin" #11 an% #21 $5 05 C Error Estimation 10 )alculate the values of all the z- and h-parameters by analysing the given circuit. 'iven that all the resistances have a tolerance of $D! what is the expected accuracy of these valuesE 11 6stimate the percentage errors in 2$ measured in steps ? and F! and in 2 0 measured in step 9 due to the finite input impedance of the )*&. )omment on whether these errors would substantially affect the accuracy of the values obtained for the two-port parameters. 12 )alculate the actual value of 2 0 (flowing into the )*& input) based on the measured value of $5 05 -0 in step ?! and justify the assumption 20 1 , (z$020 BB z$$2$) made in step . 1) Gased on the values of -$! 2$ and -0 measured in step F! and the values of the h-parameters obtained in this experiment! justify the assumptions h$0-0 BB h$$2$ and h00-0 BB h0$2$. 1* )ompare the measured values of the two-port parameters with the theoretically expected values! and comment on the possible reasons for the deviations observed.