Isdn and Broadband Isdn With Frame Relay and Atm - Vietnamese Translated Book

CHNG 1 GiI THIU
Quyn sch ny l ci nhn tng qut v ISDN ( B-ISDN ), cng vi cha kho ca cng ngh mng : frame relay ( FR - truyn khung ) v mode truyn khng ng b ( ATM ). S tiu chun ho ISDN v B-ISDN , s pht trin ca FR v ATM u chu p lc ca th trng phi gim gi vic truyn ting ni , d liu v phi m rng dch v mng cung cp kh nng truyn d liu v video tc cao. Trong chng ny chng ta tranh lun v 1 vi yu t then cht quyt nh s t nhin v s tin trin trong lnh vc ny.
1.1 S n gn ca ISDN
Nhng tin b nhanh chng trong lnh vc my tnh v cng ngh thng tin to ra s gn b khng ngng gia hai linh vc ny . . Cc ng truyn dn ni gia my tnh , chuyn mch v thit b truyn dn s : Vi cng mt cng ngh s ho cho d liu, ting ni, truyn nh. S hp nht v s pht trin cng ngh, c lin kt vi nhng yu cu ang tng v tnh hiu qu v tnh thi gian ca s thu thp , s x l v s ph bin ca thng tin c a n s pht trin ca nhng h thng tch hp dng cho vic truyn v x l mi loI d liu. Mc ch c bn ca s pht trin ny l mng s a dch v ISDN. ISDN c dnh cho 1 mng vin thng cng cng rng ri trn ton th gii thay th cho mng vin thng cng cng hin c v chun b cho nhng dch v phong ph sp ti. ISDN c xc nh bi tiu chun ca giao din ngi dng v c s dng 1 b chuyn mch s v cho php 1 phm vi rng ln cho cc loi truyn dn v cung cp dch v ( x l ) gi tr gia tng. Trong thc tin , c nhiu loi mng s dng trong cc quc gia, nhng t quan im cu ngi s dng, s trin khai rng ri ca ISDN s dn n ch 1 mng , ging nhau , d gn, s c s dng rng ri trn ton th gii
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S nh hng ca ISDN ti ngi dng v nhng ngi bn hng s rt su sc. iu khin s pht trin v s nh hg ca ISDN th 1 n lc to ln nhm tiu chun ho ang c thc hin (underway).. D Nhng tiu chun ISDN vn ang tip tc pht trin nhng c cng ngh v chin thut thc hin chnh kh r rng. D l ISDN vn cha c c s pht trin ton din nh mong mun ngay c th h th hai. th h u I khi n c hiu l ISDN bng hp , da trn vic s dng knh 64 Kbps nh l n v c bn ca chuyn mch v c s nh hng cho chuyn mch in t. S ng gp k thut chnh cho ISDN bng hp l FRAME RELAY (FR ) . Th h th 2 , l ISDN bng rng ( B-ISDN ), h tr cho tt c ch d liu cao (100 Mbps ) v c s nh hng cho chuyn mch gi. Cng ngh chnh b sung cho B-ISDN l cng ngh truyn dn khng ng b (ATM ) cn c bit nh cng ngh truyn t bo. V d cho khuynh hng ang chi phi ISDN v B-ISDN: # My tnh ang lin kt li vi nhau thay v ng n l. T l phn trm my tnh c nhn ( PC ) c kh nng truyn tin ang tng. Trong khi trc y PC l nhng thit b n l. Cng vic kinh doanh ngy nay da trn s kt hp gia cc my tnh nh, vi cc my tnh va v ln c th chia s ti nguyn ( nh my in ), d liu, trao i cc bn tin . Cc cng c phn tch ca chng ta cho nhiu dy : nhiu dy , dy tt hn v dy s m rng khp ni. # V tuyn t bo ang to nn thng tin di ng. t, taxi v thuyn tr thnh nhng trm lm vic. Con ngi khng ch ni chuyn qua in thoi v tuyn t bo m h cn c th truyn d liu bng cch lin kt cc my tnh xch tay. tm kim s pht trin vic kt hp gia my tnh v in thoi. Lc cc t c cung cp vic lin lc bi h thng my tnh nh mong mun. V mi chic xe s l 1 n v ni vi mng thng tin ton cu
# PC s c dng khp ni . N s c bit vi nhng sinh vin v nhng cng nhn c trnh , nhng ai phi ch yu lm vic vi giy t , ti liu, bo co v nhng con s. Nhiu nhn vin vn phng c t nht 1 trm lm vic vn phng v 1 trm nh. Xa hn na , hu ht mi ngi s c 1 my tnh xch tay mnh (powerful) v c th c mt my tnh dnh rt ring ( VPC ). Khch sn m bn trong tng lai v th c PC trong mi phng nh mt th c khch sn c sn. My tnh s mi lnh vc v quan trng hn l chng u ni mng. # Dung tch v s phong ph ca d liu tng t ngt. Chic PC th h 1 chu thua cc h thng Window v Machintos mi nht vi ho mu v cht lng cao. Cc ng dng vn phng mi ang c pht trin i hi kh nng mng cao hn ; Vic s l ho s lm tng tc mng cha tng thy. V d cho nhng ng dng ny gm my fax s , vic x l nh vn bn, chng trnh ho trn my PC. phn gii cao 400 x 400 cho 1 trang l phn gii chun cho nhng chng trnh ny. K c vi cc k thut nn cng to nn ti d liu truyn thng ln kinh khng. Hn na , a quang ang bt u t ti cng ngh trng thnh v ang c pht trin t ti s hin thc khi vt qu mc dung lng 1Gbyte. #Vic nhn dng ting ni v k thut x l ngn ng t nhin s cn nhng h thng v mng thng minh. y l 2 ng dng kh nht ,nhng gi chng t t hp nht bi cc phng th nghim tr tu nhn to. Nhn dng ting ni l kh nng nhn ra nhng t c ni. X l ngn ng t nhin l kh nng tm ngha ca cc t v cc cu. V cng ngh pht trin 2 ng dng ny l truy cp vo nhng ngn hng thng tin v cc c s d liu , nn chng s tr nn d dng hn v do s to nn nhng nhu cu ln hn nhiu. Mt ngi s dng s c th t qun l hay truy cp thng tin vi nhng t ( ni ) kho n gin hay nhng lnh c m iu . Giao din mng d ging nh vic ni chuyn vi 1 ngi trc in thoi , ngi trng th vin rt hiu bit , v tt c nhng chuyn gia s thnh 1. # Cng vic ca hnh ph vi vic s dng my tnh s tr nn hiu sut hn. Chnh ph l nh sn xut v ngi s dng thng tin ln nht
trong x hi. ISDN s ci thin v phn tn vic truy cp , gip loi b nhng xung khc gia nhng h thng phc tp do s d thnh cng hn. # S hot ng thng mi quc gia hay ton cu s c sc tin. d dang Vic mi gii s nm trong chnh mng my tnh , ph thuc vo vic truyn thng tin tc thi hay cc lnh mua-bn t ng. Ngn hng ngy nay tin tng nhiu hn vo nhng ngi thng bo t ng v nhng ti khon c my tnh ho ; tin bn thn n tr nn ging nh ( c h hng ) vi thng tin, khi vic truyn tin c thc hin qua mng. V ngn hng s bt u bn dch v thng tin trc tuyn nh l iu thm vo ngn hng in t . Hot ng trong 1 ngy ca cc cng ty thuc mi c u ph thuc vo h thng vin thng . a d liu vo t xa, th in t , truyn fax v cc h thng quyt nh ch l 1 trong nhng hot ng da vo vic lin lc. Nhng cng ty xuyn quc gia ca M v nhng cng ty nic ngoi lm n vi nhau ph thuc hon ton vo vic trao i thng tin nhanh chng. Mng thng tin hon ton cn thit cho s ton cu ho thng mi v cng nghip . # Nhng to nh vn phng ang c mc dy thng minh c gi l nhng to nh thng minh. Nhng to nh ny gm mng ting ni ( thoi ) , d liu , iu khin mi trng ( nhit , m .. ), iu kin khng kh , s an ton ( trm, la ), mng tivi Rt nhiu cc dch v ny cn truyn ra khi cc to nh ... # S trao i gia ngi vi ngui s tng ln. Vic kinh doanh m bo mi ngi lm thu trao i cng vic ti ln nhau bng th in t , th ni, truyn file, trao i vn bn v hi tho Video . Tt c chng pht sinh yu cu v mng d liu tc cao. # S cch mng v cp quang s mang li dung lng khng l . Kt qu ca bc nhy v nh lng s cho php trang b nhiu ng dng trong cc mng cng cng hay mng ring.
1.2
Cuc cch mng trong vic lin lc gia cc my tnh.
Thi k ca chng ta c gi l hu cng nghip ho Postindustrial . N c ngha l : cng nghip ho l yu t thng tr v l ng lc i mi qua 1 vi th k qua, khng lu na s hon thnh nhim v. i ni nhng x hi m c tri qua cuc cch mng cng nghip ho, nhng thay i trong x hi v trong kinh t rt su sc. K nguyn cng nghip ho ang to ra nhng thay i thm ch cn nhanh hn v ln hn. Nhiu khuynh hng c nhn nhn : lai ngi ang b ko vo trong mt cuc sng , m li sng khng ch b nh hng bi nn chnh tr v kinh t m bi cng ngh . Tt c cc chui , di cng , ph thuc vo 2 cng ngh chnh : My tnh v truyn thng Ly v d: Cng ngh sinh hc - 1 trong nhng cng ngh mi nht . C nhiu cng ty nghin cu nhng ni dung nh: chng li bnh ung th , x l du trn, v nhm giI quyt nhng vn trong x hi khc. Mi sn phm hay nhng cn bnh nm trong k thut sinh hc s khng c ngha khi khng cn my tnh. My tnh dng kim sot v Iu khin vic sn xut v nghin cu. Mt v d khc l hng sn xut t General Motor c thuyt phc l cch duy nht cnh tranh vi ngi Nht l phi gim ti a gi thnh sn xut. lm iu , cng ty phi tng vic dng my vi tnh, b iu khin c v rbt . K thut my tnh phi thay th cho sc lao ng ca con ngi trong cc giy truyn sn xut. Cho mt nh my t ng ho , cn thit c nhng thit b iu khin v quan trng khng km l chng phi c ni ti mng khu vc (LAN) . Mng LAN ny lin kt mi thit b trong nh my , dng my tnh ta c gi i 1 tn hiu iu khin hay nhn cc bo hiu t dy truyn. V d cui cng ta cp n l vn phng t ng , c xc nh l vn phng vi cng ngh gip con ngi qun l thng tin. ng c thc y li mt ln na l nng sut. Trong tt c cc c s, th k c nhng chc nng h tr khc l nhng nhn cng chuyn su nng nhc. Tng gi nhn cngkt hp ni nng sut thp v cng vic tng lm ngi ch phI tm cch hiu qu hn, l s u t tp trung gi thp vo nhng cng vic lin quan ti vn phng. Cng vic cn
c lm nhanh hn v cn phi t thi gian tha gia cc ca hn. N i hi cch tt hn ly tin v lin lc tt hn v s phi hp. Cu tr li l LAN. K t nm 1960 tht bnh thng khi ni n nhng tin b phi thng trong c hai lnh vc : My tnh v Truyn thng. Nhng cI mi l s hp nht ca 2 lnh vc ny : cuc cch mng my tnh- truyn thng . S hp nht ny to nn nhng s thay i su sc trong cng nghip, trong mi quan h kinh doanh ( business) ngi dng , s c nhn. 1.3 T truyn thng n my tnh S lin lc d dng cung cp ting ni, d liu, v dch v truyn video da vo k thut s v h thng my tnh ho ang tng. Hai yu t thc y l s thay i kinh t v s tp trung iu tit ca mng In thoi (regulatory focus of the telephone network ) v yu cu tng vi dch v ngi dng u cui - Mng in thoi tin tin Mng in thoi cng cng ca M, gn nh l c quyn ca hng AT&T v gi c chia s cho nhiu cng ty khc, lc u l mt mng tng t. By gi trong qa trnh pht trin chm chp thnh 1 phn ca mng s tch hp ( integrated digital network - IDN ), l ch ca phn 1 cun sch ny. S la chn ca nhng ngi thit k mng l s dng k thut s cho truyn thng v cho chuyn mch. Mc d s u t to ln vo trang thit b mng tng t c AT&T ang chuyn sang cho 1 mng ton s. Cung cp vic truyn dn xa, ging nh MCI ang lm ging nh th. L do chnh cho nhng khuynh hng ny l: # Gi thnh thit b : Trong khi gi thnh ca cc thit b tng t vn khng thay i th gi ca thit b s tip tc gim mnh. Vic s dng cng ngh LSI v VLSI ( very large scale integrate) lm gim khng ch kch thc m c gi tt c cc thit b dng trong x l tn hiu s.
# Chia s ng dy : Qua qung ng di, nhng tn hiu t nhng cuc gi in thoi s chia s dng truyn chung nh s hp knh. Hp knh theo thi gian ( TDM ) s dng cng ngh s, hiu qu hn cng ngh c bn ca k thut tng t l hp knh theo tn s.( FDM ) Do , ting ni vo t n thoi c chuyn thnh tn hiu s cho nhng lin kt xa. # iu khin mng : Dng tn hiu iu khin dim sot trng thi c iu khin hot ng ca mng s vn c. Ta c th d dng hn trong vic kt hp tt c trong 1 mng s. Do , ngy cng nhiu, k thut s c ng dng nhiu hn cho mng in thoi. K thut c dng ging vi h thng my tnh. Mt cch ngy cng tng, nhng thit b chnh ca mng in thoi chnh l nhng my tnh hay c my tnh iu khin.
S l v tnh ton t xa Trc y cng nh by gi, mng in thoi l l do chnh cho vic lin lc khong cch xa. Tuy nhin trc y khong 25 nm , nhu cu v vic truyn d liu ngy cng tng. Trong tng lai , nhng thit b ca nhu cu d liu s s l cho truyn thng gia 2 ngi dng v 1 my tnh xa. Nhng chc nng truyn thng cung cp s truy cp ca thit b u cui xa c bit l qu trnh x l t xa (teleprocessing). Mt cch gn hin ti hn, cc dch v cng thm vo cc chc nng x l t xa c bn c gi l telematic , xut hin. hiu c nhng khuynh hng ny, chng ta cn ni n cch m s s dng my tnh tng. Trong nhng nm 50, my tnh in hnh l to v t. l 1 ti nguyn hn ch do cn s dng hiu qu. Cho mc ch ny h iu hnh c pht trin. H iu hnh lc u l s x l theo khi (batch), n iu khin vic thc hin chui cc chng trnh ngi s dng, c gi l cng vic (job). Ngi s dng c th xng 1 job , cc job c xp hng ni ui nhau ( queued up ), ch n s x dng ca my tnh . Ngay khi 1 job kt thc, h iu hnh tm n job tip theo.
Khi my tnh tr nn my tnh c nhn v yu cu tng, h iu hnh theo khi (batch operation system ) tr nn li thi. Vn l nu ch c 1 job c x l th ti thi im nhiu ti nguyn b lng ph. khc phc, h iu hnh chia s thi gian ra i ( time-sharing operation system). N sp t ti nguyn c tn dng. V trong khi vi h theo khi ( batch-oriented system), ngi s dng ngh 1 job ti b vn hnh ca my tnh v i mt lc sau c kt qu, th vi h chia s thi gian, ngi dng tng tc trc tip vi h iu hnh. Nhng ngi s dng h iu hnh cha s thi gian d s dng nhng thit b u cui gn vi my tnh. Nhng nhng yu cu truy cp thit b u cui xa teleprocessing c pht trin. Mt t chc ln ( ngn hng hay mt hng bo him ln) c th c s d dng trong x l d liu trung tm nhng nhng ngi s dng tim nng nhng vn phng v tinh. Dch v chia s thi gian ( time- sharing service) n r (sprang up). Ging nh cc dch v thu theo gi ( service reantedtime) cho nhng ngi dng khng c Iu kin c ring h thng. H thng im bn hng , h thng t v my bay ni vi nhiu trm ngi dng thc hin giao dch vi cc thng s c lu trong c s d liu ti 1 my tnh xa. S truy cp ca nhng trm t xa c th c v c kt ni bi mng in thoi cng cng. D liu s c chuyn sang tn hiu tng t v c truyn nh l tn hiu ting ni - Nhng n khng hiu qu. Khi 1 cuc gi c t, ti ngyn trong mng c dnh cho vic thit lp v bo tr cuc gi. Kt qu l 1 mch in qua mng c dnh ra trong thi gian lin lc. Gi y vi 1 cuc gi in, thng thng ngi ny hoc ngi kia ni hu ht thi gian v nh mch in m vic s dng tt. Nhng vi 1 cuc kt ni gia trm-my tnh (terminal-tocumputer) nhiu thi gian mch ri, trong khi bn kia ang truyn. khc phuc c hiu qu, chuyn mch gi ra i. D liu trm v ca my tnh c gi theo tng khi nh, gi l gi. Nhng gi ny c nh hng qua mng s dng tuyn (path) v nhng ti nguyn c chia s gia 1 s ngi ang gi. Do , mng phi hiu cch kt ni (handle) v x l gi : 1 v d khc ca thng tin lin lc (computerization of communication)
Yu cu truyn dn d liu v vic s dng chuyn mch gi tip tc tng. Dch v telematic cng xut hin thm vo v dch v teleprocessing truyn thng. Telematic cung cp cho 1 ngi dng t trm truy cp ti c s d liu hoc 1 ng dng c th. V d dch v yu cu mu (catalog ordering). Ngi dng kt ni ti dnh v v c th xem thng tin ca nhiu mt hng trn mn hnh my trm. Sau h c th t hng. 1.4 T truyn thng ti my tnh Truyn thng lm vic s dng cng ngh my tnh tng v ng thi phn cng v phn mm trong my tnh cng ch yu phc v truyn thng. L do l vic x l d liu ang c thm vo nh l 1 b su tp ca vic kt hp vi my tnh thay v l 1 chic my tnh ln n l. N c bit n nh l s phn phi my tnh, v chc nng x l c phn phi cho 1 s my tnh. Theo cch n thc hin chng ta cn xem xt 3 vn : # p lc ca kinh t lm vic phn phi x l l hp l. # Nhng li ch tim nng ca phn phi vic x l thc y n pht trin # S li ko v mt chc nng truyn thng Nhng p lc kinh t v li ch tim nng Hai khuynh hng c kt hp lm thay i s cn bng kinh t cho x l phn phi S gim gi t ngt v khng ngng ca gi phn cng my tnh cng vi nng lc ca chng ngy cng tng. B vi x l ( microprocessor ) ngy nay c tc , c b phn thit b (instruction set) v dung lng b nh c th so snh vi cc b x l mini (miniprocessor) hay thm ch l cc mainframe ch vi nm trc y. Khuynh hng ny lm ny sinh nhiu thay i trong cch thu thp, x l v s dng thng tin . C s gia tng chut t v cc my tnh nh , n chc nng cng nh cc my tnh kinh doanh nh , cc my vi tnh mc ch chung v cc my tnh c nhn hay cc my tnh trm. Cc h thng nh, phn tn ny d dng hn, d tip
cn , ph hp hn so vi cc h thng ln trung tm theo cng ngh chia s thi gian . Khi s cc h thng tng, gn nh c mt nhu cu ni lin chng vi nhau cho nhiu mc ch, bao gm : Chia s ti nguyn Trao i d liu gia cc h thng Chia s ti nguyn - nh cc kho ln v cc may in laze l mt cch nh gi quan trng gim gi . Mc d gi cc phn cng x l d liu ang gim, nhng gi cc thit b c kh in t cn thit vn cn cao. Thm ch trong trng hp d liu c th c kt hp vi cc h thng nh, kinh t nht vn l cc d liu ny lu tr trong mt s h thng server trung tm . Gi lu tr trung bnh 1 bit tin ti a mm ( floppy ) ca cc my vi tnh vn cn cao hn nhiu so vi gi lu tr trn a ln hay bng t Kh nng trao i d liu l l do hp dn s lin kt. Cc c nhn khng lm vic tch ri v s mun gi c nhng li ch c cung cp bi h thng trung tm, bao gm kh nng trao i bn tin vi ngi dng khc v kh nng truy cp cc d liu v chng trnh t nhiu ngun khi chun b ti liu hay khi ang phi phn tch d liu. Thm na, nhiu li ch khc cng rt ng quan tm. Mt h thng phn phi c th ng tin cy hn, nhiu gi tr hn na vi ngi dng, nhiu kh nng hn khi cu cc s c li (survive failures). Vic tn tht bt k thnh phn no cng c nhng nh hng ti thiu, v thnh phn chnh yu c th c lm d tha do cc h thng khc c th nhanh chng tip tc ti tin sau khi gp li. Cui cng, mt h phn phi cung cp cc tim nng ni cc thit b t nhiu ngi bn, ni a cho khch hng s mm do v nng lc b mc c (bargaining power) Chc nng truyn thng ca my tnh Qu trnh x l phn b da trn s truyn thng d dng kt ni cc my tnh. m cc my tnh lp thnh h thng s l phn b . Nhng khng ch c th,
c hnh ng c tnh cng cng tc bn thn my tnh phi c chc nng kt hp truyn thng. V d, vic truyn file gia 2 my tnh cn c ng d liu (data path), c th l ng truyn trc tip hoc qua mng truyn thng. Hn na cn c thm nhiu chc nng khc na nh : H thng ti nguyn (source system) hoc phi kch hot chc nng truyn nhn d liu trc tip hoc thng bo cho mng truyn thng c tnh ca h thng ch mong mun. H thng ti nguyn phi bit chc rng h thng ch sn sng nhn d liu. ng dng truyn file phi chc chn chng trnh qun l file sn sng chp nhn v lu file . nh dng file c dng trong c 2 h thng khng xung t vi nhau, mt trong 2 h thng phi thc hin chc nng chuyn i. R rng rng phi l s kt hp cao gia 2 my tnh. Vic trao i thng tin gia cc my tnh mt cch tng qut c hiu l vic truyn thng my tnh. Mt cch tng t, khi 2 hay nhiu my tnh c lin kt qua mng truyn thng lp 1 mng my tnh. Bi v mt ng vn hnh gia mt ngi s dng ta mt u cui v mt my tnh c ch khi hon tt truyn thng. Cc chc nng ny c pht trin s dng trong mng in thoi v by gi l ti c mng my tnh to nn h thng x l phn phi.
Chng 2 truyn dn s
Trong chng ny tng quan v mt vi vn mu cht lin quan n truyn dn s . Phn mt lm r v k thut truyn dn s , tng t . Ri th vic m ho tn hiu tng t thnh tn hiu s c kim tra . Phn tip theo tho lun v vic phn knh. Chng ny cn bao gm vic tho lun h thng sng mang s m n to thnh h xng sng ca mng s , din rng. 2.1 Truyn d liu s v tng t Khi nim tung t v s tng ng vi s lin tc v ri rc. Hai thut ng ny s dng mt cch lin tc khi ni truyn d liu trong 3 ni dung : d liu , bo hiu v truyn dn. Ta coi d liu l ci truyn t mt ngha no . Hon ton c th nhn ra d liu 1 dng nht nh. Tin tc phi trong ni dung hoc bin dch ca d liu ny. Bo hiu l hot dng truyn tn hiu trong mi trng n nh. Cui cng s truyn l s thng tin ca d liu bng cch truyn v s l cc tn hiu. D liu tng t v s D liu tng t nhn cc gi tr lin tc trong cc khong thi gian. V d : Ting ni v hnh nh bin i lin tc v cng . Hu ht cc d liu nhn c t cc u o nh nhith , p sut l cc gi tr lin tc. D liu s nhn cc gi tr gin on . V d nh cc k t ch , cc s nguyn .. Tn hiu tng t v s Trong h thng thng tin , cc d liu c truyn t im ny ti im kia bng cc tn hiu in (?). Tn hiu tng t l cc sng in t thay i lin tc c th c truyn nhiu mi trng tu thuc vo tn s. V d mi trng c th l dy ng ( cp xon i hay cp ng trc ) hoc l cp quang hay kh quyn ( v tuyn ) . Trong khi tn hiu s l chui cc xung in th c th c truyn qua dy ng ( Mt mc
in p khng i ny c th c trng cho mc 1 cn mt mc in p khc khng i c th c trng cho mc 0 ) Vic truyn tn hiu s r hn truyn tn hiu tng t v t b nh hng ca nhiu hn. Nhng tn hiu s suy gim nhiu hn . Hnh 2.1 biu din chui cc xung in p c pht ra t mt ngun c 2 mc in p v in p thu nhn c ti mt khong cch khc qua mi trng dn. cc xung tr nn trn u v b i. R rng l suy hao lm mt thng tin khi truyn.
Hnh 2.1 S suy gim tn hiu s
Cc d liu s hay d liu tng t u c th c biu din hay truyn bi hoc tn hiu s hoc tn hiu tng t. iu ny minh ho trong hnh 2.2. Ni chung tn hiu tng t l mt hm theo thi gian v chim mt gii tn s gii hn. Mt v d in hnh l d liu ting ni, sng m hay d liu ting ni c cc thnh phn tn s trong khong t 20Hz ti 20KHz. Tuy nhin nng lng thoi ch tp trong trong khong tn s hp . Ph ca ting ni chun ho trong khong 300Hz ti 3400Hz v trong khong ting ni truyn nghe rt r rng . Cc thit b thoi s dng di tn s sng in t 300Hz 3400Hx chuyn i t sng in t sang sng m v ngc li
Hnh 2.2 Tn hiu tng t i sang s v ngc li
D liu s c th c biu din bng cc tn hiu tng t khi s dng cc modem ( Modulation - DeModulation ) Cc Modem ny bin i cc chui nh phn ( Hai gi tr ) thnh cc tn hiu tng t bng cch iu ch tn s sng mang. Tn hiu thu c c ph tn s trung tm ti tn s sng mang v c th c truyn qua mi trng . Hu ht cc modem u bin i cc d liu s thnh ph ting ni cho php cc d liu s ny c th c truyn qua tuyn thoi . u kia ca tuyn thoi , mt modem gii iu ch tn hiu , tr li d liu s .. Mt cch tng t , d liu tng t c th biu din thnh cc tn hiu s . Cc thit b thc hin cc chc nng ny cho d lii ting ni c gi l codec ( Code DeCode ) . Trong Code codec ly mt tn hiu tng t biu din mt d liu ting tng ng bin i thnh cc tn hiu vi mt chui bt . u kia , chui bit c s dng khi phc li d lii tng t . iu ny s c ni trong phn 2.2 Cui cng d liu s c th biu din trc tip thnh dng nh phn vi hai mc in p. nng cao c tnh truyn dn , cc d liu nh phn thng c m ho thnh cc dng phc tp hn ca tn hiu s . iu ny s ni n trong chng 3 S truyn tn hiu tng t v s Tn hiu s v tng t c th c truyn ti cc mi trng thch hp . Ci cch m cc tn hiu ny c s l l mt chc nng ca h thng truyn dn . Bng 2.1 tng kt cc phng php truyn d liu. S truyn tng t ngha l truyn tn hiu tng t m khng quan tm n ni dung ca n : Tn hiu tng t ny c th th hin d liu tng t ( nh ting ni .. ) hoc d liu s ( nh d liu c chuyn qua modem .. ) Trong mi trng hp s suy hao tn hiu tng t gii hn khong cch truyn dn .
truyn i xa ta phi dng cc b khuch i b p nng lng b mt mt . Nhng n khuch i c thnh phn nhiu, trn khong cch xa th ta phi chng thm cc b khuych i v do vy lm tn hiu mo li cng thm mo. i vi d liu tng t ( nh ting ni .. ) vic mo mt t c th c tch lu v do vy d liu tr nn kh chp nhn
a) D liu v tn hiu Tn hiu tng t Tn hiu s
D liu tng t
D liu s
(1) Tn hiu chim cng tn s vi d liu tng t (2) D liu tng t c iu ch chim vng tn s khc D liu s c m khi s dng modem to ra tine hiu tng t
D liu tng t c m ho khi dng codec to ta chui bt s
(1) tn hiu gm 2 mc in p biu din 2 gi tr nh phn (2) d liu s so th c m hoa sinh ra tn hiu s vi c tnh ph hp
b) Phng php s l tn hiu Truyn tng t Truyn s
D liu tng t
c truyn qua b khuych i, tn hiu c cng cch biu din d liu tng t hay d liu s Khng s dng
D liu s
Gi s rng tn hiu tng t biu din d liu s , d liu truyn qua cc b lp. Ti mi b lp d liu s c khi phc Tn hiu s biu din chui bit 1 v 0, c truyn qua cc b lp. ti mi b lp cc bit 1,0 c khi phc
Bng 2.1 Truyn tn hiu s , tng t
Truyn s, ngc li, cn bit ni dung ca tn hiu. Chng ta lu rng mt tn hiu s c th c truyn ch trong 1 khong cch nht nh trc khi suy hao lm hng s ton vn ca d liu. truyn tn hiu s i xa, cc b lp ( repeater ) c t trn ng truyn. Cc b lp thu tn hiu s khi phc li dng ca tn hiu v li tip tc pht tn hiu s mi. V th d suy hao c gii quyt. K thut tng t c th c s dng vi tn hiu tng t nu tn hiu mang d liu s, ti mt v tr tng ng h thng truyn dn c thit b pht li ch khng ch d khuych i. Cc thit b pht li ny s khi phc d liu s t cc tn hiu tng t sau truyn i tn hiu mi sch.. V th n khng c tnh n. Mt cu hi t nhin t ra l phng php truyn dn no c la chn . Cu tr li t phia cc nh cng nghip vin thng v ngi dng l truyn s l phng php ti u hn. Cc nguyn nhn quan trng l do : Gi : Cng ngh VLSI ( Very-large-scale-integration ) lm gi thnh v kch thc ca cc mch s lin tc gim. Trong khi gi bo tr cc thit b s l nh so vi cc thit b tng t . Tnh ton vn ca tn hiu s : Dng cc b lp s thay v cc b khuch i tng t hiu lc ca n v s suy gim tn hiu khng c tch lu v th n cho php tn hiu s c truyn i xa hn , v qua ng truyn km cht lng hn bi phng tin s bo tr tnh ton vn d liu Kh nng s dng : y l tnh kinh t khi xy dng ng truyn vi bng thng rt cao bao gm cc knh v tinh v cp quang . Kh nng hp knh cao (Multiplex) l cn thit cho php cc tn hiu s c hiu sut , d dng v r tin khi phn chia thi gian ( TDM-Time devision Multiplex), cn tn hiu tng t phn chia theo tn s (FDM-Frequency devision Multiplex) . S ring t v an ninh : K thut m ho ng dng nhanh chng cho d liu s v cho c tn hiu tng t c s ho. S tch hp : Vi c thng tin tng t v s phi c s ho , tt c cc tn hiu c cng dng c th c s l nh nhau. V vy mc kinh t v s thun tin c th t c bng cch tch hp ting ni , hnh nh , truyn hnh v d liu s. 2.2 S m ho s tn hiu tng t
S pht trin ca mng vin thng cng cng ( PSTN ) mun truyn dn s i hi d liu ting ni phi c biu din di dng s. Hnh 2.3 minh ho mt hnh nh chung : tn hiu ting ni tng t c s ho to ra cc mu 1 v 0 , cng nh cc tn hiu s vi cc mu 1 v 0 c t vo mt modem sao cho mt tn hiu tng t c th c truyn. Tuy nhin tn hiu tng t mi ny khc xa vi tn hiu ting ni nguyn gc. Cc thit b pht li ch l cc b khuych i c s dng cho php ko di di truyn dn . Tt nhin tn hiu tng t mi phi c bin i ngc li thnh d liu tng t tng ng vi li vo ting ni nguyn gc
Hnh 2.3 : S ho d liu tng t
iu ch xung m ( PCM - Pulse code Modulation ) Mt k thut tt nht c bit n s ho ting ni l PCM. PCM da trn l thuyt ly mu m n c pht biu nh sau :
Nu mt tn hiu s(t) c ly mu ti cc khong thi gian n nh v ti tc ln hn hai ln tn s tn hiu c gi tr ln nht th cc mu cha tt c cc thng tin ca tn hiu nguyn gc . Hm s(t) c th c khi phc t cc mu ny bng cch s dng cc b lc thng thp
Nu d liu ting ni c gii hn tn s di 4000Hz th 8000 mu trong 1 giy s c s dng ly mu tn hiu ting ni tng t. Ch rng y l cc mu tng t. bin i thnh s mi mt mu tng t phi c thay bng mt m nh phn. Hnh 2.4 ch ra mt v d m mi mt mu tng ng ( lng t ho ) vi mt trong 16 mc mi mu biu din thnh 4 bit ( Gi tr lng t ho ch l xp x , iu quan trng l khi khi phc phi tr li chnh xc tn hiu nguyn gc) . Bng cch dng mu 8 bit cho php c ti 256 mc lng t cht lng ca ting ni c khi phc l c th so snh c vi cht lng ting truyn tng t. Ch rng tc d liu 8000 mu/giy x 8 bit/mu = 64k bit/giy l cn thit cho tn hiu ting ni
Hnh 2.4 : iu ch xung m
N chung , PCM s dng k thut m ho phi tuyn , c ngha l 256 mc lng t l khng bng nhau, gii quyt vn sai s tuyt i trung bnh ca mi mt mu l phi nh nhau . Bng cch dng mt s ln cc mc lng t ho cho cc tn hiu c bin thp v mt s t cc mc lng t ho cho cc tn hiu c bin cao. iu ny lm mo gim i
PCM tt nhin c th c s dng cho c tn hiu ting ni khc. V d tn hiu ca TV mu s dng bng thng 4.6MHz c th cho php cht lng t 10 bit/mu vi tc d liu l 92Mbit/giy Tnh hon thin Cht lng ting ni tt vi 128 mc lng t khi m hoa 7 bit ( 27 = 128) Tn hiu thoi chim bng thng 4KHz v vy ph hp vi l thuyt ly mu , cc mu c tc 8000 mu/giy. S dng iu ny cho php tc d liu t ti 8000 x 7 = 56 Kb/s d liu s m hoa PCM Ci cn xem xt l bng thng cn thit. Tn hiu ting ni tng t c bng thng 4KHz. Tn hiu s 56Kb/s cn bng thng ti thiu 28KHz. Thm ch mt s khc cn cao hn v d nh TV mu m hoa 10 bit c tc 92Mb/s vi bng thng 4.6MHz Tuy nhin k thut pht trin cho php m ho c hiu qu hn. Trong trng hp ca ting ni , ch phi t ti l bng thng ln cn 4KHz. Vi truyn hnh , hnh nh xc nh theo cc khung lin tip , cc im nh tng ng cc khung s khng thay i , K thut m ho xuyn khung cho php gim bng thng xung cn 15Mhz v cc cnh thay i mt cch chm chp. Nh vy vi hnh nh hi tho t xa cho php gim xung 64KB/s hay thp hn 2.3 Hp knh Trong c hai thng tin ni ht v din rng , thng th kh nng truyn dn ca ng truyn vt qu yu cu truyn dn ca mt tn hiu n l. nng cao hiu sut truyn dn ca h thng , n c thit k sao cho c th mang nhiu tn hiu trn mt ng truyn. iu ny gi l hp knh ( Multiplexing ) Hnh 2.5 a ra multiplexing phn bit theo hnh dng n gin nht. C n li vo ti b hp knh ( Multiplexer ) . B hp knh c ni bng 1 ng ni ti b phn knh ( DeMultiplexer ) . ng ni ny c kh nng mang n knh d liu ring bit . B hp knh ( Multiplexer ) t hp d liu t n ng li vo v truyn dn vi tc cao .
B phn knh nhn d liu c hp knh v tch d liu ( DeMultiplexer ) ph hp theo cc knh v pht i theo cc ng tng ng
Hnh 2.5 B hp knh
S a dng ca b hp knh truyn dn s liu c th c gii thch nh sau : 1. Tc truyn dn d liu cng cao th thit bi truyn dn cng c hiu qu kinh t tc l i vi mt ng dng cho trc vi mt khng cch cho trc , chi ph cho mt kb/s s gim khi tc truyn dn d liu tng ln. Tng t : chi ph cho mi kb/s ca thit b thu/pht s gim xung khi tc d liu tng 2. Hu ht cc thit b truyn d liu ring l t nhiu u cn phi c h tr v tc d liu . V d vi hu ht cc ng dng client/server , tc d liu 64 kb/s c coi l tha Do cc thit b truyn thng c nhn yu cu tc d liu va phi v kh nng truyn ca phng tin ln hn nhiu dung lng yu cu do gim gi thnh v nng cao hiu qa cc h thng c thit k mang nhiu tn hiu ring trn cng mt ng truyn vt l: hp knh.
Hnh 2.6 FDM v TDM
C 2 phng php hp knh c dng rng ri : Hp knh chia theo min tn s FDM ( Frequency-Division Multiplexing ) v hp knh theo min thi gian TDM ( TimeDivision Multiplexing ) : FDM : c dng khi rng bng ca ng truyn ln hn rng bng yu cu cho 1 tn hiu cho . Mt s tn hiu c th c truyn dn ng thi mi tn hiu c iu ch bng 1 tn s khc nhau sao cho bng thng ca mi tn hiu khng chng lp nhau. Trn hnh 2.6a a ra trng hp n gin ca FDM . Su ngun tn hiu c a vo mt b hp knh sao cho iu ch mi mt tn hiu thnh mt tn s khc nhau ( f1 , f2 , .. , f6 ) . Mi mt tn hiu i hi mt rng bng thng no xung quanh tn s sng mang c coi nh l mt knh. trnh nh hng ln nhau cc knh c tch bit nhau bi di b ( Guard bands ). V d hp knh cc tn hiu ting ni m ph ca chng trong khong 300Hz 3400Hz v th mt bng thng rng 4KHz c s dng mang cc tn hiu ting ni v cho gii b. C Nam M v Quc t s dng 12 knh thoi 4KHz truyn trong khong tn s 60KHz 108KHz . Khi ng truyn tc cao hn cng cc knh > 4KHz TDM : C u im khi dng tc bit ( i khi - khng phi l tt c - c gi l bng thng ) ca ng truyn c th t ln hn nhiu tc d liu yu cu ca tn hiu s. Cc tn hiu s hp knh c th c mang ch trn mt ng truyn bng cch xen k theo thi gian cc ca ca mi mt tn hiu. C th l chn xen k tng bit hoc tng khi tm bt hoc s lng nhiu hn th. V d b hp knh trong hnh 2.6b c 6 li vo , mi mt li vo c tc 9.6 Kb/s Mt ng truyn c dung lng truyn n 56.7 Kb/s c kh nng ti tt c 6 tn hiu trn. Tng t nh FDM , cc khe thi gian tun t c gi l cc knh. Mt chu k ca cc khe thi gian c gi l mt khung ( Frame ) Phng php TDM nh trong hnh 2.6b c gi l TDM ng b ( Synchronous TDM ) tc l cc khe thi gian l quy nh trc v c nh cho mi mt tn hiu li vo khi m nhp truyn cho tt c ngun tn hiu c ng b. Ngc li TDM khng ng b ( Async TDM ) cho php nhp truyn c nh x ng. Nhng h tn hiu mang s s miu t chng sau, cn SONET/SDH trnh by ti phn 4 s l v d tt cho Async TAM
TDM khng ch dnh ring cho tn hiu s, tn hiu tng t cng c th c chn theo thi gian. S kt hp gia TDM v FDM l c th : H thng truyn c th c chia theo tn s thnh nhiu knh, mi knh li c chia theo TDM. 2.4 H thng tn hiu mang s Mt mng chuyn mch din rng thng lin quan n hng lot cc node c kt ni vi nhau. Mi quan h gia mt cp node, c gi l trung k (trunk), s dng vic hp knh chuyn ti lu lng trn mt s cc knh hoc cc mch. Vic hp knh ny c th dng hp knh phn tn ( FDM ) hoc hp knh phn thi gian ( TDM ). Khi cc mng vin thng din rng pht trin thnh mt mng k thut s tch hp th cc k thut TDM ng b tr nn rt quan trng.
Bng 2.3 Chun mang TDM ca Nam M v Quc t
Design DS-1 DS-1C DS-2 DS-3 DS-4
Nam M S knh 24 48 96 672 4032
Tc ( Mb/s) 1.544 3.153 6.312 44.736 274.176
Quc t ( ITU T) Mc S knh Tc (Mb/s) 1 30 2.048 2 120 8.448 3 480 34.368 4 1920 139.264 565.148 5 7680
H thng tn hiu mang ng di M v trn th gii c thit k truyn cc tn hiu ting ni qua cc ng truyn dn dung lng cao, v d nh cp quang, cp ng trc v sng viba. Mt phn s pht trin cng ngh k thut s ca cc mng vin thng ny chnh l s chp nhn cc cu trc truyn dn TDM ng b. M, cng ty AT&T xy dng mt h thng phn cp cc cu trc TDM c cc dung lng khc nhau. Cu trc ny c s dng Canada, Nht v M. Mt h thng phn cp tng t nhng khng ging nh vy li c s dng rng ri trn th gii di s bo h ca ITU ( bng 22 ). Nh ta s thy, vic phn chia ny vn l mt vn cha gii quyt c trong cc tiu chun ISDN.
C s ca h thng phn cp TDM Bc M chnh l khun dng truyn dn DS-1 ( hnh 2.7 ), hp 24 knh li. Mi mt khung cha 8 bit trn mt knh cng vi mt bit iu chnh ( framing bit ) cho 24 x 8+1 = 193 bit. i vi truyn dn ting th p dng cc qui tc sau : mi knh cha mt t l d liu ting c s ho. Tn hiu ting tng t nguyn thu c s ho nh s dng phng php iu bin m xung ( PCM ) vi tc 8000 mu 1 giy. Vi di mt khung l 193 bit, chng ta s c tc d liu l 8000 x 193 =1.544 Mbps. C nm trong s mi su khung th cc mu PCM loi 8 bit c s dng. i vi tt c cc khung th su, mi mt knh li cha mt t PCM loi 7 bit cng vi 1 bit bo hiu. Cc bit bo hiu to nn mt lung (stream) cho tng knh ting c cha thng tin tuyn v kim sot mng. V d nh, cc tn hiu kim sot c s dng thit lp hoc chm dt mt cuc gi. Mt khun dng tng t nh DS-1 c s dng cho cc dch v d liu s. Tng t nh ting ni, d liu cng c truyn vi tc 1.544Mb/s. Trong trng hp ny 23 knh d liu c s dng, v tr knh th 24 c dng nh 1 byte c bit cho php nhanh hn v c tin cy hn khi nh khung , pht hin li. Bn trong mi mt knh 7 bit c dng truyn d liu, cn bt th 8 ch th rng y l d liu ngi s dng hay l d liu iu khin h thng. Vi 7 bt/knh , tc khung l 8000 ln/giy , tc d liu 56Kb/s cho 1 knh. Tc d liu thp hn cng c dng khi s dng hp knh tc ph ( subrate ). Khi s dng k thut ny 1 bit thm vo c n cp tI mi mt knh ch th rng tc ph khi hp knh. Nu dung lng ca mt knh 6 x 8000 = 48 Kb/s c s dng hp knh cho 5 knh tc 9.6 kb/s hay 10 knh 4.8 kb/s hay 20 knh 2.4 kb/s .. ly v d nu ly knh 2 s dng cho dch v tc 9.6 kb/s th c ti 5 knh ph chia s trn knh ny . D liu cho mi knh ph l 6 bt trong knh 2
Ch : 1. Bt th 193 l bt khung c s dng ng b 2. Knh ting ni :

8-bit PCM c s dng cho 5 trong s 6 khung
7-bit PCM s dng cho khung th 6 , bt th 8 ca mi mt knh s dng lm bt bo hiu 3. Knh d liu : Knh 24 c s dng bo hiu ch mt vi trng hp Bit 1-7 s dng cho tc 56 kb/s bit 2-7 s dng cho tc 9.6 hay 4.8 hay 2.4 kb/s
Cui cng khun dng DS-1 c th c dng ti mt hn hp cc knh d liu v ting ni. Trong trng hp ny c 24 knh u c dng ht ; khng c mt byte ng b no c cp . Trn tc d liu c s 1.544 Mb/s , vic hp knh mc cao hn s c thc hin bng cch xen k cc bit t cc li vo DS-1 . Chng hn h truyn dn DS-2 kt hp 4 li vo DS-1 vo 1 lung 6.312 Mb/s . D liu t 4 ngun ny s c an xen 12 bit mi ln . Lu rng 1.544 x 4 = 6.176 Mb/s . Dung lng cn li s c s dng cho cc bt kim sot v bt khung. Mi mt mc cao hn ca phn cp TDM c hnh thnh bng cc hp cc tn hiu t mc thp hn tip hoc bng cch t hp cc tn hiu ny vi li vo t tc d liu thch hp t cc ngun khc . u tin , tc truyn dn DS-1 s c dng cung cp c dch v ting v d liu. Dch v d liu c gi l dch v s ho thai d liu ( DDS ). Dch v DDS l dch v truyn dn k thut s gia cc thit b s liu khch hng vi tc t 2.4 kb/s n 56 kb/s. Dch v ny c ti tt c cc a im ca khch hng qua i dy xon Cc thit b hp knh tiu chun u c dng to ra cc c s truyn dn cao hn . Thng dng nht l cc thit b c lit k trong bng 2.2 . Cc thit k DS-1 , DS1c .. u ch cng 1 s hp knhc dng cho vic tI thng tin. Cng ty AT&T v cc nh cung cp khc a ra cc thit b truyn dn h tr rt nhiu cc loi tn hi c hp knh khc nhau v c gi l h thng nh cung cp. Chng c nh du bng nhn T . Nh vy T1 cung cp tc d liu 1.544 Mb/s v c kh nng h tr cho khun dng hp knh DS-1 v c nh vy vi tc cao hn T2 .. ..
CHNG 3 M NG V NG DY THU BAO

S m rng ca lin kt s ti mng thu bao l mt phn ca s pht trin mng s ho. iu ny c ngha l cc thit b chuyn mch v truyn dn ni b ca mng c s ho cung cp mt phm vi rng cc dch v s ho c thit k cho ISDN . Lin kt gia mng thu bao vi mng chuyn mch c gi l ng thu bao ; vng thu bao ; vng ni hat , cn phi c s ho 3.1 K thut ng dy thu bao Hin nay hu ht cc ng dy thu bao dng trong thng mi v cc ng dy thu bao gia nh u l cp xon i. Vi s gia tng ca cc dch v yu cu truyn d liu tc cao cng nh s a thch s dng cp quang . Chng ta xem xt 2 mi trng dng cho ng dy thu bao
a) ng dy thu bao vi cp xon i
Cp xon i ni gia cc thu bao v tng i ni ht hoc chuyn mch l n gin nht cung cp cc dch v s. Mi mt cp ng cp xon dng truyn theo mt hng. Nhng mng in thoi hin dang s dng th ch dng 1 cp cho c 2 hng. Do phi lp t thm nhiu cp mi . Tnh kinh t i hi phi tm cch khc sao cho c th cho php truyn song cng ( full-duplex ) qua cp cp xon n ..
b) Truyn dn song cng
H thng ng dy thu bao cp xon i c l dnh cho vic truyn dn tn hiu tng t. iu c ngha l cho php truyn song cng. Do ta dng modem chuyn tn hiu s sang tn hiu tng t v dng cc gii tn s khc nhau cho cc hng. V d modem 300 bps BELL 108 s dng iu ch khoa dch pha ( FSK ) truyn cc d liu s qua ng truyn tng t ( Hnh 3.1 ) . Vi FSK hai gia tr nh phn c biu din bi cc tn hi ti 2 tn s khc nhau. truyn theo mt chiu ny , cc tn s c s dng biu din 0 hay 1 c tm ti 1070Hz x dch 100Hz v c hai pha cn theo chiu ngc li th tm tn s ti 2125Hz vi s x dch tng t l 100Hz c hai pha. Ph tn hiu theo mi mt chiu v phi phi v tri hnh 3.1
Nhng vi cch ny th ch 1 na gii thng dnh cho 1 hng. Theo yu cu ca ISDN th tc ti thiu l 144 kbps theo mi hng, iu ny l khng th vi k thut modem hin c v ng dy xon i lp t
Hnh 3.1 Full=Duplex truyn FSK trn ng Voice-Grade
Mt phng n khc l khng dng vi modem v truyn d liu s trc tip. truyn song cng , ti cng 1 thi im th c 2 trm u thu v nhn d liu ng thi. V nguyn tc trm pht c kh nng phn loI ra cc tn hiu vo , la chn ra cc tn hiu vo t cc tn hiu ra ca chnh n v khuych I tn hiu ca tn hiu xut pht c r. Khng may l do tnh khng thng xuyn ca c trng In ca ng dy nn mt phn ca tn hiu xut pht s b di lI di dng ting vng. Hnh 3.2 minh ho vn ny. C my pht v my nhn u ni ti ng thu bao qua b hybrid, y l mt thit b cho php tn hiu truyn qua c 2 hng mt cch ng thi. Ting vng l s phn x lI tn hiu truyn qua v bn gi hoc l t b hybrid v dy dn ca bn gi ( Ting vng u gn near echo ) hoc t hybrid ca bn nhn ( Ting vng xa far echo ) . khuych i tng i ca ting vng , so vi tn hiu thc t phia bn kia , c th rt ln . l v s khc bit ng k trong bin ca tn hiu truyn qua v tn hiu nhn c ti cc u ca cp dy n , n c th b khuych i gp 3 ln .
Hnh 3.2 Ting vng trn cp xon i ng thu bao
khc phc cc vn c lin quan n vic truyn dn s song cng qua mt cp cp xon i n l ngi ta s dng hai k thut l hp knh nn thi gian ( time-compression multiplexing ) v chng ting vng ( echo cancellation). C hai k thut ny c xem xt mt cch nghim tc s dng trong cc mng k thut s ( Hnh 3.3 ). Hin nay k thut chng ting vng chim u th , chng hn nh vi cch ny rt c u chung M v c tiu chun quc gia HoaK i vi ng thu bao l phi s dng k thut chng ting vng ( ANSI T1.601 ). Tuy nhin nn xem xt c hai phng php
Hnh 3.3 K thut truyn song cng qua vng thu bao c. Hp knh nn thi gian (TCM)
K thut TCM cn c bit l phng php bng bn ( ping-pong) , ti mt thi im d liu c truyn theo mt hng, sau l theo hng ngc li, lun phin nhau. t c tc d liu thu bao mong mun , dng bt ca thu bao c chia thnh cc phn bng nhau ( segment ), nn theo thi gian c tc truyn cao hn, v c truyn theo cc b ( burst ), ti ni thu chng c chuyn v tc ban u. Mt khong im lng ngn gia cc b i theo hng ngc nhau cho php ng truyn lng xung (settle down ). Do tc d liu thc t trn ng dy ln hn 2 ln tc d liu m thu bao hay trm ln cn i hi ( local office). Cc p t v thi gian c th hin trn hnh 3.4 . Hai bn s lun phin truyn d liu . Mi bn s gi i cc khi c di c nh , mt mt th gian l Tb truyn ; Thi gian ny l mt hm tuyn tnh ca s cc bt c trong mt khi ( Block ) . Ngai ra phi cn n mt khong thi gian l Tp chuyn 1 tn hiu t u ny ra u kia ; Thi gian ny ny l mt hm tuyn tnh theo di ca ng dy thu bao. Cui cng mt khong thi gian bo v Tg cn thit ly li ng dy ( turn the line around ). Nh vy tng thi gian gi i mt khi bng ( Tb + Tp + Tg ) . Tuy nhin v hai bn phI lun phin truyn dn nn tc cc khi c
truyn ch bng 1/2 ca tng trn . Chng ta c th lin h tc ny vi tc d liu hiu dng k hiu l R c thy t hai u cui nh sau : Gi B l kch thc ca mt khi tnh bng bit v R l tc d liu mong mun tnh bng bit/giy. Khi s bit hiu dng c truyn trong 1 giy l : R = B/2 * ( Tb + Tp + Tg ) Mt cch trung bnh c th coi A = B/Tb . T hp c hai , chng ta c Tp + T g A = 2*R ( 1+ ---------- ) Tb
Hnh 3.4 Khi truyn hp knh nn thi gian
Nh vy tc d liu thc t trn ng kt ni cao hn gp I tc d liu hiu dng m hai u thy c. Ta s thy rng , mt trong nhng tc d liu c s cu ISDN l 144 kb/s . thc hin c Iu ny cn phi truyn dn v tc cao hn gp i tc ny , tc l c 288 kb/s. Gi tr thc t nm trong khong ln cn 350 kb/s. iu ny kh c th thc hin c trn mt cp dy xon thng thng. Vic la chn kch thc khi , B l mt tho hip gia cc yu cu mang tnh cnh tranh. Nu B tng th tc d liu thc t A gim . iu ny s lm thc hin cng vic d hn. Mt khc vic ny s lm tr tn hiu ln hn do phI nh m ( buffering ) tn hiu ay l iu khng mun trong vic truyn dn ting ni. Kch thc gi trong khong 16 24 bit c coi l hp l { KADE 81 ]. Hnh 3.5 cho thy cu trc bn trong ca mt b phn TCM. Theo c hai hng ( truyn v nhn ) cn phi c mt buffer bng vi kch thc khi B . D liu c truyn s i vo buffer vi tc d liu R = B/2 * ( Tb + Tp + Tg ) . D liu s c tun t truyn vi tc A = B/Tb . Qu trnh ngc li s xut hin vi vic nhn . Vic truyn / nhn s lun phin din ra tun t theo mt s kim sot t trung tm.
c) Chng ting vng Vi phng php chng ting vng , vic truyn dn s c php tin hnh theo c hai hng trn cng mt dI thng mt cch ng thi . Mt c lng tn hiu ting vng s c sinh ra trn u truyn v c tr i t tn hiu vo . iu ny s dit ting vng rt hiu qu v tn hiu truyn bit nn b chng ting vng c th c lng c cc c tnh ca ting vng v to ra mt s xp x . Tuy nhin hnh vi thc s ca ting vng li ph thuc vo cc c tnh vt l v cu hnh ca dy dn bng ng. Vic o chnh xc cc c tnh ny khng ch rt kh m chng lI cn b thay i theo thi gian. c th c c s xp x chnh xc hn th mt mch phn hi c thm vo.
Hnh 3.5 Cu trc bn trong ca n v TCM
Mt phng php in hnh chng ting vng c miu t trong hnh 3.6. V tn hiu truyn s b phn x ti cc im khc nhau trong h thng, hng lot cc phn t tn hiu , mi mt phn t b tr cc phn khc nhau , s ng gp vo ting vng ti bt k mt m thi gian no. Thm vo , v cc phn t ng gp khc nhau qua cc qung ng khong cch khc nhau cho nn chng s phI chi cc mc suy gim khc nhau. iu ny c th hin bng biu thc thi gian gin on nh sau : e(k) = hn x(k-n) e(k) = mu tn hiu vng ti thi dim k x(k-n) = tn hiu c truyn ti thi im k-n = trng s tn hiu b tr bi thi gian n hn
y :
Tn hiu ting vng c th c c lng :

y :
(k) = hn(k) x(k-n) hn(k) = gi tr c lng ca hn ti thi gian k
Hnh 3.6 Cu trc bn trong ca b hu ting vng
Nu cc phn t tn hiu b tr ln hn mt khong thi gian N th khng to ra c mt ng gp c th o c no vo ting vng, v nu hn( ) chnh xc bng hn th khi c lng ny s bng vi ting vng thc t. D nhin , hn( ) ch c th l mt cch xp x m thi. Trong mi trng hp , xp x ny s c ly khi tn hiu nhn c nhm hu b ting vng: d(k) = r(k) - (k) = y(k) + e(k) - (k) trong : d(k) = kt qu tn hiu su khi hu b ting vng r(k) = tn hiu nhn c y(k) = thnh phn ca tn hiu nhn c do truyn dn t u bn kia Mt ln na , gi s rng ch c N thnh phn u tin ca tn hiu c truyn l ng k th ta c th vit li nh sau : d(k_ = y(k) +
(h h (k)) * x(k-n)
n n
Nh minh ho trong hnh 3.6 , tn hiu ra x(t) c ly mu nh k to ra x(k) ti cc thi Im ly mu k khc nhau ( k= 1, 2, 3, .. ). Mu ny s c chuyn qua mt lot cc tr gi li cc phin bn b tr ca tn hiu x(k-n) . Cc mu b tr ny sau s c ti thi im k to ra c lng (k) . Cc trng s hn(k) c cp nht ti tng thi Im ly mu nh phn hi :
hn(k+1) = hn(k) + C x(k-n) d(k) y C l h s t l. Biu thc ny phn no d hn nh gi nu ta xem xt trng hp khi khng c tn hiu ny t pha bn kia. Trong trng hp ta c : d(k) =
(h h (k) ) x(k-n)
n n
Trong trng hp ny gi tr ca d(k) c th bng zero nu c lng ting vng l chnh xc. Nu c ny khng chnh xc , khi mi trng s hn(k) s c iu chnh mt lng t l vi x(k-n) d(k) . Qu trnh ny s gy ra hi t ca trng s n cc gi tr thc ca chng. Thm ch khi c mt , mt tn hiu thc y(t) th cc trng s cng hi t , mc d c chm hn K thut hu ting n s trnh c s cn thit , c TCM v vic phI truyn vi tc cao hn hai ln tc thu bao . TI tc 144 kb/s c ITU-T khuyn ngh cho ISDN , vic ny s lm cho vic hu ting n c u th hn hn so vi TCM . Mt phn tch chi tit v hai h thng ny ch ra rng : Khi lp t cc cp dy xon thng thng tc thu bao 144 kb/s trn khong cch 2 km l c th chp nhn c vi TCM , so vi khong cch 4 km i vi hu ting vng. Do vy vic a TCM vo ng thu bao c th phi s dng m rng cc cng dng ca thit b , chng hn nh cc b tp trung ( concentrator ) v cc b lp (repeater) khc phc phm vi cn yu ca k thut ny. Cc h thng hu ting vng c th i hi n cc loi thit b nh vy nhng trong rt t trng hp. Vic hu ting vng c nhc im l : i hi mch s l tn hiu s phc tp. Tuy nhin vi nhng tin b khng ngng trong cng ngh VLSI , chi ph cho vic hu ting vng gim xung , v tr thnh k thut c a chung trong cc ng dy thu bao s. d). ng dy thu bao bng si quang ng cp quang ngy cng c s dng rng ri trn cc ng trung k s ca mng vin thng v mt s rt t ng si quang s dng trn ng thu bao. Theo d n i vi ISDN bng rng , n ang thit k thay th , s dng trn ng thu bao nhm mc ch thng mi . C mt s ln cc gi nh thay th mt cch ton din si quang trn ng thu bao. V nguyn tc c bn , tt c cc thay i ny ri vo 2 iu sau : Cc giao din thu bao c v nh c kt ni mt cch trc tip v cc giao din thu bao phi c php a truy cp hiu r hn hai iu trn , chng ta hy bt u bng cch xem phn b cc cp dy xon sn c m n minh ho trong hnh 3.7a . Trong cu hnh ny , mi mt thu bao truy cp vo trm trung tm ( tng i a phng ) qua mt i dy n.
y l cch ni trc tip , im - im gia thu bao v tn i qua cp xon i. Ti M di trung bnh ca ng dy thu bao c 3 km
Hnh 3.7 ng thu bao s s dng si quang
Cch b tr Vt l ca tp hp cc cp cp xon i t tng i ti thu bao nh phn b mng c coi l hnh sao ( start ) mt u ni ti trm trung tm cn u kia ni ti thu bao. thun tin ngi ta tp hp cc cp xon i v b trong mt cp . Ti mt lot cc im trn mng , cc si dy c ti ra ni ti cc thu bao Cch lp t tng t cng c s dng cho si quang trn ng thu bao s ch ra mt cch n gin trong hnh 3.7b . Theo cc trm trung tm c ni ti mt b ca im iu khin t xa bng cp feeder . Cp feeder s dng TDM s cho php nhiu knh c truyn . Mt s cc thu bao c th c ni ti cc im iu khin t xa mi mt c kt ni 1 chiu. V vy , node iu khin t xa l mt b
hp knh s kt hp cc lu lng t mt lot thu bao vo mt cap feeder v s phn knh lu lng ny n cc thu bao t cc feeder . Phng php ny c xem l mt phng php hnh sao tch cc v mi mt remote node ng vai tr nh l c s ca cch b tr hnh sao tch cc v mi mt remote node rt tch cc trong vic thc hin chc nng hp/phn knh. thc hin truyn dn s song cng trn cc b feeder c hai cch nh sau : Hai si quang : Mt cp quang c dng truyn dn cho hng ny cn si kia cho hng ngc li. Hp knh phn chia theo bc sng : ( WDM ) Hai tn hiu khc nhau s c ti trn si quang hai di tn s khng trng lp khc nhau, mi mt ci theo mt hng . Trong cc h khng phI si quang , iu ny c gi l hp knh phn tn ( FDM ), nhng thut ng WDM vn c s dng cho vic truyn dn si quang. Phng php ny dn n s pht trin dn dn ca mng. Thng thng mt cch trin khai ban u s ch dng cp quang cho cc cp feeder , vi mt cp dy xon t trm iu khin t xa ni n thu bao nh ta va mi tho lun s hu ting vng hoc hp knh nn thi gian c th c s dng cho kts ni cui cng n thu bao ny . Sau , cp dy xon c th c thay th bng si quang. cung cp truyn dn s song cng n thu bao , hoc si quang i hoc WDM s c s dng trong chng cui n thu bao. Cch b tr ny khng hn ch trn mt lp ring r ca cc remote node v c th thc t lin quan ti mt s cc b hp knh lin tip, nh minh ho trn hnh 3.8 . y , cc feeder t trm trung tm s h tr cho n knh bng cch s dng cu trc TDM . Chng hn t cc T1 s h tr cho 24 knh . b hp knh u tin , M ng s chy ti cc thu bao v M-N knh cn li s tip tc i tip ti b hp knh th 2 . Cch xp xp ny cho php mng h tr c rt nhiu thu bao trn mt din rng vi mt s lng cp ti thiu.
Hnh 3.8 S dng cp quang v chng tn trong vng ni ht
Vi cu hnh hnh sao tch cc , thu bao s khng bit chi tit v vic thc hin ca mng phn b cp feeder. c bit cu trc TDM ca cc feeder s khng quan tm g ti cc thit b thu bao . Mt cu trc thay th c gi l hnh sao b ng s n gin ho cc remote node vi chi ph tng ca cc thit b thu bao Vi cu trc hnh sao th ng , cc feeder s ti cc nhiu knh nh trc y. Ti remote node , tn hiu s c tch mt cch quang hc ln s cc si quang I n tng thu bao ring l. Nh vy tt c cc thu bao u nhn c cng mt tn hiu. C hai cch hp knh c th c cho cu trc hnh sao th ng ny l : WDM dy : Mi mt thu bao c cp mt bc sng ca lung xui ( downstream ) nh sn ( T trm trung tm n thu bao ) v mt lung nh sn ( upstream ) t thu bao n trm trung tm. Thut ng dy ch s cc bc sng c h tr c th t 40 50 bc sng i vi cng ngh hin c cho php phc v 20-25 thu bao trn 1 cp feeder TDM : Dung lng trn si quang s c dng chung bng cch s dng hp knh phn chia thi gian. Theo hng lung xui , tn hiu TDM t trm trung tm s c pht ti tt c cc thu bao t rn cng cap feeder ; mi mt thit b thu bao s sao chp cc khe thi gian c phn cho n t tn hiu vo . Theo hng ngc , mi thu bao s c phn cc khe thi gian da trn k thut a truy cp ng hoc c nh no . Phng php hnh sao th ng c u im l khng cn ngun trm iu khin t xa. Nhc im ca n l cn thit b phc tp hn u thu bao. Trong hai k thut hp knh s dng cho cu hnh sao th ng th hin ti phng php TDM t tn km hn. Tuy nhin ga ca cc b WDM ang gim xung v phng php ny s nhanh chng cnh tranh vi phng php TDM 3.2 Cc k thut m ng dy thu bao Trong ISDN , cc d liu s ln tng t u c truyn i bng cch s dng cc tn hiu s . Mt tn hiu s l mt chui cc xung in th ( Volt ) c truyn qua c dng hin th 1 lung d liu nh phn . Chng hn, 1 mc In th dng khng i c th biu th s nh phn 0 v 1 mc In th m khng i c th biu th s nh phn 1 . Cc s m ha phc tp hn c th c s dng nng cao hon thin hoc cht lng. Trong phn ny chng ta s xem xt cc s s dng trong ISDN; chng c nh ngha trong bng 3.1 v minh ho trong hnh 3.9 . u tin ta s xem xt cc tiu chun nh gi cc s khc nhau. Tiu chun nh gi C 2 nhim v quan trng lin quan n vic din giI cc tn hiu s ti bn nhn. u tin, bn nhn phI bit thi gian ca tng bit . Tc l bn nhn phI bit khi no mt bt bt u v chm dt vi mt chnh xc no . Sau bn nhn phI cn xc nh xem mc tn hiu cho tng xung in th l cao hay l thp.
Bng 3.2 nh ngha cc khun dng m ho tn hiu s
Nonreturn to Zero Level ( NRZ-L)

0= mc cao 1= mc thp
Bipolar AMI
0= khng c tn hiu 1= mc m v dng thay i lun phin
Pseudoternary
0= mc m v dng thay i lun phin 1= khng c tn hiu
B8ZS
Ging nh m AMI tr rng sau khi gp chui 8 gia tr 0 th s b thay th bi 1 chui 2 m xung t
HDB3
Ging nh m AMI tr rng sau khi gp chui 4 gia tr 0 th s b thay th bi chui 1 m xung t
Mt s cc yu t dng xc nh bn nhn thnh cng n mc no trong vic din giI tn hiu vo l t s tn hiu trn n ( S/N ) , tc d liu v giI thng ca tn hiu. Vi cc h s khc bng hng s th nhng mnh sau lun lun ng : D liu tng s lm tng tc sai s bt ( Xc sut 1 bt b nhn li ) T s S/N tng s lm gim tc sai bt Di thng tng s cho php tc d liu gim
C mt h s khc c th c dng nng cao hon thin S m ho , n n gin l php nh x t cc bt d liu sang cc phn t tn hiu. C hng lot phng php c th trc khi m t mt vI phng php ny ta hy cng xem xt cch nh gi hoc s snh nhng k thut khc nhau.. Sau y l mt s cc yu t quan trng : Ph tn hiu Kh nng ng b ho Kh nng pht hin li Gi v phc tp
Hnh 3.9 Cc khun dng m ho tn hiu s
Mt vi kha cnh ca ph tn hiu l rt quan trng. Thiu cc thnh phn tn s cao c ngha rng thiu di thng nh truyn dn. Mt khc thnh phn dng mt chiu ( DC ) cng cn phi c . Vi mt thnh phn DC vo tn hiu , cc phn t truyn dn nht thit phi gn lin thnh phn . Khi khng c DC th cc thnh phn AC gn lin vi bin p ( transform ) . Vic ny s to ra mt s cch In rt tt, lm gim nhiu . Cui cng khuych i , hiu ng mo tn hiu v nhiu s ph thuc vo cc c tnh ph ca tn hiu c truyn qua. Trn thc t, tin cy truyn dn ca mt knh thng l km hn cc ra ca bng tn. Do vy mt thit k tn hiu tt cn phi tp trung cng sut truyn vo khong gia ca di thng . Trong trng hp , tn hiu nhn c c th xut hin mt mo nh hn . lm c iu ny , cc b m cn phI c thit k vi mc ch to dng cho ph ca tn hiu truyn qua. c th nhn c tn hiu s mt cch tt p, bn nhn cn phi bit thi gian ca tng bit. C ngha l bn nhn phi bit khi no mt bt bt u v chm dt vi mt chnh xc no , bn nhn c th ly mu tn hiu vo mt ln cho mi thi gian bit nhn bit gi tr ca tng bit. Nh vy s phi c ci gi l kh nng ng b ho tn hiu gia bn truyn v bn nhn. Khng th trnh khi rng : trI no gia cc ng h gia bn truyn v bn nhn, v do vy cn phI c mt c ch ng b hoa ring bit no . Mt phng php l cung cp mt ng h ch ring bit ng b ho bn truyn v bn nhn. Phng php ny kh tn km v n cn phi c thm mt ng dy na , cng vi mt b phn nhn / truyn . Phng php khc cung cp c ch ng b ho da trn tn hiu c truyn . Iu ny c th lm c nh cch m ho thch hp. Vic pht hin li l trch nhim ca giao thc lin kt d liu c thc hin trn mc 2 , mc ngay trn mc Vt l. Tuy nhin s rt c ch nu c kh nng pht hin li no c xy dng ngay trong s bo hiu Vt l. iu ny cho php pht hin li nhanh hn . Rt nhiu s bo hiu c kh nng pht hin li ni ti. Mc d cc mch logic s lin tc h gia thnh nhng gi v phc tp ca s bo hiu vn khng th b qua
Khng tr v zero Cch thng dng v d dng nht truyn cc tn hiu s l s dng cc mc din th khc nhau cho 2 s nh phn. Cc m c dng sao cho mc in th khng thay i trong khong thi gian bit ; khng c s x dch no ( khng tr v mc th zero ). Ly v d khng c in p biu din s nh phn 0 cn mc in p dng biu din s nh phn 1 . Mt cch s dng thng thng na l mc in p m biu din mt s nh phn cn mc in p dng biu din s nh phn cn li . M sau ny c gi l khng tr v mc khng ( NRZ-L) minh ho trong hnh 3.9. M NRZ-L l m chung c s dng pht ra hoc c dch d liu s bi cc thit b hoc cc u cui. Nu mt m khc c s dng truyn th ni chung n thng c sinh ra t cc tn hiu NRZ-L bi h thng truyn
Hnh 3.10 Mt ph ca cc kiu m ho tn hiu
Cc m NRZ l d nht b tr v thm na n c hiu sut s dng bng thng. iu ny c minh ho trong hnh 3.10 , trong hnh so snh mt ph ca cc kiu m hoa khc nhau. Trong hnh v tn s c chun vi tc d liu . Nh thy hu ht nng lng ca tn hiu NRZ gia DC v mt na tc bt . V d nu m NRZ c s dng pht ra tn hiu c tc 9600 b/s th hu ht nng lng ca tn hiu tp trung khong gia 0 v 4800Hz Hn ch chnh ca cc tn hiu NRZ l tn ti cc thnh phn mt chiu v kh nng ng b km . Hnh v khi xem xt mt xu di cc bit 0 cho m NRZ-L l mt mc th khng i trong sut mt thi gian di. Do vy mt s tri v mt thi gian gia thit b pht v thit b thu v kt qu l mt ng b gia hai bn
Do s n gin v lin quan n c trng tn s thp ca chng m cc m NRZ-L thng c s dng s ho cc php ghi t tnh . Tuy nhin cc hn ch ca chng lm cc m ny km hp dn i vi cc ng dng truyn d cc tn hiu. Nh phn a mc K thut m ho nh phn a mc b p mt vi thiu st ca cc m hoa NRZ. Cc m ny c nhiu hn 2 mc tn hiu. Hai v d cho kiu m hoa ny c nu ra trong hinhg 3.9 : bipolar AMI ( Alternatr Mark Inversion ) v pseudoternary . Tong trng hp ca kiu Bipolar-AMI , bit nh phn 0 biu din bng ng khng tn hiu cn s nh phn 1 c biu din bng xung m hoc dng . Cc xung nh phn 1 phi lun phin o cc. y l u im, trc ht n khng lm mt ng b khi truyn mt xu di cc bit 1 do da vo 1 truyn, my thu c th ng b li . Nhng mt xu di cc bit 0 vn cn l mt vn . Th hai do cc tn hiu 1 lun phin thay i cc mc th m ri dng .. do khng cn ( gim ) thnh phn DC . Kt qu l bng thng ca tn hiu s b hn bng thng ca NRZ ( hnh 3.10 ) . Cui cng vic o xung s cho ta phng tin pht hin li . Mt li ring bit m xo i mt xung hay thm vo mt xung s gy nn s xung t ca c tnh m ho ny . i vi trng hp m gi tam phn ( Pseudoternary ) cc bt nh phn 1 c biu din bng ng khng tn hiu cn cc bt nh phn 0 biu din bng xung m hoc dng lun phin. u im ca m ny khng khc g so vi m bipolar-AMI k c cc ng dng thc t. Xem xt mc ng b ca cc m trn ta thy rng : khi mt xu di cc bit 0 i vi m AMI hoc mt xu di cc bit 1 vi m gi tam phn vn cn c vn . Mt s k thut khc c s dng b p thiu st ny. Mt trong s l thm vo cc bt khi truyn. Chng ta s thy rng k thut ny c dng bi ISDN ch khi truyn vi tc d liu thp. Tt nhin khi tc d liu cao th kiu truyn ny l rt t bi v n s lm tc truyn tn hiu s cao hn na . gii quyt vn khi cn phi truyn d liu tc cao , mt k thut lm xo trn ( scrambling ) d liu c s dng . Chng ta s xem xt hai v d v k thut ny phn tip theo. V vy, kiu nh phn nhiu mc gii quyt cc vn ca m NRZ. Tt nhin c s cn nhc cc yu t tho hip la chn s dng cc m. Vi m nh phn a mc , mt ng tn hiu c th la chn 1 trong 3 mc , nhng mi mt phn t tn hiu c th biu din log23 = 1.58 bit thng tin , v th m nh phn a mc khng c hiu sut truyn tt nh m NRZ Mt khc , my thu cc tn hiu nh phn a mc phi phn bit gia 3 mc ( -A , +A , 0 ) thay v ch phi phn bit hai mc theo khun dng bo hiu khc c tho lun. V vy, tn hiu nh phn a mc cn cng sut tn hiu ln hn khong 3 dB so vi tn hiu hai mc cho cng mt
xc sut bt li. Nh ch ra trong hnh 3.11 , tc bt li ca m NRZ , ti t s S/N cho trc , s b hn cc m nh phn a bt
Hnh 3.11 Tc bt li l thuyt cho cc kiu m hoa s
K thut m ho thay th Mt s dn gn m bo ng b l s dng kiu m thay th. tng c n kh n gin : Nu c mt mc in th khng i ko di trn ng truyn th n s b thay th bng cch nhi lin tc nhng mc in th khi truyn dn nhp ca my thu c th duy tr ng b vi nhp my pht. Nhng mc in th nhi lin tip s c nhn bit bi thit b thu v c thay th tr li vi d liu nguyn gc. Nhng mc in th nhi lin tip c di bng di d liu nguyn gc v v th khng lm tng tc truyn d liu. K thut ny phi m bo cc yu cu sau : Khng c thnh phn DC Cc tn hiu 0 khng c qu di Khng lm gim tc d liu C kh nng pht hin li Hai k thut c s dng trong ISDN c minh ho trong hnh 3.12. Kiu m ho thng dng nam M l Lng cc vi s thay th 8 zero ( B8ZS- Bipolar with 8 zeros substitution ) . Kiu m ho B8ZS da trn Bipolar-AMI m ta thy rng kiu m ho ny lm mt ng b. gii quyt iu ny , khi m ho B8ZS phi tun theo lut sau : Nu c ti 8 zeros xy ra v xung th cui khi trc 8 zeros ny l mc dng th 8 zeros s c m ho theo lut sau : 0 0 0 + - 0 - + Nu c ti 8 zeros xy ra v xung th cui khi trc 8 zeros ny l mc m th 8 zeros s c m ho theo lut sau : 0 0 0 - + 0 + -
K thut ny gy ra 2 m xung t vi m AMI , mt kt qu khng ging nh vy gy ra bi n hoc s suy gim truyn dn khc. Thit b thu nhn bit cc mu v bin dch chng thnh 8 zeros nguyn gc Mt kiu m hoa c s dng rng ri ti chu u v Nht l Lng cc mt cao 3 zeros ( HDB3 High-density bipolar 3 zeros ) . Nh trn , n cng da trn m AMI. Trong trng hp ny 4 zeros c thay th bng chui cha 1 hoc 2 xung . Trong mi mt trng hp th 4 zeros c thay th bi 1 m xung t. Hn na 1 lut cn m bo l s xung t lm thay i phn cc s gip lm gim cc thnh phn DC. V th nu xung t va ri l dng th xung t tip theo s l m v ngc li .. ... Bng 3.2 ch ra rng iu kin ny c kim tra bng cch bit s xung va mi b xung t l chn hay l l v khi bit cc tnh ca xung va ritc khi xy ra 4 zeros.
Hnh 3.12 Lut m ho B8Zs v HDB3 Bng 3.2 Lut HDB3
Cc tnh +
S ca xung lng cc Chn L 000 +00+ 000+ -00-
Hnh 3.10 ch ra c tnh ph tng ng vi 2 m ny. Nh c th thy c 2 u khng c thnh phn DC. Hu ht nng lng tp trung trong vng ph xung quanh tn s bng mt na tc truyn d liu. V th m ny c s dng truyn dn tc cao
3.3 Giao din U Khuyn ngh ca ITU-T ISDN i vi ISDN khng bao gm cc ch dn cho ng thu bao ISDN. Tuy nhin ITU-T a vo khuyn ngh G.961* m n ch ra giao din gia cc thit b thu bao v gia cc ng thu bao truy cp tc c s vn hnh ti tc 160 kb/s. Giao din ny c coi l im tham chiu U. G.961 ch l 1 phn thng s k thut. N cho php s dng c k thut hu b ting vng v hp knh nn thi gin trn cp xon n ( 2 dy ) . Mt vi k thut m ng cng c ch ra. Ti M , cng vic ny tin xa hn, ANSI c a vo hp chun T1.601* cho cc giao din truy cp tc c bn trn ng thu bao. Chng ta s xem xt m ng vi chun ANSI ngay trong mc ny. K thut m ng c ch ra trong T1.601 gi l : M hai nh phn mt bn phn ( 2B1Q two binary one quaternary ) S dng m ng rt c hiu qu v bng thngbi mi phn t tn hiu c trng cho 2 bit ch khng phi l 1 bit. 4 mc in th khc nhau c s dng. Do mi mt phn t tn hiu c th l 1 trong 4 gi tr c th do vy lun cn n 2 bit Bng 3.3 xc nh 2B1Q . Hai mc th dng v 2 mc th m c s dng. Ph hp vi mi mt mc th l mt cp bit. Bit u tin l mt nu cc tnh ca xung l dng v l zero nu cc tnh ca n l m . Bt th hai l mt nu bin ca xung l 0.833Volt v bng zero nu bin ca xung l .2,5Volt. Mi mt trong 4 thnh phn ca hai bit c k hiu bi cc biu tng. Gi tr trong bng v s c hiu nh tn ca biu tng ch kh ng phi l gi tr s
Bng 3.2 Mc tn hiu 2B1Q
Bit u tin 1 1 0 0
Bit th 2 0 1 1 0
Biu tng +3 +1 -1 -3
in th 2.5 0.833 -0.833 -2.5
Hnh 3.13 V d v m ho 2B1Q

Vi 2B1Q , chng ta nhn phn bit gia tc d liu v tc iu ch. Tc d liu ( s bt trong giy b/s ) l tc cc gi tr bit c truyn . Tc iu ch ( c gi baund ) l tc m s biu tng c pht ra. Ni chung : D = R / b = R / log2 L Trong : D = R = L = b = tc iu ch , baund tc d liu , b/s s ca cc yu t tn hiu khc nhau s bit trn mt biu tng
Trong trng hp ca T.601 , tc d liu l 160 kb/s cn tc iu ch l 80 Kbaund u im ca phng php m hoa ny l bng thng ca tn hiu tng ng ( so vi NRZ-L) bng bng thng ca NRZ-L chia cho s bt trn mt phn t biu tng [COUC97]. V th 2B1Q s ch cn i hi bng thng bng mt na ca bng thng NRZ-L . M ho ny c chn cho giao din U truyn d liu do tc baund thp hn , gim thiu hai hn ch : s tr ngi biu tng v ting vng gn (inter-symbol interference and near-end echo ) Lu cui cng v kiu m ho 2B1Q l trc khi truyn d liu phi c xo trn ( scrambling ) v ri c tun t xp ( descambled ) li tai u tip nhn . iu ny lm d liu c v gi ngu nhin mt cch t nhin hn gip cho thit b thu tch c ra nhp bit. iu ny cng nh hng ti trng ph ca tn hiu , to phn b cng sut ng u hn. Trong ph lc 3A s li tho lun iu ny 3.4 iu ch bin trc giao iu ch bin trc giao ( QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation ) l cng ngh tn hiu tng t thng dng s dng trong ADSL . Trc ht chng ta s xem xt tn hiu tng t ri n QAM . K thut tn hiu tng t C s ca tn hiu tng t l tn hiu lin tc c tn s khng i v gi l tn hiu mang ( carrier signal ). Thng tin s c m ho bng mt thit b modem iu ch mt trong 3 c tnh ca tn hiu mang : bin , tn s hoc pha hay l t hp gia chng. Hnh 3.14 minh ho 3 dng c bn ca iu ch tng t cho tn hiu s : Kho dch bin Kha dch tn s Kho dch pha
Trong tt c cc trng hp ny , tn hiu sinh ra cha di tn s v c hai pha ca tn s sng mang v c gi l bng thng ca tn hiu. Vi kho dch bin ( ASK Amplitude shift key) , hai gi trin nh phn c biu din bng hai bin khc nhau ca tn s sng mang. Trong mt vi trng hp mt bin sng mang bng zero: s nh phn 1 c biu din bng s c mt cu sng mang cn s nh phn kia 0 bng s vng mt ca sng mang. ASK d b tn thng bi s thay i t ngt v iu ch hiu sut km . ASK cng c th c s dng vi s[s mc bin nhiu hn 2 . H bn mc chp php m ho cm 2 bit mt ASK l cng ngh c s dng truyn cc d liu s trn ng cp quang. Vi LED bt nh phn 1 c biu din bng 1 xung nh sng ngn cn bt 0 l s khng c mt ca nh sng. Cn b pht Laser, thng thng c mt dng ngc c nh lm cho thit b lun pht ra mc sng thp . Mc thp ny biu din mc nh phn 0 trong khi sng nh sng vi bin ln biu din mc 1
Hnh 3.14 iu ch tng t cho d liu s
Vi kho dch tn s ( Frequency-shift key ) hai gia tr nh phn biu din bng hai tn s khc nhau gn tn s sng mang. Kiu ny t b tn thng gy li hon
ASK. Trn ng thoi thng s dng ti 1200 b/s cn ni chung vi tn s cao ( 4 ti 30 MHz ) cho pht thanh radio. Hnh 3.1 minh ho FSK Vi kho dch pha ( PSK - Phase-shift key ) , pha ca sng mang c dch m ho d liu. Hnh 3.14c l mt v d ca h 2 pha. Trong h ny tn hiu nh phn 0 c biu din bng cch gi mt cm tn hiu c cng pha vi cm tn hiu sng ti cn tn hiu 1 c biu din bng cch gi mt cm tn hiu c pha ngc vi cm tn hiu sng ti. PSK c th s dng dch nhiu hn 2 pha. Mt h thng 4 pha cng c th m ho 2 bit cho mi mt cm tn hiu. k thut PSK khng n mnh hn v c hiu sut hn FSK. Trn ng thoi tc truyn t ti 9600 b/s Cui cng mt s t hp ca PSK v ASK m ti , mt vi hoc tt c cc pha c mt hay hai bin , K thut ny c xem nh l to tn hiu a mc bi v mi mt phn t tn hiu biu din nhiu bit. K thut QAM QAM l tn hiu tng t thng dng nht c s dng cho ADSL. QAM c u Im l c kh nng gi 2 tn hiu khc nhau ng thi trn cng mt tn s sng mang bng cch sao chp 2 tn s sng mang , mt c dch 90o so vi sng kia. Vi QAM , mi mt sng mang c Iu ch ASK . Hai tn hiu c lp c truyn ng thi qua cng mt mi trng. TI u thu , c hai tn hiuc giI Iu ch v tn hiu thu c c t hp sinh ra s nh phn nguyn gc. Hnh 3.15 a ra kiu Iu ch QAM In hnh. Li vo l mt chui cc s nh phn n vi tc R b/s . Lung tn hiu ny c tch ra thnh 2 phn c lp mi chui bt c tc R/2 bng cch ly lun phin cc bit. Trong th chui pha trn c Iu ch ASK trn sng mang c tn s wc bng cch nhn chui bit vi sng mang. Do vy bit 0 c biu din bi s thiu sng mang cn bit 1 c biu din bi sng mang vi bin khng i. Cng vi chnh sng mang ny c dch pha 90o c s dng Iu ch ASK cho chui bit pha di. Hai tn hiu c Iu ch ny c sng li vi nhau ri truyn dn. Tn hiu c truyn c th c biu din nh sau : s(t) = d1(t) cos wct + d2 sin wct Nu 2 mc ASK c s dng th mi mt ca 2 chui c th l mt trong 2 trng thi v c t hp thnh 1 trong 4 = 2 x 2 trng thi. Nu 4 mc ASK c s dng ( Tc l 4 mc bin khc nhau ) th th t hp l 1 trong 16 = 4 x 4 trng thi. H thng khi dng 64 hoc thm ch 256 trng thi c s dng . Vi s trng thi ln hn , tc d liu cao hn cng c kh nng s dng bn trong dI thng cho. Tt nhin, nh ni trc y s trng thi ln hn , tc d liu cao hn tc li tng do n v suy hao
Hnh 3.15 Iu ch QAM
3.5 ng thu bao s khng i xng Trong khi trin khai v khai thc mng s cng cng din rng tc cao , ton b phn thch thc l kt ni gia thu bao v mng ; ng thu bao s. Vi hng t im cui c trin vng . Trin vng lp t cp mi cho mi mt thu bao s mi l khng hin thc . T hay v Iu l khai thc si cp xon lp t kt ni ti nI c tr v lm vic ca khch hng ti mng In thoi. ng ny mang tn hiu thoI c bng thng t zero ti 4 KHz. Tuy nhin , si dy ny c kh nng truyn cc tn hiu c rng ph vt qua 1 MHz ADSL l modem mi c thit k truyn dn d liu s tc cao qua mng In thoI thng thng. ADSL hin nay c mt s sng mang v c nh ra trong chun ANSI. Trong phn ny , trc ht chng ta xem lt qua thit k ADSL v ri kim tra cc k thut mu cht, c gi l DMT Thit k ADSL T khng i xng c nghia l ADSL cho dung lng lung d liu ti ( T trm trung tm ti thu bao ) ln hn dung lng lung d liu I ( T thu bao ti trm trung tm ) . ADSL l tiu ch cn thit cho truyn hnh v cc dch v c lin quan. Cc ng dng ny c chng c , tuy nhin t khi c k thut ADSL cung cp truy cp tc cao cho INTERRNET. Thng th khch hng yu cu dung lng lung n cao hn lung I . Hu ht ngi s dng ch truyn cc k t t bn phm hay l cc on ngn ca th tn in t ( e-mail ) trong khi nhn v cc trang WEB vi mt s lng ln d liu bao gm c hnh nh hoc thm ch truyn hnh. V th ADSL tho mn cc yu cu ca Internet
Hnh 3.16 Cu hnh knh ADSL
ADSL s dng FDM theo mt cch mi khai thc dung lng 1 MHz ca cp dy xon. C 3 yu t chin lc ca ADSL ( Hnh 3.16 ) : Dnh 25 MHz thp nht cho ting thoI c gi l POTS ( Dch v in thai c .. ) Ting thoi c mang trong bng thng 0-4KHz phn bng thng thm vo trnh xuyn knh gia knh thoI v d liu S dng c chng ting vng ln FDM nh x 2 bng : bng hp cho lung I cn bng rng cho lung ti. S dng FDM trong c bng thng cho lung ti ln lung i. Trong trng hp ny mt lung n bit c tch thnh nhiu lung bit song song sao cho mi mt s c sng mang vi bng tn s ring bit Khi chng ting vng c s dng, ton b bng tn s dng cho lung ti s lp vng bng tn ca lung i. iu ny c 2 u im so vi vic s dng cc bng tn s ring bit cho lung ti v lung i: Tn s cao hn th suy hao ln hn. Khi s dng chng ting vng , bng thng lung ti cng rng th cng tt cho ph Chng ting vng cng linh hot hn khi thay i dung lng lung i. Lung i c th ko di v pha cao m khng cn xm phm vo lung v thm vo din tch chng lp b m rng
S bt li vic s dng chng ting vng l cn thit phI c mch chng ting vng tI c hai ca ng dy. S ADSL cho 1 dI phm vi n 5,5 km ph thuc vo ng knh v cht lng ca cp. N bao ph khong 95% ca ton b cc ng dy thu bao ca nc M v c th ph tng ng cc nc khc a m ( Multitone ) ri rc Multitone ri rc DMT s dng cc sng mang tI cc tn s khc nhau , gi mt s bt trn tng knh . Bng thng truyn dn hin c ( di hoc ti ) c chia thnh 1 s cc knh con 4 KHz . u tin modem DMT s gi I cc tn hiu kim tra trn tng knh con xc nh t s tn hiu trn n S/N. Modem sau s gi thm nhiu bit n cc knh c cht lng truyn dn tt hn v t bt i ti cc knh c cht lng truyn dn km i. Hnh 3.17 minh ho qu trnh ny. Mi knh con s c th tI vi tc d liu t 0 - 60 kb/s . Hnh ny cho thy tnh trng In hnh , trong s suy hao tng ln v do vy t s S/N gim xung cc tn s cao. Kt qu l , cc knh con tn s cao hn s ti t hn .
Hnh 3.17 S phn b cc bit DMT trn mt knh
Hnh 3.18 cho s khi tng qut truyn dn DMT. Sau khi bt u , lung bt chuyn i s c chia thnh cc lung con, mi mt lung con dnh cho 1 knh ph tI d liu . Tng ca tc d liu ca tt c cc lung con s bng tc d liu ton phn. Mi mt lung con sau s c chuyn thnh cc tn hiu tng t bng cch s dng QAM. S ny lm vic d dng v kh nng gn cc s lng bt khc nhau cho tng tn hiu truyn qua ca QAM. Mi mt tn hiu QAM chim mt bng tn phn bit cho nn cc tn hiu ny c th c kt hp nh mt php cng n gin to ra mt tn hiu phc tp cho truyn dn. Cc thit k ADSL/DMT hin nay s dng 256 knh con lung ti. V l thuyt mi mt knh ph 4 KHz tI 60 kb/s v modem c th truyn dn vi tc 15.36 Mb/s. Thc t do suy hao truyn dn khng cho php lm vic ti tc ny , cc ng dng hin nay hot ng tI tc t 1.5 9 Mb/s ph thuc vo khong cch v cht lng ng dy.
Hnh 3.18 B truyn DMT
3.6 xDSL ADSL l mt trong cc kiu hin nay truyn dn s tc cao trn ng day thu bao. Bng 3.4 tm tt v so snh mt s s mi quan trng nht, c gi chung l xDSL. ng dy thu bao s tc cao HDSL (High-data-rate digital subcriber line ) c xy dng vo cui nm 1980 nh Bell Corp. cung cp 1 phng tin truyn tI kinh t hn tc d liu T1 ( 1.544 Mb/s ) ng dy T1 chun s dng m ng AMI chim mt dI thng khong 1.5 MHz. V c cc tn s cao nh vy nn cc c tnh suy hao s hn ch vic s dng T1 khong cch 1 Km gia cc b lp. Do vy i vi nhiu ng dy thu bao cn phi c t nht l 1 b lp , iu ny dn ti vic phI lp t thm v tng chi ph bo dng . HDSL s dng s m ho 2B1Q cho mt tc d d liu ti 2Mb/s trn 2 ng cp xon trong phm vi 1 di thng c th m rng n 196 KHz. Iu ny cho php hot ng trong phm vi ti 3,7 Km ng dy thu bao s n Mc d HDSL rt hp dn thay th cc ng dy T1 hin c, n vn khng thch hp cho cc thu bao v n i hi phI c cc ng dy cp xon I kp , trong khi dn thu bao ch c cp xon i n m thi. Cng ging nh i vi HDSL , m 2B1Q c s dng. Vic chng ting vng c dng thc hin truyn dn song cng trn mt cp dy xon n, HDSL s dng s m ho 2B1Q cho mt tc d d liu ti 2Mb/s trn 2 ng cp xon trong phm vi 1 di thng c th m rng n 196 KHz. iu ny cho php hot ng trong phm vi ti 3,7 Km
Bng 3.4 So snh cc phng n xDSL
ADSL Bit/sec
1.5 to 9 Mb/s downstream 16 to 640 kb/s upstream Asymmetric 1 3.7 to 5.2 km Analog CAP/DMT 1 to 5 MHz Veries
HDSL
1.544 or 2 Mb/s
SDSL
1.544 or 2 Mb/s
VDSL
13 to 52 Mb/s downstream 1.5 to 2.3 Mb/s upstream Asymmetric 1 1.4 km Analog DMT > 10 MHz Veries
Mode Copper pair Range Signalling Line code Frequency Bit/cycle
Symmetric 2 3.7 km Digital 2B1Q 196 KHz 4
Symmetric 1 3.7 km Digital 2B1Q 196 KHz 4
ng dy thu bao s tc rt cao Mt trong cc kiu xDSL mi nht chnh l VDSL. Hin nay rt nhiu chi tit m t c tnh k thut ca tn hiu ny vn cn phI nghin cu tip. Mc ch ca n l nhn cung cp mt kiu ging nh ADSL tc d liu rt cao nh hy sinh khong cch. K thut tn hiu ph hp l DMT/QAM . VDSL khng s dng chng ting vng m cung cp cc bng tn ring bit cho cc dch v khc nhau vi cch phn b tm thi nh sau : POTS 0-4 KHz ISDN 4 80 KHz Upstream 300-700 KHz Downstream >= 1MHz
3.7 Tm tt Phn cui cng ca cc mng vin thng chuyn sang s l phn gia mng v cc thu bao dn c v thu bao kinh doanh u c gi l ng thu bao. Vi cp xon I hin c , vic truyn dn s song cng s cn phI s dng k thut hp knh nn thi gian hoc chng ting vng . Chng ting vng l phng php ph bin nht. Cui cng h tr cc tc d liu cao hn m khch hng i hi th cp day cp xon I s c thay th bng si quang trong cc ng dy thu bao hoc s phI chuyn ti cc phng n xDSL. Nh cc k thut khc nhau bao gm hp knh, TDM v WDM u ang c khai thc cho cc kt ni si quang. i vi xDSL , phng n ADSL c coi l ph bin nht.
Ph lc 3A Xo trn v xp xp (Scrambling DeScrambling) i vi mt s k thut m hoa d liu s , mt xu di cc s nh phn s 0 hoc s 1 trong truyn dn c th lm cho bn nhn kh c th duy tr tnh ng b vi bn pht. Cng vy , cc c tnh truyn dn khc cng s c tng cng nu d liu gn vi bn cht ngu nhin hn l hng s v c tnh lp i lp li. Mt k thut hay c s dng nng cao cht lng tn hiu l Scrambling - DeScrambling. Qu trnh xo trn c khuynh hng lm d liu xut hin ngu nhin hn. Qu trng s l xo trn bao gm 1 thanh ghi dch phn hi, cn xp xp li bao gm mt thanh ghi dch bng ti ( feedforward ) . Mt v d c ch ra trong hnh 3.21. Trong v d ny , d liu c xo trn lin tip theo biu thc sau : Bm = Am Bm-3 Bm-5
Hnh 3.21 Scrambling v Descrambling
y du ch ton t Exclusive . Cn xp xp li xu l Cm = Bm Bm-3 Bm-5 = (Am Bm-3 Bm-5 ) Bm-3 Bm-5 = Am Nh ta thy li ra descrambling cho gi tr nguyn gc ca xu. Chng ta c th biu din s s l ny bng hm a thc , nh vy vi v d trn hm a thc l : P = 1 X-3 X-5 . Li vo c chia bi hm a thc ny v to ra s xo trn xu d liu. Ti my thu , tn hiu b xo trn thu c c nhn
bi cng vi mt hm a thc sinh ra n ti to li tn hiu nguyn gc. 3.22 l mt v d cho php a thc P s l li vo 101010100000111
Hnh
a) Scrambling
Hnh 3.22 V d scramblinh vi P(X) = 1 + X-3 + X-5
Xo trn truyn c sinh ra bng cch chia cho P(100101) to ra 101110001101001 . Khi s ny c nhn vi P , chng ta s thu li c s liu ban u. Ch rng xu li vo cha on xu tun hon 10101010 cng nh on chui di 0 . Scrambling s tho b c hai mu ny Vi 2B1Q , theo hng mng ti thu bao , hm a thc l 1 X-5 X-23 cn theo chiu kia theo hng thu bao ti mng hm a thc l 1 X-18 X-23
Chng 4 Mng truyn dn

Trong chng ny cho cch nhn tng quan v cc loi mng truyn dn c pht trin cho mng thnh ph v mng din rng. Chng ny bt u vi ci nhn chung v cc thnh phn d nh s dng . Chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi l thnh phn ht sc cn thit trong mng. Phn cn li ca chng ny , ngay sau phn 4.2 cung cp chi tit hn c s ca hai chuyn mch ny
4.1 K thut chuyn mch

Truyn d liu t ngun ti ch trong cc mng ni ht c thc hin bng cch truyn qua cc node chuyn mch tc thi. Nhng node ny khng quan tm n ni dung ca d liu, chng ch ng thun cung cp vic chuyn mch truyn d liu t node ny n node khc cho n khi ti ch. Hnh 4.1 minh ho mt mng n gin nht . Nhng thit b u cui m ta mong mun lin lc gi l trm ( station ). Cc trm c th l cc my tnh, cc thit b u cui ( terminal ), cc in thoi, hoc cc thit b vin thng khc. Cc thit b chuyn mch c gi l cc node. Mi trm ni vi 1 node, tp hp cc node c gi l mng truyn thng.
Hnh 4.1 Mng chuyn mch n gin nht
Hnh 4.2 miu t mt ph ca cc k thut chuyn mch c th truyn thng tin qua mng. Hai loi chuyn mch mi u l cc k thut chuyn mch truyn thng : chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi ; cc k thut cn li
va mi c p dng . Ni chung cc k thut v pha tri cung cp vic truyn thng vi s thay i nh hoc khng thay i v tc v vi yu cu x l ti thiu trn cc trm ni ti. Trong khi cc k thut v bn phi cung cp tnh mm do cao iu khin tc bit thay i v vic giao vn (traffic) khng th on trc khi phc tp trong vic x l ang tng. Mt phn ln trong chng ny cung cp chi tit v 2 loi k thut chuyn mch thng thng: chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi. Cc k thut chuyn mch tin tin s c bn ti sau v c xem qua trong phn cui chng.
Hnh 4.2 Cc loi k thut chuyn mch
2 Chuyn mch knh (circuit switching)

K thut chuyn mch knh l k thut tri hn trong c 2 lnh vc m thanh v truyn d liu ngy nay v tip tc c s dng trong k nguyn ca ISDN. Truyn thng qua chuyn mch knh dng 1 ng lin lc c dnh rin cho gia 2 trm. ng ny gm chui cc lin kt gia cc node qua mng. Trong mi lin kt vt l, 1 knh c dnh cho vic kt ni. Mt v d in hnh ca chuyn mch knh l mng in thoi cng cng . Truyn dn thng tin qua chuyn mch knh tin hnh 3 giai on m n c th gii thch qua hnh 4.1 a) Thit lp mch : Trc khi bt k 1 tn hiu no c gi i, mch in gia 2 trm ti 2 u phi c thit lp. V d : trm A gi yu cu ti node 4 i lin kt ti E. ng dy gia A v node 4 tn ti sao cho kt ni lun sn sng. Node 4 phi tm nhnh tip theo ti node 6. Da trn thng tin nh tuyn (routing) , vic xem xt kh nng v c th c gi m lin kt ti node 5, ch nh mt knh ri ( dng FDM hoc TDM ) v trn lin kt gi yu cu lin lc ti E. Tip nh vy m thit lp lin kt t A qua 4 v 5 . Do c mt s trm cng c ni ti 4 , n phi thit lp cc ng ni b t cc trm ny ti cc trm khc , duy tr cch s l tng t. Trm 5 ni ti trm 6 v thit lp 1 knh vng chc t node 4 . Node 6 hon ton ni ti trm E . Khi hon hin kt ni , mt php kim tra xem E bn hay chp nhn vin kt ni ny.
b) Truyn thng tin: Thng tin by gi c th truyn / nhn t A n E, c th l tn hiu ting ni tng t, ting ni c s ho, hay d liu nh phn ; ph thuc vo loi mng. Vi mng s tch hp s th vic s dng truyn s vi c ting ni v d liu l phng php ni tri. Con ng thit lp qua : Lin kt A-4 ; i qua bn trong chuyn mch 4 , knh t 4-5 , ; i qua bn trong chuyn mch 5, knh t 5-6 ; ; i qua bn trong chuyn mch 6, lin kt 6-E . Thng thng ch truyn dn l song cng, tn hiu c th c truyn c 2 chiu ng thi. c) Ngt mch (disconnect) Sau mt khi truyn d liu, kt ni s b hu, c th l mt trong 2 trm. Tn hiu phi c truyn i ti node 4, 5, ri 6 gii phng ti nguyn. Ch rng ng kt ni c thit k trc khi d liu bt u c truyn i. Do , dung lng knh phI c d tr gia tng cp node trn ng dn v mi mt node phI cn c sn dung lng chuyn mch ni tI s l kt ni cn thit. Cc chuyn mch cn phi c thng minh to ra cc phn b ny v to ra mt tuyn qua mng. Chuyn mch knh cng c th khng hiu qu. Dung lng knh c ch nh trong lc kt ni, ngay c khi khng c d liu truyn. Vi kt ni ting ni, s vic s dng c th cao nhng khng ti 100%. Vi mt kt ni gia thit b u cui ti my tnh, kh nng c th l b h thng b b ph gn nh trong sut lc kt ni. V vic thc hin, c khong thi gian tr khi thit lp kt ni. Tuy nhin, khi mch c thit lp, mng s trong sut i vi ngi dng. Thng tin c truyn tc d liu c nh, khng tr tr thi gian truyn. Tr mi nt l khng ng k. Chuyn mch knh c pht trin iu khin trao i ting ni , nhng by gi c s dng cho c d liu . V d gn gi nht ca mng chuyn mch knh cho mng in thoi cng cng. y l mng quc gia c kt ni vi quc t. Lc thit k ban u ch ng dng cho cc thu bao tng t . Cc d liu s c truyn qua modem . Mt ng dng in hnh khc ca chuyn mch knh l tng i c nhn ( PBX - Private Branch Exchange ) c s dng ni cc in thoi trong mt c quan hay mt to nh. Chuyn mch knh cng c s dng trong cc mng c nhn, nh l mng c xy dng bi cc on th hoc gia cc t chc ln qua mt lot cc trm. Mi mt trm nh vy cha cc h thng PBX m ti mi mt trm , chng c kt ni vi nhau thng qua ng thu ring ( leaseline ) Mt mng vin thng cng cng c th c miu t bng cch s dng 4 phn t kin trc c bn : Thu bao : l cc thit b ni ti mng, Trong hu ht cc trng hp , cc thit b thu bao ni ti mng vin thng cng cng l cc my in thoi. Nhng hin nay t l truyn d liu ngy cng tng dn qua cc nm.
ng thu bao : ng lin kt gia thu bao v mng. N cng cn c gi l vng thu bao hay vng ni ht. Hu ht cc ng thu bao l cc cp cp xon i . di ca ng thu bao ni chung nm trong di mt vi km ti 10 Km Tng i : y l trung tm chuyn mch trong mng. Mt trung tm chuyn mch ni trc tip vi ng thu bao gi l trm u cui ( end-office) Ni chung mt trm u cui cho php ni ti hng nghn thu bao trong khu vc . C ti 19.000 trm u cui ti M . R rng l gia cc trm u cui phi ni ni nhau mt cch trc tip iu ny i hi c ti 2x108 cc ng lin kt nh vy. Vy tt nht l s dng cc trm trung gian ( office ). Trung k : ng lin kt gia cc tng i . Trung k mang rt nhiu mch tn s thoi do vy phi s dng k thut hoc FDM hoc TDM ng b . Tha ban chng c coi nh cc h thng truyn dn Cng ngh chuyn mch knh b chi phi bi cc ng dng ca truyn dn thoi. Mt trong cc yu cu c bn l truyn dn thoi phi thc s khng c tr . Tc truyn dn phi c duy tr sao cho khng i bi v my pht v my thu c cng mt tc tn hiu. Cc yu cu ny l cn thit cho php mi ngi trao i cuc tr chuyn. Hn na , cht lng ca tn hiu thu phi tt , d hiu
Hnh 4.3 Mt v d kt ni qua mng chuyn mch knh cng cng
Chuyn mch knh c ng dng rng ri v c v tr u th bi v n n rt ph hp truyn tn hiu ting ni tng t. Trong th gii ca s s ho th s km hiu qu ca n ngy cng bc l. Tuy nhin , loi b tnh km hiu qu th chuyn mch knh vn cn c v tr trong c 2 mng a phng ln mng din rng. Mt trong nhng mt mnh ca n l s trong sut. Mi mt khi mt knh
c thit lp , n ging nh s ni trc tip gia 2 trm u cui ; khng mt mng logic no c cn 4.3 nh tuyn cho mng knh Trong mng chuyn mch knh rng ln, nhiu mch kt ni s i hi 1 con ng i qua nhiu hn 1 chuyn mch. Khi c mt cuc gi , mng phi xc dnh 1 tuyn i qua mt vi chuyn mch v trung k. C 2 yu cu chnh nh tuyn trong kin trc ca mng: Hiu qu v d phng (resilience ) . Trc ht n phi c thit k vi s lng ti thiu cc chuyn mch v trung k trong mng v c kh nng ti hp l . Yu c v ti thng thng c th hin bng khi nim lu lng ti gi cao im ( busy-houre traffic load ) n bng ti trung bnh trong sut gi cao im nht trong cc ngy . Cn phi s l gim ti ny , mt khc ta li mun c 1 s lng thit b ti thiu . Thm na , mc d mng c th c ti cho gi cao im , nhng c th l c khi tm thi 1 lc no lu lng nh vt qu ti max ca mng. Cc tng i v trung k s khng lm vic v tm thi khng hot ng , chng hn nh trong cn bo ln. Ta mun rng mng phi c d phng lun cung cp cc dch v hp l trong cc trng hp xu nh vy. Yu t thit k cn bn quyt nh bn cht ca vic phi nh i gia hiu qu v tnh d phng chnh l chin lc nh tuyn . Thng thng chc nng dnh tuyn trong mng vin thng cng cng kh l n gin. V c bn , cc tng i c t chc thnh cu trc hnh cy hay l phn cp. Mt ng dn c xy dng bng cch bt u ti thu bao gi i , i theo cy ti node chung u tin, v sau i xui theo cy ti thu bao c gi. b xung tuyn d phng no vo trong mng , ngi ta phi thm vo cc trung k b xung ct ngang cu trc cy ni cc tng i c cng lu lng cao gia chng vi nhau. y l mt phng php tnh . Vic thm vo cc trung k high-usage s cung cp s d tha v dung lng b xung. Nhng vic ny vn cn c cc hn ch trong vic nng cao hiu sut v d phng . V s nh tuyn ny khng th p ng c cc iu kin thay i nn mng phi cn c thit k tho mn mt s yu cu cao thng thng. V d nh : Cc gi cao im ca lu lng ti cc vng ti ng v ty , nam v bc l khc nhau , khng trng khp nhau v t ra cc yu cu khc nhau i vi h thng. Rt kh phn tch tc ng ca cc bin ny , chng dn ti vic lm cho h thng tr nn cng knh v do vy km hiu qu. V tnh d phng , cu trc phn cp c nh vi cc trung k b xung c th phn ng rt km i vi cc hng hc . Thng thng , trong cc thit k nh vy th kt qu ca hng hc s l nghn tc ni ht ln ti im gn ni xy ra hng hc.
i ph vi nhu cu ngy cng tng v cc mng vin thng cng cng, thng tt c cc nh cung cp s ri b phng php phn cp tnh v dng phng php phn cp ng. Phng php nh tuyn ng l cc quyt nh nh tuyn b chi phi bi cc Iu kin traffic hin tI, Thng thng cc node chuyn mch knh c mt mi quan h thn thit vi nhau hn l mt mi quan h phn cp. Tt c cc nde u c kh nng thc hin cc chc nng nh nhau. Trong mt kin trc nh vy, vic nh tuyn va phc tp hn , nhng linh hot hn. N phc tp hn v kin trc ny khng cho ngay mt ng dn t nhin hay l mt b cc ng dn da trn cu trc phn cp. Nhng linh hot hn v s c nhiu tuyn khc nhau hn. V d ta xt mt dng nh tuyn trong cc mng chuyn mch knh , trong cc mng chuyn mch knh c gi l nh tuyn d tr ( alternate routing ) . im cn bn ca cc kiu nh tuyn d tr l cc tuyn kh d s c s dng gia hai u m c xc nh trc . Trch nhim ca chuyn mch ngun l la chn tuyn ph hp cho tng cuc gi . Mi mt chuyn mch c cho 1 tp hp cc tuyn nh trc i vi tng ch theo th t a thch. Nu ch c mt kt ni trung k trc tip gia hai tng i , th y lun l la chn u thch. Nu khng ch c trung k ny th la chn th 2 s c th v c nh vy tip tc .. Chu trnh nh tuyn ( l chu trnh trong cc tuyn trong mt tp hp c th ) phn nh mt s phn tch da trn cc kiu lu thng c trc y v c thit k ti u ho vic s dng cc ngun mng Nu ch c 1 chui nh tuyn c lp cho mi cp ngun-ch , kiu ny gi l kiu nh tuyn d tr c nh. Thng thng hn , ngi ta thng s dng kiu nh tuyn d tr ng. Trong , mt tp hp cc tuyn nh khc s c s dng cho tng giai on thi gian khc nhau, tn dng cc mu lu lng khc nhau cc mi thi gian khc nhau v ti cc thi im khc nhau trong mt ngy. Nh vy, quyt dnh nh tuyn da trn c trng thi lu lng hin ti ( Tuyn s b loi nu bn ) v cc mu lu lng c trc y. N s xc nh chu trnh cc tuyn c cn nhc. Trn hnh 4.4 l mt v d n gin, Tng i gc X c 4 tuyn kh d ti tng i ch Y . Tuyn trc tip ( a ) s lun lun c th u tin. Nu trung k ny khng c ( bn , khng hot ng ), th cc tuyn khc s c th theo mt th t c th , ph thuc vo khong thi gian. V d : vo cc bui sng ngy thng th tuyn ( b ) s c th tip theo ( th 2 ) Mt kiu nh tuyn d tr ng c s dng cung cp dch v in thoi ni ht v khu vc [BEO90] ; n thng c nhc ti nh l cch nh tuyn a d tr ( MAR). Phng php ny cng c AT&T s dng trong mng ng dI ca n [ASH90] v c gi l nh tuen khng phn cp ng [DNHR].
4.4 Bo hiu iu khin cho mng chuyn mch knh (circuit switching) Trong mng chuyn mch knh , bo hiu iu khin l phng tin qun tr mng ; c s dng thit lp , duy tr v hu b cuc gi . C hai qun tr cuc gi v qun tr mng u cn cc thng tin c trao i gia thu bao v chuyn mch, gia cc chuyn mch v gia chuyn mch v mng. Vi mng vin thng cng cng rng ln mt kiu bo hiu iu khin tng quan phc hp l cn thit. Trong mc ny , chng ta x xem cc chc nng ca bo hiu iu khin ri th xem xt c s ca mng ISDN , bo hiu knh chung.
Hnh 4.4 Cc tuyn d tr t trm u cui X n trm u cui Y Bng nh tuyn
Time period Morning Afternoon Evening Weekend
First route a a a a
Second route b d d c
Third route c b c b
Fourth route d c b d
Chc nng bo hiu Cc bo hiu iu khin l cn thit vn hnh mng chuyn mch knh v bao gm tt c cc khia cnh ca mng , bao gm c cc dch v mng c th thy c ti thu bao v cc b c kh bn trong. Mnh ngy cng tr nn phc tp hn v s cc chc nng c thc hin bi bo hiu ngy cng tng . Cc chc nng c lit k sau y l v cng quan trng : Thng bo c th nghe c cho thu bao , bao gm m quay s , m rung chung, tn hiu bo bn v.v.. ..
Truyn s c quay ca thu bao b gi ti tng i m ti n s c gng hon thin kt ni Truyn cc thng tin gia cc chuyn mch ch ra rng 1 cuc gi c th khng c hon tt Truyn cc thng tin gia cc chuyn mch ch ra rng 1 cuc gi c chm dt v ng dn c th b tho b Mt tn hiu lm rung chung in thoi Truyn thng tin c s dng cho tnh cc Truyn cc thng tin cung cp cc trng thi ca thit b hoc ng trung k trong mng. Thng tin ny c th c dng vo mc dch nh tuyn v bo dng mng Truyn cc thng tin c s dng trong vic chun on, cch li cc sai hng ca mng iu khin cc thit b c bit nh l cc thit b lin lc v tinh.. Hy xem xt mt v d in hnh kt ni lin tip t mt ng ny ti ng khc qua cng 1 tng i : 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) tin hnh cuc gi , c 2 my in thoi phi c h ng nghe ( on hook ) . Cuc gi bt u khi thu bao gi nhc ng nghe ( off hook ) n t ng bo hiu n tng i Tng i p li bng 1 m mi quay s , bo hiu rng thu bao c th c quay s. Ngi gi quay s , l s ca thu bao b gi ; a ch ch ni ti tng i Nu thu bao b gi khng bn, tng i s cnh bo thu bao b gi bng cch gi 1 tn hiu rung chung lm chung in thoi ca thu bao b gi s rung.. Mt tn hiu phn hi ti thu bao goi bi tng i : Nu thu bao b gi khng bn, tng i s chuyn cc tn hiu m bo ch thi thu bao gi trong khi gi tn hiu rung chung yu cu nhc ng nghe thi thu bao b gi Nu thu bao b gi bn, tng i s chuyn cc tn hiu bo bn ti thu bao gi Nu cuc gi khng c th thc hin c qua tng i tng i s gi mt tn hiu reoder ti thu bao goi Thu bao b gi chp nhn cuc gi bng cch nhc ng nghe , chnh l bo hiu chuyn ti tng i Tng i ngt tn hiu chung , thit lp ng kt ni qua chuyn mch Kt ni b hu b nu 1 hay c 2 thu bao h ng nghe
6) 7) 8)
Khi thu bao b gi ni ti tng i khc vi tng i ca thu bao gi th cc chc nng bo hiu trung k gia cc tng i l cn thit :
9) 10) 11)
Tng i gc chim ng trung k , gi tn hiu chim ng trn ng trung k , yu cu thanh ghi s u xa kia sao cho a ch c th c truyn dn Tng i u cui gi mt tn hiu sn sng xc nhn tn hiu chim ng , thng bo thanh ghi sn sng Tng i gc gi cc a ch s ti tng i bn .. Bng 4.1 Cc chc nng bo hiu
Gim st Bo hiu gim st nhm thit lp cuc gi, n c s dng khi ng 1 yu cu cuc gi, duy tr hoc tho b kt ni c thit lp , khi ng hoc tho b khi np li , gi li ngi gi ti kt ni c thit lp, cnh bo thu bao v khi ng khi cuc gi . N bao gm c s nhn bit trng thi bn hay ri trn ng thu bao v ng trung k ni, truyn cc thng tin ny ti thu bao gi v h thng tng i. Cc bo hiu ny bao gm c hai ch nng iu khin v trng thi: iu khin : Bo hiu iu khin c s dng iu khin s s dng cuc gi. Tng i v trung k c n nh vo kt ni nh bo hiu iu khin. Cuc gi , mi khi chim , s gi ng trong sut cuc gi v ch tho b khi cuc gi chm dt. Trng thi : Bo hiu iu khin cng cha ng thng tin cc trng thi ca cuc gi hoc c gng gi . Cc thng tin ny c gi ngc li t mng ti tng i ca thu bao a ch Bo hiu a ch nhn dng cc thnh vin trong cuc gi. N cha s ca thu bao gi hoch b gi cng nh m truy cp trung k PBX , m vng, m quc gia.. N bao hm vic truyn cc s ca s in thoi thu bao b gi t thu bao gi ti h thng tng i hoc t tng i ny ti tng i kia. Bo hiu a ch bao gm c bo hiu trm lin quan v tuyn lin quan Trm lin quan : Bo hiu a ch ngun t thue bao gi . T my in thoi , tn hiu c pht ra cc chui xung lin tip ( Pulse) hoc chui cc 2 tn s m thanh (Tone ) . i vi thu bao s , mt tn hiu iu khin s c th c dng Tuyn lin quan : Nu mt cuc gi s dng nhiu hn 1 tng i th cn thit bo hiu gia cc tng i. N bao gm bo hiu a ch m n cung cp cc chc nng tuyn v cc bo hiu gim st. Thng tin v cuc goi Bo hiu thng tin v cuc gi c truyn ti mt ngi gi cung cp cc thng tin ti cc ngi gi v cc thao tc c lin quan n vic thit lp mt kt ni qua
mng in tho. Mt lot cc m thanh c s dng vo cc mc ch . Cc bo hiu ny c th c lit k cnh bo v s l Cnh bo : Bo hiu cnh bo c cp ti mt thu bao nhi cha c cuc gi, y l bo hiu rung chung yu cu thu bao b gi nhc ng nghe. X l : Bo hiu s l cuc gi ch ra trng thi ca cuc gi ca thu bao ang gi Qun tr mng Bo hiu qun tr mng bao gm tt c cc bo hiu lin quan n cc thao tc ang tin hnh v qun tr mng. Chng bao gm cc bo hiu gy ra cc iu khin c exerted v cc bo hiu cung cp trng thi iu khin : Bo hiu iu khin mng c s dng iu khin cc tin trnh s l tuyn ( vi d nh thay i mt tuyn c t trc ca mt tng i ) v sa i cc c trng vn hnh ca mng p ng vi s qu ti v cc iu kin li Trng thi : Bo hiu trng thi mng c s dng bi tng i cung cp cc thng tin v trng thi ti trung tm qun tr mng v cc tng i khc . Cc thng tin ny bao gm cng lu lng , cc iu kin gy sai li , cc sai hng khc ..
Cc v d ny cho mt vi tng ca cc chc nng m chng c thc hin khi dng bo hiu. Mt vi tng khc nu ra trong bng 4.1 . Cc chc nng ny c thc hin bi cc bo hiu c th c phn thnh nhm nh : Gim st , a ch Thng tin v cuc gi v Qun tr mng. Hnh 4.5 da trn hnh trong [FREE94] , ch ngun gc v cc ch ca bo hiu Danh t gim st ni chung c dng thc hin chc nng iu khin co c tnh nh phn ( ng/sai , on/off ) , nh l cc yu cu dch v , tr li cnh bo hoc quay v trng thi i. Chng c quan h vi tnh sn sng ca thu bao b gi v cn thit mng gc , Bo hiu gim st c s dng xc nh liu mt ngun c th , nu th chim n . Chng cng c s dng thng bo trng thi ca ngun c yu cu Bo hiu a ch nhn dng thu bao . Khi khi ng, mt tn hiu a ch c pht ra bi thu bao gi khi quay s in thoi. a ch thu c c th c truyn qua mng gip cho cc chc nang tuyn nh v v rung chuong in thoi ca thu bao b gi Danh t thng tin v cuc goi cho cc bo hiu ny cung cp cc thng tin ti thu bao v trng thi ca cuc gi. iu ny tri ngc li vi cc bo hiu ni b gia cc tng i c s dng khi thit lp hoc ngt cuc gi. Cc bo hiu ni b l cc bn tin tng t hoc l s cn cc bo hiu thng tin v cuc
gi l nhng m thanh c th nghe thy c bi c ngi gi ln b gi hoc l cc vn hnh theo quy tc ca my in thoi Bo hiu gim st , a ch v thng tin v cuc gi l cc i hi trc tip thit lp v chm dt cuc gi . Ngc li bo hiu qun tr mng c s dung bo dng , tm sai hng v cc vn hnh qu ti ca mng, Cc bo hiu nh vy c th dng cc bn tin v nh lit k cc tuyn c xp t trc gi ti cc trm nhm nng cp bng nh tuyn .
Hnh 4.5 Bo hiu iu khin qua mng chuyn mch knh
Bo hiu ni ht Bo hiu cn c xem xt theo 2 khia cnh sau y : (1) Bo hiu gia thu bao v mng v (2) bo hiu gia cc mng. Ni chung cc bo hiu (1) v (2) l khc nhau theo cc ni dung ca chng Bo hiu gia mt in thoi hay mt thu bao vi tng i c xc nh bi c tnh ca thit b thu bao v s cn thit ca ng s dng. Cc bo hiu gia cc tng di thc cht l gia my tnh my tnh . Cc bo hiu ni b dnh lu khng ch vi s qun tr mng ca thu bao m cn s qun tr ca chnh mng
. V th cc bo hiu ni b nhiu lnh hn, nhiu p ng v nhiu cc tham s cn thit khi to Do c 2 k thut bo hiu khc nhau c s dng, tng i ni ht m n cho php cc thu bao u ni vo phi c cung cp cc bo hiu thu bao t phc tp v cc bo hiu gia cc tng i m n cha ng nhiu s phc tp hn . Trong phn II chng ta s xem xt bo hiu di ci tn Q.931 cho bo hiu thu bao v SS7 cho bo hiu gia cc tng i. Bo hiu knh chung Bo hiu trong mng chuyn mch knh c ti per-trunk v knh kt hp. Vi bo hiu trong knh, mt knh c s dng mang cuc gi ng thi mang c bo hiu cuc gi c lin quan. Bo hiu nh vy bt u t thu bao gi v theo dc ng ca chnh cuc gi . y l iu hay , do khng cn mt ng truyn no cn thit thm vo cho bo hiu . Cc phng tin truyn thoi c chia s truyn bo hiu. C 2 dng bo hiu c s dng : Trong bng v ngoi bng. Bo hiu trong bng s dng khng ch cng ng vt l ca cuc gi m cn s dng cng mt di tn s ca tn hiu thoi mang tn hiu iu khin c lin quan n. Kiu bo hiu ny c mt vi u im : Do tn hiu iu khin c cng c tnh sng in t vi tn hiu ting ni do vy n c th i bt c ni u m tn hiu thoi i ti. V khng c s gii hn s s dng tn hiu trong bng ti bt c ni u trong mng , k c ni c b chuyn i ADC , DAC . Thm na, n c kh nng thit lp cuc gi trn ng ting c thiu khuyt do tn hiu iu khin c s dng thit lp ng Bo hiu ngai bng c u im l khng s dng ton b bng thng 4KHz m n tch ra 1 bng thng hp trong s dng gi cc tn hiu iu khin. u im chnh ca n l gi n nhng ni m tn hiu thoi khng n c. V th n cho php lin tc gim st v iu khin cuc gi. Tuy nhin kiu bo hiu ngoi bng cn mch in ph cho php bo hiu trong bng. Tc truyn thng tin c gii hn bi bo hiu trong bng . Vi bo hiu trong bng ch c truyn khi khng c tn hiu thoi cn bo hiu ngoi bng th c php. Do s hn ch nh vy tht kh c th iu tit cho ph hp tuy nhin cc u im ca bo hiu l rt cn thit Mt nhc im khc ca bo hiu trong bng l thi gian tr khi thit lp cuc gi. Yu cu gim thi gian tr l mt trong cc yu t quan trng hin nay khi s dng mng. V d : my tnh iu khin cuc gi . s l cuc gi ( transaction )
s dng cc bn tin ngn tng i ; v th , thi gian thit lp cuc gi c mt mt cch ng k trong tng s thi gian cuc gi Csr hai vn ny c th c gii quyt nh bo hiu knh chung , trong bo hiu c mang qua mt knh hon ton c lp vi knh thoa ( Bng 4.2 ) . Mt ng c th mang cc tn hiu cho mt s cc knh thoi vi v s cc chc nng, v th knh iu khin chung l cho cc knh thu bao ny Nguyn tc ca bo hiu knh chung c minh ho v i ngc vi bo hiu knh kt hp trong hnh 4.6. Nh c th thy, con ng dnh cho bo hiu knh chung c tch mt cch vt l ra khi ng thoi thu bao. Knh chung c th c cu hnh vi bng thng cn thit mang cc bo hiu vi mt lot cc chc nng. V th c hai giao thc bo hiu v kin trc mng phc tp hn bo hiu knh kt hp. Tuy nhin do gi thnh cc phn cng ca my tnh ngy cng h do vy bo hiu knh chung ngy cng c s dng rng ri. Cc bn tin bo hiu c chuyn qua gia cc chuyn mch hay gia cc chun mch v trung tm qun tr mng. V th thnh phn bo hiu ca mng vi hiu qu l mng my tnh phn b chuyn ti cc bn tin ngn
Bng 4.2 K thut bo hiu cho mng chuyn mch knh
Miu t
Ch gii
Knh kt hp Bo hiu cng mt di thng K thut n gin nht v rt cn Trong bng tn s c s dng bi tn thit cho bp hiu thng tin v cuc gi v c s dng cho cc hiu thoi bo hiu khc , thng ti tt c cc ng daay thu bao Ngoi bng Tn hiu thoi c s dng Cho php lin tc gim st trong cng ng truyn vi tn sut thi gian kt ni hiu thoi , nhng khc bng tn s Bo hiu truyn trn knh bo hiu c ginh iu khin cc bo hiu v chung cho cc knh thoi Gim thi gian setup cuc gi so vi phng php trn. N cng tng thch hn vi cc chc nng cn thit
Knh chung
Hnh 4.6 Bo hiu knh kt hp v knh chung
C hai kiu thao tc trong bo hiu knh chung ( Hnh 4.7 ) Mode kt hp : ng bo hiu i dc theo , bn cnh ng trung k thoi phc v cc im u cui, Bo hiu s di ng khc vi ng tn hiu thoi , ti tng di , n c nh tuyn trc tip ti b s l bo hiu. Mode khng kt hp : Ti mode ny , mng c gia tng thm bi cc node ( my trm ) c gi l im chuyn tip bo hiu. Nh vy 2 mng s tch ri nhau . Sk lin kt gia 2 hi ny ti cc ca iu khin thc hin ti cc tng i ( switch nodes ) m ang phc v cho cc cuc gi thu bao. Trong mode khng kt hp, ngi qun tr mng cng s d dng vn hnh hn bi v cc knh iu khin c th cho mt cch linh hot hn. Mng ISDN s dng bo hiu theo mode khng kt hp Vi bo hiu knh kt hp . bo hiu t tng i gc c s l v c chuyn ti knh ra . ti u thu nhn, bo hiu li c chuyn nhn t knh thoi vo b s l iu khin ; cn bo hiu knh chung bo hiu c truyn trc tip t b s l iu khin ny ti b s l iu khin kia khng rng buc g vi tn hiu thoi. y l mt th tc n gin v t sai st khi tnh c hay c lm nhiu lon cc tn hiu gia thu bao v iu khin. y l ng c chnh chp bo hiu knh chung. Mt ng c khc na l thi gian setup cuc gi gim. Hy xem mt chui cc cuc gi c setup bng knh kt hp qua nhiu hn 1 chuyn mch. Mt bo hiu iu khin s phi c gi ti tng i bn cnh theo nh trc. Ti mi mt tng i bo hiu khng c th c truyn qua tng i ti tuyn tip theo chng no mt mch kt hp chac thit lp qua tng i . Cn vi bo hiu knh chung , cc thng tin iu khin c th che lp s s l thit lp mch
Hinh 4.7 Cc mode ca bo hiu knh chung
Vi bo hiu khng kt hp cn c nhiu u im ni tri : Mt hay nhiu im iu khin c th c thit lp . Tt c cc thng tin iu khin c th c nh tuyn ti trung tm iu khin mng m ti cc yu cu c s l , cc tn hiu d c s l c gi ti cc tng i thit lp tuyn cho thu bao. Theo cch ny cc yu cu c th c s l vi tnh ton cc hn ca iu kin mng Tt nhin , bo hiu knh chung c cc nhc im ca n, trc tin l thao tc v vn hnh phc tp hn tuy nhin do gi thnh phn cng ngy cng h v s m rng khng ngng ca mng vin thng s dn n bo hiu knh chung ngy cng pht trin Mi tho lun ti phn ny dnh ch yu v bo hiu knh chung trong mng ( iu khin tng i ). Nhng d cho mt mng hon ton c iu khin bi bo hiu knh chung th bo hiu knh kt hp vn cn thit , t nht l thng bo vi thu bao. V d nh tn hiu quay s , rung chung phi l ti knh kt hp ti c thu bao. Ni chung , thu bao khng truy cp ti bo hiu knh chung , tuy nhin chng ta s thy ti phn II th iu ny cha hon ton ng
4.5 Chuyn mch gi Mng vin thng chuyn mch knh ban u dnh cho thai, ch yu cc cuc gi trn mng ny l ting ni. c tnh mu cht ca chuyn mch knh l mi phn t trong mng ch phc s tt nht cho cuc gi . Do kt ni thoi, mch in s dng c t l cao bi v ton b thi gian , bn ny hay bn kia ni chuyn. Tuy nhin, khi mng chuyn mch knh bt u c s dng truyn d liu th xut hin hai vn : Trong mng truyn d liu ( vi d client/server ) , rt nhiu thi gian ri do vy chuyn mch knh km hiu qu Trong mng chuyn mch knh , lin kt truyn d liu vi tc khng i , v th c hai thit b ni vo phi c tc thu v pht nh nhau . iu ny hn ch cc tin ch ca mng khi lin kt mt lot cc my tnh host vi cc thit b u cui hiu c cch gii quyt vn ca mng chuyn mch gi , chng ta hy xem xt cch vn hnh ca mng chuyn mch gi. D liuc truyn thnh tng gi ngn , mt bn tin c gii hn trn vi di gi khong 1000 byte . Nu bn tin khi gi di hn , n s c b ra thnh mt chui cc gi ( hnh 4.8 ) Mi mt gi cha 1 phn ( hay l tt c cho bn tin ngn ) d liu ca ngi s dng cng vi cc thng tin iu khin. Cc thng tin iu khin , c ti thiu , cha cc thng tin m mng yu cu c th nh tuyn c cho cc gi tin i qua mng v a n ti ch. Ti mi trm trn tuyn , gi tin c nhn , nh li ri th chuyn tip ti trm tip theo.
Hnh 4.8 S dng gi tin
Chng ta hy quay li hnh 4.1 thy rng y l mng chuyn mch gi n gin nht. Gi s mt gi i t trm A ti trm E , gi tin cha cc thng tin iu khin ch rng n ang i ti trm E . Gi tin c gi t trm A ti node 4 . Node 4 lu tr gi tin xc nh tuyn tip theo ( gi s node 5 ) v xp hng di ra ti tuyn ni 4 + 5 . Khi ng ni c th , gi tin c truyn
ti node 5 v c nh vy ti node 6 v cui cng ti trm E . iu ny c u im hn so vi chuyn mch knh . Hiu sut s dng ng ln hn bi v mi ng truyn tin gia cc node c th c chia s cho cc gi tin . Cc gi tn c xp hng v truyn vi tc rt nhanh c th c trn ng truyn. Ngc li , vi chuyn mch knh thi gian trn ng truyn gia cc node c nh x trc khi dng TDM ng b . Nhiu khi ng truyn c th ri ti 1 knh do lc knh ny khng c s dng. Mng chuyn mch gi c th thay i tc truyn d liu. Hai trm vi 2 tc truyn dn khc nhau vn c th trao i d liu cho nhau bi v mi mt kt ni ti trm ca chng u chp nhn tcd d liu Khi lu lng trn mng chuyn mch knh qua nng , mt vi cuc gi c th b nght ; mng s t chi nhn thm cc cuc gi yu cu thm cho n khi ti trn mng gim xung. Trong mng chuyn mch gi th cc gi tin vn c chp nhn nhng thi gian tr truyn tng ln. Bc u tin c th c s dng. V th , mt node c 1 s cc gi xp hng ch truyn , gi c truyn trc tin l gi c bc u tin cao nht. Cc gi ny v th s c tr thp hn cc gi c bc u tien thp hn Thao tc ni b Mt trm c mt bn tin c kch thc ln hn kch thc gi tin ti a mun truyn qua mng chuyn mch gi. V th n phi b gi tin ra thnh cc mnh v gi cc gi ny theo th gian ti mng . Mt cu hi t ra l mng s chuyn cc chui gi tin ny nh th no trn tuyn qua chng ti ch. C hai cch c s dng trn mng : Bo d liu v mch o Trong kiu bo d liu , mi mt gi c i x mt cch c lp, khng c tham chiu ti gi tin c trc . Chng ta xem li v d trn : Gi s tram A trong hnh 4.1 c 3 gi tin mun truyn ti E . N s truyn theo th t cc gi tin 1-2-3 ti trm 4 . Vi mi mt gi , trm 4 phi xc nh 1 tuyn . Trm 4 s chuyn cc gi tin ny hoc l ti node 5 hoc l node 7 . Trong trng hp trm 4 xc nh rng s xp hng ti tram 5 l ngn hn ti trm 7 do vy gi xp hng c chuyn ti trm 5 . Cng nh vy cho gi th 2 , nhng n gi th 3 , trm 4 pht hin ra rng s xp hng n trn 7 l ngn hn n tram 5 v do vy gi th 3 s i n trm 7 . Do vy cc gi tuy c cng mt a ch ch nhng khng i cng trn 1 tuyn. Gi 3 s gp gi 2 ti tram 6 t chng c chuyn ti trm E theo th t vi th t khi chng c gi. Trm E c trch nhim xp xp li th t cu cc gi tin. Tuy nhin c kh nng 1 gi tin b hng , mt trn ng i, v d nh c mt node b hng 1 lc no , tt c cc gi ang xp hng ti b mt , iu ny v d xy ra trong v d ca ta , trm 6 khng c cch no bit c gi tin no trong th t b mt . Mt ln na , trm E pht hin ra s mt ca gi tin tm cch ly li chng.
Trong kiu mch o : mt tuyn d nh ttrc c thit lp trc khi bt k gi tin no c truyn. V d trm A c nhiu gi tin mun truyn ti trm E . Trc ht n gi cc gi tin iu khin c bit c gi l gi yu cu cuc gi ( Call Request ) ti trm 4 yu cu kt ni logic ti E . Node 4 s quyt nh tuyn yu cu v chuyn gi theo th t ti trm 5 . Trm 5 quyt nh tun v chuyn cc gi ti 6 v cui cng gi Call Request c chuyn ti E . Nu E sn sng chp nh kt ni, n gi gi tin Chp nhn cuc gi ( Call Accept ) ti trm 6 . Gi nayg li chuyn qua trm 5 ri trm 4 ti A . Trm A v E by gi bt u c th trao i d liu qua tuyn va c thit lp. Bi v tuyn lun l c nh trong sut thi gian kt ni logic mt cch tng t nh mch ( knh ) trong mng chuyn mch knh v c gi l mch o. V th cc gi d liu t trm A hng ti trm E qua node 4, 5, 6 v ngc li cc gi truyn t trm E ti trm A qua node 6, 5, 4. Cui cng mt trm ngt kt ni bng gi tin yu cu xo ( Clear Request ) . ti bt c lc no , mi mt trm lun c nhiu mch o ni vi nhauv c th c cc mch o ni ti nhiu hn 1 tram. c tnh chnh ca k thut mch o l 1 tuyn gi cc trm phi c khi to trc truyn d liu. Nhng tuyn ny khng phi l ng dnh ring nh chuyn mch knh . Mt gi chng no cn lu li ti mi mt trm , cp hng ch pht i ti ng truyn. Ngc li vi gi tin bo d liu , vi mch o , cc trm khng cn nh tuyn cho mi mt gi m ch lm ( nh tuyn ) mt ln cho tt c cc gi tin. 2 trm c th trao i d liu trong 1 thi gian kh di y chc chn l 1 u im ca mch o . Trc ht mng c th cung cp cc dch v lin quan n mch o , bao gm c xp hng , iu khin li . Sp hng l do tt c cc gi tin c cng 1 tuyn , chng ra i theo th t . iu khin li l dch v c gi nh rng khng ch c cc gi i n ng th t m . Ly v d mt gi truyn t trm 4 n trm 6 mt hoc li khi n trm 6 . Trm 6 c th yu cu trm 4 truyn li gi tn t trm 4 . Mt u im khc l cc gi tin c truyn trong mng vi ttc nhanh hn do khng cn phi nh tuyn cho mi mt gi tn ti mi mt trm Mt u im ca bo d liu l khng phi khi to ng truyn cuc gi . V th nu mt trm mong mun gi ch mt hoc mt vi gi tin th chuyn bi bo d liu s nhanh hn. Mt u im khc na l do n th s nn cng linh hot hn. Ly v d : Nu tc ngn mt phn trn mng , cc bn tn bo d liu s nh tuyn theo ng khc , trnh tc ngn . Nhng vi mch o , do tuyn c thit lp trc v th kh khn cho mng gii quyt tc nghn. u im th 3 ca bo d liu l c tin cy. Vi mch o , khi mt trm b hng , knh i qua trm s b mt nhng vi bo d liu , cc gi c th tm cc tuyn thay th , b qua node .
Hu ht cc mng chuyn mch gi hin hnh u s dng mch o cho cc vn hnh ni b ca chng. Ti mt mc no , iu ny phn nh ng c thc y xy dng mt mng c nhng dch v tin cy nh mng chuyn mch knh. Tuy nhin mt vi mng chuyn mch gi c nhn s dng vn hnh bo d liu. Theo cch nhn ca ngi s dng, cng kh c th nh gi s s dng ca mch o hay bo d liu Kch thc gi tin C mt mi quan h gia kch thc gi tin v thi gian truyn nh ch ra trong hnh 4.9. trong v d ny gi s rng c mt mch o t trm X qua node a v b ti trm Y . Bn tin c gi c kch thc l 40 byte , mi gi cha 3 byte thng tin iu khin, n c t ti u ca gi tin v c gi l phn tiu ( heaer ) . Nh vy ton b mi bn tin c kch thc l 43 byte ( 3 byte header v 40 byte data ) Gi u tin c gi t X ti trm a ( hnh 4.9a) Khi ton b gi c nhn n c th c truyn tip t tram a ti trm b ri ti trm Y. B qua thi gian chuyn mch tng s thi gian truyn l 129 bytethi gian ( 43 x 3 ) Gi s rng chng ta b bn tin ra thnh 2 gi , mi gi cha 20 byte v tt nhin phi 3 byte tiu cho mi gi cha cc thng tin iu khin cho cc gi ny. Trong trng hp ny , 1 node c th bt u truyn gi u tn du tin n t trm X ngay khi c th khng cn ch gi th 2 n do th gian truyn v nhn ca 1 trm c th lp nhau . Tng s thi gian truyn ton b bn tin l 92 byte-thi gian . Bng cch b bn tin ra thnh 5 gi , mi gi 8 byte + 3 byte tiu th s tit kim thi gian c hn na , tng s thi gian cn truyn cho bn tin t X n Y ch cn 77 byte-thi gian. Tuy nhin nu chng ta b nh hn na bn tin thnh cc gi b hn th s l cc gi tin tng ln ch khng phi l gim i , tng thi gian truyn s ln nh minh ho trong hnh 4.9d. iu ny do mi gi tin phi cha mt s c nh cc tiu , nhiu gi c ngha l nhiu cc tiu . Mc d ti v d khng nu ra qu trnh s l v xp hng do tr ti cc node . S tr ny s cng ln khi cng c nhiu gi cng thuc bn tin . Do vy thit k chuyn mch gi phi xem xt ti cc yu t xc nh kch thc gi ti u 4.6 X25 C l l hiu r nht v giao thc chun c s dng rng ri nht l X25 . Giao thc chun ch giao din gia mt h thng host v mt mng chun mch gi. Chun ny c s dng hon ton ton din ( universally ) cho giao din ti chuyn mch gi v c s dng trong tng i gi ISDN. Cc cuc gi chun c phn ra thnh 3 mc ca giao thc Lp Vt l
Lp lin kt Lp gi
Hnh 4.9 Hiu ng thi gian truyn theo kch thc gi
3 lp ny ph hp vi 3 lp thp nht trong m hnh OSI ( xem ch gii B ) Lp Vt l c quan h vi cc giao din Vt l gia cc trm ( my tnh , thit b u cui ) v s lin kt gia cc trm trong node chuyn mch gi. Chun X21 thng c s dng trong mc vt l ca X25, nhng trong nhiu trng hp , mt chun khc , nh l EIA-232 cng c tnh n. Li lin kt m bo cho vic truyn d liu c tin cy qua lp vt l bng cch truyn
truyn d liu mt cch tun t , tng khung mt ( frame ) . Lp lin kt chun c gi l LAPB ( Link Access Protocol-Balance ) . LAPB l mt tp hp con ca giao thc iu khin lin kt d liu rt ni ting - HDLC ( High-level data link control ) . LAPB rt ging vi giao thc mi ay LAPD m n s c miu t trong chng 8 . Lp gi cung cp cc dch v mch o v c miu t trong phn sau y.
Hnh 4.10 D liu ngi dng v Giao thc iu khin thng tin X25
Hnh 4.10 minh ho mi quan h gia cc mc ( lp ) ca X25 . D liu ngi dng c a xung lp 3 ca X25 v c gn vo cc thng tin iu khin gi l cc tiu ( header ) to thnh gi. Ton b gi c a xung lp di m ti , cc thng tin iu khin gn vo phn trc v phn sau ca gi tin to thnh khung LAPB. Thng tin iu khin trong khung l cn thit cho cc vn hnh ca giao thc LAPB Trc khi kim tra chi tit cc lp gi ca X25, chng ta s phi phn bit r cc khi nim vn hnh bn trong v dc v b xung Vn hnh bn trong v dch v bn ngoi Mt trong cc c tnh quan trng ca mng chuyn mch gi l hoc n s dng bo d liu , hoc s dng mch o. Thc s l , c 2 chiu ca c tnh ny nh c minh ho trong hnh 4.11 v 4.12. ti giao din gia mt trm v mt node mng, mt mng c th cung cp hoc kt ni c lin kt nh hng ( connection-oriented ) hoc kt ni khng lin kt ( connectionless ) . Vi mt dch v kt ni c lin kt nh hng , mt trm thc hin 1 yu cu cuc gi , khi to 1 kt ni logic ti mt trm khc . Tt c cc gi hin ang xem xt ti mng c nhn dng l thuc v 1 c tnh kt ni logc v c nh s tun t . Mt kt ni logic ny thng dc coi l 1 mch o , dch v kt ni nh hng c coi l dch v mch o bn ngoi . ng tic , dich v bn ngoi ny c phn bit t khi nim vn hnh mch o bn trong. Vi cc dch v khng lin kt , mng ch ng vi cc gi c ch huy ( iu khin ) mt cch c lp v c th khng phn pht chng theo 1 th t hoc mt tin cy . y
l kiu dch v m i khi cn c gi l dch v bo d liu bn ngoi . iu ny l s phn bit vi khi nim vn hnh bo d liu bn trong . Bn trong , mng c th cu trc nn 1 tuyn c nh gia 2 u cui ( mch o ) hoc l khng c nh ( bo d liu ). Thit k bn trong v bn ngoi gii quyt khng cn phi ng thi :
Hnh 4.11 Vn hnh mch o v bo d liu ngoi
Mch o bn ngoi , mch o bn trong : Khi ngi s dng yu cu mch o, mt tuyn qua mng s c xy dng , tt c cc gi ln lt i dc theo cng mt tuyn Mch o bn ngoi, bo d liu bn trong : Mng gi cho mi mt gi c lp . V th cc gi khc nhau cho cng mt mch o bn ngoi c th chim cc tuyn khc nhau. Tuy nhin, mng lu cc gi ti node ch , nu cn thit, sao cho chng c phn pht n trm ch theo mt th t hp l . Bo d liu bn ngoi , bo d liu bn trong : Mi mt gi c c s mt cch c lp t c hai ca ngi s dng v ti cc im ca mng
Bo d liu bn ngoi , mch o bn trong : T hp ny t dng v chu gnh nng v gi c chi ph cho 1 mch o m chng c li lc g
Hnh 4.11 Mch o bn ngoi v vn hnh bo d liu
Cu hi a ra la chn : mc o hay l bo d liu, c hai bn trong v bn ngoi . iu ny ph thuc vo cc mc tiu thit k ring cho mng truyn dnc v h s gi c c tnh thuyt phc . Chng ta da ra mt vi ch gii khi nim cc gi tr lin quan s chng i gia vn hnh bo d liu bn trong v vn hnh mach o. Chi tit c th dch v bn ngoa , chng ta c th c cc quan st tip theo. Dich v bo d liu , c khp ( gp ) vi vn hnh bo d liu bn trong cho hiu sut s dng mng : khng cn setup cuc gi , khng cn gi cc gi trong khi cc gi c li , c pht li. Tiu ch sau ny c s dng trong mt vi ng dng c tng thi gian thc ( VoiIP ). Dch v mch o c th cung cp trnh t end-to-end v iu khin li . Dich v ny thu ht tr gip cc ng dng lin kt nh hng nh l truyn files , iu khin u cui truy cp t xa. Trn thc t , cc dch v mch o ni chung l nhiu hn cc dch v bo d liu v s cn c gi cho cc mng chuyn mch gi , lin quan ISDN tin cy v s thun tin ca cc dich v lin kt nh hng c nhn thy hp dn nhiu hn cc dch v bo d liu
Hnh 4.12 Mch o bn trong v Vn hnh bo d liu
Mc gi X25 Vi mc gi X25, d liu c truyn theo tng gi qua mch o bn ngoi . C rt nhiu loi gi c s dung ( Bng 4.3 ), nhng tt c u s dng cng mt khun dng c bn theo cc loi gi ( Hnh 4.13 ) . Thit b ca ngi s dng c gi l thit b u cui d liu ( DTE Data terminal Equipment ) v ni ti node mng chuyn mch gi , DTE c gn vi thit b mch u cui d liu ( DCE Data Circuit-terminal Equipment ) Dch v mch o ca X25 cho php 2 loi mch o : Mch o v mch o vnh vin . Mch o l mt s thit lp ng mch o , khi dng mt cuc gi khi to v th tc xo cuc gi , c gii thch tip theo . Mt mch o vnh vin l mt s vnh vin mch o mng chp mhn. D liu truyn qua nh vi cuc gi o nhng khng yu cu khi to v xo tuyn a) Cuc gi o : Hnh 4.14 ch ra trnh t in hnh ca cc s kin trong cuc gi o. Phn pha tay tri ca hnh v ch ra cc gi c trao i gia ngi s dng A v
mt node chuyn mch gi gn vi n. Phn pha tay phi ch ra cc gi c trao i gia ngi s dng B v node ca n. Tuyn ca cc gi l khng th nhn thy vi ngi s dng .
Bng 4.7 Cc kiu gi X25 v cc tham s
Kiu gi DTE/DCE DCE/DTE

Call Request Call Accept Clear Request Incoming Call Call Connected Clear Indication
Dch v VC PVC
X X X
Tham s
a ch DTE gi v b gi, tin ch v d liu ngi dng gi a ch DTE gi v b gi, tin ch v d liu ngi dng gi Gy xo, m chun on, a ch DTE gi v b gi, tin ch v d liu ngi dng xo a ch DTE gi v b gi, tin ch
Clear Confirm
Clear Confirm D liu
x v X X X v X X X X X X X x Ngt X X X Reset X X X X X X X x
Data Interrupt Interrupt Confirm RR RNR REJ Reset Request Reset Confirm Restart Request Restart Confirm Diagnostic
Data Interrupt Interrupt Confirm iu khin lung RR RNR Reset Indication Reset Confirm Restart Restart Indication Restart Confirm Diagnostic
Ngt d liu ngi dng P(R) P(R) P(R) Gy Reset , m chun on Gy Reset , m chun on Gy Reset , m chun on
Trnh t ca cc s kin c tin hnh nh sau : 1. Yu cu thit lp mt mch o vi B thc hin bng cch gi mt gi yu cu cuc gi Call Request ti DCE ca A . Gi s cha a ch ngun v a ch ch cng nh l s mch o c s dng thit lp nn mch o mi. Tt c s vn chuyn n v i s c nhn dng bi s mch o ny Tuyn mng mi cho cuc gi ny c yu cu thit lp ti DCE ca B
2.
3.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
DCE ca B nhn c gi yu cu cuc gi v gi 1 gi cuc gi n Incoming Call ti B . Gi ny c cng khun dng vi gi yu cu cuc gi nhng khc v s mch o c la chn bi DCE ca B t trpng cc s c sn a phng cha s dng Mt ch th chp nhn cuc gi bng cch gi gi chp nhn cuc gi Call Accept theo cng mt s mch o ca gi cuch gi n. Thit b nhn gi cuc gi c kt ni Call Connected trn cng mt s mch o ca gi yu cu cuc gi A v B gi gi d liu v gi iu khin cho nhau khi dng s mch o m chng tho thun A hoc B gi gi yu cu xo Clear Request ti u cui mch o v nhn gi khng nh xo Clear Confirmatin B hoc A nhn gi ch th xo Clear Indication v truyn gi khng nh xo Clear Confirmatin
Hnh 4.13 Khun dng gi X25
b) Khun dng gi : Hnh 4.13 ch cho ta khun dng gi c bn c s dng trong X25. s dng d liu , d liu c b ra thnh tng khi c kch thc ti a v gn vo
mi khi 24 hay 32 bit tiu to thnh 1 gi tin. Mch o s dng 15 bit nh s th t . Tiu bt u vi 1 byte nhn dng giao thc vi gi tr l 00110000 . Tiu bao gm c 12 bit s mch o ( vi 4 bt ch s nhm v 8 bit ch s knh ) . Trng P(S) v P(R) tr gip chc nng iu khin lung v iu khin li trn mch o c s v din gii trnh t . Bit M , D , Q v X tr gip cc chc nng c bit m chng ta cha khai thc y.
Hnh 4.14 : Trnh t ca cc s kin - Giao thc X25
Thm na , truyn d liu ngi s dng, X25 phi truyn cc thng tin iu khin lin quan n vic thit lp, duy tr v chp dt mch o . Cc thng tin iu khin dc truyn thnh cc gi iu khin , mi mt gi iu khin bao gm s mch o , kiu gi m n nhn dng chc nng iu khin ring bit, cc thng iu khin thm vo lin quan n cc chc nng . Ly v d : gi Call Request cha a ch DTE ca ngi gi v b gi , cc tin ch c s dng theo yu cu ca dch v mng Ci cch m d liu ngi s dng c tm lc li nh sau : Khi truyn DTE phi b d liu thnh cc n v c di ti a. X25 ch ra rng , mng tr gip di trng d liu ca ngi s dng ti a l 128 byte. Thm na , mng c th cho php la chn mt s trng khc ti a c di trong khong 16 ti 4096 byte . DTE kt cu cc gi iu khin v gi gn d liu ngi dng vo cc gi d liu. Ri chng c truyn ti DCE qua LAPB . V th gi c gi gn trong mt khung lp 2 ( mt gi cho 1 khung ) . Cc DCE ci b cc trng iu khin lp 2 ra , v ri c th gi gn li gi tin ph hp vi giao thc bn trong mng . c) Hp knh : C th l hu ht cc dch v quan trng nht c cung cp bi X25 u c hp knh. Mt DTE cho php thit lp ti 4095 mach o ng thi vi cc DTE khc nhau qua 1 ng vt l kt ni DTE-DCE. DTE c th n nh ni b cc mch ny theo bt k cch no m n a thch. Cc mch o ng nht c th tng ng v cc ng dng, cc s l v cc ngt . V d lin kt DTE-DCE cho hp knh song cng, ngha l bt c lc no , mt gi lin i vi mt mch o cho trc c th c truyn theo c 2 chiu phn loi cc gi thuc v mt mch o , mi mt gi cha s mch o 12-bit (biu dinc 4-bit l s nhm cng vi 8-bit l s knh logic ) . S Zero lun c d tr cho gi t chun on chung cho tt c cc mch o. Th th mt dy lin tc cc s c t cho 4 nhm loi ca cc mch o . Mch o vnh vin c t vi s bt u bng 1 . Nhm tip theo l cc cuc gi o n 1 chiu ( one-way incoming virtual calls ) y c ngha l ch c cc cuc gi n t mng c th c gn cc s ny. Mch o , tt nhin l song cng , khi mt cuc gi yu cu gi n , DCE s la chn mt s cha s dng t trong nhm . Cuc gi i 1 chiu ( one-way goingout virtual calls ) c khi ng bi DTE . Trong trng hp ny DTE la chn mt s cha s dng trong cc s dnh cho nhm cuc gi ny. Vic tch bch ca cc nhm nhm trnh s la chn ng thi cng mt s cho 2 mch o khc nhau bi DTE v DCE
c) iu khin lung v li iu khin lung v li trong X25 c thi hnh khi dng s trnh t . iu khin lung s dng nguyn tc ca s trt ( slide-windows ) cn iu khin li theo nguyn tc yu cu t ng lp li tr v pha trc N (ARQ go-back-N automatic-repeat-request ) . Nguyn l vn hnh c bn ca cc nguiyn tc ny c gii thc trong phn ch gii A . Thng thng . mc nh th 3 bt s c dng lm s trnh t . Vi tu chn , mt DTE c th yu cu trong khi setup cuc gi ti 7-bit hoc 15-bit lm s trnh t S th t gi P(S) c s dng lm s th t gi tin c coi l duy nht trn mch o c s. Do vy P(S) ca mi gi d liu mi pht ra ln hn 1 n v so vi gi trc y trn cng mt mch o c modele 8 hoc module 128 . S th t thu c P(R) cha s ca gi tip theo se c nhn t pha ng kia trn cng mt mch o. Khi n c s dng trong gi d liu n c coi nh l tr li xc nhn ngc li ( piggybacked acknowledges - xc nhn nh khng tr li ) . Nu mt pha ny khng c d liu gi , n thay th gi cha xc nhn bng gi iu khin nhn c ( Receive Ready RR ) m gi cha s th t ca gi tip theo t pha ng kia. iu khin lung c cung cp bi cc gi iu khin cha sn sng nhn ( Receive not Ready - RNR ) ; gi ny xc nhn nhn c gi trc , nhng bo rng cha sn sng nhn gi thm no na. Khi mt thng bo ny c nhn, tt c tm ngng pht gi d li ; bn bn s thng bo li cho bn ka c th hi phc pht li bng gi RR Khuon dng c bn ca iu khin li l go-back-N ARQ ( xem ch gii A ) . Thng bo khng chp nhn c t trong gi iu khin loi b ( REJ Reject ) . Nu 1 node nhn c thng bo khng chp nhn, n s pht li gi ch v tt c cc gi tip theo Bt u li v t li X25 cung cp 2 tin ch sa li . Tin ch t li c s dng khi ng li mch o . iu ny c ngha rng , s th t trn c hai phi t bng zero. Bt k d liu no hoc l gi ngt ang truyn b mt. N l mt giao thc mc cao ly li cc gi b mt. Mt s t li c triggered ( nhp ?) bi mt s cc iu kin li : bao gm mt gi , sai s th t , tc nghn hoc l mt mch o bn trong ca mng. Trong trng hp sau ny , c 2 DCE phi xy dng li mch o bn trong tr gip mch o bn ngoi DTE-DTE vn cn ang tn ti. C hai DTE hoc DCE c th khi ng mt s t li vi 1 yu cu Reset Request hoc l Reset Indication. Thit b thu p ng li bng mt Reset Confirmation . Bt chp ca ngi khi ng s t li, DCE involved l nguyn nhn thng bo ti u kia.
Mt iu kin li nghim trng hn gy ra khi ng li. S pht ra mt gi yu cu khi ng li ( Restart Request ) tng ng vi vic gi mt yu cu xo ( Clear Request ) trn tt c cc cuc gi o v mt yu cu khi ng li ( Reset Request ) trn tt c cc mch o vnh vin . Mt ln na , c hai DTE hoc DCE c th khi ng li tc ng . Mt v d ca mt iu kin cho php khi ng li khi tm thi mt truy cp mng 4.7 So snh chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi Mt s so snh n gin ca chuyn mch knh vi 2 dng ca chuyn mch gi c a ra trong hinhf 4.15. Hnh v m t s truyn 1 bn tin qua 4 node t 1 trm ngun ti node 1 ti trm ch qua node 4 . Trong hnh v , chng m t c 3 loi tr :
Hnh 4.15 Thi gian truyn tin trong mng chuyn mch knh v gi
Tr do truyn : l thi gian nhn tn hiu truyn t node ny ti node kia. Thi gian ny ni chung l khng ng k . Tc truyn ca sng in t qua mi trng v d dy dn c 2 x 108 m/s Thi gian pht tin : l thi gian truyn i c 1 khi d liu . Ly v d : trong 1 giy c th truyn i 10 000-bit ca khi d liu trn ng truyn 10 Kb/s Tr node : l thi gian cn thit 1 node s l hon ton d liu v nh l n chuyn mch d liu i vi chuyn mch knh , chc chn c mt khong thi gian tr no trc khi bn tin c th gi . u tin, mt bo hiu Call Request c gi qua mng. N thit lp mt kt ni ti trm ch. Nu trm ch khng bn, mt bo hiu Call Accept s c tr li . Ch rng , mt tr khi s l phi chu ti mi mt node trong sut thi gian yu cu cuc gi ; thi gian ny , mi mt node ang khi to 1 tuyn cho kt ni. Ti thi gian gi tr , s l ny khng cn thit bi v kt ni sn sng . Sau khi kt ni c thit lp , bn tin c gi theo tng khi n l , khng c mt thi giam tr no ti node chuyn mch Chuyn mch gi vi mch o xy ra hon ton tng t nh chuyn mch knh . mt mach o c yu cu khi dng gi Call Request . v khi s xy ra tr ti mi mt node. Mch o c chp nhn bng gi Call Accept . Ngc li vi chuyn mch knh , chp nhn cuc gi cng gy tr , d rng ngay c khi tuyn mch o c thit lp. Nguyn nhn l do cc gi ny c xp hng ti mi mt node v phi ch n lt li c truyn i. Mi mt khi mch o c thit lp , bn tin s c truyn thao tng gi . iu r rng l , vn hnh theo ch ny khng c th bao gi nhanh hn chuyn mch knh i vi cng mng tng ng. l do , chuyn mch knh v bn cht s l cuc gi th gi mt tc truyn d liu khng i qua mng . Chuyn mch gi chc c tr , m phin h l tr ny li b thay i v tng khi ti trn mng tng. Chuyn mch gi vi bo d liu khng i hi thi gian thit lp. V vy vi bn tin ngn , n s truyn nhanh hn chuyn mch gi mch o thm ch c vi chuyn mch knh. Tuy nhin , do mi mt gi bo d liu s c nh tuyn c lp , s s l cho mi mt gi bo d liu ti mi mt node s di hn mch o v th vi cc bn tin di , k thut mch o c la chn Hnh 4.15 ch a ra vi gi nh hon thin tng c lin quan ti k thut. Tuy nhin , thc cht l hon thin ph thuc vo mt trm vi cc nhn t nh kch thc ca mng, hnh dng ca mng ( topology ) , cc mu ca ti cng nh cc c tnh ca cc tng i .
4.8 Cc k thut chuyn mch khc Chuyn mch knh nhiu tc Mt trong cc tr ngi ca chuyn mch knh l km linh hot vi tc d liu. Nu mt trm ni vo mt mng chuyn mch knh thng thng , n vn hnh vi mt tc d liu no . Tc d liu ny c s dng bt chp cc ng dng d cho l ting ni c s ho hay l mt vi ng dng d liu. V th mt ng dng i hi tc truyn d liu thp s lm hiu qu thp ca mng khc phc s km linh hot ny , nng cao dch v , mt chuyn mch knh nhiu tc h c pht trin. K thut ny l s kt hp gia chuyn mch knh vi hp knh. Khi nim c bn ca phng php ny l : Trm lin kt vi mng bi mt lin kt vt l n. Lin kt ny c s dng mang nhiu knh c tc d liu khng i gia trm v mt node mng. Lu lng ti mi mt knh c thr c chuyn mch ph thuc qua mng ti mt lot cc node. Ly v d : c kh nng pht trin 1 kiu m ti tt c cc knh chp nhn vn hnh cng mt tc d liu hoc l kiu , cc knh s dng tc d liu thay i . ISDN nh ngha mt lot cc giao din trm-mng m tt c chng u dng cc chuyn mch a tc . Giao din ISDN n gin nht bao gm 2 knh 64-Kb/s v 1 knh 16-Kb/s Trong khi k thut ny c tnh mm do hn so vi chuyn mch knh, nhng vn cn tn ti nhng hn ch . Ngi s dng , by gi c s la chn tc d liu , nhng mi mt tc d liu li b gi c nh , c th xy lra l khng c kh nng s dng cc knh cn li Frame Relay Chuyn mch gi c pht trin vo lc cc iu kin thun li truyn s ng di phi by mt mi lin quan n tc li cao so vi cc iu kin hin ti. C mt s xem xt cc phn tiu c a vo trong cc chuyn mch gi b tr li. Cc phn tiu ny bao gm cc bit c thm vo mi mt gi nng cao d tha v thm vo cc s l ti cc trm u cui cng nh ti cc node trung gian trong mng pht hin lli v khi phc d liu. Vi h thng vin thng tc cao , hin i , phn tiu ny l khng cn thit v phn tc dng. N khng cn thit bi v tc ca li c gim xung rt thp v nhng li cn li c th d dng tm bt logic khi n vn hnh tI lp trn ca logic chuyn mch gi. N phn tc dng v overhead
involced soaks-up a significant fraction of the high capacity provided by the network Frame relay c pht trin vi u im c tc truyn dn d liu cao, tc li thp trong mng sn c . Ti cc ni m mng chuyn mch gi gc c thit k vi mt tc truyn d liu l 64-Kb/s ti u cui ngi s dng, mng frame relay c thit k vn hnh ti tc ngi s dng ln ti 2-Mb/s . Cha kho t c tc cao nh th ny l do loi b hu ht cc phn tiu iu khin li Cell relay Cell relay cn c gi l mode truyn khng ng b ( ATM asynchronous transfer mode ) l nh cao ca s pht trin v chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi qua 20 nm . Mt cch y xem xt Cell Relay l mt s tin trin t Frame Relay . S khc nhau ng k nht gia Cell Relay v Frame Relay l Frame Relay s dng gi c di thay i cn Cell Relay s dng gi c di c nh do gi l Cell . Nh vi Frame Relay, Cell Relay c phn tiu ti thiu iu khin li ph thuc vo tin cy vn c ca h thng truyn dn v lp cao ca logic tm v hiu chnh cc li cn li. Bng cch s dng di gi c nh, thi gian s l cc tiu ca Cell Relay gim xung so vi Frame Relay. Do vy Cell Relay c thit k lm vic trong di tc 10 Mb/s cho dn 100-Mb/s . Mt kha cnh khc xem xt Cell Relay l pht trin ca chuyn mch knh a tc . Vi chuyn mch knh a tc , ch cc knh c tc d liu khng i mi c kh nng a vo u h thng. Cell Relay cho php xc nh cc knh o vi tc d liu c xc nh mt cch ng ti thi im m knh o c to ra. Bng cch dng cc cell nh, kch thc c nh , Cell Relay c hiu qu do n c th c knh tc d liu khng i d rng n ang s dng k thut chuyn mch gi. Hn na , Cell Relay m rng chuyn mch knh a tc cho php nhiu knh , vi tc d liu ca mi knh c t mt cch ng theo yu cu.
Phn ii
Mng s a dch v
Trong phn 1 ca cun sch , chng ta tm hiu cng ngh tr gip cho ISDN ; l cng ngh ca mng s tch hp ( IDN ). By gi chng ta s cp ti chnh ISDN . Chng 5 cho ta ci nhn chung v kin trc ca mng ISDN v xc nh nhng chun c ISDN xc nh, Chng 6 , chng ta kim tra mt cch chi tit kin trc v cc giao thc ca ISDN . Chng ny bao gm c vic xem xt cu trc truyn dn c hp knh, cc cu hnh c th ca giao din mng ngi s dng ISDN , kin trc cc giao thc v issuer s lin quan a ch v mng din rng. Ba chng tip theo tm hiu cc giao thc ti giao din mng-ngi s dng cho ISDN. Chng 7 xem xt lp Vt l , sau khi nhn li cc k thut m ng , hai giao din vt l : C s v s cp c khai thc. Chng ny cng tm hiu 1 cch chi tit vng thu bao cn thit tr gip ISDN . Chng 8 cp ti lp lin kt d liu. Giao thc quan trng nht ti lp ny l LAPD . Chng 9 cp ti lp mng , giao thc Q.931 c s dng iu khin cuc gi. Chng 10 kim tra cc dch v c cung cp bi ISDN . Cc dch v ny l cc yu cu m ISDN phi tho mn. Phn II kt thc vi s tho lun v bo hiu h thng s 7 ( SS7 ) trong chng 11. H thng ny xc nh cc giao thc qun tr bn trong ca ISDN
Chng 5 Tng quan ISDN

5.1 Mng s c tch hp Mng in thoi cng cng v mng vin thng ang nhanh chng s dng cng ngh s. Cc cch m trong cc mng ny khai thc cng ngh s ho c lit k trong bng 5.1 . Tro lu hng ti cng ngh s ho c y bi s cnh tranh lm gim chi ph v nng cao cht lng cc dch v mng v truyn ting ni. Cng vi vic s dng truyn dn s liu v s l phn b pht trin , s tin b ca mt mng s ho hon ton cng c y mnh nh nhu cu cung cp cho mng ISDN. Vic pht trin mng vin thng hin c v cc thit b truyn ti chuyn dng theo hng cc mng s tch hp da vo 2 tin b cng ngh l : Chuyn mch s v Truyn dn s. Cng ngh truyn dn s c tho lun trong chng 2 v 3 . Tt nhin c 2 loI truyn dn v chuyn mch s c hnh thnh mt cch thnh cng. H thng ti T u tin c da vo mc ch thng mi vo nm 1962 do cng ty AT&T . Cn b chun mch s TDM quy m ln u tin , b WESTERN ELECTRRIC 4ESS, c a vo s dng nm 1966. Tuy nhin , quan trng hn c nhng li ch ca 2 loI cng ngh ny l tng cch mng v vic cc chc nng truyn dn v chuyn mch c th c tch hp to nn 1 mng k thut s tch hp ( IDN ) . tng ny c xut nm 1959 v by gi vn cn trong qu trnh trin khai trn ton th gi.
Bng 5.1 S dng cng ngh k thut s trong mng vin thng cng cng Chuyn mch Cc node chuyn mch knh ca mng s dng cc k thut chuyn mch TDM k thut s thay v cc k thut chuyn mch SDM tng t Truyn dn trung k Cng ngh truyn dn s s dng trn cc trung k c hp knh gia cc b chuyn mch, mc d c th s dng 1 trong 2 loi bo hiu s hoc tng t. Mi trung k ti nhiu knh d liu v ting bng cch s dng k thut TDM ng b Vng thu bao Cng ngh truyn dn s c th dng gia thu bao v chuyn mch m thu bao ny gn lin vi n thng qua vng thu bao . Tc l ting dc s ho s dc s dng v truyn dn s song cng trn vng thu bao. Bo hiu iu khin Ngi ta s dng bo hiu knh chung trn mt mng chuyn mch gi kt hp mng vin thng cng cng. Cc gi cha cc bn tin s dng cho vic nh tuyn , kim tra , Iu khin.
hiu cc ng dng ca mng IDN chng ta s xem hnh 5.1. Thng thng, cc h chuyn mch v truyn dn ca mt mng in thoi tng t c thit k v vn hnh nh cc t chc ring bit v chc nng. Hai h thng ny c nhc ti nh l in/out plant . Trong mt mng tng t, cc ng ting ni i vo c iu ch v hp knh ti im cui v gi ra ngoi qua 1 ng hp knh FDM . Sau cc tn hiu cu thnh c th i qua 1 hoc nhiu trung tm chuyn mch trung gian trc khi ti ch. Ti mi trung tm chuyn mch ng ti FDM vo s phi phn knh v gii iu ch nh 1 ngn hng knh FDM trc khi c chuyn mch nh b chuyn mch khng gian ( Hnh 5.1a ) . Sau khi chuyn mch, cc tn hiu s li c hp knh v iu ch truyn i. Qu trnh lp i lp li s gy ra s tch t n v lm tng chi ph
Hnh 5.1 Tch hp v truyn dn v chuyn mch
Khi c hai h thng truyn dn v chuyn mch u c s ho th s t c s tch hp nh trong hnh 5.1b. Cc tn hiu ting vo c s ho nh s dng iu ch xung m ( PCM ) v c hp knh nh s dng k thut TDM . Cc b chuyn mch s TDM dc theo ng i c th chuyn mch cc tn hiu ring l m khng can giI m chng. Thm na, cc ngn hng knh hp/phn knh ring bit l khng cn thit ti cc c quan trung gian v chc nng c kt hp vo trong h thng chuyn mch. Hnh 5.2 cho 1 v d n gin v cc kin trc c th tham gia vo 2 phng n ny. Xt mt b chuyn mch trung gian trong 1 mng chuyn mch knh c 6 knh ting ( c k hiu a, b , c , d. e, f ) ca d liu i vo 1 trung k ( Hnh 5.2a ). Da trn cc cuc gi hin c thit lp, 3 trong s cc knh ny s c chuyn mch ra trn 1 trung k ( a, b, e ) v 3 knh trn 1 trung k khc ( c, d , f ). Ton b 3 trung k s ni vi cc chuyn mch khc v c hp knh ti i nhiu knh d liu. Trong trng hp mt h thng s ( Hnh 5.2b ), cc tn hiu ting s c s ho v truyn i di dng 1 lung cc bit. Trn 1 trung k hp knh , cc bit t cc tn hiu ting khc nhau s c xen k bng cch s dng k thut TDM . Nh vy, trung k vo s c
cc bt t 6 knh ting khc nhau xen k v thi gian. Bn trong b chuyn mch s , mi lung bit s c phn tuyn v chuyn mch ti ng ra thch hp
Hnh 5.2 V d v chuyn mch s so vi chuyn mch tng t
Kin trc cho h thng tng t tng ng l phc tp hn nhiu . Mi mt tn hiu thoi chim mt di tn s khong 4KHz . ng trung k vo i hi bng thng rng t nht l 24KHz v mi mt tn hiu thoi chim 1 knh m tm ti mt tn s duy nht ( f1 cho knh A , f2 cho knh B , v.v.. ) . Cc knh ny phi c dn vo trong b chuyn mch tng t phn chia khng gian. Tuy nhin chuyn mch nh th ch c kh nng chuyn mch cc tn hiu t mt b tp hp trn cc tuyn li vo v tp hp trn cc tuyn li ra. Khi vn hnh ni chung , bt k mi tuyn li vo no cng c th ni c vi 1 tuyn li ra v th gia li vo v l ra tn hiu phi cng tn s. Do vy li vo FDM phi c phn knh mi mt tn hiu phi c tr v tn s thai c s ( f1 ) a vo chuyn mch . Chuyn mch nh tuyn d liu li vo tng ng vi ng ra, vi mi mt ng li ra tr ti mt trung k li ra . Vi mi mt trung k li ra , cc ng c lin kt li phi c a qua 1 b iu ch / ghep kenh to ra 1 tn hiu FDM cho php truyn trn ng trung k li ra.
S chuyn i mng vin thng truyn dn s v chuyn mch s l tt. Hin ang pht trin m rng cc dch v s ti ngi s dng. in thoi hin nay vn gi cc tine hiu tng t ti tng i , ti chng s c s ho . Cc dch v s cho ngi s dng tc thp ( < 56-Kb/s ) ni chung c th c khi c php s dng ng thu bao ring ( lease line ) v cc dch v thu ring tc cao c cung cp rng ri cho cc khch hng kinh doanh . cung cp cc dch v chuyn mch s qua ng thu bao s vn cn phi tip tc cho mng vin thng chuyn mch s gia 2 u cui . S tin trin t tng t sang s c iu khin ban u bi s cn thit phi cung cp cc truyn dn thoi mt cch kinh t. Nhng ri kt qu l mng thch hp bt gp s cn thit ln mnh khng ngng ca dch v d liu s . V th IDN vi s kt hp ca mng thoi vi kh nng truyn dn d liu ca mng d liu s to thnh 1 cu trc c gi l mng s a dch v ( ISDN ) . T sau ny tr i , ISDN ng ngha vi vic mang ng thi cc thoi s ho v cc lng d liu trn cng mt lin kt truyn dn s v qua cng 1 tng i s . Cha kho ca ISDN l gi c c li xut thp cho cc dch v d liu trn mng thoi s . 5.2 Xem xt khi nim ISDN ISDN c th hiu theo nhiu cch v tht kh c mt s miu t ngn gn v n. bt u hiu ISDN chng ta xem xt cc vn sau : Nguyn l ca ISDN S pht trin ca ISDN Giao din ngi s dng Cc mc tiu Cc li ch Cc dch v Kin trc
Nguyn l ca ISDN Cc chun cho ISDN c xc nh bi ITU-T, mt ti chng ta khia thc ti phn cui ca chng ny. Bng 5.2 l mt trong cc chun , tnh trng ISDN theo cch nhn ca ITU-T. Chng ta ln lt xem xt mi mt im ny :
1) Tr gip cc ng dng thoi v khng thoi khi s dng mt cch hn ch cc yu
t chun :
Nguyn l ny xc nh c mc ch ln phng tin ca n t c. ISDN se tr gip mt lot cc dch v lin quan n thng tin thoi ( cuc gi thoi ) v thng tin khng thoi ( trao i d liu s ) . Cc dch v ny c cp cc chun ( khuyn ngh ca ITU-T ) xc nh mt s t cc giao din v iu kin thun tin truyn dn d liu. Cc li ch ca vic chun ho s c ni sau chng ny , by
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3)
4)
5)
6)
gi chng ta ch ni n gin nu khng c s hn ch nh vy th mng ISDN ton cu l khng c th Tr gip cc ng dng c chuyn mch v khng chuyn mach : ISDN s tr gip c chuyn mch knh ln chuyn mch gi. Nh ni ti phn 1 , y l ch cho c 2 cng ngh . Thm na ISDN s tr gip cc dch v khng chuyn mch theo khuuon dng ca cc ng chuyn Kt ni 64-Kb/s : Mc tiu ISDN cp cho chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi kt ni tc 64-Kb/s. y l nn tng xy dng khi cu ISDN . Tc ny c chn bi v n l tc chun s ho ting ni thoi v t y n c gii thiu vo IDN. D rng tc ny c s dng nhiu , it is unfortunately restrictive to rely solely on it. Tng lai pht trin trong ISDN s cho php c linh hot hn nhiu thng minh trong mng : ISDN c th cung cp cc dch v t m hn nhiu vi vic thit lp cuc gi trong chuyn mch knh. Thm na , Kh nng qun tr v bo tr mng cn phi c chi tit hn trc y. Tt c cc iu ny t c bng cch s dng h thng bo hiu s 7 v bng cch s dng cc node chuyn mch thng minh trong mng. Kin trc giao thc c phn lp : Cc giao thc c pht trin cho ngi s dng truy cp vo mng ISDN c kin trc phn lp v c th c nh x vo trong m hnh OSI. iu ny c mt s u im : Cc chun c pht trin cho cc ng dng cho OSI c th c s dng cho ISDN. Ly v d : Lp 3 ca X25 truy cp vo cc dch v chuyn mch gi trong ISDN Cc chun mi ISDN c th da trn cc chun ang tn ti , gim gi cho cc thc thi mi. V d : LAPD da trn LAPB Cc chun c th c pht trin v thc thi mt cch c lp cho cc lp v cc chc nng bn trong 1 lp. iu ny cho php thc thi 1 cch dn dn cc dch v ca ISDN ti mt bc thch hp i vi 1 ci cho trc hoc trn c s ci m khch hng c sn.. S bin i ca cu hnh : Nhiu cu hnh vt l c th s dng cho ISDN . iu ny cho php c s khc nhau trong cch nhn ca cc quc gia , trong kh nng cng ngh v trong s cp thit v cc thit b c sn ca khch hng
Bng 5.2 Khuyn ngh ITU-T I.120 (1993)
1. Cc nguyn l ca ISDN 1.1 Tiu ch chnh ca khi nim ISDN l tr gip mt s ln cc ng dng thoi v khng thoi trn cng mt mng. Phn t mu cht ca s tch hp dch v cho ISDN l s d phng ca mt s cc dch v khi hn ch khi to cc kiu kt ni v dn xp giao din mngngi s dng a mc ch 1.2 ISDN tr gip mt lot cc ng dng c cc kt ni chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi . Cc kt ni chuyn mch trong ISDN bao gm cc kt ni chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi v s ni ca chng ci nhau
1.3 Cc dch v mi c a vo ISDN s c xp xp sao cho c th c so snh vi cc kt ni s 64-Kb/s 1.4 Mt ISDN s cha s thng minh nhm mc ch cp cc tiu ch dch v , bo tr v chc nng qun tr mng. S thng minh ny c th cha cho 1 vi dch v mi v c th phi b xung bi c s thng minh thm trong mng ln kh nng thng mjinh tng ng ti u cui ngi s dng 1.5 Cu trc giao thc c phn lp s c s dng ch r s truy cp ti ISDN. Truy cp t ngi s dng n ISDN ngun thay i ph thuc vo yu cu dch v, vo kh nng thc thi ISDN ca qucgia 1.6 ISDN c th c thc thi theo 1 lot cc cu hnh ph hp vi tnh trng quc gia 2 S pht trin ca ISDN
2.1 ISDN s da trn khi nim v in thoi IDN v c th pht trin bng cch lin tc tng cng st nhp cc chc nng v cc tiu ch mng c thm vo , k c cc thuc tnh ca cc mng chuyn dng nh chuyn mch knh / gi d liu c cung cp cc dch v sn c v cc dch v mi 2.2 S chuyn t mng tn ti ti mt mng ISDN hn hp c th i mt chu k thi gian ko di t 1 hay thp k. Trong qung thi gian ny, nhiu thu xp phi c pht trin cc dch v ISDN cho mng ISDN v cc dch v ca mng khc 2.3 Theo chiu hng pht trin thnh mng ISDN, tnh lin kt ni end-end s ho s thu c qua cc nh sn xut v cc thit b c s dng trong mng hin c, nh l : truyn dn s, chuyn mch TDM v ( hoc ) chuyn mch SDM. Cc khuyn ngh tch hp hin ti i vi cc phn t cu thnh 1 mng ISDN u nm trong 1 lot cc khuyn ngh ca CCITT v CCIR. 2.4 Trong cc giai on pht trin u tin ca ISDN, mt s cc thu xp v mang-ngi dng tm thi cn phI c chp nhn 1 s nc to iu kin thun li cho vic truy cp ban u ca cc dch v s. Cc thu xp tng ng vi cc thay i ca quc gia c th phI tuan th hon ton hoc tng phn vi cc khuyn ngh I-series. 2.5 Mt mng ISDN ang pht trin c th bao gm cc kt ni c chuyn mch ti cc tc bit cao hn hoc thp hn 64-Kb/s cc giai on v sau.
S pht trin ca ISDN Nh tho lun trong phn 5.1. Mng ISDN pht trin t v vi mng s tch hp ( IDN ). S pht trin ca IDN c iu khin bi s cn thit phi cung cp cc truyn dn thoi mt cch kinh t. Nhng ri kt qu l mng li thch hp bt gp s cn thit ln mnh khng ngng ca dch v d liu s . y , ch I trong IDN ph hp truyn dn v chuyn mch s tch hp, cn ch I trong ISDN ph hp vi s tch hp hng lot cc dch v truyn dn thoi v d liu. Phn th 2 trong bng 5.2 c xc nh bi ITU-T ch ra cch pht trin ca ISDN. Chng ta s ln lt im qua :
S pht trin t in thoi IDN : nh mng ISDN pht trin t mng in thoi ang tn ti c th rt ra 2 kt lun t quan im ny : Cng ngh IDN c xy dng v pht trin trong phm vi cc mng in thoi hin ti s to ra nn tng cho cc dch v s c ISDN cung cp. Mc d cc c s khc, chng hn nh cc mng c chuyn mch gi v cc kt ni v tinh ca 1 bn th 3 no ( khng phi l nh cung cp dch v thoi ), s ng 1 vai tr trong ISDN , nhng cc mng in thoi vn c vai tr ch o. Mc d cc nh cung cp v tinh v chuyn mch gi c th khng thoi mi lm vi cch din gii ny, nhng vic rt thnh hnh ca mng in thoi quyt nh rng nhng mng ny s to nn c s cho ISDN Vic chuyn i trong 1 hoc 1 vI thp k : S pht trin thnh ISDN s l qu trnh chm chp. iu ny l ng cho mi s thay i ca 1 ng dng phc tp hoc 1 lot cc ng dng t 1 c s k thut sang c s mi hn. Vic a vo cc dch v ISDN s c thc hin trong bi cnh cc c s k thut s v cc dch v hin c. S c 1 giai on cng tn ti, trong cc kt ni v c th c cc chuyn i giao thc l cn thit gia cc c s v ( hoc ) dch v thay th. Vic s dng cc mng hin c : im ny l s chi tit ho ca im 2. V d nh ISDN cung cp dch v chuyn mch gi. Trc mt , giao din vi dch v s l X25. Cng vi s a vo k thut chuyn mch gi nhanh v iu khin cuc gi tm thng phc tp hn, c th phi cn 1 giao din mi trong tng lai. Cc xp xp mng-ngi dng : u tin , mi quan tm l vic thiu cc ng thu bao s c th lm chm tr vic a vo s dng cc dch v s, c bit ti cc nc ang pht trin. Vi vic s dng cc Modem v cc thit b khc, cc c s analog hin c c th cung cp t nht l 1 vi dch v ISDN Cc kt ni cc tc khc 64-Kb/s : Tc d liu 64-Kb/s c chn nh l knh c s cho chuyn mch knh. Vi cc tin b trong cng ngh s ho ting ni, tc ny l cao khng cn thit . Mt khc tc ny l qu thp vi cc ng dng truyn d liu. Nh vy phi cn ti cc tc d liu khc. Cc chi tit v s pht trin dch v v c s ISDN khng ging nhau cc nc, v cng khc nhau cc nh cung cp ti cng 1 nc. Nhng im ny n gin cho 1 m t chung v qu trnh pht trin trn quan im ITU-T. Giao din ngi s dng Hnh 5.3 l mt cch nhn v mng ISDN theo quan im ca ngi dng hoc khch hng. Ngi dng truy cp vo ISDN bi cc phng tin vi cc giao din ti a phng qua cc ng ng s vi tc bit no . Cc kch thc ca ng ng thay i c th tho mn cc s cn thit khc nhau. V d : Mt khch hng nh c th i hi ch cn kt ni in thoi v my tnh c nhn vi dung lng va phi , nhng mt c quan thng mong mun kt ni ti ISDN qua LAN hoc PBX s trong nh v i hi ng ng c dung lng ln hn.
Nhiu hn ch khng ch 1 kch thc ca ng ng s c cn trong mng c ch ra trong hnh 5.4 ly ra t khuyn ngh I.410 Ti u thp cn cc thit b u cui n l ( nh in thoi trong nh ) hoc l tp hp cc thit b u cui theo cc loi chia ra cc nhnh ( nh in thoi trong nh, my tnh c nhn , h thng chung v.v.. ) . Cc vn phng cn nhiu hn bao gm cc thit b mng ni ti LAN hay l PBX, vi mt gn kt t mng tc ng nh l mt gateway ti mng ISDN
Hnh 5.3 Cc tiu ch kt ni ISDN
Ti bt k mt im thi gian cho ng ng ti nh ngi dng c dung lng khng i, nhng s vn chuyn trn ng ng c th l thay i pha ln ti dung lng ti hn . Do vy , mt ngi dng c th truy cp cc dc v chuyn mch knh , chuyn mch gi cng nh l cc dch v khc theo s pha trn ng ca cc loi tn hiu v tc bt. Mng ISDN s i hi cc bo hiu kh phc tp v cu trc n lm sao la chn ra d liu c hp knh theo thi gian v cung cp cc dch v c yu cu. Cc bo hiu iu khin ny cng c hp knh trn cng 1 ng ng s. Mt kha cnh quan trng ca cc giao din l, ngi s dng vo bt c lc no ,c th khai thc dung lng t hn dung lng ti a ca ng ng v s c np ph hp vi dung lng c s dng thay v thi gian kt ni . c tnh ny gim bt mt cch ng k gi tr ca nhng n lc thit k ngi dng hin ti c a ra nhm ti u ho vic s dng mch nh cc b tp trung, cc b hp knh , cc b chuyn mch gi v cc xp xp dng chung ng khc.
Cc mc tiu Cc hot ng hin nay ang m rng pht trin mng ISDN din rng ton th gii. S c gng ny bao gm cc t chc chnh ph , cc cng ty truyn thng v s l s liu, cc t chc chun ho v mi thnh vin khc. Chc chn mc tiu chung l , rt cc l , c chia x bi cc nhm khc hn nhau. Cc mc tiu chnh l nh sau : c chun ho Trong sut Tch bit cc chc nng cnh tranh Cc dch v c thu mn v chuyn mch Gi cc tng i Di tr nh nhng Tr gip hp knh
Chun ho l yu t cn thit m bo thnh cng cho mng ISDN. Chun ho s cho
php truy cp ton din vo mng . Cc thit b chun ISDN c th di chuyn t v tr ny ti v tr khc , t nc ny ti nc kia v ho vo trong mng. Gi ca cc thit b nh vy s c thp nht bi v s cnh tranh gia cc nh cung cp bn cng mt loi sn phm c chc nng nh nhau. Hn na , s dng kin trc c phn lp v cc giao din c chun ho cho php ngi s dng c th la chn cc thit b trong s rt nhiu cc nh cung cp v cho php thay i cu hnh mt cch dn dn, theo kiu tng ci mt
Hnh 5.4 Cc v d v giao din mng-ngi dng ISDN
Mt iu quan trng l - cc dch v truyn dn s c c tnh trong sut. l do dch v ny ph thuc vo ni dung ca d liu ngi dng c truyn. iu ny cho php ngi s dng pht trin cc ng dng v cc giao thc ring m chng khng b li ti cc lp di ISDN. Mi mt khi mt mch knh hoc mch o c khi to, ngi dng c th gi cc thng tin m khng c cm nhn v loi thng
tin c mang . Thn na , k thut m ho cho ngi dng c th c khai thc nhm cho php bo mt thng tin ngi dng. ISDN phi c nh ngha theo cch m n khng loi tr s tch bit ca cc chc nng t cc dch v truyn dn s c bn . N phi c kh nng tch ra cc chc nng c s cnh tranh phn i li vic n c l thnh phn c bn ca ISDN. Trong nhiu quc gia, ch c chnh ph mi cung cp tt c cc dch v . Trong mt vi nc, nh ti M, mong mun cc dich v ni tri s to c hi cnh tranh ( v d truyn hnh nh , th tn in t .. ) ISDN cho php c dch v thu mn v dch v chuyn mch . iu ny cho php ngi dng c 1 di rt rng v cc tu chn cu hnh cc dch v mng v cho php ngi dng ti u ho trn c s gi c v hon thin. Chi ph cho cc dch v ISDN s lin quan n gi v ph thuc vo kiu ca d liu c truyn dn. Gi cc tng i cng s dm bo rng gi mt loi dch v l khng nm bao cp khc. S phn bit v cc lin quan n gi khi cung cp hon thin c th v cc c tnh ca cc dch v. Theo cch , tnh trng khng r rng s b loi b v cc nh cung cp theo yu cu cn thit ca khc hng hn l theo v biu gi Do c mt s lng ln cc thit b vin thng c lp t trong mng v mt s lng ln cc thit b ngi dng vi cc giao din c s dng trong mng m s chuyn i thnh mng ISDN s din ra dn dn. Do vy phi m rng khong thi gian cho ISDN cng tn ti vi cc thit b v dch v dang tn ti . Thc hin vic di tr nh nhng thnh mng ISDN . Cc giao din ISDN cng s c pht trin t cc giao din ang tn ti v cc xp xp mng din rng phi c thit k. Cc nng lc c th s c cn bao gm : thit b thch nghi cho php cc thit b u cui ra i trc khi c ISDN thnh giao din vi ISDN ; cc giao thc mng din rng cho d liu c nh tuyn qua mng hn hp ISDN / non-ISDN phc tp v cc gia thc chuyn i cho php cng lm vic gia cc dch v mng ISDN v cc dch v mng nonISDN Thm na , vic cho ng dung lng thp cho cc ngi dng ring l m vic tr gip hp knh phi c ph hp ph hp vi PBX ca ring ngi dng v cc thit b LAN . Cn c cc i tng khc cng cn phi k n. Nhng vn c lit k l cc vn rt quan trng v chp nhn mt cch rng ri v chng gip ta nh ngha c tnh ca ISDN Cc li ch Cc li ch c bn ca mng ISDN vi ngi dng c th c biu din di dng tit kim chi ph v s linh hot. S tch hp thoi v cc loi d liu trn mt h thng truyn dn n l c ngha l ngi dng khng cn phi mua nhiu dch v
m ch mua cc loi cn. Mc hiu qu v mc kinh t ca mng tch hp l cho php cc dch v ny c cung cp vi gi thp hn gi nu chng ta cung cp chng mt cch ring bit. Cc yu cu ca ngi dng c th rt khc nhau theo nhiu cch : V d nh theo cng lu lng thng tin, mu truyn tin , thi gian p ng v cc loi giao din ISDN cho php ngi dng bin i cc dch v c mua thnh cc dch v cn thit ti mc cha c th ti lc . Thm na , khch hng c c cc u im ca s cnh tranh trong s cc thit b c bn . Cc u im ny bao gm : thit b a dng , gi thp , v kh nng ca cc dich v l nhiu . Cc giao din chun cho php la chn cc thit b u cui , phng tin truyn v cc dch v t mt s ln s canh tranh m khng cn thay i trong thit b hoc phi s dng cc b thch nghi c bit Cc nh cung cp mng , ti mt mc ln hn nhng cng mt cch , li dng cc u im ca s cnh tranh , bao gm cc lnh vc ca cc thit b chuyn mch s v truyn dn s . ng thi , cc s chun ho tr gip th trng c trin vng ln v a dng cho cc dch v . Cc giao din chun cho php linh hot trong la chn cc nh cung cp , cc th tc iu khin bo hiu thch hp, v cc k thut mi v pht trin mng khng lm khch hng dnh lu vo Cc nh sn xut c th tp trung vo nghin cu v pht trin trn cc p dng k thut v c m bo rng mt nhu cu y trin vng ang tn ti. Thc t , gi ca s pht trin cc cng c VLSI c iu chnh bi trin vng ca th trng. Cc ch thch hp ring trn th trng to c hi cho cnh tranh , cc nh nh sn xut nh hn. Mc kinh t c nhn bit bi cc nh sn xut ti tt c cc c . Giao din chun m bo rng , thit b ca cc nh sn xut s c tng thch cho vi nhau qua giao din. Cui cng , cc nh cung cp dch v c tng cng , v d nh ca cc dch v da vo trao i cc thng tin , cu cc thng tin , s c li t cch truy cp ngi dng c n gin ho. Nhng ngi s dng cui cng s khng bt buc phI mua cc xp xp dch v c bit hoc cc thit b u cui truy cp c vo cc dch v c bit. Tt nhin , bt k mt tin b k thut no cng c u Im I I vi nhc Im. Nhc chnh y l chi ph di tr. Chi ph ny tuy nhin cn phI c nhn nhn trong bi cnh cc nhu cu ca khch hng ang tng ln. S c cc thay i trong cc cho mi v dch v vin thng i vi cc khch hng, c hoc khng c ISDN. Hy vng rng khun kh ISDN t nht s kim sot c chi ph v gim i s nhm ln tring vic di tr. Mt nhc im tim tng khc ca ISDN l n s lm chm cc i mi v k thut. Qu trnh chp nhn 1 tiu chun cng l 1 qu trnh di lu v phc tp. Kt qu l khi tiu chun c chp nhn v cc sn phm c th xut hin cc gii php k thut tin b hn ri. y lun l vn nan gii i vi k thut. Tuy nhin cc li ch ca cc tiu chun vn ng k hn thc t d chng lun I chm hn tnh hin i mt cht
Cc dch v Mng ISDN cung cp 1 lot cc dch v tr gip c thoi v cc ng dng d liu hin ang s dng , cng nh cc ng dng ny tip tc c pht trin. Mt vi ng dng quan trng nht c nu ra di y : Truyn Fax : y l dch v truyn v ti to li cc hnh nh , ch vit mng tay v cc ch c in ra . Kiu dch v ny c dng t rt nhiu nm nhng b km i do thiu st v s chun ho v gii hn ca mng thoi tng t. Hin nay , chun Fax s c th c s dng truyn cc trang d liu ti tc 64-Kb/s trong 5 giy . Teletex : Dch v ny cho php cc u cui thu bao th t vi nhau. Cc u cui truyn tin c s dng chn b , hiu nh , truyn v in ra cc bn tin. Tc truyn dn 1 trang mt 2 giy vi 9600-b/s Videotex : Mt dch v tm kim thng tin tng h . Mt trang d liu c th c truyn trong 1 giay vi tc 9600-b/s Cc dch v ny nm trong bng cc danh mc ca thoi , d liu s , k t v hnh nh. Hu ht cc dch v ny c th c cp vi dung lng truyn dn 64-Kb/s hay nh hn. Mt vi dch v i hi truyn vi tc d liu cao hn v c th c cp bi phng tin truyn dn tc cao nm ngoi mng ISDN ( chng hn nh ng cp truyn hnh ) hoc trong tng lai s lm tng ng truyn cho mng ISDN Mt trong cc din mo ca mng ISDN l , l mng thng minh . Bi s s dng cu cc giao thc bo hiu linh hot , mng ISDN s cung cp mi mt loi thit b mng mt loi dch v Kin trc mng Trong hnh 5.5 miu t kin trc ca mng ISDN. Mng ISDN tr gip mt kt ni vt l hon ton mi cho ngi dng nh mt ng thu bao s hoc mt ng c tnh a dng truyn dn cc dch v Giao din vt l chung cung cp mt phng tin chun ho ni vo mng. Cng mt giao din c th c dng cho my in thoi, my tnh c nhn v cc u cui videotex. Cc giao thc cn thit xc nh s trao i cc thng tin iu khin gia cc thit b ca ng dng v cc thit b mng. d phng , phi c cc giao din vi tc cao v d cho PBX s hoc LAN. Giao din tr gip cc dch v c s cha 3 knh TDM , 2 knh 64-Kb/s v 1 knh 16-Kb/s . Tuy nhin thm vo cn c cc giao dien dch v s cp cung cp nhiu knh 64-Kb/s. C hai , dch v c s v dch v s cp l giao din c xc nh s dng gia cc thit b ca khch hng. Cc thit b u cui ni chung c gi l TE ( Terminal
Equipment ) v mt thit b trong nh ca khch hng gi l NT ( Network Terminal ) . NT to ra ranh ri gia khch hng v mng
Hnh 5.5 Kin trc ISDN
My CO ( Central Offfice ) ca mng ISDN ni mt s ln cc ng thu bao thnh mng truyn dn s. iu ny cho php truy cp ti cc lp mng thp ( lp 1-2-3 trong m hnh OSI ) cc phng tin bao gm : Cc trm c kh nng chuyn mch knh : Vn hnh ti tc 64-Kb/s . y l cc phng tin cng loi c cp bi mng vin thng chuyn mch s Cc trm khng c kh nng chuyn mch : Mi mt phng tin nh vy cho mt ng ni chuyn dng 64-Kb/s Trm khng chuyn mch tc d liu cao hn c ni ti mng ISDN bng rng, s l mch knh o vnh vin cho mode truyn khng ng b ATM Cc trm chuyn mch : iu ny ch ti cc chuyn mch tc cao ( > 64-Kb/s ) cc kt ni khi s dng ATM nh l mt phn ca ISDN bng rng Cc trm c kh nng chuyn mch gi : Cc phng tin ny tng t vi cc dch v chuyn mch gi c cung cp bi cc mng d liu khc. Cc trm c kh nng Frame-mode : Mt dch v tr gip cc dch v mode Frame
Cc trm c kh nng bo hiu knh chung : Cc trm c kh nng ny c s dng iu khin mng v cung cp qun tr cuc gi ni b ti mng. Bo hiu h thng s 7 ( SS7 ) c s dng . Cc trm ny cha cc t chun on iu khin ngi dng mng. S dng bo hiu iu khin t chun on mng ngi dng-ngi dng l vn xa hn na ca ITU-T Cc chc nng lp thp c th c ng dng trong mng ISDN . Ti mt vi nc , do s cnh tranh mt s cc chc nng lp thp ny ( mng chuyn mch gi ) c th c cung cp ti mt mng ring r v c th vn ti mt thu bao qua mng ISDN. 5.3 Chun ho Cc mt khc nhau ca mng ISDN c pht trin v iu khin qua mt s t chc chun nh ITU-T. S quan trng ca vic chun ho Trong cng ngh vin thng chp nhn t lu rng tiu chun l cn thit diu khin cc tnh cht vt l tnh , in v chu trnh ca cc thit b vin thng. Vi c tnh s ho lin tc ca cc mng vin thng v vi vic ngy cng thnh hnh cc dch v s l v truyn dn s, phm vi ca nhng ci cn c tiu chun ho ngy cng m rng. Nh ta s thy, cc chc nng , cc giao din v cc dch v c trong ISDN ph thuc vo vic tiu chun ho chim 1 di cc k rng . Mc d khng c mt nh ngha c chp nhn hoc trch dn 1 cch rng ri no v thut ng tiu chun , nh ngha sau bao gm c cc khi nim c bn : Mt b c m t trc cc quy tc, iu kin, hoc yu cu lin quan n nh
ngha ca cc thut ng ; s phn loi cc thnh phn ; nguyn liu , hon thin , hoc vn hnh ; delineation ca cc quy trnh ; hoc php o nh tnh v nh lng m t cc vt liu , sn phm , h thng , dch v hoc thc hnh
[CERN84] lit k cc u im sau ca cc tiu chun : Nng sut v hiu qu c tng ln trong cng vic nh vic sn sut vi quy m ln , gi thnh h. Tnh cnh tranh tng ln nh cho php cc doanh nghip nh hn tip th cc sn phm d dng c chp nhn i vi khch hng m khng cn ti mt ngn sch qung co ln Truyn b thng tin v chuyn giao cng ngh M rng thng mi quc t nh tnh kh thi ca vic trao i sn phm gia cc nc vi nhau Bo ton cc ni lc Tng c hi trao i thng tin ton cu c v ting ni ln d liu
Trong trng hp ISDN v tnh phc tp ca n v do s thnh cng ca n ph thuc vo kh nng cung cp tnh vn hnh v kt ni tng h thc s nn cc tiu chun khng nhng ch l u Im m cn l diu cn bn a vo 1 mng nh vy Nn tng lch s S m rng ca mng ISDN c khng ch bi cc khuyn ngh do ITU-T v c gi l khuyn ngh I-Series . Cc khuyn nghi ny hoc l cc chun ny c a ra vo ln u tin nm 1984 . Sau ny cng tr nn phc tp hn. l r hn, hy nhn vo lch s ca s quan tm ti mng ISDN ca IUTT/CCITT. CCITT thit lp mt nhm nghin cu c bit D ( nguyn mu ca nhm nghin cu XVIII ngy nay c trch nhim ti mng ISDN trong CCITT ) xem xt mt lot cc vn lin quan n vic s dng cng ngh s trong mng in thoi. Ti mi phin hp ton th, nhm nghin cu phn cng vic theo cc khong thi gian theo cc chu k 4 nm . Trc ht. cc vn c tnh nguyn l c a ra trong giai on ny miu t trong bng 5.3 . Cc tiu v cc cu hi c tnh nguyn l c a ra phn nh mi quan tm ca CCITT. Cc vn tp trung vo cng ngh s v mng tch hp s IDN ri ti ISDN
Bng 5.3 Chu k nghin cu 1969-1972 1973-1976 1977-1980 1981-1984 1985-1988 1989-1992 Tn ca cu hi u tin Hoch nh h thng s Hoch nh h thng s v tch hp cc dch v Tng th cc kha cnh v ISDN Cc kha cnh mng tng qut ca ISDN Cu hi tng quat v ISDN Cc kha cnh tng qut ca ISDN
Vo nm 1968 , nhm nghin cu B c thnh lp nghin cu mi vn lin quan ti vic tiu chun ho truyn dn ting PCM v Iu phi cng vic ang thc hin cc nhm khc lin quan n vic ni mng s. Thm ch vo giai on sm ny c 1 trint vng v ISDN, Khuyn nghi G.702 ban hnh nm 1972, c nh ngha sau v mng s cc dch v tch hp : Mt mng s c tich hp trong ngi ta s dng
cng cc chuyn mch s v ng dn s c s dng thit lp cc kt ni cho cc dch v khc nhau, chng hn nh in thoa, d liu..
y, khng c mt thng tin no v loI mng c th thch hp cc chuyn mch v ng dn s, hay l mng c th tch hp cc lai dch v khc nhau nh th no ? Tuy vy ta vn tha nhn ng dn m cng ngh s c th I theo. Trong giai on nghin cu tip theo 1973-1976, vn c cc u Im trong cng ngh truyn dn s ngoI ra, thit b chuyn mch s bt u c xy dng phng th nghim . Do vy, vic xy dng mng s tch hp tr thnh hin thc. Tng ng, cc b
khuyn ngh 1976 bao gm cc m t k thut lin quan n chuyn mch s cng nh m t v 1 h thng bo hiu mi ( SS7 ) c thit k s dng trong cc mng k thut s. Cu hi u tin lc ny c th lin quan n vic tch hp cc dich v. Khi hoch nh giai on nghin cu 1977-1980 , CCITT cng nhn rng s pht trin thnh mng s ang din ra v quan trng hn l vic tiu chun ho cc h thng v thit b s ring l, Nh vy trng tm l cc kha cnh thch hp ca mng k thut s v s tch hp cc dch v trn 1 IDN. 2 pht trin quan trng xut hin trong giai on nghin cu l : Vic tch hp cc dch v da vo vic cung cp 1 giao din ngi dng-mng chun ho cho php ngi dng yu cu c dch v khc nhau thng qua 1 tp hp ng nht cc giao thc ISDN s pht trin t mng thoI s Vo cui giai on ny tiu chun ISDN u tin ra i c tn l mng s cc dch v tch hp ( ISDN ). G.705 ( bng 5.4 ) khng c 1 tiu chun no khc v ISDN c a ra vo nm 1980. Vo lc ny ch c khI nim tng quat v 1 ISDN l c xy dng
Bng 5.4 Khuyn ngh CCITT G.705 ( 1980 ) Mng s cc dch v tch hp ISDN CCITT Xt thy : a) GiI php v tho thun ti nay t c trong cc nghin cu v cc mng IDN gn cho cc dch v c th nh : In thoI, d liu v c c nghin cu v mng ISDN b) Yu cu id vid 1 c s chung cho cc nghin cu trong tng lI cn thit cho s pht trin thnh ISDN Khuyn ngh rng ISDN cn phI da vo cc nguyn l sau y: a) ISDN da trn v pht trin t mng IDN In thoI bng cch kt hp lin tip cc chc nng b xung v cc thuc tnh ca mngk c cc thuc tnh ca bt k 1 mng chuyn dng no khc cung cp cc dch v mi v hin c b) Cc dch v mi a vo ISDN cn phI dc c xp tng thch vi cc kt ni s c chuyn mach 64-Kb/s c) Vic chuyn t cc mng hin c sang mng ISDN ton din c th i hi phI 1 thi gian dI 1 vI thp k d) Trong qu trnh chuyn tip , cc xp xp cn phI c xy dng kt h cc dch v ISDN vi cc dch v cc mng khc e) ISDN s thng minh nhm cung cp cc thuc tnh dch v, chc nng qun l mng v bo tr. S thng minh ny c th khng i vi vI dch v mi do vy c th phI b xung hoc bng s thng minh ph ngay trong mng, hoc s thng minh c th c tng thch vi cc thit b u cui ca khch hmg f) Mt tp chc nng c phn lp cc giao thc l Iu mong mun vi cc xp xp truy cp khc nhau vo ISDN. Truy cp t user ti cc ngun lc ISDN c th bin i tu thuc vo loI dch v c yu c v vo tnh trng pht trin ca cc ISDN quc gia
Khi giai on tip theo bt u ( 1981-1984) ISDN c tuyn b l mi quan tm chinh ca CCITT giai on nghin cu tip theo. Mt tp hp cc khuyn ngh gi l Iseries , c xut bn vo cui giai on ny. B m t k thut ban u ny cha hon tt , trong 1 vI trng hp khng nht qun v mt ni dung. Tuy nhin m t k thut ca ISDN vo nm 1984 cng cho cc nh sn xut v cung cp dch v bt u xy dng cc thit b lin quan ti ISDN v trnh din cc dch v lin quan dn ISDN , cc cu hnh ni mng. Cc nghin cu v I-series v cc khuyn ngh c lin quan vn tip tc trong giai on 1985-1988. Vo u giai on , CCITT c xp xp li 1 cch ng k a ra 1 lot to thnh 1 phn trong cc nghin cu v ISDN trong tng lai. Chc nng quan trng ca CCITT l nghin cu cc vn ca ISDN . Phin bn 1988 ca cc khuyn ngh I-series chi tit trin khai mng ISDN ban u vo cui nhng nm 1980.
Hnh 5.6 Cu trc ca cc khuyn ngh I-Series
Cc khuyn nghi I-series Phn ln m t v ISDN nm trong cc khuyn nghi I-series vi 1 vI vn lin quan nm trong cc khuyn ngh khc. Vic c tnh ho ISDN c trong cc khuyn ngh ny u tp trung vo 3 lnh vc chnh sau y : 1) Chun ho cc dch v cho ngi s dng, sao cho cc dch v c tnh tng thch quc t 2) Chun ho cc giao din ngi dng-mng sao cho cc thit b u cu c th di chuyn c v h tr cho (1)
3)
Chun ho cc kh nng ca ISDN dn mc cn thit cho php s trao i lm vic gia mng-ngi dng v mng-mng , v do s thc hin c (1) (2)
Cc khuyn ngh I-series hin nay lin quan n ISDN ( khng bao gm B-ISDN ) vic lit k trong ph lc 5b . Hnh 5.6 minh ho mi quan h gia cc tiu chun Iseries khc nhau. B nm 1984 c cc khuyn ngh t s I.100 ti I.400 . Mt vi cp nht v m rng c trong cc Series ny trong giai on nghin cu 1985-1988. Cc s I.500 v I.600 c nghin cu thm vo nm 1984. Mt b m t k thut s b c sn sng vo nm 1988 v t ti nay , cc cng vic b xung vn tip tc
chng 6 Cc giao din v chc nng ISDN

Chng ny , chng ta s xem xt mt lot cc vn lin quan n kin trc ISDN khi nhn t gc ngi s dng. V tng th, ngi s dng khng cn quan tm n chc nng bn trong hay c ch ca mt mng ISDN. Tuy nhin, ngi s dng phI quan tm n bn cht ca giao din v cch thc yu cu v cung cp cc dch v. Trong chng ny c su vn s c xem xt: Cu trc truyn dn: Cch thc cc knh logic cung cp cc dc v tI c t chc truyn dn trn mt vng ni ht. Cc cu hnh, giao din ngi s dng - mng: Cch thc cc tng quan ngi dng ISDN c t chc v mt chc nng v lm th no n ch dn cu hnh thit b thc t cng nh nh ngha v giao din ngi s dng ISDN. Kin trc giao thc: Cu trc ca cc giao thc ngi s dng mng v mi quan h ca chng vi m hnh OSI. Cc kt ni ISDN: Cc dng kt ni t u n cui m ISDN h tr. nh v (Addressing): Cch thc ngi dng gi i xc nh ngi dng c gi cho mng c th thc hin c cc chc nng nh tuyn v chuyn pht. Trao i lm vic (Interworking): Kh nng mt thu bao ISDN thit lp mt lin kt vI mt thu bao trn mng khng phI l ISDN. 6.1. Cu trc truyn dn ng ng k thut s gia c quan trung tm v thu bao ISDN s c s dng tI mt s cc knh lin lc. Dung lng ca ng, cng tc l s lng cc knh cc tI, c th thay i theo ngi s dng. Cu trc truyn dn ca bt l mt lin kt truy cp no cng u dc xy dng t cc dng knh sau: Knh B Knh D Knh H : : : 64 kb/s 16 hoc 64 kp/s 384 (Ho), 1538 (H11) hoc 1920 (H12) kb/s
Knh B l mt knh ngi dng c th c s dng tI d liu s, ting s m ho PCM, hoc mt hn hp cc giao dich tc thp bao gm c d liu s v ting s ho c m ho tc bng mt phn ca 64 kb/s. Trong trng hp hn hp giao dch, ton b giao dch ca knh B phI dc chuyn n cng mt Im cui; c ngha l, phn t c bn ca chuyn mch knh chnh l knh B. Nu knh B cha t hai knh con tr ln th tt c cc knh con phI c tI qua cng mt mch gia cng cc thu bao. C ba kiu kt ni c th c thit lp trn mt knh B:
Chuyn mch knh: Tng t nh dch v s chuyn mch m ngy nay thng dng. Ngi s dng t mt cuc gi v lin kt chuyn mch knh s c thit lp vi mt ngi s dng khc trn mng. Mt tnh cht l th l vic thit lp cuc gi khng din ra trn knh B m c thc hin bng cch s dng bo hiu knh chung. Chuyn mch gi: Ngi s dng c kt ni vi mt node chuyn mch gi, v d liu s c trao i vi cc ngi s dng khc thng qua X.25. Bn thng trc: y l kt ni vi mt ngi s dng khc c lp nn do s sp xp t trc v khng cn phI c mt giao thc tht lp cuc gi. Iu ny cng tng ng nh mt ng dy i thu. Vic gn 64 kb/s l tc knh ngi s dng chun lm ni bt ln nhng nhc Im c bn ca vic chun ho. Tc ny c chn l hiu qu nht cho ting ni c s ho, tuy vy cng ngh tin n mc m ti tc 32 kb/s hoc thm ch nh hn cng vn thc hin c vic tI to ting ni vi mc tho mn tng ng. hiu qu, cn phi c mt tiu chun hn ch cng ngh tI mt im xc nh no . Tuy nhin vo thi Im tiu chun c thng qua th c th n lc hu mt ri. Knh D c hai mc ch. u tin, n s ti thng tin bo hiu knh chung kim sot cc cuc gi chuyn mch knh trn cc knh B c lin quan ti giao din ngi s dng. Thm na, knh D c th c s dng cho chuyn mch gi hoc vin k tc thp (100 b/s) vo cc thi Im khng c thng tin bo hiu no ch i. Hnh 6.1 tm tt cc dng trao i d liu c h tr trn cc knh B v D. Cc knh H c cung cp cho thng tin ngi s dng cc tc bit cao hn. Ngi s dng c th dng mt knh nh th nh l mt trung k tc cao hoc chia nh knh theo s TDM ring ca ngi s dng. Cc v d v ng dng c th k ti fax nhanh, video, d liu tc cao, audio cht lng cao v cc lung thng tin hp knh cc tc d liu thp hn. Cc dng knh ny c nhm thnh cc cu trc tuyn dn c cho trn gi cho ngi s dng. Cc cu trc c nh ngha tt nht ( Hnh 6.1 ) l cu trc knh c s ( truy cp c s ) v cu trc knh s cp (truy cp s cp). Truy cp c s gm c hai knh B 64 kb/s song cng v mt knh D 16 kb/s song cng. Tc bit ton phn, theo cch tnh s hc n gin, l 144 kb/s. Tuy vy, nh khun, dng b ho v cc bit tiu khc nng tc bit ton phn trn mt mi lin kt truy cp c s ln 192 kb/s; Chi tit v cc bit tiu ny s c gii thiu trong Chng 7. Dch v c s c d kin p ng nhu cu ca hu ht cc ngi s dng ring l, k c cc thu bao ti nh v cc vn phng nh. N cho php s dng ng thi cc ng dng ting v mt s ng dng d liu, chng hn nh truy cp Internet, lin kt vi mt dch v bo ng trung tm, fax, teletext, v.v... Cc dch v ny c th c truy cp qua mt thit b u cui a chc nng n l hay mt vi
thit b u cui ring bit. Trong c hai trng hp, mt giao din vt l duy nht s c cung cp. Hu ht cc vng ni ht hai-dy hin c c th h tr giao din ny. Trong mt s trng hp, mt hoc c hai knh B u khng c s dng. Iu ny s dn ti mt giao din B +D hoc D, thay v giao din 2B + D. Tuy nhin, n gin ho vic thc hin mng, tc d liu tI giao din s duy tr 192 kb/s. D sao, i vi cc thu bao c cc yu cu khim tn hn v truyn dn th c th tit kim chi ph bng cch s dng giao din c s rt gn.
Bng 6.1. Cc chc nng knh ISDN
Knh B (64 kb/s) Ting s PCM 64 kb/s Tc bit thp (32 kb/s) D liu tc cao Chuyn mch knh Chuyn mch gi LoI khc Fax Video qut chm
Knh D (16 kb/s) Bo hiu C s Nng cao D liu tc thp Videotext Teletex Thit b u cui Vin k Cc dch v khn cp Qun l nng lng
Truy cp s cp c dnh cho cho ngi s dng vi nhng yu cu v dung lng cao hn, v d nh cc vn phng c mng LAN hoc PBX s. V s khc nhau trong phn cp truyn dn s s dng cc nc khc nhau nn khng th c c s thng nht v mt tc o d liu duy nht. M, Canada v Nht s dng mt cu trc truyn dn da trn tc 1.544 Mb/s; Iu ny tng ng vi thit b truyn dn T-1 ca AT&T.
Hnh 6.1. Cc cu trc knh ISDN
Chu u, 2.048 Mb/s l tc chun. C hai tc d liu ny u c cung cp nh l mt dch v giao din s cp. Thng thng, cu trc knh cho tc 1.544 Mb/s s l 23 knh B cng vi mt knh D 64 kb/s v, i vi tc 2.048 Mb/s s l 30 knh B cng vi mt knh D 64 kb/s. LI mt ln na, khch hng c nhu cu s dng thp c th s dng t knh B hn, trong trng hp ny cu trc knh s l nB + D, trong , n chy t 1 n 23 hoc t 1 n 30 i vi 2 loi dch v s cp ny. Cng nh vy, khch hngg c yu cu tc d liu cao c th c cung cp t hai giao din vt l tr ln. Trong trng hp ny, mt knh D duy nht trn mt trong cc giao din c th cho tt c cc nhu cu bo hiu, v cc giao din khc c th ch bao gm ton knh B m thi ( 24B hoc 31B ). Giao din s cp cng c th dng h tr cc knh H. Mt s cc cu trc ny c cha mt knh D 64 kb/s dnh cho bo hiu kim sot. Khi khng c mt mt knh D no, ngi ta gi thit rng mt knh D trn mt giao din s cp khc tI cng mt v tr thu bao s thc hin vic bo hiu cn thit. Cc cu trc sau y c tha nhn: Cc cu trc knh Ho giao din tc s cp: Giao din ny h tr cc knh Ho 384 kb/s. Cc cu trc l 3Ho + D v 4Ho cho giao din 1.544 Mb/s v 5Ho + D cho giao din 2.048 Mb/s. Cc cu trc knh H1 giao din tc s cp: Cu trc knh H11 cha mt knh H11 1536 kb/s. Cu trc knh H12 c mt knh H12 1920 kb/s v mt knh D. Cc cu trc giao din tc s cp cho hn hp cc knh B v Ho: Cc cu trc ny khng c hoc ch c mt knh D cng vi mt t hp c th bt k ca cc knh B v Ho trong kh nng dung lng ca giao din vt l ( tc l 3Ho + 5B + D hoc 3Ho + 6B cho giao din 1.544 Mb/s). 6.2 Cc cu hnh giao din ngi dng - mng : Cc im tham chiu v phn nhm chc nng xc nh cc yu cu i vi vic truy cp ngi s dng ISDN, hiu bit v cu hnh d kin ca thit b ti a im ngi s dng v v cc giao din chun cn thit l vn rt quan trng. Bc u tin l nhm cc chc nng c th tn tI trn cc a im ca ngi dng theo cc cch c th a ra c nhng cu hnh vt l thc t. Hnh 6.2 cho thy mt cch giI quyt nhim v ny bng cch s dng: Phn nhm theo chc nng: Cc sp xp hu hn nht nh cc thit b vt l hoc cc t hp cc thit b. Cc Im tham chiu: Cc Im giI php s dng tch cc nhm chc nng. Mt mch analog vi m hnh OSI c th c ch y. ng c ch yu cho cu trc OSI 7 lp l n cung cp mt khun kh cho vic chun ho. Mt khi cc chc nng c thc hin mi lp c xac nh th cc tiu chun giao thc s c th c
xy dng ti tng lp. Vic ny s t chc cng tic tiu chun mt cach rt hiu qu v hng dn cho cc nh cung cp thit b v phn mm. Hn th na, bng cch nh ngha cc dch v m mi lp cung cp cho lp cao hn ngay trn n th cng vic mi mt lp c th tin hnh mt cch c lp. Chng no m giao din gia hai lp cn n nh th c th p dng cc phng php k thut mI, khc nhau trn mt lp m khng lm nh hng g n cc lp ln cn. Trong trng hp ISDN, kin trc trn a Im ca thu bao s c chia ra v mt chc nng thnh cc nhm c phn bit nh cc im tham chiu. Li mt ln na, iu ny s t chc mt cch hiu qu cng vic tiu chun v hng dn cho cc nh cung cp thit b. Mt khi cc tiu chun giao din n nh vn tn tI th cc cI tin k thut trn bt k mt no ca giao din cng c th thc hin c m khng lm nh hng n cc nhm chc nng ln cn. Cui cng, vi cc giao din n nh, thu bao s t do mua thit b t nhng nh cung cp khc nhau cho cc nhm chc nng khc nhau min l thit b tng thch vi cc tiu chun giao din tng ng.
Hnh 6.2. Cc im tham chiu ISDN v cc nhm chc nng
u tin ta hy xem xt cc nhm chc nng. Kt thc mng 1 (NT1) gm cc chc nng c th c xem l thuc v lp OSI 1 c ngha l, cc chc nng lin quan n vic kt thc in v vt l ca ISDN ti c s ca ngi s dng (Bng 6.2). NT1 c th c Iu khin bi nh cung cp ISDN v to thnh mt bin gii cho mng. Bin gii ny s c lp ngi s dng vi cng ngh ca vng thu bao v gii thiu mt giao din kt ni vt l mi gn vi thit b ca ngi s dng. Ngoi ra, NT1 s thc hin cc chc nng bo tr ng dy chng hn nh kim tra vng v qun l thc hin. NT1 h tr a knh (c ngha l mc vt l, lung bit ca cc knh ny s c hp lI vi nhau bng cch s dng k thut hp knh phn thi ng b). Sau cng, giao din NT1 c th h tr a thit b trong mt sp xp a git ( multidrop ). Chng hn, mt giao din tI nh c th bao gm mt my In thoI, mt my tnh c nhn, mt h thng bo ng, tt c u gn vi mt giao din NT1 duy nht thng qua
mt gn dy a git. i vi mt cu hnh nh vy, NT1 s c c mt thut ton giI php contention iu khin vic truy cp ti knh D; thut ton ny c m t trong chng 7.
Bng 6.2. Cc chc nng ca cc nhm chc nng ISDN
NT1 Kt thc truyn dn ng Bo tr ng v kim tra thc hin Theo di thi gian Chuyn ngun Hp knh lp 1 Kt thc giao din, bao gm kt thc a git c s dng gii php contention lp 1
NT2 X l giao thc cc lp 2 v 3 Hp knh cc lp 2 v 3 Chuyn mch Tp trung Cc chc nng bo tr Kt thc giao din v cc chc nng lp 1 khc
TE X l giao thc Cc chc nng bo tr Cc chc nng giao din Cc chc nng kt ni vi cc thit b khc
Kt thc mng 2 (NT2) l mt thit b thng minh c th gm c n tnh chc nng lp 3 OSI, ph thuc theo yu cu. NT2 c th thc hin cc chc nng chuyn mch v tp trung. V d v NT2 l PBX, mt b Iu khin thit b u cui v mt mng LAN. V d, mt PBX s c th cung cc cc chc nng NT2 cc lp 1, 2 v 3. Mt b Iu khin thit b u cui n gin ch c th cung cp cc chc nng NT2 tI cc lp 1 v 2. V mt b hp knh phn thi n gin ch c th cung cp cc chc nng NT2 tI lp 1. Mt v d v chc nng chuyn mch l vic xy dng mt mng ring, s dng cc mch bn thng trc gia mt s v tr. Mi mt v tr c th c mt PBX hot ng nh mt chuyn mch knh hoc c mt my tnh ch hot ng nh mt chuyn mch gi. Chc nng tp trung ch n gin c ngha l cc thit b hp, gn vi PBX s, LAN, hoc b Iu khin thit b u cui, c th truyn dn c d liu qua ISDN. Thit b u cui ch thit b ca thu bao c s dng ISDN. C 2 dng. thit b u cui loai 1 (TE1) ch cc thit b dng h tr giao din ISDN chun. V d nh cc my In thoI s, cc thit b u cui d liu/ting tch hp, v my fax s. thit b u cui loI 2 (TE2) gm cc thit b khng phI ISDN hin c. V d nh cc thit b u cui c giao din vt l, nh RS-232, v cc my tnh ch c giao din X.25. Cc thit b nh vy i hi phI c b chuyn i thit b u cui (TA) cm vo mt giao din ISDN. Cc nh ngha v cc nhm chc nng cng nh ngha (theo ng ) cc Im tham chiu. im tham chiu T tng ng vi mt kt thc mng ISDN ti thiu tI a Im ca khch hng. N tch ring thit b ca nh cung cp vi thit b ca ngi s dng. Im tham chiu S tng ng vi giao din c cc thit b u cui ISDN ring l. N tch ring thit b u cui ca ngi s dng vi cc chc nng thng tin lin lc c lin quan n mng. Im tham chiu R cung cp mt giao din khng phI ISDN gia cc thit b ca ngi s dng (m khng tng thch vi ISDN) vi
thit b chuyn i. Thng thng, giao din ny s tun theo khuyn ngh ITU-T ca X series hoc V series. im tham chiu cui cng, c minh ho trn Hnh 6.2 , l Im tham chiu U. Giao din ny m t tn hiu d liu song cng trn ng thu bao. Hin nay, Im tham chiu ny khng cn c nh ngha trong I.411, nI quy nh rng khng c Im tham chiu no c gn cho ng truyn dn v mt giao din ngi s dng mng ISDN khng tham gia vo v tr ny. Cc d tho ban u ca I.411, cho ti 1981, nh ngha mt im tham chiu nh vy. Vo nm 1981, nh ngha ny b b i m khng c gii thch, c thay th bng mt khng nh tn ti n phin bn cui nm 1984 ca I.411 v sau cng khng b b i. Tuy nhin, cng c ch khi nh ngha mt tiu chun giao din U cho khch hng c kh nng la chn vic mua thit b t cc ngi cung cp khc nhau trn hai mt ca giao din. c nhng n lc ng k trong cc nhm tiu chun Hoa K cng vi ITU-T xy dng mt tiu chun giao din U da trn cc k thut hy ting vng. Nhng n lc ny em lI kt qu v mt tiu chun Hoa K (s ni trong Chng 7). Vo thi im ny, vn cha r l liu tiu chun ny c c ITU-T chp thun hay khng. H tr dch v Cu trc c nh ngha trn Hnh 6.2 c th lin quan n cc dch v ISDN. Iu ny gip lm r thm s khc bit gia cc dch v mang (bearer services) v cc dch v t xa (teleservices), va ng thi cng lm r thm cc ngha ca cc nhm chc nng v cc im tham chiu. Cc dch v mang c h tr bi ISDN c truy cp tI cc Im 1 v/hoc 2 (cc im T v S). Trong c hai trng hp, khI nim dch v c s l nh nhau. Do vy, mtt dch v mang c cu trc 8-kHz 64-kb/s mode knh khng hn ch c th c cung cp ti mt trong hai im tham chiu. S la chn gia hai im truy cp 1 v 2 ty thuc vo cu hnh ca thit b thng tin lin lc tI v tr ca khch hng. Ti im truy cp 4 ( im tham chiu R), cc dch v chun ho khc (v d nh cc giao din X series v V series) c th truy cp c. iu ny cho php cc thit b u cui khng tng thch vi cc tiu chun giao din ISDN cng c th s dng c kt hp vi cc dch v mang. i vi cc thit b u cui nh vy, mt b chuyn i thit b u cui l cn thit chuyn i tiu chun hin c sang tiu chun ISDN. Mt chuyn i nh vy c th gm tc d liu, t analog sang s, hoc cc tnh cht giao din khc. Cc im truy cp 3 v 5 cung cp truy cp cho cc dch v t xa. Cc dch v t xa ISDN kt hp cc thit b u cui hp vp tiu chun ISDN s c truy cp tI Im 3. Cc dch v t xa s dng nhng thit b u cui da trn cc tiu chun khng phI ISDN hin c s c truy cp tI im 6. i vi cc dch v ny, cng
nh i vi cac dch v mang, c th s phi cn n mt b chuyn i thit b u cui.
Hnh 6.3. Cc v d v cc cu hnh vt l cho cc giao din ngi s dng- mng ISDN
Cc cu hnh truy cp Da trn cc nh ngha v nhm chc nng v Im tham chiu, ITU-T xut nhiu cu hnh kh d cho cc giao din ngi s dng mng ISDN. Iu ny c minh ho trn hnh 6.3. Lu rng ti a im ca khch hng c th c cc giao din tI S v T, ti S nhng khng ti T, ti T nhng khng tI S, hoc tI giao din t hp S-T. Trng hp u tin (S v T) l trc tip nht: mt hoc nhiu phn ca thit b tng ng vi tng nhm chc nng. V d c ua ra khi ta nh ngha cc nhm chc nng. Trong trng hp th hai (S , khng T ), cc chc nng ca NT1 v NT2 c kt hp. Trong trng hp ny, chc nng kt thc ng c kt hp vi cc chc nng giao din ISDN khc. Hai tnh hung kh d cng c phn nh qua sp xp ny. Nh cung cp ISDN c th thc hin chc nng NT1. nu cng mt nh cung cp cung
cp lun my tnh, LAN v/hoc c thit b PBX s, cc chc nng NT1 c th c tch hp vo trong thit b khc ny. Ni cch khc, chc nng NT1 khng cn phI l mt phn khng th thiu ca cho hng ISDN v c th c rt nhiu nh cung cp khc nhau a ra. Trong trng hp ny, mt nh cung cp LAN hoc PBX s c th tch hp chc nng NT1 vo trong thit b ca h.
Hnh 6.4. Cc v d v vic thc hin cc chc nng NT1 v NT2.
Trong trng hp th 3 (T, khng S), cc chc nng NT2 v thit b u cui (TE) c kt hp li. Mt kh nng y l mt h my tnh ch h tr cho cc ngi dng nhng cng hot ng nh mt chuyn mch gi trong mt mng chuyn mch gi ring c s dng ISDN cho trung k. Mt kh nng khc y l thit b u cui c h tr bi cc giao din chun khng phI l ISDN. Kh nng ny c minh ho trn Hnh 6.3f v s c tho lun tip. Cu hnh cui cng (giao din S-T kt hp) minh ho mt c Im quan trng ca tnh tng thch giao din ISDN: Mt thit b thu bao ISDN, chng hn nh mt my In thoI, c th trc tip kt ni vi b kt thc vng thu bao hoc vo mt PBX
hay LAN bng cch s dng cng cc c tnh k thut ca giao din v do vy s bo m c tnh di chuyn c (tnh c ng). Hnh 6.4 cho mt s cc v d v cch thc mt khch hng c th thc hin c cc chc nng NT1 v NT2. Cc v d ny cho thy rng mt chc nng ISDN cho trc c th thc hin c bng cch dng cc cng ngh khc nhau v rng cc chc nng ISDN khc nhau c th kt hp c vo trong mt thit b duy nht. V d, Hnh 6.4c cho thy mt mng LAN c th giao din vi ISDN bng cch s dng mt giao din truy cp c s hoc s cp, trong khi cc thit b ca ngi s dng s dgn mt giao din hon ton khc (t l, mt giao din LAN token-ring). Mt tp hp b sung cc cu hnh c ITU-T xut. Cc cu hnh ny gm cc trng hp trong thu bao c nhiu hn mt thit b tI mt Im giao din c th no , nhng khng qu nhiu n mc mt PBX hay LAN khgn m ng c. Trong nhng trng hp ny, c th c cc giao din vt l hp (multiple ) ti mt im tham chiu duy nht. Cc v d c a ra trn Hnh 6.5. Hnh 6.5a v 6.5b cho thy cc thit b u cui hp c kt ni vi mng, hoc thng qua mt ng a git hoc thng qua mt a cng NT1. Nhng trng hp ny khng yu cu cc thit b u cui ring l phI giao tip c vi nhau, nh trong LAN, m i hi rng mi mt thit b u cui phI c th lin lc c vi mng.
Hnh 6.5c v 6.5d cung cp cc a kt ni gia cc TE1 v NT2. Hai hnh ny t nhiu tng ng vi PBX v LAN, mt cch tng ng. Hnh 6.5e cho thy trng hp ca a thit b NT1, trong khi 6.5f cho thy trng hp trong NT1 cung cp mt hp knh lp 1 cho cc a kt ni. Hai cu hnh cui cng ch ra rng hoc S hoc T, ch khng phI c hai, khng cn phI tng ng vi mt giao din vt l trong mt cu hnh c th. Ta nhc n t hp ca NT1 v NT2. NgoI ra, mt NT2 c th c trang b kh nng gn trc tip vo thit b TE2. 6.3. kin trc giao thc ISDN S pht trin ca cc tiu chun cho ISDN bao gm c s pht trin ca cc giao thc qua li gia mt ngi s dng ISDN v mng, v gia hai ngi s dng ISDN vi nhau. a cc giao thc ISDN mi ny vo m hnh kt ni h thng m (OSI) l mt mong mun. iu ny s gip phn bit cc vn kin trc giao thc c bn mt cch d dng v to iu kin thun li cho s pht trin ca cc giao thc ISDN. D v bn cht c chung mc ch nhng m hnh OSI khng i din cho tt c cc chc nng giao thc cn thit trong mt ISDN. c bit, mt ngn xp 7 lp n gin khng c mi quan h gia mt giao thc bo hiu - iu khin trn knh D dng bt u, duy tr v kt thc mt kt ni trn knh B hoc H. c c loi tnh chc nng ny, ITU-T xy dng mt m hnh tham chiu giao thc phc tp hn, c nh ngha trong I.320 v minh ho trong Hnh 6.6. Trong m hnh ny, c hai ngn xp phn lp ca cc n v giao thc trong mt nhm chc nng duy nht: Khi giao thc ngi s dng: C nhim v c quyn v truyn trong sut cc thng tin ca ngi s dng Khi giao thc iu khin: C nhim v c quyn v h tr bo hiu ISDN Cc giao thc ngi s dng l cc giao thc truyn thng, chng hn nh X.25, c m hnh ho nh m hnh OSI. Cc giao thc iu khin thc hin cc chc nng sau : iu khin mt kt ni mng (v d nh thit lp v kt thc) Hnh 6.6. Cch nhn tng th v kin trc giao iu khin cc cuc gi truyn thng
thc
iu khin vic s dng mt kt ni c thit lp (v d nh thay i cc c im dch v trong mt cuc gi) Cung cp cc dch v ph tr Cui cng, m hnh tham chiu giao thc ISDN bao gm mt chc nng qun l mt bng ct qua tt c cc lp ca giao thc. Thut ng mt bng ch mi quan h hp tac qua li gia cc giao thc trn cng mt lp thuc cc h thng khc nhau. Chc nng qun l mt bng bao gm hng lot cc chc nng qun l mng cho php h qun tr mng Iu khin c cc tham s v hot ng ca cc h t xa v cho php mt h ni ht thu thp cu hnh v d liu hot ng bo co vi h qun tr mng.
Hnh 6.7 Cc giao thc ISDN tI giao din ngi dng-mng
Hnh 6.7 a ra cc giao thc c lin quan ISDN c tho lun trong phn ny ca cun sch trong bi cnh ca m hnh OSI. Ch rng bo hiu Iu khin v c bn l chc nng knh D nhng d liu cng c th c truyn qua knh ny . ISDN v mt c bn khng quan tm n vic s dng lp 4-7. Cc lp u cui-u cui c khai thc bi ngi dng trao i thng tin. Truy cp mng ch khai thc cc lp 1-3. Lp 1 c nh ngha trong I.430 v I.431 , xc nh giao din vt l cho truy cp c s v s cp. Bi v cc knh B v D c hp knh truyn qua cng 1 giao din vt l , cc chun ho ny c p dng cho c hai loI knh. Trn lp ny , cu trc ca cc giao thc cho 2 loI knh l khc nhau.
i vi knh D, mt chun lin kt d liu mi, LAPD c nh ngha. Chun ny da trn HDLC v c ci tin theo yu cu ISDN. Tt c truyn dn trn knh D theo khun dng ca khung LAPD m khung c tro gia cc thit b thu bao v cc phn t chuyn mch ISDN. Ba loi ng dng c tr gip : iu khin bo hiu, chuyn mch gi v telemetry. i vi iu khin bo hiu : Mt giao thc iu khin cuc gi c nh ngha trong Q.931. Giao thc ny s dng thit lp, duy tr v hu b kt ni trn knh B. V th n l giao thc gia ngi dng-mng. Trn lp 3 c th c cc chc nng lp cao hn kt hp vi bo hiu iu khin ngi dng-ngi dng. Cn c cc vn cn tip tc phI nghin cu. Knh D cng c th c s dng cung cp cc dch v chuyn mch gi : Trong trng hp ny giao thc lp 3 X.25 c s dng v cc gi X.25 c truyn trong khung LAPD. Giao thc lp 3 X.25 c s dng thit lp mch o trn knh D ti ngi dng khc v ti cc b chuyn mch go ho d liu Telemetry : l i tng cn c tip tc nghin cu. Knh B c th c s dng cho chuyn mch knh, mch bn vnh vin v chuyn mch gi. Vi chuyn mch knh : mt knh c th c khi to trn knh B theo lnh m knh D vi giao thc iu khin cuc gi c s dng cho mc ch ny. Mi khi 1 knh c khi to, n c th c s dng truyn d liu gia cc ngi dng. TI chng 2 , mt mng chuyn mch knh cho php truyn trong sut ng d liu gia cc trm truyn tin Knh bn vnh vin : l 1 mch trn knh B m n c khi to bi tho thun t trc gia cc kt ni ngi dng v mng. Ging nh chuyn mch knh , n cp ng trong sut gia 2 h thng du cui. Vi c chuyn mch knh ln knh bn vnh vin , cc trm kt ni trc tip vi nhau truyn dn lin kt song cng. Chng t do s dng cc khun dng , giao thc v ng b khung ca ring mnh. Do vy theo ch nhn ca ISDN lp 2-7 l khng nhn thy v khng xc nh . Tuy nhin , thm na ITU-T c chun I.465/V.120 cho 1 chc nng Iu khin kt ni chung cho thu bao ISDN Vi chuyn mch gi : mt kt ni chuyn mch gi c thit lp trn mt knh B gia ngi s dng v mt node chuyn mch gi bng cch s dng giao thc Iu khin knh D. Mt khi mach c thit lp, snd s dng cc mc X.25 2 v 3 lp nn mt mch o i vi mt ngi s dng khc trn knh vad trao i d liu c ng gi. 6.4. Cc kt ni ISDN ISDN bng hp cho 6 loi dch v thng tin lin lc u cui: Cc cuc gi chuyn mch knh trn knh B hoc H Cc kt ni bn thng trc trn knh B hoc H
Cc cuc gi chuyn mch gi trn mt knh B hoc H Cc chuyn mch gi trn mt knh D Cc cuc gi relay khung trn mt knh B hoc H Cc cuc gi relay khung trn mt knh D Chuyn mch knh
Cu hnh mng v cc giao thc cho chuyn mch knh lin quan n c knh B v D. Knh B c dng trao i trong sut cc thng tin ca ngi s dng. Nhng ngi s dng ang lin lc c th s dng bt k giao thc no m h mun cho lin lc u cui. Knh D c dng trao i thng tin Iu khin gia ngi s dng v mng thit lp v kt thc cuc gi v truy cp cc tin ch mng.
Hnh 6.8. Cu hnh v giao thc mng cho chuyn mch knh
Hnh 6.8 cho thy kin trc giao thc dng thc hin chuyn mch knh (xem Bng 6.3 hiu cc Hnh 6.8, 6.11 v 6.12). Knh B c mt NT1 hoc NT2 phc v nh s dng ch cc chc nng ca lp 1. Trn knh D, mt giao thc truy cp mng gm 3 lp c s dng v ta s gii thch sau. Cui cng, qu trnh thit lp mt mch thng qua ISDN s lin quan n s hp tc gia cc chuyn mch ni b vi ISDN thit lp nn kt ni ny. Cc chuyn mch ny tc ng qua li nh s dng H Thng Bo Hiu S 7.
Bng 6.3. Cc k hiu cho cc Hnh 6.8, 6.11 v 6.12 B D T D-CTL SS 7 STP (Khng) 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 LEVEL LE TE PSF ng nm ngang ng thng ng = = = = = = = = = = = = Mt knh B ISDN Mt knh D ISDN Thit b u cui B iu khin knh D H Bo hiu ITU-T 7 Im chuyn bo hiu Knh khng hin din Cc lp trong m hnh tham chiu c s ISO Cc mc trong SS 7 Tng i ni ht Tng i chuyn tip Thit b chuyn mch gi Giao thc ngang hng Lung d liu t lp ny sang lp khc
Cc kt ni bn thng trc Mt kt ni bn thng trc gia cc im tho thun c th c cp trong mt khong thi gian hu hn sau thu bao, trong mt khong thi gian c nh, hoc trong nhng khong thi gian c tha thun trong mt ngy, tun hoc mt khong no . Cu trc giao thc pha trn c minh ho trn Hnh 6.8 cng vn c gi tr trong trng hp ny. Nh th ngha l, ch c chc nng ca lp 1 l c giao din mng cung cp; giao thc iu khin cuc gi khng cn thit na v kt ni ny tn ti ri. Chuyn mch gi ISDN cn phI cho php ngi s dng truy cp cc dch v chuyn mch gi cho lu lng d liu (v d nh tng h qua lI) m thng c h tr tt nht nh chuyn mch gi. C hai kh nng thc hin dch v ny: Hoc l kh nng chuyn mch gi c cung cp nh mt mng ring bit, thng c gi l mng d liu cng cng chuyn mch gi (PSPDN), hoc l kh nng chuyn mch gi s c tch hp vo ISDN. Dch v PSPDN Khi dch v chuyn mch gi c cung cp nh mt mng PSPDN ring bit th truy cp vo dch v s c thc hin thng qua mt knh B. C ngi s dng v PSPDN do vy u phI c kt ni nh cc thu bao vi mng ISDN. Trong trng hp ca PSPDN, mt hoc nhiu node mng chuyn mch gi, c gi l cc b x l chuyn mch gi, s c kt ni vi ISDN. Ta c th lin tng mi nod enh vy nh mt DCE X.25 truyn thng c b sung logic cn thit truy cp vo ISDN. Bt k mt thu bao ISDN no khi cng c th lin lc c, thng qua X.25, vi bt k mt ngi s dng no kt ni vi PSPDN, k c :
Nhng ngi s dng vi mt kt nii trc tip, thng trc vi PSPDN Nhng ngi s dng ca ISDN hin ang c kt ni, qua ISDN, ti PSPDN. S kt ni gia ngi s dng (qua mt knh B) v b x l gi, m nh n trao i c , c th hoc l chuyn mch knh hoc bn thng trc. Trong trng hp bn thng trc, kt ni ny lun c, v ngi s dng c th t do dng X.25 thit lp mt mch o vi mt ngi s dng khc. Trong trng hp chuyn mch gi, s lin quan n knh D, v chui cc bc sau y s xut hin ( Hnh 6.9 ):
Hnh 6.9. Thit lp cuc gi o
1. Ngi s dng yu cu mt kt ni chuyn mch knh trn knh B ti mt b x l gi thng qua giao thc Iu khin cuc gi knh D (Q.931). 2. Kt ni ny c ISDN thit lp, v ngi s dng c thng bo qua giao thc Iu khin cuc gi knh D. 3. Ngi s dng thit lp mt mch o vi mt ngi s dng khc thng qua th tc thit lp cuc gi X.25 trn knh B ( m t trong Chng 3). Iu ny i hi rng u tin, mt kt ni lin kt d liu cn phI c thit lp gia ngi s dng v b x l gi, nh s dng LAPB. 4. Ngi s dng kt thc mach o nh X.25 trn knh B. 5. Sau khi mt hoc nhiu cuc gi o trn knh B, ngi dng thc hin xong v cc tn hiu qua knh D kt thc kt ni chuyn mch knh trn node chuyn mch gi. 6. ISDN kt thc kt ni. Hnh 6.10 ch ra cu hnh cha cc dch v ny. Trong hnh ny ngi dng s dng cc thit b DTE c 1 giao din vi DCE X.25. T , mt TA phi cn n. i li, X25 c th l chc nng c tch hp ca mt TE1 ISDN khng cn n mt TA ring bit.
Hnh 6.10 Truy cp ti PSPDN cho dch v mode gi TA=Terminal Adapter NT=Network Terminal 1 or 2 ET=Exchange Terminal PLP=Packet-level Procedure PSPDN=Packet-switching Public Data Network AU =ISDN access unit
Hnh 6.11 Cu hnh mng v cc giao thc chuyn mch gi khi dng knh B vi chuyn mch knh
Dch v ISDN Khi dch v chuyn mch gi c cung cp bi ISDN , chc nng x l gi c cung cp bn trong ISDN, c bi cc thit b tch ri ln 1 phn ca thit b tng
i. Ngi dng c th kt ni ti b s l gi c th l bi c knh D ln knh B . Trn knh B , kt ni ti b s l gi c th l bi c chuyn mch ln bn vnh vin v cng cc th tc c miu t ngay trc y c p dng cho cc kt ni c chuyn mch. Trong trng hp ny thay v thit lp kt ni knh B ti mt thu bao ISDN khc th ( l 1 b s l gi PSPDN ) kt ni ti 1 phn t bn trong ca ISDN nhm s l gi. Hnh 6.11 minh ho cc giao thc c quan h mt thit.
Hnh 6.12 Cu hnh mng v cc giao thc cho chuyn mch gi
Thm na, cc dch v cu chuyn mch gi c th c bao hm trn knh D. truy cp knh D , ISDN cung cp 1 kt ni bn vnh vin ti trm chuyn mch gi vi ISDN. Ngi dng khai thc giao thc lp 3 - X.25 nh lm trong trng hp ca mt cu gi o trn knh B. Ti y , giao thc lp 3 -X.25 c mang bi khung LAPD. Bi v knh D cng cn c s dng cho cc bo hiu iu khin . Mt vi phng tin c cn phn bit gia cuc truyn gi d liu X.25 v cuc truyn bo hiu iu khin ISDN. iu ny c thc hin bi kiu a ch lp lin kt c gii thch trong chng 8 minh ho cc giao thc lin quan
Hnh 6.13 Truy cp ISDN vi cc dch v mode gi
Trong hnh 6.13 ch ra cu hnh cho chuyn mch gi bn trong ISDN. Ch rng bt k ngi dng ISDN no c th gi mt mch o X.25 vi bt k ngi dng ISDN no khc trn c knh B ln knh D. Hn na n cho truy cp ti X.25 trn ISDN v PSPDN khc bng cc th tc mng din rng tng ng. Mt th tc chung gn gi l X.75 qua mng din rng gia 2 mng X.25 cng cng 6.5 a ch Trong mng in thoi cng cng din rng, mt cuc gi c th c tin hnh da trn s in thoi ca ngi b gi. kt ni in thoi din rng, mi 1 thu bao phi c 1 s in thoi duy nht v mng phi c kh nng nh x v tr ca thu bao da trn s . 1 s in thoi phi tr gip 2 chc nng quan trng : nh tuyn cuc gi. Tc ng cc th tc cn thit tnh cc cuc gi. Mt cch tng t, k hoch nh s cn thit cho ISDN. Kiu dnh s cho ISDN phi da trn cc yu cu sau : D hiu v c dng bi thu bao N c th tng ng vi cc s ang tn ti v thit b chuyn mch chp nhn C th m rng theo kch thc ca mt dn thu bao C tin ch mng din rng vi kiu nh s mng cng cng ang tn ti Ngay t nm 1980 c s lu rng s ISDN s da trn k hoch nh s hin nay cho mng in thoi c th hin trong ITU-T E.164. Tuy nhin E.164 ch cho php ti 12 con s l khng tho ng cho 1 s lng ln cc thnh vin thu bao ISDN. ISDN phi cha ng khng ch in thoi m cn cha 1 s ln cc thit b d liu. chp nhn kiu nh s l ni rng E.164. Kiu ny c th hin theo nguyn l sau : Nh lu , l s ni rng ca E.164, i vo chi tit th country code ca thoi ch ra trong E.164 c s dng nhn dng countries trong k hoach nh s ISDN N l s ph thuc vo loi dch v ( thoi hay d liu .. ) hay l hon thin ca kt ni N l cc con s h thp phn lin tip Mng din rng gia cc ISDN i hi ch s dng cc s ISDN Cu trc a ch ISDN ITU-T to nn s phn bit gia mt s v mt a ch. Mt s ISDN l cI lin h vi mng ISDN v s nh s ISDN. N gm mt thng tin va cho mng nh tuyn mt cuc gi. Thng thng, nhng khng lun lun, mt s ISDN s tng ng vi im gn kt thu bao n ISDN ( tc l, ti Im tham chiu T ). Mt a ch ISDN s bao gm s ISDN v bt k mt thng tin a ch ho b sung ty chn v / hoc bt buc no . Thng tin b sung ny khng cn thit i vi ISDN nh
tuyn cuc gi nhng li cn tI v tr thu bao phn phi cuc gi ti i tng thch hp. Thng thng, nhng khng lun lun, mt a ch ISDN tng ng vi mt thit b u cui ring bit ( tc l, ti Im tham chiu S ). Tnh trng ny c minh ho trn hnh 6.14a, hnh ny cho thy mt s thit b u cui c kt ni vi mt NT2 (v d nh, mt PBX hay mt LAN ). Ton b NT2 ny c mt s ISDN duy nht, trong khi mi mt thit b u cui ring l lI c mt a ch ISDN. Mt cch khc din t s phn bit gia cc s ISDN v cc a ch ISDN l mt s ISDN c lin quan n mt knh D, knh ny cung cp bo hiu knh chung cho mt s cc thu bao, mi mt thu bao c mt a ch ISDN ring.
Hnh 6.14. a ch ho ISDN
Ngoi ra cn c cc mi lin quan khc gia cc Im tham chiu vi cc s v cc a ch ISDN. Sau y chng s c ni n. Hnh 6.15 cho thy khun dng ca a ch ISDN. Mt a ch c khun dng nh vy c th xut hin trong cc thng Ip thit lp cuc gi c lin lc trong cc giao thc bo hiu knh chung chng hn nh H Bo hiu S 7. Cc yu t ca a ch ny nh sau:
M nc : Xc nh nc n (hay khu vc a l) ca cuc gi. N bao gm mt s
khac nhau cc con s thp phn ( t 1 n 3) v c nh ngha trong Khuyn ngh E.164 ( s d nh s in thoi hin ti ). M ch quc gia : C di thay i v mt phn ca s ISDN quc gia. Nu cc thu bao ti mt nc c phc v bi mt mt hoc nhiu ISDN v / hoc mng i in thoi chuyn mch cng cng ( PSTN ), n c th uc dng dng m trung k (m vng) nh tuyn cuc gi qua mng ch ti mt vng c th ca mng. M NDC c th cung cp mt t hp ca c hai chc nng ny nu c yu cu.
S thu bao ISDN: Cng c di thay i v to nn phn cn lI ca s ISDN quc gia. Thng thng, s thu bao l s c quay n c mt thu bao trong cng mt mng ni ht hc khu vc nh s. Cc a ch ph ISDN : Cung cp thng tin a ch ho b sung v di c ti a 40 con s. a ch ph khng c xem l mt phn ca s nh s nhng lp thnh mt phn bn trong ca kh nng a ch ho ISDN.
M ch quc gia cng vi s thu bao ISDN to thnh mt s ISDN quc gia duy
nht cho mt nc. N cng vi m nc s to nn s ISDN quc t, m hin nay ang c gii hn ti a l 15 con s. ITU-T ang xem xt vic m rng s ny ln 16 hoc 17 con s. a ch ph ISDN c cng vo s ISDN quc t to ra mt a ch ISDN vi ti a l 55 con s.
Hnh 6.15. Cu trc ca a ch ISDN.
Thng tin a ch Hnh 6.14a cho thy mt cch trc tip nht s dng cc s v cc a ch ISDN : Mi mt im tham chiu T c gn cho mt s ISDN v mi mt im tham chiu S th c gn cho mt a ch ISDN. Trng cui cng ca a ch ISDN, gi l cc a ch ph, cho php cc a thu bao c phn tch ti im thu bao theo kiu trong sut i vi mng. V d, xt mt a im gm c mt PBX h tr mt s cc my in thoi. S ISDN quc gia cho PBX ny c th l 617-543-7000. ti c mt In thoi ni ht vi s my l 678, mt ngi gi t xa phi cn quay s 617543-7000-678. ISDN s nh tuyn cuc gi da trn 10 con s u tin; ba con s cn lI s c PBX s dng kt ni cuc gi ti s my l thch hp. Trn hnh 6.14b xut mt cch s dng khc cc s v cc a ch ISDN. Trong trng hp ny, mt s cc thit b u cui s c s ISDN ca ring tng thit b. Tnh cht ny c gi l quay s trc tip ( direct dialing-in, DDI). Vi DDI, s nh s cc thit b u cui c xy dng ngay trong s ca quc gia. V d , ta li gi s mt PBX s vi s chnh l 543-7000, c s l ti PBX l 678. quay trc tip s l ny t bn ngoi, mt ngi s dng c th quay 543-7678, v khi 543-7XXX c th khng oc dng ch tr 999 kh nng s my l cho PBX . DDI
n gin hn cho thu bao hn l a ch ph, v ch cn t con s hn gi. Vi DDI, ISDN vn nh tuyn trn c s s ISDN. Ngoi ra, mt vi con s cui cng to nn uI ca s ISDN s c chuyn ti ch gI t thu bao oc gi n.S cc con s c s dng thay i v ph thuc vo yu cu ca thit b ca thu bao b gi v kh nng ca k hoch nh s c p dng. DDI c s dng d tr m bo rng cc s ISDN c kh nng tr gip cho tt c cc thu bao. Cng c kh nng t hp DDI vi a ch ph. Vic ny s cho php gi vo trc tip n cc thit b trung gian nht nh tI a Im , chng hn nh cc b tp trung thit b u cui, vi cc a ch ph dng tch bit cc thit b I cng vi cc thit b trung gian kia. Mt cch khc l gn cc s a ISDN cho mt Im tham chiu duy nht. V d, tI mt giao din ISDN, mt ngi dng c th gn vi mt mng khng phI ISDN, nh mt mng chuyn mch gi t nhn chng hn (Hnh 6.14c). Mc d v mt vt l ch c mt Im gn duy nht vi ISDN, ta vn mong mun ISDN c th thy c (phn bit) cc thit b trn mng t nhn bng cch gn mt s ISDN duy nht cho tng thit b. nh s vic ni mng Trong mt giai on chuyn tip ko dI no , ngoI ISDN s c mt lot cc mng cng cng, bao gm c cc cc In thoI chuyn mch cng cng (PSTN) v cc mng d liu cng cng, chng hn nh cc mng chuyn mch gi X.25 v cc mng tel. Rt nhiu tiu chun c ban hnh giI quyt cc vn lin quan n cu trc a ch v vic gn a ch cho cc mng ny. Tuy vy, mc d nhng tiu chun ny c xy dng cng vi kin thc v cc tiu chun khc na song chng lI khng tng thch vi nhau hoc vi k hoch nh s ISDN. Iu ny lm vic xc nh a ch gia mt thu bao ISDN v mt thu bao trn mng khc c kt ni vi ISDN tr nn kh khn. Cc cu trc xc nh a ch khc Hnh 6.16 minh ho cu trc a ch i vi cc tiu chun mng cng cng quc t chnh. Tiu chun PSTN quc t, E.64, s dng mt s gm 12 con s. M nc gng nh m nc s dng trong ISDN. S quc gia quan trng ca PSTN tng ng vi s ISDN quc gia, mc d s ca ISDN c th c nhu hn 3 con s. Nh vy, E.64 v tiu chun ISDN tng thch vi nhau mt cch hp l. X.121 cung cp mt tiu chun cho cc mng d liu quc gia. Nh c th thy, c mt lot kh nng, ph thuc vo mng. Nu thit b u cui d liu c truy cp thng qua mt mng d liu cng cng th s E.164, bt u bng mt con s 9, s c s dng. i vi cc mng d liu cng cng th m nc d liu s c dng, v khng may rng m ny khng ging nh m nc In thoi. S d liu quc gia cng
khng h ging s in thoi quc gia. S nh s telex cng khng c mi lin quan no vi E.164.
CC DNIC DCC TDC AFI IDI DSP
= = = = = = =
Country code Data network identification code Data Country code Telex destination code Authority and format identifer Initial domain identifer Domain specific part
Hnh 6.16. Cch nh s mng quc t Cui cng, ISO xy dng mt s nh s quc t da trn m hnh OSI. Quyn hn v phn cn cc khun dng ( AFI ) ca a ch ISO s b hp trong mt trong s 6 domain ph ca domain a ch mng ton cu : Mt tp gm 4 domain, mi domain tng ng vi mt kiu mng thng tin lin lc cng cng ( chuyn mch gi, telex, PSTN, v ISDN ), tt c u c ITU-T qun l. Mt domain ISO a l c nh v v tng ng vi cc nc ring bit. Cc i tng thnh vin ca ISO trong mt nc s chu trch nhim gn cc a ch ny. Mt domain t chc quc t c nh v v tng ng vi cc t chc quc t khc nhau (v d nh NATO). Ngoi ra, AFI xc nh khun dng ca phn IDI v cu trc phn DSP. Cn cc domain ban u l phn bt u (v c th ch c mt) ca a ch thc c v c din giI ph hp vi gi tr ca AFI. Cui cng, phn DSP, nu c, s cung cp cc thng tin xc nh a ch b sung.
i vi cc mng ISDN, AFI c gi tr l 44 cho cc s ISDN c th hin bng cc s thp phn v 45 cho cc s ISDN c th hin bng cc s nh phn. Kiu sau khng phI l mt th tc ISDN chun, nhng c th c ngi s dng khai thc trong m hnh OSI; trong trng hp , s ny c th c chuyn i thnh thp phn ISDN s dng. Ni chung, s ISDN quc t ging ht nh cn cc domain ban u, v a ch ph ISDN th ging nh phn domain rIng ca a ch ISO. Cc chin lc ni mng T quan im ca vic xc nh a ch ISDN, ni mng c nh ngha l mt th tc trong d mt thu bao ISDN c th thit lp cuc gi n cc thu bao hoc cc dch v c kt thc trn cc mng cng cng khc. Hai phng php c th l: la chn mt giai on v hai giai on. Vi phng php mt giai on, bn gi s nh a ch ca bn c gi trong qu trnh thit lp cuc gi. a ch ny gm y thng tin cho: ISDN nh tuyn cuc gi n mt Im mng c gi gn vi ISDN. Mng c gi phn tuyn cuc gi n i tng c gi. ITU-T a ra 2 cch trong c th xy dng cc a ch ca phng n mt giai on . Trong cch th nht, cc a ch bt u bng mt tin t dng xc nh mng c th s truy cp vo: phn cn lI ca a ch trong khun dng s c mng s dng n (Hnh 6.17a). Trong cch ny, a ch gi I c th phI xc nh s nh s gi n trong qu trnh gi. V d v mt tin t nh vy l quyn v indicator khun dng ca cu trc a ch ISO. Trong giao thc bo hiu ISDN (Q.931), s ni n trong Chng 8, trn thc t c mt nI trn trng a ch thit lp cuc gi cho mt m nh th, c gi l trng xc nh s nh s. Mt cu trc a ch khc cho phng php mt giai on l cu trc tng thch vi cu trc a ch ISDN. Trong trng hp ny, mt s m ch quc gia (cc NDC, xem Hnh 6.15) c th c gn ring cho cc mc ch ni mng. y l mt giI php km thng dng hn phng php tin t, v s cc NDC hin c b hn ch. Vi phng php hai giai on, thng qua ISDN, giai on u ca la chn s cho bn gi c truy cp vo b phn ni mng (IWU) c lin quan n Im gn vo ISDN ca mng c goi n. Bn gi I s dng mt s ISDN thit lp kt ni vi IWU . Khi kt ni c, IWU s tr li. Thng tin a ch cn thit cho bn c gi n trn mt mng c th sau s c chuyn I, nh l giai on hai ca la chn, thng qua ISDN v IWU hon tt cuc gi trong mng khng phI l ISDN ( Hnh 6.17b). Cc nhc Im chnh ca phng php 2 giai on l: Ngi gi cn phI quay thm mt vI con s ph Ngi gi phI s dng 2 s nh s Gia hai giai on cn phI c mt khong ngng (v d nh, mt ln quay tone th hai)
V nhng l do trn, ITU-T a s dng phng php 1 giai on hn, nhng cng cho php c phng php 2 giai on.
Hnh 6.17 Cc chin lc nh s ni mng.
6.6. Ni mng R rng rng hu nh s khng bao gi c mt ISDN ton cu, monolithic v duy nht. Trong giai on ti, s c rt nhiu cc mng cng cng khng phI l ISDN hot ng, vi s cn thit i vi cc thu bao trn cc mng ny kt ni vi cc thu bao trn cc mng ISDN. Thm ch trong trng hp cc ISDN quc gia khc nhau, s khc bit v dch v hay v cht lng dch v c th tn ti v thi hn. Tng ng, ITU-T cp vn ni mng ca cc mng khc vi ISDN. Mt vn lin quan n ni mng, vn khi ni mng gia cc s nh s, c tho lun trong phn trc. Vic ni mng cc s nh s cho php mt thu bao ISDN xc nh mt thu bao khng phI l ISDN vi mc ch tht lp mt kt ni v s dng mt dch v no . Tuy nhin, vic lin lc din ra thnh cng th nht thit phI c mt tho thun, v kh nng cung cp, v mt tp cc dch v v c ch chung. c c tnh tng thch gia ISDN v cc b phn ca mng hin c v cc thit b u cui th cn phI trin khai mt tp cc chc nng ni mng. Cc chc nng ni mng bao gm : Ni mng cc s nh s. i chiu cc c im ca cc lp vt l ti im kt nii gia hai mng.
Xc nh xem liu cc ngun lc ca mng v pha mng ch c p ng yu cu dch v ca ISDN khng. nh x cc bn tin tn hiu Iu khin chng hn nh xc nh (cn cc) dch v, cn cc knh, tnh trang cuc gi, v bo ng gia giao thc bo hiu knh chung ca ISDN v giao thc bo hiu ca mng c gi n d n l knh trong ( inchannel ) hay knh chung. Bo m dch v v tnh tng thch kt ni. Chuyn i cu trc truyn dn, k c k thut bin iu thng tin v cu trc khung. Duy tr tnh dng b ( kim sot li, iu khin dng ) qua cc kt ni trn cc mng khc nhau. Thu thp d liu cn thit cho vic lp ho n iu phi hot ng v cc th tc bo tr c th c lp cc li. Nh vy, ni mng c th i hi vic thc hin mt lot cc chc nng ni mng, trn ISDN hoc trn mng ni vi ISDN. Phng php do ITU-T xc nh cho vic chun ho kh nng ni mng l nh ngha cc Im tham chiu b sung lin quan n ni mng v chun ho giao din ti im tham chiu . y l mt chin lc an ton c th gim thiu c tc ng ln ISDN v c cc mng khc na. Vic bao gm cc Im tham chiu b sung ny c minh ho trn hnh 6.18. Cng ging nh trc y, thit b khch hng tng thch vi ISDN gn vi ISDN thng qua Im tham chiu S hoc T. Cc im tham chiu b xung sau y c nh ngha nh sau : K: Giao din vi mt mng In thoi hin c hoc 1 mng khng phI l ISDN no khc cn c cc chc nng ni mng. Cc chc nng ny c thc hin bi ISDN . M: 1 mng chuyn dng, chng hn nh teletex hoc MHS. Trong trng hp ny c th phI cn n cc chc nng Iu chnh , s c thc hin trong mng chuyn dng . N: Giao din gia 2 mng ISDN . C th phI cn n 1 loi giao thc no xc nh mc tnh tng thch ca dch v. T: C th c 1 ngun lc chuyn dng no c nh cung cp ISDN a ra nhng n cn phi c phn bit 1 cch r rng nh l 1 b phn hoc 1 tp cc b phn ring bit Trong I.510 , ITU-T xc nh c 5 loi mng khc h tr cc dch v lin lc m chng cng c h tr do mt ISDN m do vy chng l cc ng c vin ni mng vi mt ISDN: Mt ISDN khc Mng chuyn mch in thoI cng cng ( PSPN ) Mng d liu cng cng chuyn mch knh ( CSPDN ) Mng d liu cng cng chuyn mch gi ( PSPDN ) Telex
Hnh 6.18 Cc im tham chiu lin quan n kt ni gia thit b ca khch hngv cc mng khc vi mt mng ISDN
Bng 6.4, t I.510 cho thy loi ca cc chc nng ni mng m mi cu hnh ni mng c th i hi. Trong bng ny 1 kt ni chnh l 1 chc nng hng- mng lin quan n vic thit lp ng dn truyn thng tin thng qua mng , trong khi 1 cuc lin lc lI l 1 chc nng hng-ngi dng lin quan dn cc giao thc u cui cn thit cho vic trao i thng tin gia cc thu bao.
Bng 6.4 H tr ISDN ca cc dch v vin thng trong cu hnh mng I,510 ISDN kt ni vi Cc dch v h tr ISDN PSTN CSPDN PSPDN Telex bi ISDN in thoi O N Truyn d liu (L) N.L N.(L) N.(L) Telex O N,L Teletex O N,L N.L N.L Fax O N,L N.L N.L Trong : O : Khng c chc nng ni mng c thy trc N : Ni mng ph thuc vo kt ni L : Ni mng ph thuc vo lin lc lp thp hn H : Ni mng ph thuc vo lin lc lp cao hn (X) : C th cn dn X
Mng khac N N,(L) N,L N,L,H N,L,H
Mng ISDN - ISDN Dng ni mng n gin nht gm 2 ISDN. Nu hai ISDN cung cp cng cc dch v mang v dch v vin thng nh nhau th khng cn c cc kh nng v ni mng. Tuy nhin, c th c trng hp hai mng ny khc nhau v cc gi tr thuc tnh (attribute) m chng h tr cho mt hoc nhiu dch v. Trong trng hp ny, ni
mng l cn thit. Vic ni mng c th din ra theo 2 giai on. Trong giai on iu khin, mt qu trnh m phn s xy ra nhm t c mt tho thun v dch v. Tho thun dch v s t c nu dch v chung ti a ( c cung cp qua 2 mng ny ) bng hoc nhiu hn dch v ti thiu m bn gi chp thun. Nu t c tho thun, khi kt ni c thit lp, vic ny lin quan n s ghp cc kt ni t hai ISDN to nn mt kt ni duy nht t gc nhn ca ngi s dng. Lin lc ngi dng - n - ngi dng khi s din ra giai on ngi s dng.
Hnh 6.19: Qu trnh thng lng cuc gi trong ni mng ISDN - ISDN
Hnh 6.19 minh ho th tc m phn cuc gi dng t c tho thun dch v. C nhng bc sau y: 1. Mt cuc gi t TEx ti ISDN2 s c phn tuyn n IWF1. 2. IWF1 s lin lc vi IWF2 v s xc nh xem liu dch v c yu cu (c ch ra nh kh nng mang) ca ngi gi s ISDN2 h tr nh s dng mt danh mc dch v trong IWF2. Nu tnh tng thch tho mn, vic ni mng gia ISDN 1 v ISDN 2 s bt u.
3. Nu tnh tng thch dch v khng c, IWF2 (hoc IWF1) s thng lng vi ngi gi thay i hoc bI b yu cu dch v ny. 4. Vi mt yu cu dch v b thay i, bc 2 hoc 3 s c nhc lI cho ti khi tnh tng thch dch v c tho mn hoc yu cu dch v b bI b 5. Khi kt ni gia TEx v TEi c thit lp , tnh tng thch mc thp ( i tng mang ) v tnh tng thch mc cao ( dich v vin thng ) s c kim tra trn c s u cui. Mng khng tham gia vo qu trnh ny , nhng c th phI cn dn tho thun gia cc ISDN ny lin quan n phng php truyn thng tin t ngi dng n ngi dng. Nh vy, Iu cn thit u tin l phI xc nh liu 2 ISDN c th h tr cc thuc tnh cn thit ca dch v mang c ngi gi yu cu hay khng. Khi tnh tng thch u cui gia 2 ngi dng s c xc nh. Ni mng ISDN-PSTN nhiu nc, vic s ho mng In thoI chuyn mch cng cng ( PSTN ) hin c c tin hnh nhiu nm, k c vic thc hin truyn dn s, cc thit b chuyn mch v vic a vo cc phng php bo hiu knh chung. Vic ph bin cc vng thu bao s b chm lI sau vic da vo cc yu t s ho khc. Trong mi trng hp , cc mng nh vy cng trng lp phn no vi kh nng ca 1 mng ISDN y nhng li thiu 1 vi dch v m 1 ISDN c th h tr. Nh vy 1 lc no y cn thit phI thc hin ni mng gia ISDN v cc thit b PSTN.
Bng 6.5 cc c Im ISDN v PSTN ch yu ISDN S NgoI bng(I.441/I451) S ( NT, TE1, TE2, TA) SS7 ( ISUP) S Knh / Gi Tings khng hn ch 3.1KHz, hnh , ting PSTN Analog Ch yu trong bng TE analog, PABX .. Trong bng R2, SS7 Analog/Digital Knh Ting 3.1KHz Chc nng a b,c c d,e a f f
Giao din thu bao Bo hiu user-network Thit b u cui c h tr Bo hiu gia cc tng dI Thit b truyn dn Mode truyn tin Kh nng truyn tin
a = b= c= d= e= f=
Chuyn i analog-s v s-analog trn thit b truyn dn nh x gia cc tn hiu PSTN trong truy cp thu bao v cc bn tin I.451 i vi cc cuc gi gia cc tng i. h tr lin lc gia cc DTE PSTN c trang b modem v cc thit b u cui ISDN. Chuyn i gia h bo hiu PSTN v phn ca ngi s dng trong H Bo hiu s 7. nh x gia cc tn hiu trong truy cp thu bao ngi dng (I.441, I.451) v bo hiu gia cc tng I trong bng ca PSTN (v d nh R1) Cn c nghin cu thm.
Bng 6.5 ( t I.530 ) s xc nh cc c Im ch yu ca mt ISDN v PSTN, ch ra cc chc nng ni mng kh d khc phc cc c Im khng ging nhau. Mt vi kiu m phn tng t nh qu trnh m t trong hnh 6.16, s l cn thit thit lp c cc kt ni. Vic ni mng gia ISDN v PSTN tng i n gin. S s ca mng thoI ging ht nh vi ISDN, cho nn khng cn c s chuyn i ng k. Chc nng ni mng nht thit phI bao gm 1 nh x gia bo hiu Iu khin dng trong ISDN v bo hiu iu khin dng trong PSTN. Cui cng cn c 1 s chuyn di gia cc dng s-tng t ca thng tin ngi dng. Ni mng ISDN-CSPDN Mt mng d liu cng cng chuyn mch knh, nh tn gi cho thy, cung cp mt dch v truyn dn s nh s dng chuyn mch knh. Giao din cho cc DTE vi kiu mng ny l X.21. Ging nh X.25, X.21 thc s l mt tp hp 3 lp cc giao thc bao gm bo hiu Iu khin trong bng thit lp v kt thc cc kt ni. trong trng hp X.21, cc kt ni l thc, thay v l cc mch o. Cc chc nng ni mng cho trng hp ny vn cha c nghin cu ht; rt nhiu chc nng cn c nghin cu tip. Mt nh x cn thit phi c gia giao thc Iu khin cuc gi X.21 v giao thc dng trong ISDN. xc nh a ch, cc ISDN v CSPDN s dng cc s nh s khc nhau (tc l E.164 v X>121, mt cch tng ng). Mt cch din dch a ch mt giai on, nh m t phn trc, s c quy nh. Ni mng ISDN-PSPDN Mng d liu cng cng chuyn mch gi s cung cp mt dch v chuyn mch gi nh s dng giao din X.25. C hai trng hp ni mng: Mt dch v mang kiu mch dng trn ISDN Mt dch v mang kiu gi dng trn ISDN Trong trng hp th nht, vic ni mng s c thc hin nh mt kt ni kiu mch thng qua ISDN t mt thu bao ISDN ti mt b x l gi trong PSPDN (xem Hnh 6.10). Trong trng hp th hai, c mt giao thc ni mng c thit lp s c dng gia hai mng chuyn mch gi cng cng: X.76. V c bn, X.75 hot ng nh mt c ch ghp ni buc 2 mch o trong hai mng ny lI theo mt cch sao cho n s xut hin nh mt mch o duy nht i vi hai u DTE. 6.7. Tng kt Cc chc nng c ISDN thc hin c th nh ngha bng cch dch v m n h tr v cc chc nng c th thy c tI giao din ngi dng mng. Trong s cc c Im nh ngha quan trng nht ca ISDN c nhng Im sau:
Cu trc truyn dn: ISDN cho mt dch v, c cu trc nh mt tp cc knh. Knh B l mt knh ngi dng h tr s dng chuyn mch gi, bn thng trc v chuyn mch knh. Knh D h tr chuyn mch gi v bo hiu Iu khin ngoi dng mng. Hai cho mi truyn dn tiu chun l dch v c s, gm c hai knh B v mt knh D, v dch v s cp, bao gm 24 hc 31 knh B v mt knh D. Cc cu hnh giao din ngi dng mng: Giao din ngi dng mng c nh ngha qua cc Im tham chiu v cc nhm chc nng. Phng php ny cung cp cho cc giao din c chun ho to thun li cho vic s dng thit b t nhng ngi bn v n gin ho vic truy cp vo ISDN. Kin trc giao thc: Mi quan h qua lI gia ISDN v mt thu bao c th c m t trong phm vi ni dung ca m hnh tham chiu giao thc OSI. V cn bn, cc khuyn ngh ISDN lm vic vi lp 1 v 3 ca m hnh . Mt thng s k thut lp vt l gm c truy cp c s v truy cp s cp cho tt c cc knh. i vi knh D, LAPD c nh ngha lp lin kt d liu, v Q.931 (Iu khin cuc gi) v lp gi X.25 (dch v mode gi trn knh D) c quy nh r cho mc mng ny. i vi knh B, ISDN h tr vic s dng X.25 v LAPB cho dch v mode gi v cng cung cp I.465/V.120 nh l mt c ch lin kt d liu ty chn chung. Cc kt ni ISDN: ISDN cung cp 4 kiu dch v lin lc u cui: Cc cuc gi chuyn mch knh qua mt knh B hoc H, cc kt ni bn thng trc qua mt knh B H, cc cuc gi chuyn mch gi qua mt knh B hoc H v cc cuc gi chuyn mch gi qua knh D. Xc nh i ch: Xc nh a ch nhc ti cch thc ngi gi I xc nh ngi gi n sao cho mng c th thc hin cc chc nng nh tuyn v chuyn t. ISDN s dng mt s s da trn E.164 v c th ni mng vi cc s khng phI ISDN cho php ni mng gia ISDN vi cc mng khc. Ni mng: Ni mng nhc n kh nng mt thu bao ISDN thit lp mt kt ni vi mt thu bao trn mt mng khng phI l ISDN. Mng quan trong nht nh vy l cc mng In thoI chuyn mch cng cng (cc mng analog), cc mng d liu cng cng chuyn mch knh (cc mng X.21) v cc mng d liu cng cng chuyn mch gi (cc mng X.25). APPENDIC 6A: Cc chc nng c s ca ISDN Trong I.310, ITU-T quy nh mt tp cc chc nng c s cho ISDN. Mc ch l cung cp mt m t chc nng ca ISDN , lit k cc chc nng cn thit h tr cc dch v ISDN trong khi ng thi cho cc i tng thc hin t do thc hin v sp xp cc chc nng ny trong mng khi chng thy ph hp. Cc chc nng ny cn thit h tr cc dch v ISDN s c phn loI vo cc nhm sau: X l kt ni: Cc chc nng cho php thit lp, gi v giI phng kt ni (v d nh bo hiu ngi dng- mng)
Phn tuyn: Cc chc nng xc nh mt kt ni thch hp i vi mt yu cu cuc gi c th (v d nh phn tch s c gi n) X l cc ngun lc: Cc chc nng cho php Iu khin cc ngun lc cn thit s dung kt ni (v d nh cc thit b truyn dn, cc ngun chuyn mch, thit b lu gi s liu) Gim st: Cc chc nng kim tra cc ngun lc dng h tr cc kt ni, pht hin v bo hiu cc vn c th, v giI quyt chng nu c th (v d nh pht hin li truyn dn, v hiu chnh) Tnh tin: Cc chc nng tnh tin thu bao. Ni mng: cc chc nng cung cp cho c hai dch v v ni mng Bng 6.6 lit k cc chc nng c s c nh ngha trong I.310.
Bng 6.6 Cc chc nng c s ISDN ( I.310 )
S l kt ni Kim tra cc c tnh ca s yu cu dch v
Xc nh c tnh dch v c yu cu ca cuc gi bng cch thng tin c gi bi u cui

Xc nh loi kt ni c s
Xc nh cc loi kt ni v kt ni c s cn thit cung cp dch v c yu cu

Ngi dng truy cp ngun d phng
Xc nh loI truy cp mng-ngi dng ( c s , s cp ) vad knh c th, s d phng knh l cn thit Truyn ngun d phng D phng truyn phn t kt ni, da trn trng thI ca ngun
X l chun ho thng tin
n nh mt chun ho cc b cho cuc gi v chun ho ni b cho kt ni v xo cc chun ny khi c cuc gi/kt ni c xo / tho d
Thit lp iu khin
Setup mt kt ni
Hu b iu khin
Hu b kt ni
Kim tra u quyn dch v lin quan
Xc nh s u quyn ( ngi gi, b gi ) lin quan n cc dch v c s, dch v b xung m n ti thu bao
X l bo hiu mng-ngi dng
Tr gip lp 3 giao thc ca h thng bo hiu mng-ngi dng

X l bo hiu gia cc tng i
Tr gip phn ngi dng ca bo hiu gia cc tng i

Kim tra cc dch v ph tng ng
Kim tra kh nng tng ng ca cc dch v ph c yu cu ..

Bo hiu kt ni mng
Tr gip chc nng ni mng gia cc h thng bo hiu

u tin
X l cc cuc gi vi bc u tin ( khi qu ti hoc vn hnh ti mode degraded )
X l xp hng
Yu cu lu tr thnh hng theo th th x l sau ny theo th t trc

Xy dng v duy tr ng thng tin lin quan n cuc gi / kt ni
Bin dch thng tin lin quan n cuc gi/kt ni (v d cc ngun ti nguyn cn thit, chi tit tin trnh cuc gi, cc dch v ph v cc tham s kt hp vi .. )
nh tuyn S nhn dng ISDN
Nhn dng s ISDN ca giao din ngi dng-mng Phn tch s ca ngi b gi Phn tch s ISDN ca ngi b gi bng cch gi u cui trong giai on thit lp cuc gi
Kim tra thng tin tuyn
Phn tch thng tin nh tuyn m n c gi t u cui gi v n c hiu lc la chn con ng

n nh tuyn ring
La chn 1 tuyn ring ph hp vi thng tin nhn c t u cui gi ( v d vn hnh tuyn hng gi , im truy cp, n v kt ni mng v vn hnh hay bo tr cc n v .. )
Kt ni ng la chn
La chn phn li ra lin quan n cc loi kt ni c s dng v phn ng vt qua mng nh tuyn l i La chn 1 ng kt ni mi qua mng phu thuc vo iu kin thay i trong khi thit lp cuc gi hoc l hng tin chuyn i phase
S l ngun lc Gi v giI phng knh
Gi knh dnh ring tr gip 1 cuc thng tin v gi phng n tI cui cuc thng tin ny
Gi v gii phng mch
Gi mch d phng tr gip 1 truyn tin v tho b n khi kt thc cuc truyn tin ny
Thm vo hay tho b thit b
Thm vo hay tho b 1 thit b lm tho mn yu cu dch v theu yu cu ngi dng ( v d : trit ting vng , chuyn i lut a- .. )
Tone , thng bo v hin th thng tin
Cung cp thng tin tin hnh cuc gi nh m, cc thng bo c ghi,hoc hin th cc thng tin o
X l bo hiu mng-ngi dng
Tr gip lp 1 v 2 ca h thng bo hiu mng-ngi dng

X l bo hiu gia cc tng i
Tr gip phn truyn cc bn tin ca h thng bo hiu gia cc tng i

Tm kim ng bn trong n v chuyn mch
La chon kt ni ni b bn trong n v chuyn mch

X l ng b
Cung cp s ng b gia ton b cc chc nng khc nhau v chc nng ng b bn ni

X l thi gian ( timming )
Cung cp nhp
Du vt ng dch v
Lu tr mithng tin khch hng trn cc dch v ..
Nhp thi gian thc
Cung cp thng tin thi gian thc

Gim st Kim tra ngun lc ngi dng-mng
Kim tra vn hnh chnh xc ca thu bao truy cp ngun

Chuyn tip kim tra ngun lc
Kim tra sh chnh xc vn hnh ca cc ngun lc chuyn tip

Kim tra lin tc
Kim tra sh chnh xc vn hnh ca cc ngun lc chuyn tip

Pht hin tc nghn
Pht hin tc nghn trong khi la chn tuyn ng kt ni

Kim tra kt ni bn vnh vin
Kim tra kh nng c th cho 1 kt ni bn vnh vin

Vn hnh v bo dng Qun l d liu thu bao
Qun l d liu thu bao lin quan n dch v ( v d : vo/ra ca dch v, s cuc gi , thay i ca d liu thu bao .. )
Thng bo li
Ghi li nguyn nhn nu khi to cuc gi c li

Tnh cc Qun l cc
Xc nh mode tnh cc ( min , thng thng , nh , gim cc .. )

Ghi cc
Ghi li cc chi tit ca cuc gi

Bn ghi cc
Khun dng chi thit cc c chun ho

Billing
Tnh s thay i cc ph thuc vo s s dng dch v v gi c nh ca thu bao

Accounting
Phn tch , lu tr v gi chuyn tip thng tin lin quan n s dng ti nguyn mng, gia cc nh qun tr khc nhau bao gm cuc gi
Thng tin cc
Thng bo ti ngi dng tng s cc

Ni mng Thay i tc
Thay i tc bit mng ngi dng/chuyn dng ti tc bt ISDN

Chuyn i giao thc
Tr gip cc chc nng nh x gia cc giao din

X l bo hiu cho kt ni mng
X l cc thng tin bo hiu cho kt ni mng

nh s kt ni mng
Tr gip cc chc nng mng gia cc k hoch nh s
CHNG 7 Lp vt l ca ISDN
Lp vt l ca ISDN gii thiu cho ngi s dng cc im S hoc T (hnh 6.2). Trong trng hp ny, nhng chc nng sau bao gm c chc nng ca lp vt l ( lp 1 ca m hnh OSI ): Gii m d liu s phc v cho vic truyn dn qua cc giao din. Truyn song cng i vi knh d liu B Truyn song cng i vi knh d liu D Ghp cch knh to ra cu trc truyn dn truy cp gc hoc c bn. Kch hot v khng kch hot lp mng vt l. Nng lng c cung cp t mng u cui ti cc thit b u cui. Pht hin ra cc thit b u cui. Tm cc thit b u cui b li. Cnh tranh truy cp knh D.
Chc nng cui cng c yu cu khi c mt cu hnh nhiu im cho truy cp c bn, nh c miu t di y. Tnh t nhin ca giao din vt l v cc chc nng khng ging vi giao din mng c bn. Chng ta s xem xt 2 kha cnh quan trng vi c 2 giao din l: gii m s v kt ni vt l. Sau ta s xem xt tng giao din mt. Cui cng ta s tham kho im U, im ny khng c tiu chun ho bi CCITT, nhng n cng l mt tiu chun ANSI. 7.1 Giao din c s mng-ngi dng Trong lp 1 ch ra cc giao din c s mng-ngi dng c nh ngha trong khuyn ngh I.430. Cuc gi c tr gip giao din c s vi cu trc knh 2B+D ti tc 192-Kb/s. Trong phn ny , chng ta s xem xt 4 vn ca giao din c s : M ng Kt ni Vt l nh khung v hp knh Gii php chng xung t v cu hnh a nhnh M ng Ti giao din gia thu bao v thit b u cui mng NT (vi im chun S hoc T ) , cc d liu s c trao i khi s dng truyn song cng, vi 2 ng vt
l ring bit c s dng truyn theo mi mt chiu. Ti y chng ta khng cn phi ch ti vic phi hu b ting vng hoc s dng k thut hp knh nn thi gian t c truyn song cng bi v khong cch truyn l tng i ngn v bi v tt c cc thit b u l trong nh ca thu bao. Rt d dng s dng cc mch vt l ring bit hn l s dng k thut no khc vn hnh song cng. Thng s in cho giao din l s dng kiu m gi tam phn ( hnh 3.9 ) . s nh phn 1 c biu din bi s vng mt ca in p cn s nh phn 0 c biu din bi xung m hoc dng 750 mv +/- 10% . Tc d liu 192-Kb/s Kt ni truy vt l c s Mt kt ni vt l thc gia TE v NT ti im tham chiu S hoc T nh giao din truy cp c s c ch ra ra khng ch khuyn ngh ca ITU-T m cn ti chun ISO ( ISO 8887 ) . Chun ny l mt kt ni vt l 8 tip im ch ra trong hnh 7.1
Hnh 7.1 Kt ni vt l ISDN
u cui kt ni vt l c cm vo cho 4 hoc 8 tip im tip xc . S tip im c s dng tu thuc vo cch dng s c gii thch di y. Bng 71, lit k cc tip im c a vo cho mi mt im ca 8 im cm ti c hai pha NT ln TE. Mi mt cp hai im phi cn c s truyn cn bng theo mi mt hng. Cc im tip xc ny c s dng kt ni u cp cp xon i n t TE v NT Cc chi tit k thut cn cho kh nng cp ngun tu theo ng dng. Chiu ca ngun c truyn tu thuc vo ng dng. N c th c thit k cp ngun t mng ti cc u cui ( v d duy tr cc dch v c bn v thoi cho d mt ngun in li ti khu vc a phng ) . Hai kh nng c nhn thy da ngun t NT ti TE ( hnh 7.2 )
Cc u truy cp cng loi c s dng truyn 2 chiu tn hiu s ( ngun nui gc v sink 1 ) Trn cc dy thm vo , dng u truy cp g-h Hai u cn li khng c s trong cu hnh ISDN nhng c th s dng trong cc cu hnh khc . V th giao din vt l ISDN cha 6 dim tip xc
Bng 7.1 Cc tip xc c dng cho kt ni vt l ISDN ( ISO 8887 ) Kt ni TE NT A Power source 3 Power sink 3 B Power source 3 Power sink 3 C Transmit Receive F Receive Transmit E Receive Transmit D Transmit Receive G Power sink 2 Power source 2 H Power sink 2 Power source 2
Hnh 7.2 Cu hnh chun truyn tn hiu v ngun ti normal mode

Khung v hp knh Cu trc truy cp c s cha hai knh B 64-Kb/s v mt knh D 16-Kb/s . Cc knh ny hp li thnh tc 144-Kb/s , c hp knh to thnh giao din 192-Kb/s ti im tham chiu S hoc T . Nh vy dung lng cn li c s dng thay i khung v cc mc ch ng b Khun dng khung : Bt k phng php ghp knh chia thi gian c ng b ( TDM ), truyn dn truy cp ng b c cu trc lp li vi di khung c nh. Trong trng hp ny, mi khung c di 48 bit; tc 192 kbps, khung cn lp li tc 250s / khung. Hnh 7.8 ch ra cu trc ca khung ; khung trn c truyn bi mng ( NT1 hoc NT2 ) ti thit b u cui thu bao ( TE ); khung di c truyn t TE ti NT1 hoc NT2. Khung ng b ho l mi khung c truyn t TE ti NT s chm hn khung theo hng truyn ngc li l 2 bit thi gian.
Hnh 7.3 Cu trc khung ti im tham chiu T hoc S
Mi khung 48 bit gm 16 bit t 1 trong 2 knh B v 4 bit t knh D. Bit cn li c gii thich nh sau. Chng ta s tho lun v cu trc khung trong hng truyn t TE ti NT. Mi khung bt u l 1 bit lun lun c cho l 1 xung dng. Tip theo l l 1 bit cn bng ( L ) , n c t l 1 xung m ti in p cn bng. Mu F-l lm ng b ho my thu thi im bt u 1 khung. Mt iu chc chn l, sau v
tr 2 bit u tin, th bit 0 s c m ho l 1 xung m. Sau , quy lut ga tam phn s c xem xt. 8 bit tip theo ( B1 ) th t knh B u tin. iu ny c thc hin bi bit cn bng mt chiu ( L ). Tip theo l l 1 bit t knh D, cng vi bit cn bng ca chnh n. V 1 bit b tr khung (FA), n c t bng 0 nu n khng c s dng trong cu trc a khung, c gii thich sau y. Tip theo l bit cn bng khc ( L ), 8 bit ( B2 ) t knh B th 2, v li 1 bit cn bng khc. Sau , l cc bit t knh D, knh B th nht, ri li n knh D, knh B th 2 , v knh D. Mi nhm cc knh ny u c 1 bit cn bng. Cu trc khung trong truyn dn t NT ti TE ging vi khung trong truyn dn t TE ti NT . Nhng bit mi s thay th mt s bit cn bng mt chiu(dc). Bit vng li knh D ( E ) l s truyn ngc li bi NT ca hu ht D bit thu c t TE . Mc ch ca vic ny c trnh by sau y. Bit kch hot (A ) c s dng kch hot hay khng kch hot 1 TE, cho php thit b tr nn nh hn hoc b thay th bi phng thc tiu th t nng lng hn. Bit N thng c t bng 1. Bit N v M c th c s dng trong cu trc a khung. Cn bit S th c dnh cho yu cu tiu chun ho khc trong tng lai. S sp thng hng khung: m bo rng ma pht ( NT hoc TE ) v my thu ( TE hoc NT ) khng b tng ra khi hng, cu trc khung bao gm c s c tnh vi phm ca m gi tam phn. My thu kim tra s vi phm ny m bo rng s thng hng vn c duy tr . Hai s vi phm l Bit F u tin: Bit ny lun lun l dng. Khung c cu trc nh vy bt zero cui cng l dng. Bit zero u tin sau bit L u tin: C 2 bit ny u mang cc m. L do vi phm th 2 ny xut hin bit Fa on cui cng . Cu trc a khung Mt c im c b sung gn y ca giao din c bn ban u l s cung cp thm knh cho ng truyn t TE ti NT, gi l knh Q. Hin nay, knh Q cn phc v cho mc ch nghin cu. Tuy nhin, phin bn ca I.430 hin nay cung cp cho knh Q mt cu trc. (Bng 7.2) . b sung cho knh Q, mt cu trc a khung c thit lp bng cch t bit M bng 1 trong tt c cc khung th 20. Trong ng truyn t NT ti TE , bit Fa trong cc khung th 5 l bit Q. V vy c 20 khung th c 4 bit Q. Thng thng, trong hng truyn t NT ti TE bit Fa c t l s nh phn 0 , N bit tip theo c t bng 1 . ng nht v tr ca bit Q trong ng truyn t TE ti NT, th bit Fa/N tng ng vi ng truyn NT-TE phi c o ngc. ( Fa= 1 , N = 0 ).
Bng 7.1 Nhn dng v tr bit Q v cu trc a khung S khung 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1 2 etc NT-TE Bit M 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 NT-TE V tr Fa bit 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 TE-NT V tr Fa bit Q1 0 0 0 0 Q2 0 0 0 0 Q3 0 0 0 0 Q4 0 0 0 0 Q1 0
Gii quyt tranh chp cho cu hnh nhiu ng r Cu hnh nhiu ng r Trong cu hnh a im ra, vi giao din truy cp c bn, khng th c nhiu hn 1 thit b TE cu hnh bus th ng. n gin nht l cu hnh im ti im, ch c 1 TE. Trong cu hnh ny, khong cch ln nht gia NT v TE cho php l 1km. Cu hnh th 2 l 1 b th ng thng thng ,n cho php a im ra. Loi cu hnh ny chu s gii hn v khong cch. N c thc hin bng cch l mt tn hiu c xc nh trc v cng . Khi 2 thit b trao i d liu qua ch ni, cng tn hiu ca my pht c hiu chnh sao cho trong khong gii hn. Tn hiu phi mnh , sau khi b suy gim tn hiu qua cc mi trng, n tho mn yu cu cng tn hiu nh nht my thu v duy tr t l S/N ( tn hiu trn nhiu). Mt khc, tn hiu cng khng c qu mnh dn n s qu ti trn mch ca my pht, m n c hiu ng iu ho v tuyn tnh. Vi lin kt im ti im, yu t ch yu c tnh n l di ng truyn. Vi kt ni a im ra, mi im trn bus b mt v mo dng. Vi tc d
liu cho trc v mi trng truyn dn, mt ng a im ra phi ngn hn 1 ng dn t im ti im. Cho giao din truy cp a im ra, CCITT quy nh khong cch ln nht gia 100 v 200 m c nhiu nht 8 TE ni ti 1 im bt k dc theo ng truyn.
Hnh 7.4 Cu hnh ng dy giao din c s
di ca bus th ng ngn c gii hn bi s kh nhau v thi gian tr hon tn hiu truyn. V thit b c ni vi nhiu im khc nhau, My thu NT phi phc v cho cc xung ti vi thi gian tr khc nhau t cc thit b u cui khc nhau. Cu hnh cui cng, c minh ho trn hnh 7.4d, l cu hnh sao. Cu hnh ny cho php nhiu TE nhng ch cn 1 dy ni im vi im. Cng cu hnh ny, NT1 cn bao gm logic s nhm cung cp s hot ng lp li ca knh D. NT1 phi
7
truyn cc bit lp li ging nhau qua tt c cc ng truyn t NT1 ti TE . Gi tr ca bit lp li l 0 nu bit ti D l 0 ; ngc li l 1. V pha mng, NT1 phi c ho vo ng truyn t tt c TE t i 1 chui n 192 Kb/s. Gii quyt tranh chp Vi cu hnh hnh 7.4b v 7.4c, c 1 vn cn tho lun. Chc nng gii quyt tranh chp i hi khi s dng nhiu thit b u cui TE1 chia s trn cng mt ng vt l ( hnh 7.4 ) . C 3 loi vn chuyn cn c xem xt : Vn chuyn trn knh B : Khng c chc nng thn vo no phi cn iu khin truy cp trn 2 knh B bi v mi mt knh c chuyn cho 1 TE ti mt thi im cho trc Vn chuyn knh D li vo : Knh D c kh nng s dng bi tt c cc thit b cho c bo hiu iu khin ln truyn cc gi tin v v th c kh nng xy ra tranh chp. Kiu a ch LAPD c xc nh ti chng sau cho php tm kim cc ch thch hp cho mi mt n v d liu . l do mi khung LAPD cha mt a ch r rng ca thit b u cui TE . Tt c cc TE ti cc trm thu bao c th c cc a ch ny v xc nh xem liu khung d liu n c phi l cho chng hay khng. Vn chuyn knh D li ra : Truy cp phi lin tc sao cho ti mt thi im ch mt thit b c th truyn . y l mc tiu c gii php thut ton chng tranh chp Gii php thut ton chng lin tc tranh chp truyn qua knh D sao cho thng tin bo hiu cho bc u tin ( u tin loi 1 ) qua tt c cc loi khc nhau ca thng tin ( u tin loi 2 ) . Thut ton gii quyt tranh chp knh D c mt s yu t sau: 1. 2. 3. Khi thit b thu bao khng c khung LAPD truyn, n s truyn mt chui cc s nh phn 1 trn knh D. S dng cch gii m gi tam phn, n tng thch vi s thiu dng tn hiu. Ti NT , trong cng thc ca 1 bit knh D, cho tr li gi tr nh phn ging nh l vic lp li 1 bit knh D ( hnh 7.5). Khi 1 thit b u cui sn sng truyn mt khung LAPD, n s kim tra chui bit lp li ti knh D. Nu n d thy mt chui cc bit m di bng vi gi tr ban u Xi, th n c th truyn ngc li, thit b u cui s cho rng mt s thit b khc ang truyn, v i. C mt iu c th xy ra rng mt s thit b ang kim tra chui lp li v bt u truyn cng mt thi gian, gy ra s va chm. gii quyt vn ny, 1 my pht TE s kim tra bit lp li v so snh chng vi bit c truyn. Nu c s khng thng nht c tm ra th thit b u cui khng truyn na v kim tra trng thi.
4.
c tnh in ca giao din ( vi d bit 1 = thiu tn hiu , thit b s dng pht 1 bit 0 s c quyn cao hn hn thit b s dng pht bit 1 trong cng
mt thi gian ). S sp sp ny m bo cho thit b hon thnh vic truyn tn hiu ca n.
Hinh 7.5 Contention Resolution
Thut ton bao gm c mt c ch u tinda trn gi tr ban u Xi, thng tin bo hiu c u tin hn thng tin gi . Trong mi lp u tin, mt tram ban u c u tin sau s gim mc u tin ca mnh sau khi truyn. N vn duy tr mc u tin thp cho n khi tt c cc thit b u cui khc c truyn. Gi tr Xi c cho nh sau: Thng tin bo hiu Mc u tin thng Xi = 8 = 9 Mc u tin thp hn Xi Thng tin bo hiu Mc u tin thng Xi = 10 = 11 Mc u tin thp hn Xi Hnh 7.6 ch ra 1 v d v cch gii quyt tranh chp. 3 thit b TE (A, B and C ) u c gng s dng knh D. Min l tt c cc bit 0 v 1 tt c cc ngun l ng nht vi nhau. Ngay khi 1 ngun nhn thy 1 bit 0 trn knh E khi n c truyn, v s nh phn 1 trn knh D v tr thch hp , th ngun ny s dng li khng truyn na. Ni tm li mi mt TE duy tr 2 gi tr u tin X1 v X2 , ph hp vi cc thng tin bo hiu v khng bo hiu c truyn trn knh D . Mi mt trong cc gi tr ny c khi ng ti mc u tin thng thng . Khi mt TE c knh thng tin D lp i truyn , n phi ch i cho n khi no n thy 1 chui cc bt 1 trn knh E bng Xi th n truyn. iu ny c thc hin do s ph hp v gi tr u tin c t ti bc u tin thp hn khi phc bc u tin thng thng , mt TE phi lng nghe tm s lin tc bit 1 . Khi TE quan st thy mt chui cc bit 1 trn knh E bng vi gi tr ca bc u tin thp ( tc l gi tr ln nht ) th n thay bch u tin sap cho tr li gi tr mc thng thng ca bc u tin.
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Hnh 7.6 V d v gii php chng tranh chp
7.3 Tc s cp ca cc giao dn mng Giao din s cp , ging nh giao din c bn, ghp c nhiu knh thng qua 1 mi trng truyn dn n, giao din s cp , ch cho php cu hnh im ti im. c bit, giao din ny tn ti im tham chiu T vi 1 PBX s hoc thit b tp trung iu khin nhiu TE v cung cp 1 phng tin ng b TDM cho truy cp ti ISDN. Hai tc c nh ngha giao din s cp ny l 1.544Mbps v 2.048 Mbps. Giao din vi tc 1.544 Mb/s Giao din ISDN tc 1.544Mbps da trn cu trc truyn dn DS1 Bc M, m n s dng dch v truyn dn T1. Hnh 7.7a minh ho dng khung tc d liu ny. Chui bit ny c cu trc lp li 193 bit / khung . Mi khung gm 24 8-bit khe thi gian v 1 bit khung . Nhng khe thi gian c lp li qua nhiu khung to thnh 1 knh. tc 1.544 Mbps, cc khung lp li tc 125sec, hay 8000 khung mi dy. V vy mi knh h tr tc 64kbps. c bit, cu trc truyn dn c s dng h tr 23 knh B v 1 knh D. Nh tho lun trong chng 6 , mt quy nh khc c thit lp , bao gm 24 knh B v tp trung mt s lng ln cc knh H .
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Hnh 7.7 Khun dng khung tc s cp
Mt bit khung c s dng cho ng b ho v mc ch iu khin khc. Mt cu trc a knh gm 24 , mi khung 193 bit c t, bng 7.3 ch ra quy nh gi tr ca bit 24 ca khung qua khung 24 ca a khung. Su bit tn hiu thng hng khung , vi m l 001011 , lp li cc a khung. Mc ch l cung cp mt dng ng b. Nu v mt vi l do m my thu c mt hay nhiu hn mt bit khng ng nht vi my pht , n s d tn hiu thng hng v s mt thng hng . Cc bit to ra ging nh bit ei c th c s dng nh bit kim tra vng th 6 (CRC) ca khung. Cc bit cn li , t l bit m , thng khng phi l tiu chun , nhng chng c th c s dng tng lai. Dng m ho cho giao din 1.544Mbps l AMI s dng B8ZS. Giao din c tc 2.048 Mbps. Giao din ISDN vi tc 2.048 Mbps da trn cu trc truyn dn CCITT cng mt tc . N c nh ngha chi tit trong G.7044 . Hnh 7.7b minh ho dng khung cho tc ny, chui bit c cu trc cho lp li 256 bit cc khung. Mi khung gm 32 8-bit khe thi gian. Khe thi gian u tin c s dng cho s to thnh khung v ng b, 31 khe thi gian cn li h tr cho knh s dng. tc 2.048 Mbps , cc khung lp li c 125 sec mt ln, hay 8000 khung mi second. V vy mi knh h tr tc 64 kbps. c bit, cu trc truyn dn c s dng h tr 30 knh B v mt knh D. c tho lun chng 7, mt quy nh khc c thit lp, nh 31 knh B v tp trung mt s lng ln cc knh H.
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Bng 7.3 Multiframe Structure for 1.544 Mbps Interface F-Bits Multiframe Frame Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Multiframe Bit Number 1 194 387 580 773 966 1159 1352 1545 1738 1931 2124 2317 2510 2703 2896 3089 3282 3475 3668 3861 4054 4247 4440 Assignments FAS See Note _ _ _ 0 _ _ _ 1 _ _ _ 0 _ _ _ 1 _ _ _ 1 _ _ _ 1 m _ m _ m _ m _ m _ m _ m _ m _ m _ m _ m _ m _ See 4.2.6 N e1 _ _ _ e2 _ _ _ e3 _ _ _ e4 _ _ _ e5 _ _ _ e6 _ _
Bng 7.4 ch ra cch s dng cc bit trong khe thi gian 0. Mt khung tn hiu thng hng chim t 2 ti 8 ch trong khe thi gian 0 catt c cc khung .Tn hiu ny, l 0011011, c s dng sp thng hng cho cc khung ca giao din 1.544 Mbps. Bit Si c th c s dng cho vic to ra 4 bit m kim tra vng, c gii thch trong on tip theo. Bit A c th c s dng cho s bo hiu t xa; trong iu kin nguy cp, n c t l 1. Bit Sai l bit thay th m khng c nh ngha.
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Bng 7.4 Allocation of Bits 1 to 8 of the Frame in 2.048 Mbps Interface
Bit Number Alternate Frame Frame containing The framealignment signal Frame not contain-ing the framealignment signal
SI Note 1 Si Note 1
Tn hiu xp thng hng khung 1

Note2
A
Note 3
Sa4
Sa5
Sa6
Note 4
Sa7
Sa8
Bng 7.5 Multiframe Structure for 2.048 Mbps Interface Sub-multiframe (SMF) Bits 1 to 8 of the Frame Frame Number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 E = Sa4 - Sa8 = 1 C1 0 C2 0 C3 1 C4 0 C1 0 C2 0 C3 1 C4 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 3 0 A 0 A 0 A 0 A 0 A 0 A 0 A 0 A 4 1 Sa4 1 Sa4 1 Sa4 1 Sa4 1 Sa4 1 Sa4 1 Sa4 1 Sa4 5 1 Sa5 1 Sa5 1 Sa5 1 Sa5 1 Sa5 1 Sa5 1 Sa5 1 Sa5 6 0 Sa6 0 Sa6 0 Sa6 0 Sa6 0 Sa6 0 Sa6 0 Sa6 0 Sa6 7 1 Sa7 1 Sa7 1 Sa7 1 Sa7 1 Sa7 1 Sa7 1 Sa7 1 Sa7 8 1 Sa8 1 Sa8 1 Sa8 1 Sa8 1 Sa8 1 Sa8 1 Sa8 1 Sa8
M U L T I F R A M E
II
Note 1 : Note 2 :
CRC-4 bit xc nh li. Spare bt.

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Note 3 : Note 4 :
C1 -C4 = A =
Cyclic Redundancy Check 4 (CRC-4)bits. Remote alarm indication.
Nu cn lm tng kh nng kim tra li, mt cu trc a khung, c minh ho trong bng 7.5 , c th c s dng. Gi tr ca 4 bit m CRC c t v tr bit u tin ca cc khung khc nhau. Hai bit E c s dng bo hiu tr li cho pha cn li l li CRC c tm thy, bng cch t gi tr nh phn ca 1 bit E t 1 v 0 cho mi nn ca a khung b li. M ho dng cho giao din 2.048Mbps l AMI s dng HDB3. 7.3 Giao din U Trong phn ny , chng ta nhn li chun ANSI T1.601 cho giao din U tr gip tc c s ca truy cp ISDN . Nh trong phn 3.3 tho lun v k thut m ho cho giao din ny. Cu trc truy cp c s bao gm 2 knh B tc 64-Kb/s v 1 knh tc 16-Kb/s . Cc knh ny sinh ra tc 144-Kb/s v c phn knh to thnh giao din tc 160-Kb/s ti im tham chiu U. Dung lng cn li c s dng bin i khung v ng b. Khun dng khung Vi kiu phn knh TDM , truyn dn truy cp tc c s c cu trc thnh cc khung c c trng lp li v di khng i. Trong trng hp ny , mi mt khung bao gm 240 bit , t tc truyn dn 160-Kb/s . Cc khung phi c lp li vi tc ca mi khung sau mt 1.5 msec. Hnh 7.8 ch ra cu trc khung bao gm 3 phn : T ng b : 9 k hiu u tin ( 18 bit ) ca mt khung to thnh 1 t ng b , vi cc k hiu trc giao theo mt trnh t ( +3 +3 -3 -3 -3 +3 3 +3 +3 ) , hy tht ch n trnh t ny. T ny cho php my thu d dng ng b khi bt u ca mi mt khung D liu ngi dng : Tip theo , 12 nhm ca mi mt nhm 18 bit mang d liu knh D v knh B , nh minh ho ti phn pha di ca hnh 7.8 Knh M : 16 bit cui ca khung to thnh 1 knh M tc 4-Kb/s bo tr v cc mc ch khc Ch rng , s xen k cc bit B v D l khc nhau ti giao din vi im tham chiu U ( 8 B1, 8B2, 2 D ) vi cc im tham chiu ti S v T ( 8 B1, D , 8 B2 , D ). Bi v tc knh d liu phi cng vi tc ca tt c 3 im tham chiu. This presents a min bufferring problem. Thit b NT1 c trch nhim bin i khun dng gia 2 gi tin
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Hnh 7.8 Khung truyn 2B1Q
Cu trc a khung Cu trc a khung c bn c t ch thnh cc siu khung bao gm 8 khung cho mi siu khung, nh ch ra trong bng 7.6 . Khung u tin trong 1 siu khung c nhn dng bi s o phn cc ca t ng b trong khung , vi mu ( -3 -3 +3 +3 +3 -3 +3 -3 -3 ) . Bn trong siu khung , c 48 bit M , chng c s dng cho cc mc ch khc nhau. Hu ht cc cc khung u s dng 1 khun dng 12-bit CRC kim tra li. Bng 7.7 cho ta s so snh ca giao din tc c s ti im tham chiu U v im tham chiu S/T.
Bng 7.6 K thut siu a khung 2B1Q
V tr trc bit giao Khung c s # Khung 1-9 1-18 T sync. 2B+D 10-117 19-234 2B+D 118s 235 M1 118m 236 M2 119s 237 M3 119m 238 M4 120s 239 M5 120m 240 M6
Siu khung #
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A A A A A A A A B, C, ..
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW
2B+D 2B+D 2B+D 2B+D 2B+D 2B+D 2B+D 2B+D
eoca2 eocdm eoc13 eoc16 eoca1 eocdm eoc13 eoc16
eoca3 eoc11 eoc14 eoc17 eoca2 eoc11 eoc14 eoc17
eoca3 eoc12 eoc15 eoc18 eoca3 eoc12 eoc15 eoc18
Act Dea 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 crc1 crc3 crc5 crc7 crc9 crc11
1 fbe crc2 crc4 crc6 crc8 crc10 crc12
Act Crc Dea Eoc
= = = =
Activation bit kim tra d tha vng khc phc 2B & M deactivation bit embeed operatin channel
Bng 7.7 Comparison of Basic Rate Interface Physical Layer Standards(KESS90)
Reference point Devices Distance Physical configuration Bit rate User dara rate Line code Signaling rate Maximum voltage Timing source Number of wire pairs Full-duplex method Interleaving scheme Number of bits per frame Number of bits user data Number of bits overhead Number of frames/sec
CCITT I.430 S or T TE1/TA to NT 1km Point-to-point or pointto-multipoit 192kbps 144kbps Pseudoternary 192kbaud +-750mV NT 2 One wire paor for each direction B18D1B28D1 (twice per frame) 48 36 12 4,000
ANSI T1.601 U NT1 to LE 5.5 km Point-to-point 160kbps 144kbps 1B1Q 80kbaud +-205V LE 1 Echo cancellation B18B28D2 (12 time per frame) 240 216 24 666,666
Subscript indicates the number of contiguous bits that are sent on B1,B2 and D chanels
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7.4 Tm tt Lp vt l c bit cho ISDN c chia thnh 2 phn : 1 cho truy cp c bn v 1 cho truy cp ban u. Tc tuy cp c bn h tr 2 knh Bv 1 knh D cho tc d liu s dng 144kbps. im tham chiu S v T, giao din a ra 1 cu trc khung hot ng tc 192 kbps h tr cho 3 knh s dng cng thm s qu ti v bit bo v. M gi tam phn c s dng. Mt kt ni vt l 8 chn c nh ngha. Tc c bn hot ng l 1.544v 2.048 Mbps. Giao din 1.544 Mbps dng m AMI vi B8ZS . Giao din 1.544 Mbps dng m AMI vi HDB3. Mc d CCITT khng a ra s gii thiu ISDN cho giao din U , ANSI a ra 1 tiu chun v hu b ting vng v m dng 2B1Q 160 kbps h tr cho tc giao din c bn.
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Chng 8 Lp lin kt d liu

i vi truyn thng s th bn trn lp vt l cn phi c mt giao thc iu khin lin kt d liu. CCITT v ITU-T nh r giao thc iu khin lin kt d liu cho knh D. Giao thc ny cn gi l LAPD, n c s dng cho vic truyn thng gia cc thu bao v mng kt ni. Hu ht cc ti knh D u s dng giao thc ny, cn i vi cc ti knh B th c mt vi im khc. Vi mng chuyn i gi tin th LAPD dng kt ni mt thu bao vi mt nt chuyn mch khc. Cn i vi mt b chuyn mch th tn ti mt u cui gia hai thu bao v chng t do s dng bt c giao thc no mc kt ni iu khin lin kt d liu. Tuy nhin, giao thc iu khin lin kt d liu lin h gia hai ISDN c nh sn. Nm 1988, gii thiu giao thc mi I.465/V.120 c dng cho cc b thch ng u cui m c bn u da vo vic s dng giao thc iu khin lin kt d liu tng t nh LAPD. Giao thc ny cho php kt ni cc b a hp mt cch logic qua knh D gia hai ngi s dng. Da vo tiu chun ra t nm 1988 m CCIT qui nh kh nng lm vic, cho php gi l sn tip m. I.465/V120 c coi nh mt bc tin xa. Sn tip m da trn giao thc iu khin lin kt d liu n va cho php kt ni cc b a hp mt cch logic qua knh B va cho php kt ni vi nhng ngi s dng khc nhau. Chnh v th, sn tip m m bo cho cc dch v chuyn mch gi vn hnh c lp lin kt d liu 8.1 LAPD Hu ht lu lng ti thng tin trn knh D u s dng giao thc LAPD lp lin kt, c nh sn l I.441/Q921. u tin ta xem xt cc dch v m LAPD cung cp cho lp mng v sau xem xt mt vi s bin i ca giao thc ny Cc dch v LAPD dng truyn ti thng tin gia 3 lp i tng d liu qua mng truyn thng s a dch v ( ISDN ) s dng knh D. Dch v LAPD c th ph tr cho: Cc u cui song song mng lp t cho ngi s dng (xem hnh 7.4) Ba lp i tng d liu song song (X25 lp3 .I451/ Q931) Chun LAPD cung cp 2 dng dch v n ngi s dng: l dch v truyn ti khng ghi nhn thng tin v dch v truyn ti ghi nhn thng tin 1. Dch v truyn ti thng tin khng ghi nhn: ch n gin l truyn ti sn cha ng d liu m khng ghi nhn. Dch v ny bo m rng d liu ca mt ngi s dng s khng b ln vo d liu ca ngi s dng khc. Dch v ny khng c bt c mt c cu iu khin qu trnh lm vic hoc gim st li N
b tr cho vic phn phi n 1 ngi s dng hoc truyn thng ( phn phi n mt s ngi s dng ). Nhng n cng truyn d liu nhanh v hu dng i vi th tc iu hnh v d nh tn hiu bo ng v tin nhn chuyn n ngi s dng. 2. Cn truyn ti thng tin c ghi nhn ph bin hn v tng t nh dch v c cung cp bi LAPB v HDLC. Vi dch v ny thit lp c s kt ni logic gia 2 ngi s dng. C 3 qu trnh xy ra: thit lp ni, truyn d liu v kt ni thit b cui. Trong sut giai on thit lp kt ni, 2 ngi s dng chp nhn hon chuyn d liu ghi nhn. Mt ngi s dng a ra yu cu kt ni vi mt ngi s dng khc.Nu pha bn kia khng bn th yu cu ny s c ghi nhn mt cch chc chn v kt ni logic c thit lp. Trong trng hp thit yu, c sn mt kt ni logic c ngha l s cung cp dch v LAPD cui mi s kt ni s gi cho ng ca khung truyn c chuyn i v c nhn li gim st li v iu khin qu trnh lm vic. Trong sut qu trnh truyn d liu, LAPD bo m rng tt c cc khung truyn s b phn phi sao cho chng c truyn i.Cn trong qu trnh kt ni thit b cui 1 trong 2 ngi s dng yu cu kt ni mt cch logic Tnh cht c bn ca giao thc LAPD Giao thc LAPD oc m phng sau khi giao thc LAPB c s dng trong X25 v trn HDLC. C thng tin ngi dng, thng tin iu khin giao thc v cc tham s u c truyn dn trn khung truyn. Tong ng vi 2 loi dch v c cung cp bi LAPD th c 2 loi vn hnh: Vn hnh theo kiu khng ghi nhn: thng tin lp 3 c truyn ti trn cc khung khng s. B d tm li c s dng loi b hng hc trn khung nhng li khng c b kim sot li v iu khin qu trnh lm vic Vn hnh theo kiu c ghi nhn : thng tin lp 3 c truyn ti trn khung bao gm nhng s trnh t v chng c s dng ghi nhn. Th tc iu khin li v iu khin lung c cha trong giao thc ny. Loi dch v ny cng c nh x n mt chun trong vn hnh a khung. Hai loi vn hnh (hot ng ) trn c th tn ti ng thi trn 1 knh D n l Vi vn hnh xc nhn, n c th tr ng thi tr gip cho nhiu kt ni logic LAPD. iu ny tng t nh kh nng ca X.25 mc 3 c th b tr cho nhiu mch o. Cu trc khung truyn Hu ht thng tin ngi dng v cc cc bn tin giao thc u c chuyn i di dng khung truyn. Hnh 8.1 m t cu trc mt khung truyn ca LAPD.
Hnh 8.1 Khun dng LAPD
Ta xem xt mt trong s cc trng sau y:

1. Trng c:
Trn khung truyn H91 th trng c l hai byte u v cui vi m hnh duy nht 01111110 . Mt c n c th c dng nh l mt c ng cho khung th nht v l c m cho khung tip theo. Trn c hai pha ca giao din mng-ngi dng, pha thu tm kim c tip theo ng b ho vi c m ca khung. Khi nhn mt khung truyn th trm thu tip tc d c tip theo xc nh im cui ca khung truyn. Do giao thc ny cho php biu din tu cc m hnh bit ( Tc l khng c s hn ch no trong s cha ng ca trng bin thin b p t bi giao thc kt ni.) Vic m hnh 01111110 s khng xut hin mt s ni trn khung truyn khng ly g lm chc chn, do vy s ng b c th b ph v. trnh iu ny,
ngi ta dng mt th tc gi l s nhi bit . Gia s truyn dn ca c ng v c m, b pht lun chn thm mt bt 0 b sung sau mi ln gp nhm 5 bt 1 trn khung tn hiu. Sau khi tm thy c m, b thu s kim tra chui bit. Khi mt m hnh gm 5- bit xut hin ngi ta kim tra bit th 6. Nu bit ny l 0 th xo, nu bit ny l 1 v bit th 7 l bit 0 th s kt hp ny c chp nhn nh l mt c. Nu c hai bit 6 v 7 u l 1 th bn pht s xc nhn mt iu kin kt thc. Do vic nhi bit m m hnh bit tu c th c chn vo trng d liu ca khung. c tnh ny c gi l d liu trong sut. Hnh 8.2 ch ra mt th d v s nhi bit,ch vo trng hp u tin trong hai trng hp, bit b sung 0 khng tht cn thit phi loi b trong mu c nhng i vi vic vn hnh thut ton th li rt cn thit. Hnh ny cng minh ho nhng vn ca bit nhi khi mt c s dng c c ng v c m, bit 1 li hp nht hai khung truyn thnh mt. Ngc li n c th chia 1 khung thnh 2.
2. Trng a ch :
LAPD phn phi di hai mc dn knh. u tin pha cc thu bao c th c nhng thit b s dng oc phn chia cng mt giao din vt l. Th hai l bn trong mi mt thit b s dng c nhiu loi ti thng tin:loi c bit, d liu chuyn mch gi v tn hiu iu khin. thch ng vi hai mc dn knh, LAPD s dng hai phn a ch, c th l nhn dng thit b u cui n nht, mt thit b c th c gn cho nhiu TEI. l trng hp b tp trung u cui. Php gn TEI hoc l c thc hin t ng hoc l c thc hin c hc bi chnh ngi s dng. i vi trng hp s dng bng c hc th lu rng nhiu thng tin ca cc thit b ph tr a n giao din khng ging nh TEI. Tin li ca ch t ng l n cho php ngi s dng thay i, b sung v xo i mt vi thit b m khng cn phi khai bo cho mng qun l. Nu khng c tnh nng ny th mng s phi iu khin mt c s d liu cho tng thu bao v vic cp nht phi thc hin mt cch th s. Bng 8.1 ch ra php gn mt s TEI. Thit b nhn dng truy cp u cui SAPT xc nh lp 3 ca LAPD,do vy tng ng vi i tng lp 3 bn trong thit b s dng Bng 8.1a ch ra 4 gi tr c bit thng c gn: Gi tr 0 : S dng cho th tc gim st cuc gi iu khin chuyn mch knh B Ga tr 16: Dnh ring cho truyn thng mode gi trn knh D s dng X25 mc 3 Gi tr 63: S dng cho hon chuyn d liu lp 2 trong vic qun l thng tin. Gi tr 1 l php gn gn y nht (1984) s dng cho truyn thng mode gi s dng I451/Q.931. iu ny c dng cho tn hiu thng tin gia hai ngi s dng. Cui cng l di gi tr t 32-62 c dnh ring cho vic b tr kt ni sn tip m nh m t phn 93
C nhiu gi tr SAPI trong 1 TEI l n nht. C ngha l vi mi TEI c 1 i tng lp 3 duy nht a ra cho SAPT. Do vy TEI v SAPI lun cng nhn dng lp 3 pha thu bao v nhn dng kt ni logic mt cch n nht.Vi ni dung ca ti liu ny th s kt hp gia TEI v SAPI nh l mt nhn dng kt ni lin kt d liu. bt c thi im no, LAPD cng c th cp nht c nhiu kt ni logic vi mt nhn dng kt ni d liu ( DLCI ) n nht. Do vy i tng lp 3 lun c duy nht mt kt ni logic LAPD. Hnh 8.3 a ra mt th d. N ch ra 5 kt ni logic c lp qua giao din knh D
Bng 8.1 SAPI v TEI
nh dng mt trng a ch c minh ho bng hnh 8.1b. C trng SAPI v TEI u biu th a ch ca thu bao lp i tng 3. Trn ng truyn i tng lp 3 cha ng nhng a ch ny trn khung. Khung truyn i t nhng mng cha a ch trn v i tng ca LAPD s dng nhng a ch ny a li cho d liu s dng nhm tng ng vi i tng lp 3. Hn th na trng a ch ny cn bao gm t s ( bit iu khin / bit p ng ). Gii thch mt cch y th tt c nhng thng tin ca LAPD c dch ra thnh nhng bit lnh hoc bit p ng. Nhng bit ny c s dng xc nh loi thng tin cha ng trn khung truyn.
Bng 8.2 Cc p ng v lnh LAPD Name Inormation (I ) Supervisory (S) Received Ready (RR) Received not Ready (RNR) Reject (REJ) Unnumbered (U) Set Sync balance mode (SABME) Disconnect mode (DM ) Unnumbered informatin (UI) Disconnect (UA) Unnumber Acknowledge ( UA ) Frame Reject (FRMR) Exchange Identication ( XID)
3. Trng iu khin:
Command / Responde C/R C/R C/R C/R C R C/R C R R C
Description Trao i d liu ngi dng Xc nhn v tr, nhn khung I tt ti v tr Xc nhn v tr, khung I hng cn pht li ti v tr Khng chp nhn, quay tr li N Yu cu kt ni logic Khng thit lp lin kt hoc kt ni bo tri S dng dch v truyn khng xc nhn thng tin Hu b kt ni logic Ack cho SABME hoc DISC Nhn bo co khng chp nhn khung Trao i thng tin nhn dng
LAPD nh ngha ba loi khung truyn, mi loi ng vi nh dng trng iu khin khc nhau: + Khung truyn thng tin ( I-frames ): Mang d liu chuyn n ngi s dng. Hn na, d liu iu khin qu trnh v gim st li s dng c ch tin-li N-ARQ c th c ghp chng ln khung truyn thng tin ( Iframes). + Khung gim st ( S-frames ): S dng c cu ARQ. + Khung khng s ( U-frames ): Cung cp nhng chc nng b sung iu khin kt n v c dng h tr cho vn hnh thng tin khng ghi nhn. Mt trong hai bt u tin ca trng iu khin l bit xc nhn loi khung truyn. V tr bt c t chc thnh cc trng con nh ch ra trn hnh 8.1c. Tt c cc nh
dng ca trng iu khin u cha ng t s bit ( P/F ). i vi khung lnh th ( P/F ) ch bit P v c t bng 1 gi khung p ng t i tng ngang mc ca LAPD. i vi khung p ng th ( P/F ) ch bit F v c t bng 1 ch th d liu c truyn i t lnh gi.
4) Trng thng tin:
Trng thngtin ch c biu din trn khung truyn thng tin ( I-frame ) v mt vi khung khng s ( U-frame). Trng ny c th cha ng mt vi chui bit nhng phi l mt nhm 8 bt(octet). di cc i ca trng thng tin c th bin thin ln n mt vi gi tr ti a m h thng nh sn. Trong trng hp c c tn hiu iu khin v thng tin gi nh I.441/Q.921 th di ln n 260 octet.
Hnh 8.3: Miu t tng quan mi quan h gia SAPI, TEI v nhn dng u cui data link
5. Trng kim tra trt t khung truyn (FCS)
FAS l m pht hin li t nhng bit nguyn gc ca khung truyn, khng tnh bit c.M s dng l m CRC
Vn hnh ghi nhn thng tin Vn hnh theo kiu ghi nhn thng tin ca LAPD bao gm s hon chuyn ca I frames, S-frames, v U-frames gia mt thu bao TE v mng thng qua knh D. Cc nh ngha iu khin v p ng cho cc loi khung ny c lit k bng 9.2. m t s vn hnh ca LAPD chng ta s tho lun 3 loi khung sau ny.
+ Thit lp kt ni:
Mng hoc thu bao c th yu cu kt ni logic bng gi i mt khung SABME. Ni chung iu ny p ng nhu cu t mt i tng lp 3.Khung SABME cha ng TEI v SAPI ca i tng lp 3 yu cu kt ni. i tng ngang mc LAPD nhn khung SABME v a ch th yu cu kt ni n i tng lp 3 tng ng. Nu i tng lp 3 chp nhn kt ni th LAPD s chuyn khung UA quay li pha bn kia. Khi pha kia nhn c UA, i tng LAPD s hp thc ho yu cu ca ngi s dng. Nu ch cui t chi yu cu kt ni th i tng LAPD ca n quay tr li khung DM v nhn i tng LAPD nh l phn khng cn thit ca ngi s dng.
Chuyn i d liu: Khi yu cu kt ni c chp nhn v hp thc ho th vic lin
kt c thit lp. C hai bn gi d liu di dng khung truyn I -frame v bt u bng mt chui s 0 . C trng N(S) v trng N(R) ca I-frame u l cc dy s m c th b tr cho vic kim tra li v gim st qu trnh. i tng LAPD s gi mt dy s modul 128 v chuyn chng ln N(S), N(R) c chng ln nhau theo kiu c ghi nhn thng tin I -frame c nhn. N cn cho php i tng LAPD nh du c cc s ca I -frame nhn c tip . S-frame cng c th iu khin qu trnh v gim st li Ngi ta cn s dng ca s trt iu khin qu trnh v gim st li tin li N-ARQ. Bng s nh du khung thng tin tip theo RR c th ch th khung thng tin c nhn hay cha. N ch c dng khi m khng c lu lng ti ngc mang thng tin c ghi nhn b chng chp ln nhau. Khung thng tin RNR ghi nhn cng nh RR nhng li yu cu i tng ngang mc treo ng truyn ca khung thng tin. Khi i tng sn sng th n gi 1 khung RR. REJ khi to mt ARQ tin li N. N ch th rng khung cui cng nhn c b chi b v vic ti truyn dn ca tt c mi khung thng tin li bt u vi s lng N(R) c yu cu t trc.
+ S tho ni: i vi s tho ni th hoc l i tng LAPD c th khi to mt quy
trnh tho ni hoc l nu c mt vi li trnh t th trn chnh b khi to c s tho ni, cn mt trng hp na l trong yu cu ca ngi s dng lp i tng 3 c sn s tho ni. i tng LAPD thng bo s tho ni trn mt kt ni xc nh no bng cch gi 1 khung DISC n i tng ngang mc. i tng c ly xa phi chp nhn s tho ni ny bng mt UA v lp s dng 3 ca n thng bo rng vic kt ni kt thc. Bt c mt khung truyn thng tin no khng ghi nhn u c th b mt v s phc hi ch c kh nng p ng lp trn chng.
Hnh 8.4 Khung chi b ( FRMR )
+ Khung t chi ( FRMR ): Khung FRMR c dng nh du rng mt khung truyn n khng thch hp ( Hnh 8.4 ). Trong mt chng mc no th n xm phm n giao thc (H94). Mt hoc mt s cc trng hp sau c th xy ra: + Trng iu khin khng xc nh hoc khng c vn dng. + S-frame hoc U-frame khng ng. + nhn vo mt N(R) khng n nh (N(R) ch n nh khi n nm trong di t dy s ca khung truyn ghi nhn cui cng n dy s ca khung truyn pht i). + I-frames c trng thng tin vt qu chiu di cc i thit lp. Mc ch ca FRMR l kt thc vic kt ni.Trn FRMR nhn vo,i tng thu c gng ti thit lp s kt ni s dng th tc trc . Khung nhn dng hon chuyn (XID) dng hon chuyn thng tin cho vic iu hnh kt ni ca hai trm.Khi i tng ngang mc nhn c lnh XID th n tr li bng mt XID p ng.Thng tin thc t hon chuyn phi nm trong phm vi chun mc. Mt s th d ca s vn hnh thng tin ghi nhn: Hnh 8.5 gii thiu mt s v d nhm lm cho chng ta hiu bit hn v s vn hnh ghi nhn. Tt c cc th d u dng th vi trc tung l trc thi gian. Mc ch l ch ra c s ph thuc vo thi gian v minh ho c mi quan h gia bn thu v bn pht. Mi mi tn biu din khung truyn pht i d liu lin kt gia TE v NT. Ta cn thy li ch thch tn khung, gi tr bit P / bit F ( P/F ) v ni tng ng, gi tr ca N(R) v N(S). t bit P hoc bit F bng 1 nu ch dn c trnh by v t bng 0 nu khng c ch dn.
Hnh 8.5 V d v vn hnh LAPD Hnh 8.5a ch ra nhng khung truyn tham gia vo thit lp kt ni v tho ni. Trong th d ny, TE ang yu cu kt ni cc qu trnh tip theo xy ra tng t nh NT yu cu kt ni. i tng lin kt d liu cho TE thng bo lnh SABME cho pha bn kia v bt u tnh thi gian bng T200 ( xem bng 8.3 ). i tng LAPD quay tr li UA p ng v thit lp vng bin thin v m n gi tr ban u ca chng. i tng khi to nhn gi tr UA p ng, thit lp s bin thin v b m, ngng ng h o thi gian. Kt ni logic by gi hot ng v hai bn c th bt u truyn i cc khung, T200 ngng hot ng m khng c p ng. B khi pht s lp li SABME nh minh ho. iu ny c lp li cho n khi UA hoc DM c nhn hoc sau khi a ra mt s cy tm loi s ( N200). i tng khi to
thm nhp t chi v thng bo s c cho i tng iu khin. Trong trng hp ny cn phi c lp trung gian cao hn. Hnh 8.5a ch ra th tc tho ni. Mt pha thng bo lnh DISC v pha bn kia tr li bng mt p ng UA.
Bng 8.3: Cc tham s h thng LAPD Tham s T200 T201 T202 T203 N200 N201 N202 K Gi tr mc nh 1 sec =T200 2 sec 10 sec 3 260 octecs 3 1 cho 16-Kb/s bo hiu 3 cho 16-Kb/s gi 7 cho 64-Kb/s Gii thch Thi gian i ack trc khi khi ng khi phc Thi gian min gia 2 TE nhn dng kim tra tin Thi gian min gia 2 TE nhn dng yu cu tin Rhi gian max khng c trao i khung S max cc gi c truyn pht li 1 khung Chiu di ti a ca trng thng tin S max c pht li ca TEI nhn dng bn tin S max I-frame ang out-standing
LAPD thc cht l s vn hnh theo mode cn bng c ngha l i tng NT v TE c trng thi cn bng. Do vy c hai bn c th thm nhp thit lp mt kt ni logic n TEI /SAPI cng mt thi im. Hnh 8.5b minh ho bng s tn ti hai sn p ng n SAPME v sau thit lp kt ni logic. Hnh 8.5c minh ho s trao i song cng ca I -frame. Khi i tng gi mt s khung truyn thng tin di dng dy vi d liu khng chuyn th sau dy nhn c lp li mt cch n gin (v d I, 1, 1: I. 2 trong vic chuyn trc tip t TE n NT ). Khi mt i tng nhn c mt s khung truyn trn th sau nhng dy s nhh c trong nhng khung khng truyn i tip theo phi phn x li cc hot tnh tch lu ( v d I, 1, 3 trong truyn trc tip gia NT v TE). Ch rng ngi ta cn b sung vo I-frame nhng khung truyn gim st. Hnh 8.5d cho bit mt vn hnh ch tham gia trong iu kin bn. V d nh i tng LAPD, hoc ngi s dng khng th x l c khung truyn thng tin nhanh bng tc chuyn n. Trong trng hp khc i tng ca n nhn b m b sung v phi dng qu trnh n ca khung truyn thng tin bng lnh RNR. v d ny, TE thng bo mt lnh RNR yu cu NI dng qu trnh truyn dn ca khung truyn thng tin. Trm nhn c lnh RNR s hi vng trm bn mt vi chu k bng cch gi lnh RR hoc RNR. Khi trng thi bn ht TE quay li RR v khung thng tin t NT c th bt u li. Hnh 8.5e ch ra mt v d v vic khi phc nu c li s dng lnh REJ. y TE truyn khung thng tin c nh s 3, 4 v 5, s 4 gp phi li. NT d li v hu b khung truyn.Khi NT nhn c khung thng tin s 5 th li loi b khung ny, b qua yu cu v gi mt lnh REJ vi N(R) l 4. iu lm cho i tng TE bt
u ti truyn dn tt c khung thng tin gi bt u t khung s 4. N c th tip tc gi nhng khung b sung sau khi ti truyn dn khung truyn. Hnh 8.5f ch ra v d v s khi phc nu c li s dng thi gian hn nh, v d ny NT truyn dn khung thng tin s 3 nh l mt dy cc khung thng tin vo sau. Khung gp li, NT d li v hu b n. Tuy nhin NT khng th gi c REJ bi v khng c cch no bit c kt ni logic no khung hng c gi i hoc liu c thc s l mt khung thng tin hay khng. Nu d trn khung truyn thy c li th tt c cc bit ca khung truyn u b nghi ng v bn thu khng c cch no tm np n. Tuy nhin bn pht bt u nh gi ( T200 ) nh l khung c truyn i. Vic nh gi ny ko di ng nhp vi thi gian p ng. Khi vic nh gi kt thc, trm khi to vic khi phc. N c thc hin bng cch hi vng nhng pha khc bi lnh RR ( thit lp bit P ) quy nh trng thi ca cc sn khc. Nu yu cu hi vng c p ng i tng s nhn khung truyn cha trng N(R) v iu vn c th tip tc. Trong trng hp ny, p ng ch th rng khung 3 b mt v TE li ti truyn dn. Nhng th d ny tuy khng y nhng cng a cho ngi c cch nhn ng n v cch thc ca LAPD. Vn hnh khng ghi nhn. Vn hnh khng ghi nhn m bo hon chuyn d liu ngi dng m khng cn kim tra li v gim st qu trnh. Ngi ta s dng knh truyn thng tin truyn dn d liu. Khi ngi s dng LAPD mun gi d liu th n chuyn d liu n i tng LAPD v i tng ny li cho d liu vo trng thng tin ca khung UI.Khi khung ny c nhn th trng thng tin c a n cho ngi s dng u cui.Tuy khng c s ghi nhn tr li sn khc nhng s vn hnh khng ghi nhn li loi b c vic d li. Chc nng qun tr. C hai chc nng lin h vi iu khin kt ni m gn ton b vi i tng LAPD ch khng phi l mt kt ni c th no hoc ngi s dng LAPD.Chng c dng cho iu khin TEI v cc tham s giao dch. + Qun tr TEI: Kh nng iu hnh TEI m bo cho vic gn TEI cthc hin mt cch t ng. Nhng th tc ny c th c gi ra cho nhng dng c TE kt ni mi y mt giao din mng ngi dng c bit no khng phi thit lp gi tr TEI. S khi to vic gn TEI c kch hot bi 1 trong 2 trng hp.Th nht l nu mt linh kin c ni vi giao din mng s dng v nhng ngi dng th hoc c th chuyn i d liu khng ghi nhn hoc thit lp kt
ni logic th i tng LAPD treo ng yu cu cho n khi vic gn TEI c thc hin. Th hai l pha ngi dng lp iu hnh i tng c th khi to th tc gn TEI cho chnh m li ca n. Cn mt trng hp na l i tng s dng LAPD truyn dn khung UI cng vi SAPI s 63, TEI s 127 v mt trng thng tin cha ng 2 trng con: loi thng bo v loi ch dn s. Loi thng bo dng ng nht cc yu cu. Loi ch dn s l mt s ngu nhin s dng phn bit mt s yu cu ng nht song song vi cc linh kin ngi dng khc nhau. Nu pha mng c th gn mt gi tr TEI trong khong 64 n 126 th n p ng bng mt khung UI, mt SAPI s 63, mt TEI s 127 v mt trng thng tin bao gm 3 trng con: loi thng bo,ch dn s v th tc ch th. Ch dn s c cn bng vi gi tr nhn vo t pha ngi dng, loi thng bo c tnh ng nht v th tc ch th l gi tr TEI c gn. Nu mng khng th gn TEI th n quay li UI vi loi thng bo bng vic ph nh tnh ng nht nhn dng
Bng 8.4 Bn tin cho TEI th tc qun tr Tn bn tin Chiu Yu cu nhn User-> Net dng Cp nhn Net -> user dng T chi nhn Net -> user Dng Yu cu kim Net -> user tra nhn dng Dp ng kim User -> net tra nhn dng Tho b nhn Net -> user dng Xc minh User -> net nhn dng Tham s Ri = random Ai = 127 Ri = match identity request value Ai = TEI assignment (64-126) Ri = match idn request value Ai =Denied TEI value (64-126) Ai = TEI value to be check Ai = 127 ( check all value ) Miu t Yu cu cp TEI t ng Cp gi tr TEI
T chi yu cu mng Cho php mng hoc thit lp vi gi tr TEI ang dng hoc cp TEI kp Dp ng bi thit b ngi dng vi gi tr TEI Tho b cc gi tr TEI
Ai = TEI value (64-126) Ri = Random Ai = TEI value ( 64-126) Ai=127 ( remove all TEI value) Ai = TEI value to be check Cho phepa pha ngi dng (0-126) yu cu mng kim tra nhn Ri = 0 dng
b sung vo vic gn TEI t ng th c nhng th tc cho vic kim tra gi tr ca php gn TEI ang tn ti v php gn TEI loi b. Nhng th tc ny cng dng khung UI. Bng 8.4 tng kt cc bn tin c dng cho qun tri TEI. 3 bn tin u tin c tho lun. Bn tin yu cu kim tra nhn dng c s dng tai cc th tc kim ton v khi phuc. N cho php pha mng thit lp 1 gi tr TEI no m ang dng hoc tm ra cc thit b ngi dng c cp cng gi tr TEI. Khi mt bn tin kim tra
nhn dng c a vo bi mng, TE hoc cc TEs s lm cho ph hp p ng TEI vi p ng bn tin kim tra nhn dng. Nu yu cu kim tra nhn dng c dnvi mt ch th tng tc bng 127 th tt c cc TEI p ng. Th tc kim tra ny cng c th ko theo 1 p ng ti 1 bn tin yu cu x minh t thit b ngi dng. Nu pha mng xc nh rng gi tr TEI s l yu cu hu b kt ni, n s a ra bn tin tho b nhn dng v thit b ngi dng thch hp s tho b TEI ca n v i vo trng thi TEI cha c cp. Mng c th a ra 1 lnh nh vy nu n xc nh rng 1 gi tr kp TEI ang tn ti. Hnh 8.6 minh ho khun dng ca trng thng tin ca 1 khung UI - LAPD mang bn tin qun tr TEI
Hnh 8.6 Trng thng tin UI cho bn tin qun tr TEI
S iu chnh thng s. Kt hp vi vn hnh LAPD l cc thng s trng yu chc chn. Mi thng s c gn mt gi tr mc nh mt chun mc no nhng s cung cp ny li oc to ra t s iu chnh nhng gi tr khc. Cc thng s v gi tr mc nh ca n c lit k bng 8.3. Nu i tng LAPD mun s dng h thng cc gi tr khc nhau cho kt ni logic c th th n c th thng bo mt khung XID, vi nhng gi tr mong mun cha ng trong cc trng con ca trng thng tin. Pha kia p ng vi mt XID bao gm mt lot cc thng s gi tr ngang mc c th ph tr. Mi gi tr phi nm trong khong gia gi tr mc nh v gi tr yu cu. 8.2 u cui thch nghi - ( TA )
Rt nhiu cc thit b truyn dn d liu ang tn ti khng tng thch vi cc giao din, cc giao thc v cc tc ca ISDN. s dng lu di, cc thit b ny s c lp vi cc giao din ISDN nhng cc thit b sn c ny phi c iu tit thch nghi vi quy lut truyn. y l chc nng ca thit b u cui thch nghi ( TA ). v cn bn, mt b chuyn u cui s nh x 1 thit b u cui khng phi l ISDN, mt my tnh c nhn, b hp knh hoc modem vo trong 1 giao din ISDN. Cc my Fax, in thoi analog cng c th c kt hp vo. Trong mi trng hp s chuyn i l ln giao din ( 2B+D ) tc c bn.
Thc t c h cc b chuyn i u cui, mi mt loi dnh ring cho 1 loi giao din khng l ISDN. Tt c cc thit b ny nh x cc c tnh v chc nng ca mt thit b c th ti cc c tnh v chc nng ISDN. Ni chung, cc chc nng sau y c thc hin: Tc thch nghi: Mt lung d liu nh hn 64-Kb/s c nh x vo trong lung d liu 64-Kb/s Chuyn i bo hiu: Giao thc bo hiu ca thit b s c nh x vo trong giao thc bo hiu ISDN, Q.931 chng hn rt nhiu thit b h tr cc giao din, nh X.21 hoc EIA-232-D, cung cp 1 giao thc bo hiu trong di knh. Nhng bn tin inband ny nht thit phi c chuyn i thnh cc bn tin Q.931 knh D Chuyn di X.25: Cc chc nng ca cc thit b X.25 khng phi l ISDN s c chuyn i hot ng trn cc knh B v/hoc knh D. Vic ny s lin quan n c vic Iu chnh tc v chuyn i bo hiu. Chuyn i giao din Vt l: Giao din ISDN gm 2 cp xon ti giao din S hoc T. Giao din khng l ISDN phi c nh x ln giao din vt l ny. S ho: Khi cc thit b analog th vic chuyn i tng t sang s l bt buc. ph hp vi 1 s ln cc thit b hin c v nhu cu h tr cc ng dng c chuyn di s cp ln chuyn i gi, ITU-T xy dng mt tp hp phc tp cc kh nng c nh ngha trong Series cc khuyn ngh I.460. Bng 8.5 tng kt cc quy trnh nh ngha trong series -I.460 v bng 8.6 so snh cc tnh cht ca cc phng php khc nhau.
Bng 8,5 Tm tt cc quy trnh TA Dch v ISDN c chuyn mch knh Quy trnh TEI I.465/V.120 ( US) I.463/V110 (Euro, Japan) I.461/X.30 I.462/X.31 - mode knh I.462/X.31 - mode gi Cc giao din R V,24/V.35 V.24/V.35 X.21 X.25 X.25 Cc knh ISDN B, H B B B B, D. H
c chuyn mch gi
B iu chnh thit b u cui c th l 1 thit b n l hoc 1 card my tnh c nhn. Trong trng hp no i na, TA cng h tr bo hiu knh D ( Q.931 v Q.921 ) v mt qu trnh trn knh D s ch ra bn cht ca s iu chnh ny. B TA ny cho php thit b u cui ( TE2 trn hnh 6.2 ) trao i qua ISDN vi 1 TE2 khc gn lin vi TA kia. Mt TE2 cng c th trao i qua ISDN vi mt TE1. Trong c 2 trng hp, c 2 i tc ny phi s dng cng 1 quy trnh knh B, chng hn nh V.110 hoc V.120, lin h.
Bng 8.6 So snh cc chun ca TA I.463/V.110& Dch v tI ISDN iu chnh tc Nhiu ch Da trn HDLC Hp knh B Hot ng knh B Pht hin li Sa li Kim sot vng Dng ca DTE R I.461/X.30 knh 1-3 giai on khng khng khng khng khng c khng c hn ch ( bt X ) khng ng b/ng b I.462/X.31 knh knh / gi nhi c c nhi khng c c c c LLI c - VCN khng c, dch v tI gi CRC-V.41 CRC- V.41 truyn lI truyn lI c - ca s trt c - ca s trt khng ng b / HDLC ng b X.25 / bt trong sut I.465/V.120
CRC = DTE = VCN =
Kim tra d tha vng Thit b u cui s liu S mch knh thc
LLI PAD PA
= = =
s nhn dng lin kt logic ng/tho gi B diu chnh thit b u cui
Chuyn i tc Phng tin c bn ca vic truyn d liu ngi dng l knh B, hot ng ti tc 64-Kb/s. Tuy nhin ngi ta mun c th h tr cc thit b thu bao trn knh B hot ng ti cc tc d liu thp hn 64-Kb/s. C 2 l do cho vic ny: u tin l do rt nhiu thit b hin c, chng hn nh cc thit b u cui, my tnh c nhn hot ng ti cc tc nh hn 64-Kb/s. Sau na l vi cc u im ca vic hp knh. Nh ta d ch ra, trong phin bn hin ti ca ISDN, ton b knh B l phn t c bn ca chuyn mch knh. Tc l thm ch nu 1 knh B c chia 1 cch logic thnh 1 s cc knh ph, th cc knh ph ny phi c ti trn 1 mch n l gia cng 1 cp thu bao. Mc du vy, 1 thu bao c th c 1 vi thit b gn lin vi 1 giao din ISDN v mun kt ni 2 hoc nhiu hn trong s chng ti cng 1 ch. Chng hn, ngi dng c th mun kt ni n co quan ca mnh v s dng 1 my tnh c nhn v 1 my Fax ng thi. S r hn nu tt c cc giao dch ny c th ti trn cng 1 knh B. Hn na nu ton b cc giao dch d liu ti c quan c hp knh trn 1 knh B th knh B kia ca giao din c bn nh s c t do gi v nhn cc cuc thoi. Chng ta s kho st b chuyn i tc , ti ay v s xem xt vic hp knh ti phn sau. Chuyn di tc l chc nng iu chnh 1 thit b u cui c tc d liu nh hn 64-Kb/s ti tc 64-Kb/s ( Hnh 8.4 ). Hnh 8.7 tng kt cc k thut c ch ra trong I.460 S phn bit ban u c trong I.460 l liu lung bit c ti trn knh B c phi l chnh xc 8, 16, hoc 32-Kb/s hay l 1 tc d liu no khc
Tc d liu 8, 16 hoc 32-Kb/s Trng hp u tin c minh ho trong hnh 8.8. cc bit c truyn trn knh B nh l 1 lung cc octec vi tc 64-Kb/s hoc tng ng 8000 octec/sec. Hnh 8.7 cc phng n Iu chnh tc ln knh B 64-Kb/s . Hnh 8.8 phn b cc bt trong octec ca knh B i vi vic iu chnh tc
Hnh 8.7 S o thch nghi tc ti 64-Kb/s trn knh B
i vi 1 thit b thu bao 8-Kb/s, b iu chnh thit b u cui TA hot ng nh sau: D liu t thu bao n TA vi tc 8-Kb/s. Mi mt bt vo s c truyn i trong 1 octet, trong bt u tin ca octet l 1 bit d liu ngi dng, 8 bit cn li lm mi tp cho 1 nh phn. i vi d liu n t phi ISDN, bit u tin ca mi octet vo s c chuyn ln thit b u cui , 7 bit cn li b b i. Mt qua
trnh iu chnh tng t s c tip tc i vi cc thit bi u cui hot ng tc 16 hoc 32-Kb/s. i vi cc lung 16-Kb/s, 2 bit u tin ca mic octet c s dng, cn vi lung 32-Kb/s th 4 bit u tin ca mi mt octet c dng. Cc thit b mode knh ng b Trong trng hp th 2 c lit k ti I.460 ( tc khc vi 8, 16 hoc 32-Kb/s ) chia ra thnh mt s trng hp con, mt vi trong s chng li c chia nh hn na .. Chng ta xem xt tip trng hp cu 1 thit b ng b khi dng cc dch v mode knh ti knh B ; th tc trong trng hp ny c xc nh ti I.463/X.30 ( Cc thit b u cui s dng cc giao din X.21, X.21bis v X.20bis ) v I.I.463/V.110 ( cc thit b u cui s dng giao din Series V ). Nu tc d liu u cui nh hn 32-Kb/s th tng th 2 ca chc nng tng thch c s dng , iu ny c minh ho trong hnh 8.9 . Cc tc d liu c th c php ch ra trong bng 8.7a . Tc d liu ngi dng trc ht c i t tc trc tip thnh 64-Kb/s . u im ca k thut s dng 2 tng l tng th 2 c th c o ngc ( t 64-Kb/s thnh 8-Kb/s ) ti mt vi ni trong mng nhm mc ch bo tn lu lng mch vng hoc trung k. Nh vi cc dch v c th mang li gi cc thp. Tng th 2 ca b chuyn i tc , c nh du RA2 trong hnh 8.9 cng ging nh ci dc miu t cho b thch nghi 8, 16, 32 hoc 64-Kb/s . Tng th 1 c gi l RA1 c dng to khung sao cho 1 vi bit trong khung c th mang d liu ngi dng. Nh thy trong v d bin i tc d liu ngi dng 2400-b/s thnh tc trc tit ISDN 8-Kb/s minh ho trong bng 8.8. S bin i c thc hin bng cu trc khung 80-bit. Du cho tc d liu c truyn ra khi modul RA1 l chui bit khng i , n cha 1 cc tun t 80-bit/khung c xc nh nh sau :
Hnh 8.9 Chuyn i tc I.463/v.110
Octet u tin c tt c cc bit bng 0 . Cc bt u tin ca 9 octet cn li bng

1 . 17 bit ny to thnh mt mu xp thng hng khung cung cp phng tin ng b Octet th 6 , sau bit 1 l cc E-bits vi E1, E2, .. , E7. Cc bit ny c s dng t tc d liu ngi dng. Trong 3 bt u tin c s dng vo mc ch ny , cn cc bt tip theo d tr cho s dng sau ny. M 110 cho E1, E2, E3 ch rng tc ngi dng l 2400-b/s Bit S l bit trng thi truyn t cc trng thi thng tin knh kt hp. Gi tr ng ca cc bt ny ph thuc vo giao din vt l gia u cui thu bao v b tng thch u cui Bit X khng c s dng v d tr cho sau ny Mi bit d liu c lp li. Vic lp li ny hon ton khng cn thit , n tc ng lp cc v tr bt khng cn. V tr ny cng c th c lp y bi cc bt tu
Mi mt khung cha 24 bit d liu ngi dng. Do tc d liu li ra c 8-Kb/s v 80-bit / khung , tc truyn ca khung l 100 khung/giy do , tc truyn d liu ngi dng l 2400-b/s l cn thit. Ni chung , ta c th tm tt chc nng ca RA1 trong hnh 8.9 nh sau : F Fu Ru Rf R = = = = = s bit / khung s bit d liu / khung tc d liu ngi dng Tc mong mun truyn (khung/giy ) Tc mong mun truyn ( bit/giay )
Hai cng thc sau phi c tho mn : V F x Rf = R Ru / Rf = Fu
Khi tc d liu c chuyn i ti khong 32-Kb/s v 64-Kb/s th ch c tng RA1 l cn thit c s dng Hn na , chng ta tho lun trng hp ca cc kt ni chuyn mch knh. Vi cc kt ni kiu ny , c 1 s truyn trong sut ca cc d liu gia 2 thu bao. Vi chuyn i tc , n l iu cn thit khng buc hai thu bao phi vn hnh vi cng mt tc truyn. Ly v d , mt u cui vn hnh vi tc 2400 b/s c th c chuyn i tc ti 64-Kb/s . u kia c gng kt ni vi u cui ny qua mng ISDN vi tc 4800-b/s
Bng 8.7 Tc u cui c tr gip bi V.110

a)
Tc ngi dng ng b RA1 Sync rate (Kbps) 8 8 8 8 16 16 32 32 32 64 64 64
b) Tc ngi dng khng ng b Async data rate ( bps ) 50 75 110 150 200 300 600 1200 2400 3600 4800 7200 9600 12000 14400 19200 24000 28800 38400 RA0/RA1 sync Rate ( bps ) 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 1200 2400 4800 4800 9600 9600 19200 19200 19200 38000 38000 38400 RA1 sync Rate (kbps) 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 16 16 32 32 32 64 64 64
Sync data rate (bps ) 600 1200 2400 4800 7200 9600 12000 14400 19200 24000 28800 38400
Bng 8.8 S tng thch ca tc ngi dng 2400-b/s thnh 8-Kb/s Octet 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Bits 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 D1 D4 D7 D10 1 D13 D16 D19 D22 0 D1 D4 D7 D10 1 D13 D16 D19 D22 0 D2 D5 D8 D11 0 D14 D17 D20 D23 0 D2 D5 D8 D11 E4 D14 D17 D20 D23 0 D3 D6 D9 D12 E5 D15 D18 D21 D24 0 D3 D6 D9 D12 E6 D15 D18 D21 D24 0 S X S S E7 S X S S
Cc thit b mode knh khng ng b I.463/v.110 xc nh chc nng ca TA l thit b khng ng b. Theo , thit b ny c 3 tng . Cc tng th 2 v tng th 3 l khi chc nng RA1 vad RA2 c
dng trong trng hp ng b. Cn tng th 1 c nh du RA0 i cc chui k t khng ng b thnh tc d liu dng bo c th chp nhn c. Bng 8.7b lit k ra cc tc d liu khng ng b c th c tr gip. Cng ngh c s dng cho tng RA0 ch n gin cng thm vo cc bit stop gia cc k t gi nhp tc d liu gn nht vi tc c th c chp nhn bi khi RA1 . Bi v truyn khng ng b cho php nhiu bit stop gia cc k t , my thu c th chp nhn cc chui k t n mt cch trc tip. Khi my thu bt c tc d liu ca my pht khng ng b, cc bt stop thm vo c thr b loi b bi TA ti u thu Tr gip mode gi Khuyn ngh I.462/X.31 ch ra s tr gip cc thit b mode gi trn mng ISDN. Gi li l c 2 trng hp : Chuyn mch gi c thc hin ti mng bn ngoi ( trng hp A ) v chuyn mch gi bn trong ISDN ( trng hp B ). Trong c hai trng hp , thu bao s khng c mt knh trc tip ti thue bao kia. Thu bao c 1 knh kt ni ti mt trm chuyn mch gi v truen dn vi thu bao kia qua chuyen mch gi bng X.25. ti y , mt ln na chng ta phi i mt vi trng hp ca 1 thit b thu bao c sn lm vic vi tc d liu nh hn 64-Kb/s Xt trng hp u tin ( trng hp A ) , lin kt ti 1 trm chuyn mch gi bn ngoi qua mch ti knh B. Xt li hnh 4.10 , cc gi X25 c truyn theo cc khung LAPB. Nu tc d liu ca thit b thu bao nh hn 64-Kb/s th TA c chc nng sau : Cc khung LAPB c chp nhn t thue bao tai tc d liu ca thu bao v c lu tn bufer trong TA . Khi mi mt khung c pht trn knh B vi tc 64-Kb/s . Do cc khung c truyn nhanh hn l chng c sinh ra do vy s tn ti cc khe . Cc khe ny s c lp y bng cc byte c nhi ( 7FH ) . Khi cc khung c nhn t mng ti tc 64-Kb/s th chng c lu tm thi v pht ti thu bao vi tc d liu ca thue bao. Cc c thm vo gia cc khung s b loi b . S l ny c gi l c nhi gia cc khung interframe flag stuffing . Theo cch s l ny , mng khng c th phn bit c cc thit b vn hnh ti mode gi v cc thit b vn hnh vi tc nh hn 64-Kb/s. Do l cc bo hiu trn knh D c s dng kt ni cc thit b ti trm chuyn mch gi ch t tc d liu 64-Kb/s o li vi 2 tng thay i tc ca hnh 8.9 ( RA1 v RA2 ) . Trong trng hp ny , cc bt c truyng bi thu bao c nhng vo cu trc 80 byte nh ch ra trc yv cc bo hiu knh D ch th tc d liu ngi dng. Vi k thut ny trm chuyn mch gi ni ti thu bao vi kt ni phi thch ng vi tc ca thu bao. iu ny r rng l km linh hot hn so vi c nhi gia cc khung v sau ny c khuyn ngh bi ITU. Trong trng hp B , ISDN chp nhn cc dch v chuyn mch gi bn trong qua c 2 knh B v D . Cc gi X.25 c ti trong cc khung LAPB cho knh B v
trong cc khung LABD cho knh D. Iu chnh tc thnh 64-Kb/s cho knh B v thnh 16-Kb/s cho knh D c thc hin qua vic nhi c. H tr mode knh bng cch s dng to khung LAPD Mt phng php khc ca thit b mode knh ng b , mt hng php khc h tr thit b mode knh ng b c nh ngha trong I.465/V.120. V c bn mt lung bit ng b vo s c a vo cc khung LAPD v sau c iu chnh thnh 64-Kb/s bng nhi c. Khng ging nh cc k thut khc c nhc ti, I.465/V.120 cng c th c s dng trn cc knh Ho ( 384-Kb/s ) , H11 ( 1.536Mb/s ) v H12 ( 1.92 Mb/s ) . Chc nng iu chnh u cui da trn 1 ci tin ca LAPD h tr cc kt ni gia cc thu bao bng cch s dng giao thc I.465/V.120. Giao thc ny cung cp 1 phng php nht qun tI cc kiu lung d liu khc nhau. Trong phn ny , ta s gii thiu s b v I.465/V.120 v tp trung vo cc chc nng iu chnh tc ca chng. Trong phn tip theo giao thc ny s c xem xt k lng hn. I.465/V.120 h tr 3 loI u cui giao din R : Giao thc khng ng b nhy cm Giao thc ng b HDLC Bit trong sut
Giao thc khng ng b ch s lin lc gia 1 thit b u cui khng ng b v
1 my ch ch cc tn hiu khng ng b hoc gia 2 thit b u cui khng ng b. truyn dn, cc bt bt u v kt thc ca mi k t s c b i v cc k t vo s c m trong b iu chnh ca thit b u cui. di ca b m s bng kch thc trng thng tin ti a c th c truyn I trong 1 khung. Khi b m y , 1 khung LAPD s c to ra v truyn i. Thm na 1 b m ch y 1 phn cc k t c th c gi i khi nhn c CR ( carier return ) hoc khi time-out . Khi nhn c 1 khung th cc k t s c khi phc v gi ti ch TE vi cc bit bt u v kt thc ph hp.
Giao thc ng b HDLC ch s lin lc gia cc i tng s dng HDLC nh
1 giao thc kim sot lin kt i vi hot ng t u n cui. i vi truyn dn, hu ht khung HDLC c a vo trong khung LAPD. Mt s cc trng khng c bn s b loI i. Khi nhn, khung HDLC s c khi phc, cc trng tht lc s c b xung v khung c ti to s c chuyn ti ch. Chi tit ca vic s dng cc khung ny s c ni ti ti phn ti. Trng hp bit trong sut s cha bt k thit b ng b no. TA s a cc bit t giao din R vo cc khung LAPD c kch thc c nh khi nhn c chng. TA s nhn d liu t cc khung nhn c v chuyn chng ti TE2.
u Im ca phng php I.465/V.120 so vi phng php I.461/V.110 ch , d liu c truyn trong I.465/V.120 bng cch s dng 1 giao thc kim sot lin kt d liu. iu ny c li cho vic kim sot dng v kim sot li c sn trong giao thc kim sot lin kt. ( xem ph lc A ) Hp knh Hp knh l chc nng kt hp lu lng t cc thit b u cui . Mi thit b c tc d liu nh hn 64-Kb/s ln 1 knh B duy nht . Hnh 8.10 tm tt cc k thut c xc nh trong I.460. Nh trong trng hp diu chnh tc , s phn bit ban u c trong I.460 l c phi lung bit c ti trn knh B chnh xc l 8, 16 hay 32-Kb/s hay l tc d liu khc no .
Hnh 8.10 S o hp knh trn knh B 64-kb/s
Tc 8,16 hay 32-Kb/s Trong trng hp ny, c nhiu lung bt 8,16 v/hoc 32 kb/s ti mt tc d liu tng ln nh <= 64Kb/s . Khi cc bit t cc lung khc nhau, vi tng tc 64kb/s s c xen k trong tng byte. C 2 phng php hp knh : Vi hp knh khun dng c nh th cc nguyn tc sau y s c tun th : 1 lung bit 8kb/s c th chim bt k 1 v tr bt no ; 1 lung bit 16kb/s c th chim cc v tr bt sau ( 1, 2 ) , ( 3, 4 ), ( 5, 6 ) hoc ( 7, 8 ); 1 lung bt 32kb/s c th vhim cc v tr sau ( 1, 2, 3, 4 ) hoc ( 5, 6, 7, 8 ) 1 lung tc s chim cng ( cc ) v tr bit trong mi 1 byte knh B tng ng. Tt c cc v tr bt khng dng n s c t bng 1 nh phn Nu qu trnh ny dc s dng v cc lung con d liu c b xung 1 lc 1 lung th c th dung lng 64kb/s s khng c s dng hiu qu. Chng hn, nu v tr bt 1
v 8 c dng h tr 2 lung con 8-kb/s, khi 1 lung con 32-kb/s s khng th c b xung mc d dung lng vn cn. 1 phng php trnh Iu ny l dng hp knh khun dng linh hot. Cc quy tc sau c tun th : C gp cc lung tc con bng cch s dng th tc khun dng c nh Nu khng c , lung tc con mi ny c b xung bng cch chn mi bt tip theo ca lung mi vo v tr bt c sm nht trong octet knh B Mt lung tc con s chim cng ( cc) v tr bt trong tng octet knh B tip theo Tt c v tr bt khng dng n s t bng bt 1 Th tc ny cho php cc lung tc con c hp knh n gii hn 64-kb/s ca knh B. Th tc khun dng c dnh d th hin hn v nn s dng nu bit trc hn hp cc lung tc con. Khi hn hp ny l ng , ITU-T khuyn nn s dng th tc phc tp hn l khun dng linh ng. Ch rng c 2 phng php trn ch l v d v hp knh TDM ng b. Cc thit b mode knh Trng hp th 2 lit k trong I.460 ( c cc tc khc 8, 16, 32-kb/s ) c tch thnh cc trng hp ph. Ta xt trng hp 1 thit b s dng dch v mode knh ca knh B. Khi ta s dng 1 phng php gm 2 bc : u tin mi lung s c iu chnh tc thnh 8, 16, 32-kb/s. Tip theo cc lung s c hp knh nh trn y. Cng ging nh trn y, phng php m t ay l1 v d v hp knh TDM ng b. H tr mode gi Vi cc thit b mode gi, chc nng hp knh c t ng cung cp bi c ch mch mch o lp 3 ca X.25. Nh rng trong X.25, mt DTE c cho php thit lp n 4095 mch o ng thi ( chng 3 ). Nh vy , 1 khi lin kt thng qua knh B hoc knh D n 1 trm chuyn mch gi c thit lp th cc mch o c th c to ra thng qua cc lin kt . Hn th na cc mch o ny khng cn cng phi chm dt trn cng 1 ch. Mt mch o c th c thit lp vi 1 thu bao bt k ti cng dch v mng chuyn mch gi. Cui cng kh nng hp knh ny vn tn ti d cho vic chuyn mch gi c cung cp nh 1 mng chuyn mch gi bn ngoI thng qua 1 mch knh B ( trng hp A ) hay l c h tr t bn trong dn ISDN ( trng hp B ). H tr mode knh s dng nh khung LAPD Nh trn y m t I.465/V.120 xc nh rng tt c d liu c truyn qua trong cc khung LAPD ci tin. Mt trong cc trng ca khung ny l nhn dng lin kt logic (LLI) 13 bit. Cc chc nng LLI cng nhiu nh s mch o X.25 nhng trong trng hp ny li hot ng ti lp 2 ( lp data link ). Vi vic s dng LLI c th ng thi thit lp cc lin kt a logic qua mt mch knh B duy nht. LLI cho php bn nhn lc ra lu lng vo v nh tuyn n ti ngi dng ph hp. Mt hn ch ca phng php ny so vi X.25 l ton b qua trnh hp knh xut hin gia cng 2 dim cui. Tc l, 1 mch knh duy nht c xc nh gia 2 thu bao, s h tr cc knh a logic gia 2 thu bao ny.
8.3 iu khin lin kt knh d liu khi dng I.465/V.120 Trn y ta gii thiu I.465/V.120 , 1 k thut h tr cc k thut u cui khong phI l ISDN qua 1 knh B ISDN bng cch s dng giao thc Iu khin lin kt knh d liu l 1 hnh thc cI tin ca LAPD. I.465/V.120 cung cp phng php nht qun tI cc dng lung d liu khc nhau bao gm : Giao thc khng ng b : Lu lng thit b u cui my tnh khng ng b Giao thc ng b HDLC : Truyn dn ng b gia cc thit b s dng giao thc HDLC Bit trong sut : Cc lung d liu ng b tu Nh va m t I.465/V.120 xc nh cc k thut nh x t mi dng lung d liu ny vo 1 k thut truyn dn chung bng cch s dng giao thc iu khin lin kt d liu I.465/V.120. Nh 2 thit b TE2 dng chung cc k thut truyn dn trn y c th lin lc qua ISDN thng qua I.465/V.120. Tuy nhin c th lm hn th nh ch ra trong hnh 8.11. Mt TE2 c th lin lc vi TE1 , trong khi TA s nh x lu lng TE2 vo trong lu lng I.465/V.120, Cc dng kt ni TE I.465/V120 v TE1 bt buc phI c knh logic truyn dn v nhn lu lng I.465/V.120. Cui cng , v y l 1 giao thc iu khin lin kt d liu c mc ch chung nn n c th c 2 TE1 s dng trao i vi nhau. Nh vy I.465/V.120 cung cp giao thc Iu khin lin kt d liu linh hot v c ch cho knh B. Tiu chun V120 c th c s dng trong chuyn mch knh hoc 1 mi trng relay khung. C th l, n cung cp cho hot ng : Qua mode knh hoc cc lin kt mode khung S dng lnh hoc thit lp cc lin lc bn thng trc Qua bt k 1 trong cc dng knh truy cp sau + Cho cc lin kt mode kenh : B, H0, H10, H11 + Cho cc lin kt mode khung : B, H0, H10, H11 hoc B. Phn ny ch yu dnh cho tho lun mode knh . Vo lc cui ta s ni v trng hp mode khung bt u t kho st cu trc knh dng trong giao thc lin kt d liu v sau s kho st th tc Iu khin kt ni. Chng ta bt u bng vic kim tra cu trc khung c s dng trong giao thc lin kt d li ri n cc th tc Iu khin kt ni.
Cu trc khung I.465/V120 cho kt ni mode knh Hnh 8.12 ch ra ton b nh dng khung truyn ca I.465/V.120. Cc trng c, iu khin v kim tra trt t khung truyn u ging nh giao thc LAPD. N ch khc trng a ch v trng thng tin. Trng a ch: Trng a ch bao gm 13 bit nhn dng kt ni logic ( LLI ). LLI lm cho n c th ng thi b tr c cho nhiu kt ni logic qua knh B. iu ny tng t nh kh nng ca X.25 lp 3 c th b tr cho nhiu mch o. Hn ch so vi X.25 l tt c nhng cp trao i phi c thc hin trn hai u cui ca knh n B. Mt th d v ng dng kh nng phn knh ny l vic b tr c cho nhiu thit b u cui thng qua mt TA m hot ng ca n nh l b phn knh thng thng (Hnh 8.12). Tt c cc ti u cui c phn knh trn knh B n my ch. Cc chui d liu ca u cui khc nhau c nhn dng ring r bng LLI ca chng. Bng 8.9a ch ra nhng ga tr LLI gn. Gi tr 0 c s dng cho knh tn hiu. iu ny phi thc hin bng vic ci t v iu hnh lin kt, kt ni logic nh sau gii thch. Gi tr mc nh ca LLI l 256 n b qua th tc iu khin LLI v n gin bng cch I.465/V.120 b sung c cho b thch ng u cui ca ISDN n khng u cui. Gii gi tr 257 n 2047 s dng cho nhng kt ni logic ring r, do knh B c th mang ng thi c 1791 kt ni lgic. Gi tr 8191 c s dng cho nhng th tc iu hnh knh ch khng phi l phn chun mc. Trng thng tin. Trng thng tin c s dng mang thng tin ngi dng, hn th na n cn c th cha ng 1 hoc 2 octet tiu . Octet tiu th nht ch ra tiu ca b thch ng u cui, n bt buc phi c cho mode giao thc nhy cm ( ng b v HDLL ng b ) v c chn la cho mode bit trong sut cu octet. Octet tiu th hai l octet iu khin trng thi thng tin n xut hin nu nh tn ti octet th nht. Cc bit tiu ca b thch ng u cui c ch ra nh sau: + Bit m rng : cho php m rng tiu cung cp trng thi iu khin thng tin b sung. Bit 0 ch th rng octet trng thi iu khin cho php. + Bit ri HDLC hoc bit v dng (BR) mode ng b,bit ch th chc nng dng s gi ra bi TE2. mode HDLC n ch th trng thi khng s dng ca mt HDLC im ch dn R. + Bit kim sai (C1,C2): S dng d li v truyn dn. Bng 8.9b ch ra nhng m bit kim sai ny. + Bit phn on: S dng mode ng b HDLCcho s phn on v tho g. iu ny cho php TA phn chia khung truyn HDLC n thnh nhiu on m c tho g ra bn thu. Bng 8.9e ch ra m ca cc bit.
Hnh 8.12 I.465/V.120 cho cc dch v mode knh
Nhng bit ca octet iu khin trng thi thng tin (Hnh 8.12e) ch ra nh sau + + + + Bit m rng (E) Cho php m rng xa hn tiu . Bit d liu sn sng (DR) ch rng liu giao din im ch dn R c kch hat cha. Bit sn sng gi (SR) bit ny c t bng 1 biu th rng TE sn sng gi d liu. Bit sn sng thu (RR) khi t bng 1 th TE sn sng nhn d liu.
Ba bit cui cng c lit k ng p ng ch ra vic tm thit b u cui trn mode giao din mt cch ph bin. N cho php thit lp cc u ra pht i c qua ISDN.
Hnh 4.13 B tr I.465/V.120 Bng 8.9 : B tr I.465/V.120 a) Cc gi tr d tr LLI LLI Chc nng 0 Bo hiu trong knh 1-255 D tr cho chun sau ny 256 Gi tr mc nh LLI 257-2047 b tr LLI 2048-2190 D tr cho chun sau ny 8191 Lp qun tr trong knh b) M ca bit C1 v C2 C2 Mode ng b 0 Khng pht hin li 1 Li FCS ( Giao din R ) 0 Tng l 1 TA chy vt qua
C1 0 0 1 1
Mode khng ng b Khng pht hin li Li stop-bit Li chn l tI k t cui cng ca khung C stop-bit ln li chn l
Mode bit trong sut Khng pht hin li Khng ng dng Khng ng dng Khng ng dng
B 0 0 1 1
c) M cc bt B v F F Mode ng b 0 Bt u khung 1 Gia khung 0 Cui khung 1 Khung n
Mode khng ng b Khng ng dng Khng ng dng Khng ng dng c yu cu
Mode bit trong sut Khng ng dng Khng ng dng Khng ng dng c yu cu
iu khin kt ni cho kt ni mode knh Bc u tin trong vic s dng giao thc lin kt d liu I.465 /V.120 l thit lp c chuyn mch knh B qua ISDN. Lm c iu ny th phi s dng I.451/Q931 hoc cn gi l giao thc iu khin qua knh B v c m t chng 9. Mt khi thit lp c chuyn mch th giao thclin kt d liu s dung c c mode khng kt ni v nh hng kt ni. i vi vic hon chuyn d liu khng kt ni ngi ta s dng LLI s 256 v thng tin c trao i bng cc khungUI nh
trong LAPD. i vi iu khin lin kt d liu c nh hng kt ni th cn phi thc hin theo 3 bc: 1) 2) 3) Thit lp kt ni logic gia nhng i tng ngang mc hai u cui ca chuyn mch knh B v gn mt LLI n nht cho kt ni. Trao i thng tin trn khung truyn thng tin (I-frames) Trng LLI s dng cho php phn knh mt s kt ni logic. Gii phng kt ni logic.
Cui cng khi khng cn kt ni no hot ng th mt pha c th chn thit b u cui ca chuyn mch knh B. V li n cng c th c thc hin bng cch s dng I.451/Q.931 hoc giao thc iu khin trn knh D. By gi ta quay tr li xt s iu khin kt ni logic trn chuyn mch knh B sn c. iu hnh kt ni logic hon tt bng s hon chuyn ca 4 loi thng bo (Bng 8.5). Ci t kt ni, gii phng v gii phng hon ton. Nhng thng bo ny c trao i gia cc i tng ca giao thc iu khin lin kt d liu bng 1 trong 2 cch: Trn knh B I.465/V.120 c khung truyn thng tin vi UI = 0. Trn knh D I.451/Q.931 c thng tin t ngi s dng u cui nu n c cung cp bi mng.
Bng 8.10 Cc bn tin Iu khin kt ni I.465/V.120 a) Ni dung bn tin SETUP Phn t thng tin Giao thc phn bit Tham chiu cuc gi Kiu bn tin Nhn dng kt ni logic a ch ph ca bn b gi a ch ph ca bn gi Lp thp tng ng
1 2 3 4
Kiu M M M O1 O2 O3 O4
b) Ni dung bn tin CONNECT Phn t thng tin Giao thc phn bit Tham chiu cuc gi Kiu bn tin Nhn dng kt ni logic Lp thp tng ng
Kiu M M M O1 O3
: Bao gm nu ngi gi da LLI kt ni : bao gm nu ngi gi mun la chn 1 giao din vt l chuyn dng cng sinh vi TA ny : Bao gm nu n c dng nhn dng 1 giao din vt l chuyn dng cng sinh vi TA ca ngi gi : Bao gm khi ngi gi mun I qua thng tin lp thp tng ng ti ngi b gi
c) Ni dung bn tin RELEASE Phn t thng tin Giao thc phn bit Tham chiu cuc gi Kiu bn tin Nguyn nhn Kiu M M M O
d) Ni dung RELEASE COMPLETE Phn t thng tin Giao thc phn bit Tham chiu cuc gi Kiu bn tin Nguyn nhn
Kiu M M M O
S la chn phng thc cng chnh l la chn thit b u cui v c xc nh bng kh nng hin c ca dung lng tn hiu ngi s dng u cui trn knh D. C hai trng hp, thng bo bao gm mt dy cc trng nh minh ho trn hnh 8.9. Nu kt ni logic c qun l trn knh D th sau nhng thng bo ny c t vo khung truyn I.465/V.120 vi LLI=0 . C 3 trng c dng ph bin trong tt c cc thng bo : Giao thc nhn bit: S dng phn bit giao thc iu khin kt ni d liu I.465/V.120 t nhng giao thc khc. Nhng giao thc khc c th l I.451/Q.931, giao thc mc gi X.25, giao thc cho iu khin kt ni khung truyn tr. Ch dn cuc gi: Nhn dng knh B gi n ni m thng bo ny ch th, thng s ny c tho lun chng 10. Kiu thng bo: Nhn dng ci m thng bo I.465/V.120 gi n.Tng s d ca nhng thng bo ph thuc vo kiu thng bo. l 3 trng thng dng, s d ca thng bo bao gm mt dy s 0 hoc l nhng n v thng tin hoc l cc tham s.Chng c m t tun t khi ta xem xt cc kiu thng bo khc nhau. Mi mt n v thng tin bao gm 3 trng: xc nh nhn dng, trng di v trng gi tr. Thit lp kt ni logic. Mt bn c th yu cu thit lp kt ni logic bng cch gi lnh SETUP. Pha bn kia sau khi nhn c SETUP nu chp nhn kt ni th n s tr li bng thng bo CONNect. Tuy nhin n cng c th tr li li bng thng bo RELease COMPLete. Nu mt bn gi thng bo SETUP gn vo LLI th n s chn mt gi tr khng s dng trong khong 257-2047 v gp gi tr ny vo thng bo SETUP. Tuy nhin gi tr ny cng c th gn bi pha chp nhn trong thngbo CONNect. C hai pha phi chp nhn mt b thch ng u cui b tr c cung cp. Tr phi iu c sp t bng s chp thun u tin, pha yu cu phi xc nh c nhng thng s xc ng lp thp, yu t tng thch ca thng bo SETUP. Nhng thng bo ny bao gm mode giao thc vn hnh ( 3 mode: giao thc nhy ng b,giao thc nhy ng b HDLC v bit trong sut ). Tc d liu mi pha v mt vi chi tit khc ca thit b u cui ph tr pha yu cu c th c hiu chnh li bng cch gp yu t tng thch c sa i lp thp vo thng bo CONNect.
Hnh 8.14 Khun dng bn tin I.465/V.120
Tho d kt ni logic. Mt bn c th yu cu g b kt ni logic bng cch gi thng bo RELease.Pha bn kia sau khi nhn c thng bo ny phi tr li bng RELease COMPLease.Thng s cause phi c p ng bng mt thng bo gii phng hon ton.Thng s cause hin nay c s dng ch xc nh liu c phi l s tho g bnh thng hay l hot ng loi tr cuc gi. V d v vic s dng nhng thng bo ny c xem xt hnh 8.8. Mt b thch ng u cui (TA) hot ng nh l b phn knh nhm b tr cho nhiu thit b u cui khc nhau.Trongbi cnh ny,chuyn mch knh B c thit lp gia TA v my ch thng qua ISDN. Khi bt k u cui no c ni vi my ch th n c gn vi mt kt ni phn chia logic.Hnh 9.10 ch ra mt chui cc bc c dng. 8.4 Dch v v giao thc Frame Relay Nm 1988 xut hin phc tho I.122 c tn l Framework for Providing Additional Packet Mode Bearer Services gii thiu dng mi ca truyn dn gi v n tr thnh mt trong nhng ng gp c ngha nht trong hot ng ca ISDN trong nm 1988. Cng ngh mi ny ch th cho Frame-mode bearer service hoc chuyn mch khung. Thut ng u nhn mnh dch v m c cung cp bi ngi s dng trong khi thut ng sau nhn mnh n giao thc b sung vo dch v. T nm 1988 tin trnh c ngha c thc hin trn chuyn mch khung.Nm 1990,CCITT cng b hai phc tho: I.2xy: ISDN Frame mode bearer service (FMBS). I.3xx: iu hnh s qu ti cho dch v mang chuyn mch khung. Vic thc hin trn chuyn mch khung pht trin nhiu hn c l M ni m ANSI thng bo mt tiu chun v 2 bn phc tho nm 1990. ANSI T1.606 : L dch v m t v thit k dch v mang chuyn mch khung. Phc tho ANSI T1.6fr : Qui nh bo hiu cho dch v mang chuyn mch khung. Phc tho ANSI T1.6ca : L kha cnh ct li ca giao thc khung truyn cho vic s dng dch v mang chuyn mch khung. Ngi ta d on trc c cc bn phc tho cui cng ca CCITT s xp li vi chun ANSI v cc chun phc tho. Phn ny phc tho tt c cc vn bn s dng nh dng ANSI. S thc y Cch tip cn thng thng vi chuyn mch gi nh tho lun chng 3 l X.25. y l mt vi tnh cht quan trng ca X.25 :
iu khin cuc gi mode gi s dng thit lp v g b chuyn mch c mang trn cng mt knh v cng mt d liu chuyn mch gi. Do ngi ta phi s dng tn hiu trong di cho php. Lp 3 c b phn knh cho mch o. C lp 2 v lp 3 u c c cu iu khin qu trnh v gim st li.
Hnh 8.15 : Alternative Connection Control Procedure for Scenario of Figure 8.13 + TA s dng I.451/Q.931 trn knh D thit lp chuyn mch t knh B n TE1; s dng I.465/V120 trn knh B. + TA thng bo cho I.465/V120 cc lnh nh SETUP, CONNect trn knh D thit lp kt ni lgic t mt trong nhng u cui cu n n TE1.Trng giao thc nhn dng phn bit cc lnh trn vi I.451/Q.931.Trng LLI c s dng gn LLI n nht cho kt ni lgic ny. + TA c th thit lp c kt ni lgic cho nhng thit b u cui khc bng cc lnh ca I.451/Q.931 trn knh D.Mi mt kt ni c gn cho mt LLI n nht. + Thng tin c hon chuyn trn knh B bng cch s dng khung truyn ca I.465/V.120.Trng LLI b tr cho qu trnh phn knh. + TA thng bo cc lnh nh REALEASE hoc RELEASE COMPLETE trn knh D chm dt kt ni lgic gia mt trong nhng u cui vi TE1. + Khi tt c cc kt ni lgic kt thc TA s dng I.451/Q.931 trn knh D chm dt chuyn mch trn knh B n TE1. a.Thit lp kt ni lgic trn knh D + TA s dng I.451/Q.931 trn knh D thit lp chuyn mch knh n TE1 s dng I.465/V120 trn knh B. + TA thng bo vi I.465/V120 cc lnh nh CONNect,SETUP trn knh B thit lp mt kt ni lgic t mt trong cc u cui ca n n TE1.Trng LLI c s dng gn mt LLI n nht cho kt ni lgic ny. + TA c th thit lp kt ni lgic cho cc u cui khc s dng knh B ca I.465/V120.Mi mt kt ni lgic c gn cho mt LLI n nht. + Thng tin c chuyn i trn knh B bng cch s dng khung truyn ca I.465/V.120.Trng LLI b tr cho qu trnh phn knh. + TA thng bo cc lnh nh RELease hoc RELease COMPlete trn knh B chm dt qu trnh kt ni lgic gia mt trong cc u cui ca n vi TE1. + Khi tt c cc kt ni lgic kt thc TA s dng I.451/Q.931 trn knh chm dt chuyn mch trn knh n TE1. b.Thit lp kt ni lgic trn knh B
Hnh 8.16a ch ra qu trnh yu cu phi c khung truyn lin kt d liu cho truyn dn mode gi t ngun n ch v quay li ghi nhn mode gi. Ti mi nt mng giao thc iu khin kt ni d liu tham gia vo vic chuyn v ghi nhn khung truyn. Hn na, mi nt trung gian phi duy tr c trang thi cho mi mch o vi cc kha cnh ca X.25 l:iu khin cuc gi, gim st qu trnh v kim tra li. Tt c cc hot ng trn u phi hiu chnh li nu xut hin li c xc sut ng k bt k mt kt ni no trn mng.phng php ny cng c th khng phi l cch tt nht i vi ISDN. Hay ni cch khc ISDN s dng cng ngh truyn dn s
vi cht lng cao, tin cy ln bng cch s dng cp quang. Hoc l vi ISDN ngi ta cn to ra tc d liu cao c bit l s dng knh H. Vi ch ny, hot ng ca X.25 khng ch cn thit nhng phi hn ch bt tc dng ca tc bit d liu cao c sn ISDN.
Hnh 8.16 Chuyn mch gi Frame Relay
Chuyn mch khung gim thiu hot ng ca X.25. S khc nhau ln nht gia chuyn mch khung so vi X.25 chnh l dch v chuyn mch gi. Kt ni phn chia lgic mang theo tn hiu iu khin cuc gi t d liu ngi dng. Do khng cn nt trung gian duy tr trng thi hoc x l tn hiu lin quan n iu khin cuc gi trn mi mt kt ni c bn ring r. Phn knh v chuyn mch kt ni logic t lp 2 thay v lp 3 loi tr ton b lp ang x l. Khng c qu trnh iu khin s ni trc tip gia hai nt ( hop-byhop ). Qu trnh iu khin u cui (end-to-end) v kim li c p ng lp cao hn nu nh chng c s dng Hnh 8.16b minh ho s vn hnh ca chuyn mch khung. khung d liu n c gi t ngun n ch v c ghi nhn to ra lp cao hn v c mang trong mt khung truyn. By gi ta xem xt cc tin dng v khng tin dng ca phng php ny. Trong nguyn l hot ng ca chuyn mch khung c bt li so vi X.25 l chng ta b mt kh nng iu khin qu trnh kt ni v kim tra li ( mc d chuyn mch khung khng cung cp c 2 chc nng ny nhng iu ny li d dng t c lp mc cao hn ). X.25 lp lin kt vt l li mang nhiu mch o v LAPD tn ti mc kt
ni cung cp truyn dn c th tin cy c t ngun n mng chuyn mch gi v t mng chuyn mch gi n ch. Hn na mi mc trn mng th vic s dng giao thc kt ni d liu l c th tin cy c. Vi vic s dng chuyn mch khung th iu khin kt ni gia cc bc b mt. Tuy nhin, tin cy ca qu trnh truyn dn v thit b chuyn mch tng ln lm cho iu khngcn l hn ch ng k na. Mt tch cc ca chuyn mch khung l chng ta c th ti a ho x l ng truyn giao thc ny gim c giao din mng ngi dng khi x l mng dng cc b. Do thi gian tr gim v thi gian thng tng. iu dn n thi gian x l khung truyn gim. Trong khuyn co ca CCITT ( I.2xy ) ch ra rng chuyn mch khung c th c s dng tc truy cp ln n 2Mbps. Do c th chuyn mch khung s thay th X.25. Chun ANSI T1.606 lit k 4 v d v ng dng li ch ca dch v chuyn mch khung s dng trn knh H tc cao. 1, ng dng d liu tng tc khi : Mt v d ca ng dng tng tc khi l hnh nh ho c phn gii cao (v d CAD/CAM ). Nhng tnh nng u vit ca ng dng ny l thi gian tr nh v thi gian thng ln. 2, Chuyn i file : ng dng chuyn i file c tng cng phc v cho nhng yu cu chuyn i file ln. Vi nhng ng dng ny s tr pht khng phil mt hn ch nh ng dng u tin. Thi gian khng ln l cn thit to ra thi gian hon chuyn ph hp cho nhng file ln. 3, Tc dn knh bit thp. ng dng ca tc dn knh bit thp s dng kh nng dn knh ca chuyn mch khung to ra mt cch truy cp thch hp vi nhm cc ng dng tc bit thp. Di y l mt th d cho ng dng tc bit thp, cc ngun tc bit, tc c dn thnh mt knh bi chc nng NT. 4, c tnh tng tc ca ti. Mt th d trong vic ng dng c tnh ny l vic son tho vn bn. Tnh cht quan trng ca loi ng dng ny l khung truyn ngn, tr t, thng lng ln. Chuyn mch khung c th c xem nh l bn X.25 c ti u ho. N thc hin y cc chc nng ca X.25 m ch s dng 2 lp . Ni cch khc c th xem chuyn mch khung nh l phn bn I.465/V.120 nng cp. Chun sau cho php nhiu kt ni logic dn vo mt chuyn mch n nht gia hai thu bao. Chuyn mch khung khng nhng ch b tr cho vic dn knh m c chuyn mch. Nhiu kt ni logic tr mt thu bao qua mt knh c th c thit lp n nhiu thu bao thng qua mng. Kin trc chuyn mch khung. Hnh 8.17 th hin kin trc giao thc cho chuyn mch khung. Nh cc phn khc ca ISDN, ta cn xem xt 2 lnh vc khc nhau ca s vn hnh. Lnh vc iu khin (C ) c s dng thit lp v kt thc kt ni logic. Lnh vc ngi dng c trch nhim hon chuyn d liu gia cc thu bao. Do C-plane thc hin gia thu bao v mng trong khi U-plane li thc hin cc chc nng u cui.
Trn thc t th trong vic thc hin hon chuyn thng tin gia nhng ngi s dng u cui th U-plane l Q.922. Q.922 l bn phc tho mi cng b ln u tin nm 1991, l bn nng cp ca LAPD (I.441/Q.921). Ch c nhng chc nng ct li ca Q.922 c s dng cho chuyn mch khung:
Hnh 8.17 Kin trc giao thc Frame relay
Gii hn khung, sp xp khung,lm khung r r ng hn. Dn knh, phn knh cho khung s dng trng a ch. Kim sot khung truyn m bo rng n bao gm mt s nguyn cc octet u tin cho cc bit chn (zero)hoc bit b sung sau . Kim sot khung m bo rng n khng qu di hay khng qu ngn. D li ng truyn. Thc hin chc nng kim sot qu ti. Chc nng cui cng c lit k l chc nng mi ca Q.922v c tho lun phn sau.Cc chc nng cn li l chc nng ct li ca I.441/Q.921. Chc nng ct li ca Q.922 trong U-plane to lp lp con ca lp lin kt d liu. iu ny to ra dch v hon chuyn khung truyn d liu kt ni rng i t thu bao ny n thu bao khc m khng c iu khin qu trnh v kim sot li. Trn ngi dng c th chn d liu lin kt b sung hoc lp mng thc hin chc nng u cui. Do khng c phn dch v ISDN cung cp chuyn mch khung nh dch v nh hng kt ni lp lin kt vi cc tnh nng sau: Bo ton yu cu hon chuyn khung truyn t mt bn ca mng n bn cn li. Khng sao li khung truyn. Xc sut mt khung truyn rt nh.
C-plane Q.922 c s dng cung cp mt dch v iu khin kt ni d liu ng tin cy c c iu khin qu trnh v gim st li phc hi li c thng tin I.451/Q.931.
Hnh 8.18 So snh X25 v Frame Relay
Ta nhn thy,kin trc ny gim ti a cng vic cho mng. D liu s dng c truyn dn trong khung truyn vi tnh cht o khng cn x k bi nut mng trung gian, Hn na n cn kim sot c li v nh tuyn c da vo s kt ni. Li trn khung c loi b mt cch d dng da vo vic khi phc lp cao hn. iu khin cuc gi trn chuyn mch khung. Giao thc iu khin cuc gi cho chuyn mch khung phi gi quyt vi nhng s liu lun phin. u tin, ta hy xem xt 2 trng hp cung cp dch v x l khung truyn. i vi s vn hnh chuyn mch khung, mt ngi s dng khng th ni trc tip vi ngi s dng ISDN khc m phi thng qua mt thit b iu khin trn mng. Ch vi X.25 mt ngi s dng ISDN mi c ni vo thit b iu khin dng gi tin. V y l hai trng hp ( Hnh 8.19). Trng hp A : Tng i a phng khng cung cp kh nng iu khin khung. Trong trng hp ny th tt c mi ch trn mng th phi c ci chuyn truy cp t TE n thit b iu khin khung. c th l yu cu kt ni cng c th l kt ni na c nh trong trng hp khc th dch v chuyn mch khung c thc hin qua knh B hoc knh H. Trng hp B : Cng l tng i a phng khng cung cp kh nng iu khin khung. Trong trng hp ny dch v chuyn mch khung c th c cung cp trn knh B, knh H hoc knh D. i vi dch v knh B hoc knh H yu cu kt ni phi c dng ring cho knh B hoc knh H chuyn mch khung tr phi tn ti sn php gn na c nh. i vi dch v knh, im ny khng c quy nh nhng c v nh c hai dch v yu cu v dch v na c nh u c th c la chn.
Tt c cc s suy xt trc phi thc hin vi kt ni thu bao v thit b iu khin khung truyn hay chnh l truy cp kt ni. Mt khi tn ti kt ni ny th c th dn knh nhiu kt ni logic hoc kt ni chuyn mch khung qua truy cp kt ni, Cc kt ni logic ny c th l dch v yu cu hoc dch v na c nh.
Bng 8.6 So snh X.25 /X.31 chuyn mch gi v Frame relay Chc nng X.25 trong ISDN X Pht /pht hin c X Trong sut X Pht / pht hin FCS X Pht hin khung khng c nhn X Hu khung li X Truyn ch X Lp y thi gian trong khung X Hp cc knh logic X Qun l trng thi thay i V(S) X Qun l trng thi thay i V(R) X Cc gi m ch ACK X Qun l thi gian pht li T1 X ACK c nhn I-Frame X Kim tra c nhn N(S) vi V(R) X Pht ra REJ X p ng ti bit P/F X Gi khe ca s pht li X Act upon reception of REJ X p ng ti RNR X p ng ti RR X Qun tr bit D X Qun tr bit M X Qun tr bit Q X Qun tr bit P(S) X Qun tr bit P(R) Pht hin mt th t X X Qun tr lp mng RR x Qun tr lp mng RNR Frame relay X X X X X X X X
Bng 8.7 tm tt li nhng iu khin cuc gi lun chuyn. Trc tin hy xem xt cch thit lp mt truy cp kt ni. Nu kt ni ny na c nh th sau khng cn yu cu mt giao thc iu khin cuc gi no c. Nu kt ni c thit lp trn yu cu th sau c hai trng hp. Trng hp A : Truy cp kt ni c thit lp trn knh B hoc knh H n thit b iu khin khung truyn t xa.Giao thc iu khin cuc gi ca ISDN thng thng I.451/Q.931 c s dung trn knh D thit lp truy cp kt ni. l nhng nguyn tc ging nhau s dng b tr cho X.25 trn knh B. Trng hp B : Truy cp kt ni c thit lp n tng i ni ht. Nu kt ni c thit lp trn knh B hoc knh H th sau I.451/Q.931 c dng trn knh
D thit lp truy cp kt ni. Nu knh D c s dng v truycp kt ni l yu cu ch khng phi l na c nh ( i vi X.25 kt ni lun l na c nh ) sau I.451/Q.931 c s dng trn knh D thit lp truy cp kt ni.
Hnh 8.19 Mode truy cp Frame relay Bng 8.7 Thit lp kt ni cc dch v Frame Relay Truy cp kt ni / Kt ni Frame Relay Yu cu / Bn vnh vin / Bn vnh vin / Yu cu Yu cu Bn vnh vin Trng hp A Thit lp truy cp I.451 / Q.931 ti kt ni knh D thit lp Bn vnh vin kt ni ti knh B hoc H Thit lp kt ni Bn tin trong knh FR Bn vnh vin Frame Relay Trn knh B hay H , DLCI=0 Thit lp truy cp I.451 / Q.931 ti kt ni knh D thit lp Bn vnh vin kt ni ti knh D, B hoc H Thit lp kt ni Frame Relay Bn tin trong knh FR Trn knh D , SAPI=0 Bn vnh vin
Trng hp B
By gi ta hy xem xt cch thit lp kt ni chuyn mch khung. thc hin c iu ny th phi lun tn ti truy cp kt ni. i vi kt ni chuyn mch khung na c ng th khng cn mt giao thc iu khin kt ni no, nhng ch rng n phi c truy cp kt ni na c nh. Nu kt ni chuyn mch khung c thit lp trn yucu qua truy cp kt ni tn ti th c hai trng hp:
Trng hp A : Ta c th s dng tn hiu iu khin cuc gi trn kt ni chuyn mch khung DLCI = 0. Nh I.465/V.120 nhng tn hiu ny c mang trng thng tin ca khung truyn d liu lin kt. Trng hp B : i vi I .465/V.120 cng c th s dung tn hiu iu khin cuc gi t vo khung truyn ca LAPD trn knh D. thc hin c iu ny th phi s dng SAPI O nh l i vi tn hiu I.451/Q.931. Trong trng hp ny, tn hiu iu khin cuc gi trn thc t l tp con ca tn hiu c s dng trong I.451/Q.931 vi mt vi thng s mi c thch ng ho vi ng dng chuyn mch khung. Do chng ta s tho lun vn ny chng 9
Hnh 8.20 Khun dng Frame Relay
Hon chuyn d liu ngi dng Vic gii thch s vn hnh chuyn mch khung i vi hon chuyn d liu s dng c bt u bng ng dng khung truyn c minh ho hnh 8.20a. nh dng ny tng t nh LAPD v LAPB vi phn b i mt cch hin nhin : Khng c trng iu khin c hai mi quan h sau y:
Ch c mt loi khung truyn c s dng cho vic mang d liu ngi dng, Khng
c khung truyn iu khin. Khng th s dng c gii tn hiu, kt ni logic ch c th mang d liu s dng. Khng th thc hin c vic iu khin qu trnh v gim st li v khng c chui s Chc nng ca trng c v trng kim tra trt t khung truyn th tng t nh LAPD v LAPB. Trng thng tin mang d liu lp cao hn. Nu ngi dng quyt nh thc hin thm chc nng iu khin lin kt d liu u cui th sau trng ny s phi mang khung d liu lin kt. c bit chng ta s s dng phin bn LAPD tng cng mt cch ph bin nh nh ngha trong Q.922. Do i tng ca khung truyn LAPD c th c mang trong trng thng tin. iu tng t nh phng php thc hin trong I.465/V.120 trng thng tin ca khung I.465/V.120 s mang khung HDLC. Ch rng giao thc thc hin cch thc ny mt cch hon ton gia nhng thue bao u cui v n cng trong sut i vi ISDN Trng a ch c chiu di mc nh l 2 octet v n c th c m rng n 3 hoc 4 octet. N mang c b nhn dng kt ni d liu( DLCI ) 10bit, 17 bit hoc 24 bit. DLCI cng c chc nng ging nh mch s o trong X.25. N cho php nhiu kt ni chuyn mch khung logic c dn vo trn mt knh n. i vi X.25 th nhn dng kt ni ch c ngha cc b. Mi u cui ca kt ni lgic gn cho DLCI ca ring n t nhng s d tr khng s dng n v mng phi chuyn i t ci ny thnh ci khc. Khi s dng cng mt DLCI cho hai u cui th cn phi cmt vi cch thc iu khin gi tr DLCI cc b. i vi chuyn mch khung trn knh D ta gi nh trng a ch c hai octet v gi tr DLCI nm trong khong 480-1007. iu ny tng ng vi khong gi tr ca SAPI t 32-62. Do cc khung truyn ca chuyn mch khung c th c trn ln vi khung truyn ca LAPI trn knh D v 2 loi khung ny c phn bit bng cc bit th 8 n bit th 3 ca octet th nht ca trng a ch. di ca trng a ch c xc nh bng cc bit m rng ca trng a ch. T s bit C/R l ng dng ring v khng mt giao thc chun chuyn mch khung no c th s dng n. Cc bit c nh trong trng a ch phi c iu khin nghn mch v c tho lun mc sau. Chc nng ca mng ISDN thc kin chc nng chuyn mch khung hoc bt c mt mng no c th b tr cho chuyn mch khung th u bao gm nh tuyn khung truyn vi nh dng nh nh dng trn hnh 8.15a da vo nhng gi tr DLCI cu chng. Hnh 8.21 ch ra s vn hnh ca cc thit b iu khin khung truyn trong bi cnh c mt s ngi s dng c ni trc tip vi cng mt thit b iu khin khung truyn qua cc knh vt l khc nhau. S vn hnh ny ch c thc hin khi c s tham gia ca hai thit b
iu khin khung truyn tr ln. Trong hnh v ny cc du lgic c biu th nh l cc n v ring bit hay im iu khin chuyn mch khung. n v ny c th p ng c bng cc du nh tuyn. Ni chung, qu trnh c iu khin bi cc mc nh trong bng kt ni da trn DLCI sp xp thnh cc khung truyn t knh ny n knh khc. Cc thit b iu khin khung truyn chuyn mt khung t knh li vo n knh li ra da vo mc tng thch trong bng kt ni v chuyn thnh DLCI trong khung trc khi truyn dn. V d nh khung u vo t TE B trn kt ni 306 c ti truyn dn n TE D trn kt ni 342. y l k thut mc xch nh tuyn lin kt. Hnh v cng ch ra cc chc nng phn knh:nhiu kt ni lgic trn cng mt knh lgic.
Hnh 8.21 Vn hnh s l khung
Ch rng tt c cc TE u c kt ni lgic n im chuyn mch khung vi gi tr ca DLCI =0. Cc kt ni lgic ny c o li trn knh iu khin cuc gi c th s dng khi khng dng c I.451/Q.931 trn knh D cho iu khin cuc gi chuyn mch khung. Ging nh mt trong s cc chc nng ca chuyn mch khung FCS ca mi khung li vo u c kim tra. Khi thy c li, khung loi b li, ngi s dng u cui s b nhim thm vic ti to li trn giao thc chuyn mch khung. Hnh 9.17 xem xt cc giao thc tham gia vo chuyn mch khung. Bt u bng cch xem xt tng kt ni chuyn mch khung ring bit. C mt lp vt l v lp chuyn mch khung con. Trn lp chuyn mch khung con c cha ng giao thc iu khin kt ni d liu lp 2. y l cc ng dng c lp v khc vi cc chuyn mch khung khc. Nu trong cc khung truyn chuyn mch khung cha ng tn hiu iu khin cuc gi chuyn mch khung th chng c mang trn khung DLCI 0 . N cung cp kt ni chuyn mch khung gia ngi s dng v thit b iu khin khung truyn DLCI 8191dng nhn dng th tc iu hnh.
iu khin nghn mch. C s : Mng chuyn mch khung l mt dng ca mng chuyn mch gi trong thut ng gi l ch khung thng tin lp 2. Trong bt c mt mng chuyn mch gi no th mt trong nhng vn trng yu l cch thit k iu khin chuyn mch khung. hiu r hn vai tr ca iu khin nghn mch, ta cn xem xt mt vi kt qu rt ra t l thuyt hng. Trong trng hp thit yu th chuyn mch khung l mng hng i. mi thit b iu khin c mt dy cc khung truyn cho mi khi to kt ni.Nu tc khung li ra v tc hng vt qu tc khung li vo th phi tng kch thc hng v khung di v tn cc phi c lm tr. Thm ch nu tc khung li ra nh hn tc khung truyn dn th di ca hng s tng t ngt khi m tc li ra xp x tc li vo. Nh qui tc lt gi, khi mt hng ca khung sp xp ln hn 80% lng s dng th di ca khung s tng tc ti a cho php.
Hnh 8.22 Hp knh ti lp con Frame Relay
Ta hy xem xt cch thc sp hng ca mt thit b iu khin khung truyn nh minh ho trn hnh 8.22. Bt c mt nt no cng c mt s kt ni truyn dn tip xc vi n: t mt tr ln n cc thit b iu khin khung truyn, t 0 tr ln th n cc thu bao. Trn mi mt kt ni khung ti v truyn i. Ta thy rng c hai vng m cho mi kt ni, mt nhn khung v mt gi khung ang ch truyn. Trn thc t th c th c hai b m c kch thc c nh lin h vi mi kt ni hoc cng c th c b nh sn cho vic kch hot tt c cc vng m. Trong trng hp sau, ta thy rng mi kt ni c hai vng m c kch thc thay i lin h vi n, tuy nhin hn ch chnh l ch tng kch c ca vng m phi c nh Trong bt c trng hp no th khi khung truyn n ch th chng phi c lu tr vng m u vo ca kt ni ng p ng. Nt kim tra khung n nh tuyn v sau chuyn khung ny n b m u ra tng ng. Khung truyn sp xp cho u ra phi c truyn dn vi tc ti a. Nu khung n qu nhanh so vi tc ca nt x l chng hoc nhanh hn tc xo vng m th khung ny s khng c sn vng m.
Khi t n trng thi bo ho th mt trong hai cch thc s c thng qua. Cch thc th nht n gin loi b bt c khung truyn no m n khng c sn vng m trng. Phng php ny t n lm v hiu ho nu nh khung loi b c ti truyn dn, b sung vo iu khin nghn mch. Trng hp khc cho mt vi c ch c s dng nhng li b hn ch bi tc khung mi c chn vo mng. Cn cch thc th hai c hiu ng ngha vi iu khin nghn mch
Hnh 8.23 Xp hng vo / ra ca s l Frame
Hnh 9.23 ch ra tc dng ca iu khin nghn mch. Hnh 8.23a v ra thi gian thng ca mng ( tc l s khung truyn ti trm ch trong mt n v thi gian) chng li cc ti cung cp (s khung truyn c truyn dn bi tt c cc thu bao ) trong khi hnh 8.23bb ch ra thi gian tr trung bnh t li vo n li ra thng qua mng. ti nh, thi gian thng v thi gian s dng tng khi ti cung cp tng. Khi ti cung cp tip tc tng n im A, thi gian thng ca mng tng chm hn tc tng ca ti cung cp. iu ny lm cho mng i vo trng thi tc nghn. Trong vng ny mng tip tc i ph vi ti mc d thi gian tr tng. Khi ti trn mng tng th di hng ca thit b iu khin khung truyn cng tng thm ch khi t n im B th thi gian thng gim trong khi ti cung p tng. C c iu ny l v vng m mi nt c kch thc hu hn. Khi vng m ca mi thit b iu khin y th n phi loi b khung truyn. Do thng tin ngun b loi b phi c ti truyn dn trong khung mi c b sung. iu ny gy ra nhc im l khi c qu nhiu khung truyn b ti truyn dn th ti trn h thng tng ln v nhiu vng m b bo ho. Trong khi h thng ang c gng xo i thng tin chng cht trong b m th ngi s dng li c np khung truyn mi v c vo h thng. Thm ch nhng khung truyn xong li vn c b truyn li lm cho lp cao hn li tn thi gian ghi nhn chng: Khung truyn i bao gm khung truyn nhng khng ti. Trong trng hp ny hiu qu ca h thng gm xung ng k.
R rng chng ta phi trnh nhng hn ch ny do phi b sung vo mt c ch iu khin nghn mch. K thut iu khin nghn mch c th hn ch c di ca hng cc nt trnh tnh trng gim thi gian thng. iu khin nghn mch v chuyn mch khung Theo CCITT trong X.3xx nh ngha v cc mc ch ca iu khin nghn mch v chuyn mch khung nh sau: * * * * * * * * * * Gim thiu s thi hi khung. Duy tr vi xc sut cao v s khc bit nh nht tng thch vi cht lng dch v. Gim thiu kh nng xy ra trng hp mt ngi dng u cui c th c quyn cc ti nguyn mng chi ph ca nhng ngi dng cui khc. n gin thc thi v t mc cao hn mt cht nhng ngi dng cui khc hoc mng khc. To nn lu thoi mng tng thm mc ti thiu. Phn chia ti nguyn mng mt cch cng bng gia nhng ngi s dng u cui. Hn ch lan truyn nghn mch vi mng v cc yu t ca mng khc. Vn hnh mt cch hiu qu khng k n dng thoi theo hng khc gia nhng ngi s dng cui. C c s tng tc hoc nh hng ti thiu trn cc h thng khc trong mch chuyn mch khung. Gim thiu s khc bit trong cht lng dch v khi phn phi n cc kt ni chuyn mch khung c nhn trong qu trnh nghn mch (v d nh,cc kt ni logic c nhn khng nn lm gim gi tr mt cch t ngt khi tip cn s nghn mch hoc xy ra nghn mch ).
Thch thc i vi iu khin nghn mch l rt cao i vi mng chuyn mch khung bi cc cng c c sn b hn ch i vi b qun khung. Giao thc chuyn mch khung c thc hin n gin c c lng d liu ln nht v hiu qu cao nht. Hu qu l mt b qun khung khng th iu khin c dng cc khung n t mt thu bao hoc nt ln cn m trong dng giao thc iu khin dng ca s trt c trng,nh trong LAPD. iu khin nghn mch l nhimv kt ni mng vi nhng ngi dng u cui. Mng trong ( l tp hp cc nt qun khung ) l v tr tt nht gim st mc nghn mch trong khi ngi dng u cui l v tr tt nht iu khin nghn mch bng cch hn ch lu thoi. Vi d on ca mnh chng ta c th xt n hai chin lciu khin nghn mch chung: trnh nghn mch v phc hi nghn mch. Cc th tc trnh nghn mch c s dng vo thi im bt u nghn mch gim thiu hiu ng ny trn mng. Do cc th tc ny s c bt u ti trc im A trong hnh 8.19 chng li nghn mch n im B.
Ti gn im s c mt vi du hiu c sn cho nhng ngi dng u cui bit rng s nghn mch ang tng ln. Do phi c mt vi c ch bo hiu r rng t mng li kch hot vic trnh nghn mch. Cc th tc khi phc nghn mch c dng ngn chn trng hp mng khng hot ng c khi xy ra nghn mch mc cao. Cc th tc ny thng c khi ng khi mng bt u gim khung do nghn mch. Nhng khungb gim nh th s c bo co bi mt s lp phn mm cao hn (v d Q.922 ) v hot ng nh mt c ch bo hiu ngun. Cc th tc khi phc nghn mch vn hnh quanh im B v trong khu vc nghn mch mc cao nh trong hnh 8.23. CCITT v ANSI coi trnh nghn mch vi cc bo hiu r rng v khi phc nghn mch vi bo hiu ngm l cc hnh thc b sung cho iu khin nghn mch trong dch v mang chuyn mch khung. Trnh chuyn mch vi cc bo hiu r rng: mi bo hiu r rng c hai bit trong trng a ch ca mi khung. Mi bit c th c t bi mt b qun khung no m b qun khung ny s d s nghn mch. Nu mt b qun khung trc mt khung m trong mt hoc c hai bit ny c t cc bit ny s khng b xa. Do cc tn hiu to thnh cc bit t mng ti ngi dng u cui. Hai bit l : Khai bo nghn mch r rng sau ( BECN ) : Khai bo cho ngi dng rng cc th tc trnh nghn mch nn c khi ng ni c th ng dng cho lu thoi hng i din ca khung nhn. N ch ra rng cc khung m ngi dng truyn trn kt ni logic ny c th gp cc ngun b nghn. Khi khai bo nghn mch ngm trc( FECN ) : Thng bo cho ngi dng rng cc th tc trnh nghn mch nn c khi ng ni c th ng dng cho lu thoi trn cng hngvi khung nhn. N ch ra rng khung ny, trn kt ni logic ny gp cc ngun b nghn.
Hnh 8.24 Hiu ng tc nghn
Chng ta hy xem nh cc bit ny c dng bi mng v ngi s dng. Trc ht vi p ng mng mi b qun khung cn phi kim sot cc hot ng ni tip ca n. Nu di hng bt u tng ln n mc nguy him th cc bit FECN v BECN hoc c hai s c t sao cho lm gim dng khung qua b qun khung . S la chn EFCN hay BECN c th ph thuc bi nhng ngi dng u cui trn kt ni logic cho c chun b tr li mt bit ny hoc bit kia hay khng. iu ny c th
c xc nh bi thi gian cu hnh. Trong bt c trng hp no b qun khung cng c mt vi la chn sao cho cc kt ni logic c bo ng v nghn mch. Nu s nghn mch tr nn kh nghim trng, tt c cc kt ni logic qua mt b qun khung u c th c thng bo. Trong giai on u ca nghn mch b qun khung c th ch bo hiu chon gi dng v cc kt ni ang to ra lu thoi ln nht. Trong mt ph lc ca ANSI T1.6ca c trnh by mt th tc ca di hng kim sot. B qun khung kim sot kch c ca mi hng. Mt chu k bt u khi mch li ra t khng c ch ( hng trng ) ti bn ( kch c hng khc 0, gm khung hin ti ). Kch c hng trung bnh vt qu chu k trc v chu k hin ti c tnh ton. Nu kch c trung bnh vt qu mt gi tr ngng. Sau mch trong trng thi bt u nghn mch, v cc bit trnh nghn mch nn c t trn mt s hoc tt c cc kt ni logic s dng mch . Bng cc tnh trung bnh cho hai chu k thay cho ch kim sot di hng hin ti, h thng s trnh c phn ng vi s tng vt tm thi m s khng to ra nghn mch mt cch cn thit. Thut gii dng cc bin sau:
T : Ti : Fqi: To : T1 : thi gian hin ti thi gian i xut hin hoc s kin bt u S khung trong h thng sau s kin. thi gian bt u ca chu k trc. thi gian bt u ca chu k hin ti.
Thutgii gm cc phn sau: 1. Cp nht di hng: Bt u vi qo:=0 nu s kin i m th l s kin xut hin qi:=qi-1+1 Nu s kin i m th l s kin bt u qi:=qi-1+1. 2. Cp nht phm vi hng (thng nht ). Phm vi ca chu k trc = qi-1 (ti ti-1) ti (T0,T1) Phm vi cu chu k hin ti = qi-1(ti-1-ti-1) ti (T1,t) 3. Cp nht di hng trung bnh: di hng trung bnh trn hai chu k bng: Phm vi trn 2 chu k/ Thi gian ca 2 chu k = Phm vi ca 2 chu k/ t-T0
Khi phc nghn mch vi bo ng ngm
di hng trung bnh c tnh bng cch xc ng phm vi ( kt qu ca kch c hng v thi gian ) trn hai chu k chia cho thi gian ca hai chu k. Thut gii ny c minh ho trong hnh 8.24. p ng ngi dng c xc nh bi nhn tn hiu BECN hay FECN. Th tc n gin nht l p ngvi tn hiu BECN: ngi dng ch n gi
gim tc pht cc khung cho n khi tn hiu ngng li. p ng vi FECN th phc tp hn n yu cu ngi dng thng bo ngi dng ng cp ( cng mc ) trn kt ni ny hn ch lung khung. Cc chc nng chnh c dng trong giao thc chuyn tip khung khng h tr vic thng bo ny. Bi vy cn thc hin lp cao hn, nh l lp vn chuyn. iu khin lung cng c th thc hin bi Q.922 hoc mt s giao thc iu khin lin kt thc hin trn lp ph chuyn tip khung ( hnh 9.17 ) Q.922 thng l hu ch v n bao gm s tng cng vi LAPD, do cho php ngi dng iu chnh kch c ca s Cc bo ng ngm din ra khi mng loi b mt khung v thc t ny b pht hin bi ngi dng u cui lp cao hn , nh l Q.922, khi mt khung b loi b b trn b m trong mng, khung tip theo s pht ra mt khung chng t im u cui nhn c. Nh vy, mt th tc lp cao hnc th c dng nhm cp cho iu khin lung n iu khin t nghn mch. Tiu chun ANSI ch ra rng mt ngi dng m c th thay i kch c ca s iu khin lung dng c ch ny trong p ng vi bo ng ngm. Chng ta gi s rng kch thc ca s lp 2, W, c th thay i gia cc thng s Wmax v c t khi u l Wmax. Nhn chung, chng ta mun gim W khi nghn mch tng chn truyn dn khung. Cc lp ny ca s ca s tng ng, da trn p ng vi vic nhn mt khung chng c nu ra(CHEN89,DOSH88): 1.1: 1.2: 1.3: t W=Max(W-1,Wmin) t W=Wmin t W=Max(W,Wmin) vi 0<<1
S truyn dn thnh cng (o bi ghi nhn p ng) c th ch ra rng nghn mch khng cn na v kch thc ca ca s tng ln. C hai cch gii quyt kh thi: 2.1: t W=min(W+1,Wmax) sau n truyn dn thnh cng lin tip. 2.2: t W=min(W+1,Wmax) sau W truyn dn thnh cng lin tip Mt cuc nghin cu cj bo co trong CHEN89 ch ra rng dung cch thc 1.3 vi =0,5 cng vi cch thc 2.2 s to ra s biu din tt trn phm vi rng ca cc thng s mng v cc mu lu thoi. Cho n nay,chng ta ni v vai tr ca ngi dng trong khi phc nghn mch. Vai tr ca mch tt nhin l loi b khung khi cn thit. Mt bit trong trng a ch ca mi khung c th dng cung cp ch dn. Loi b thch hp (DE) : Ch ra yu cu rng mt khung nn c loi b trong s u tin so vi khung khc m trong bit ny khng c t, khi cn phi loi b khung. Kh nng DE gip cho ngi dng c th gi tm thi nhiu khung hn mc cho php trung bnh. Trong trng hp ny, ngi dng t bit DE trn cc khung vt qu
gii hn. Mng s hng n cc khung ny nu n c th. Bit DE cng c th c t bi mt b qun l khung. Mng c th kim sot s a vo cc khung t ngi dng v dng bit DE bo v mng vi cc firewalls linh ng. l, nu b qun l khung m ngi dng trc tip kt ni n quyt nh rng li vo l vt qu gii hn tim nng, n t bit DE trn mi khung v sau hng n n xa hn trong mng. 8.4 Tng kt Bng 8.8 tm tt 4 giao thc lin kt d liu thch hp vi ISDN.Gii thiu ch yu v ISDN trong phn ny l LAPD, l nh ngha giao thc lin kt d liu dng trong knh D. Giao thc on ny gm thng tin giao thc lp cao hn cho bo hiu iu khin v cho chuyn mch gi X.25, vi nhng iu chnh ca trng a ch. LAPB c to ra lp 2 ca tiu chun giao din chuyn mch gi X.25. N c dng trong chuyn tip vi lp 3 X.25 trn cc knh B nhm cung cp h tr chuyn mch gi cho ngi dng ISDN. Khi X.25 c dng trn knh D, LAPD thay th LAPB nh giao thc lp 2. I.465/V120 l mt th tc tng thch trm cung cp giao thc lin kt a nng cho s dng trn cc knh D v H. c im chnh ca giao thc ny n cho php cc kt ni a lgic c thit lp trn mt mch n gia hai ngi s dng u cui. Cui cng, CCITT v ANSI l qu trnh tiu chun ho mt dichj v quan trng gi l dch v mang ch khung. y l mt giao thc iu khin lin kt d liu c sp xp hp l m n khng h tr iu khin qu trnh v kim li. Tuy nhin, chuyn mch khung cung cp loi chuyn mch gi ca dch v trn cc knh D, B v H.
Chng 9 Lp mng ISDN

i vi ISDN, mt giao thc lp mng mi, Q.931 c xy dng cung cp iu khin cuc gi ngoi bng cho lin lc trn knh B v knh H. Giao thc ny, s dng knh D, s hot ng mc mng ca m hnh OSI. N c dng cho vic lin lc mode knh v c mode gi. Mt khuyn ngh c lin quan, Q.932, s cung cp chc nng b sung Iu khin cc dch v b tr. Trong chng ny, ta s kho st c giao thc c s ln thit b dch v b tr. 9.1. Tng quan Lp mng ISDN bao gm mt giao thc knh D c dng thit lp, duy tr v kt thc cc kt ni trn cc knh B v H. Giao thc ny cng cho cc th tc chung v vic a ra v hot ng ca cc dch v b tr. M t k thut ca Iu khin cuc gi c trong 6 khuyn ngh sau y: Q.930 Ngi dng ISDN-Lp 3 giao din mng Cc kha cnh chung:: M t bng cc thut ng chung v cc chc nng lp 3 ca knh D v giao thc dng trn mt giao din ngi dng ISDN mng. Q.931 Thng s k thut v Iu khin cuc gi c s: Quy nh cc th tc thit lp, duy tr v kt thc cc kt ni trn giao din ngi dng ISDN mng. Q.932 Cc th tc chung v iu khin cc dch v b tr ISDN: nh ngha cc th tc chung dng cho vic a ra v hot dng ca cc dch v b tr trong mi lin quan n cc cuc gi ang c hoc bn ngoI bt k cuc gi ang c no. Q.933 Thng s k thut v iu khin cuc gi c s mode khung: Quy nh cc th tc thit lp, duy tr v kt thc cc kt ni mode khung trn giao din ngi dng ISDN mng. Q.939 Cc m ho ch th dch v DSS 1 thng thng cho cc dch v vin thng ISDN : Cung cp cc m ho c th cho cc dch v vin thng. Q.950 Cc giao thc dch v b tr Cu trc v cc nguyn l chung : Cung cp cc th tc chi tit p dng cho cc dch v b tr ring l. Tp hp cc kh nng cung cp bo hiu Iu khin cuc gi trn knh D c gi l H thng bo hiu thu bao S No. 1 ( DSS-1 ). Kin trc chung ca n c m t trn Hnh 9.1. Lp vt l, c nh ngha trong I.430 ( truy cp c s ) v I.431 ( truy cp s cp ), h tr cho tt c vic lin lc ca knh B v D. Ti lp lin kt d liu, cc th tc iu khin cuc gi c s v cc th tc ca dch v b tr u c h tr nh cc bn tin nh ngha trong giao thc Q.931. Nh vy, khng c mt giao thc ring bit no yu cu v iu khin cc dch v b tr. Hn th na, mt s bn tin Q.931 li nh ngha cc th tc iu khin cc dch v b tr.
Hnh 9.1 M hnh cc dch v b tr v c s
9.2. iu khin cuc gi c s Q.931 quy nh cc th tc thit lp kt ni trn cc knh B v H dng chung cng mt giao din ti ISDN nh knh D. N cng cung cp bo hiu Iu khin t -ngi dng - n - ngi dng qua knh D. Theo cc thut ng ca OSI, Q.931 l lp 3, hay l lp mng, giao thc. Nh trn Hnh 9.2 cho thy, giao thc ny da vo LAPD chuyn cc bn tin qua knh D. Mi mt bn tin Q.931 c a vo trong mt khung lp lin kt. Khung lp-lin kt ny c truyn trn knh D, c hp knh ti lp vt l vi cc knh khc theo I.430 hoc I.431. ITU-T quy nh cc im sau nh l cc chc nng c bn c thc hin ti lp mng v iu khin cuc gi: Quan h qua li vi lp lin kt d liu ( LAPD ) truyn v nhn cc bn tin. Khi to v din gii cc bn tin lp 3. Qun l cc i tng logic v theo di thi gian (v d nh cc tham chiu cuc gi ) s dng trong cc th tc iu khin cuc gi. Qun l cc ngun lc truy cp, bao gm c cc knh B v cc knh logic lp gi ( X.25 ). Kim tra xem cc dch v c cung cp c tng thch vi cc yu cu ca ngi dng hay khng ( v d nh c nh c th hin qua kh nng mang, cc a ch, cc tnh tng thch lp cao v lp thp ). Ngoi cc chc nng c bn trn, mt lot cc chc nng khc c th cn n trn cc cu hnh mng nht nh h tr cc dch v nht nh. ITU-T trch dn cc chc nng sau: nh tuyn v relay: i vi cc h cui c kt ni vi cc mng con khc nhau, cc chc nng nh tuyn v relay l cn thit thit lp nn mt kt ni mng u cui.
iu khin kt ni mng: Bao gm cc c ch kt ni mng nh s dng cc kt ni lin kt d liu. Chuyn cc thng tin ngi dng- ti -mng v mng-ti- ngi dng: Chc nng ny c th c thc hin cng hoc khng cng vi vic thit lp mt kt ni chuyn mch knh. Hp knh kt ni mng: Lp 3 thc hin vic hp knh cc thng tin Iu khin cuc gi cho nhiu cuc gi ln trn mt kt ni lin kt d liu (LAPD) duy nht. Ngt on v tI ghp: C th cn phI phn on cc bn tin Q.931 khi truyn i v ti ghp chng khi nhn c truyn qua cc giao din ngi dng-mng ni ht c th no . Ph hin li: Cc chc nng ph hin li s kim tra cc li th tc tI giao thc lp 3. Khc phc li: Chc nng ny bao gm cc c ch khc phc cc li pht hin c.
Hnh 9.2 Kin trc giao thc iu khin cuc gi
Th t : Chc nng ny bao gm c ch d pht th t thng tin lp 3 khi c yu cu iu khin tc nghn v lung d liu ngi dng: iu khin tc nghn c th ra lnh tm thi t chi yu cu thit lp 1 kt ni. iu khin lung c th dc cung cp cho bo hiu ngi dng-ngi dng Khi to li: Chc nng ny c s dng gi tr li cc knh v cc giao din 1 iu kin khng dng n khi phc cc iu kin d thng Cc loi y cui Hai loi c bn ca cc u cui ngi dng c h tr bi ISDN: Chc nng v tc nhn kch thch : Cc u cui chc nng c coi l cc thit b thng minh v c th c khai thc trong ton b cc di ca cc bn tin Q.931 v cc tham s iu khin cuc gi. Tt c cc thng tin bo hiu c gi theo kiu nh cc bn tin iu khin n l ( gp ton b li ri gi i ). Cc u cui tc nhn kch thch l cc thit b vi kh nng bo hiu th s,. in thoi s n gin l mt v d ca loi u cui ny. Bn tin c gi ti mng bi cc u cui tc nhn kch thch thng c sinh ra do kt qu trc tip ca tc ng ngi dng u cui ( v d nhc ng nghe, bm phm.. ) v ni chung thc hin mt s miu t cc s kin c
ti cc giao din ngi-my. V th cc u cui tc nhn kch thch ny truyn cc thng tin bo hiu 1 s kin hoc 1 con s ti 1 thi im. Cc bn tin bo hiu ny c gi bi mng ti cc u cui tc nhn kch thch gm lnh r rng ph hp vi cc vn hnh c hon thin bi u cui ( v d kt ni knh B, bt u cnh bo.. ). i vi cc u cui tc nhn kch thch, cc chc nng iu khin c tp trung v tng i v cc chc nng m rng s c thc hin bi thay di bn trong tng i Cc bn tin Tin trnh thit lp, iu khin v chm dt 1 cuc gi cng nh l tin trnh la chn cc dch v ph xy ra l kt qu ca cc bn tin bo hiu iu khin c trao i gia ngi s dng v mng thng qua knh D. Mt khun dng chung c s dng cho tt c cc bn tin c nh ngha trong Q.931, minh ho trong hnh 9,3
Hnh 9,3 Khun dng Q.931
Cc trng chung Ba trng u tin l chung cho tt c cc loi bn tin Phan bit giao thc: c s dng phn bit cc bn tin iu khin cuc gi mng-ngi dng vi cc loi bn tin khc. Nh trong bng 9.1 gi nh, cc giao thc khc c th c chia x knh D. Tham chiu cuc gi: Nhn dng cuc gi trn knh B hay knh H theo cc tham chiu bn tin ny Loi bn tin: Nhn dng l bn tin Q.931 hay l Q,932 ang c gi. Ni dung phn cn li trong bn tin ph thuc vo loi bn tin
Nhn dng giao thc c s dng cho Q.931 l mt s nh phn 0000 1000. Cc gi tr nhn dng giao thc khc c ch ra trong bng 9.1. Cc loi khc ca cc bn tin lp 3 c th c mang trong khung LAPD c gn cc s khc. Lu rng X.25 c kh nng s dng 1 s ln tp hp con cc s 8-bit, l nguyn nhn v m khun dng lp 3 ca X.25 khng cha trng nhn dng giao thc. Tuy nhin. tt c cc gi X.25 bt u vi 1 octet m trong cc bit th 3 hoc th 4 hoc l mang gi tr 10 hoc l gi tr 01 ( xem hnh 4.13 ). Theo , cc cuc gi non-X.25 c th phn bit c vi cuc gi X.25 bng s c mt ca hoc 00 hoc 11 ti cc v tr bit . Trng tham chiu cuc gi gm c ba trng con. Trng con di quy nh di bng octet ca phn trng cn li. di ny l 1 octet i vi mt giao din tc c s, v l 2 octet i vi mt giao din tc s cp. Gi tr tham chiu cuc gi l s c gn cho cuc gi ny. N quy nh kt ni mt cch duy nht v c cc bn tin tng lai s dng (v d nh mt bn tin ngt) xc nh kt ni . S ny c TE gn nu nh n ang yu cu mt kt ni v c NT gn nu n ang thng bo mt cuc gi n. C s cho thy u no ca kt ni logic LAPD bt u cuc gi : Gi tr s l 0 nu bn tin i t pha xut pht tham chiu cuc gi ny, v bng 1 nu bn tin i ti pha xut pht tham chiu cuc gi. C s cn ngn chn mu thun trong trng hp c hai NT v TE ng thi la chn cng mt gi tr tham chiu cuc gi cho mt kt ni mi. Gi tr tham chiu cuc gi ch c mt ngha ni a. Gi tr tham chiu cuc gi gn cho u kia ca kt ni s c xc nh mt cch a phng ti u bn kia .
Bng 9.1 Gi tr s phn bit giao thc 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Giao thc ngi dng ring Cc giao thc lp cao OSI D liu ngi dng cuc gi X.25 Qun tr h thng Cc k t IAS Thng tin c m ho ASN.1 / BER D tr dng sau ny V.120 thay i tc Q.931Bn tin iu khin cuc gi ngi dng-mng
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 n 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 n 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0
D tr cho cc lp mng khc hoc giao thc lp 3 X.25 1 1 0 0 S dng quc gia 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 0 n 1 1 1 1 1 0
D tr cho cc lp mng khc hoc giao thc lp 3 X.25
C hai trng hp c bit cn lu v gi tr tham chiu cuc gi. Mt tham chiu cuc gi khng r rng s c gi tr trng ph dI bng 0 v do vy n dI 1 octet ( tt c u l 0 ). Iu ny c dnh ring cho cc th tc dch v b tr, s tho lun sau. Trng hp th hai l gi tr tham chiu cuc gi bng 0 (tc l trng ph dI c gi tr bng 1 , cho thy s c mt ca mt octet th hai trong trng tham chiu cuc gi, v gi tr bng s ca trng ph gi tr tham chiu cuc gi bng 0 ). y l trng hp tham chiu cuc gi ton cu. dng cho cc th tc khi ng lin kt d liu; cc bn tin c th p dng c cho tt c cc tham chiu cuc gi lin quan n b phn xc nh kt ni lin kt d liu (DLCI). Tip theo ba trng chung ny, phn cn lI ca bn tin bao gm mt chui cc phn t 0 hoc nhiu thng tin hn, hoc cc tham s. Chng cha cc thng tin b sung s c chuyn I cng vi bn tin. Nh vy, kiu bn tin s quy nh mt lnh hay mt phn hi, v chi tit s c a ra nh cc phn t thng tin. Mt s phn t thng tin lun lun nht thit phi i km mt bn tin cho trc (bt buc), v mt s phn t thng tin khc th lI ty . Ba khun dng ca cc phn t thng tin c s dng nh trn cc Hnh t 9.3b n 9.3d. Cc kiu bn tin Cc bn tin Q.931 c th c nhm theo hai dng: Cc ng dng m chng h tr v cc chc nng m chng thc hin. Cc bn tin p dng cho mt hoc 4 ng dng sau: Iu khin kt ni mode knh: ch cc chc nng cn thit cho vic thit lp, duy tr v giI phng mt kt ni chuyn mch knh trn mt knh B. Chc nng ny tng ng vi Iu khin cuc gi trong cc mng vin thng chuyn mch knh hin c. I khin kt ni truy cp mode gi: ch cc chc nng cn thit cho vic thit lp mt kt ni chuyn mch knh ( c gi l mt kt ni truy cp trong ng cnh ny) n mt node chuyn mch gi ISDN; kt ni ny s ni ngi dng vi mng chuyn mch gi c mt nh cung cp ISDN cung cp. Bo hiu ngi dngngi dng khng kt hp vi cc cuc gi chuyn mch knh: Cho php hai ngi dng lin lc m khng cn thit lp mt kt ni chuyn mch knh. Mt kt ni bo hiu tm thi c thit lp v giI phng theo kiu tng t nh Iu khin mt kt ni chuyn mch knh. Vic bo hiu s din ra qua knh D v do vy s khng tiu th n cc ngun lc ca knh B. Cc bn tin dng vi tham chiu cuc gi ton cu: ch cc chc nng cho php ngi s dng hoc mng tr mt hay nhiu knh v Iu kin ngh. NgoI ra, cc bn tin thc hin cc chc nng thuc mt trong 4 tiu ch sau: Thit lp cuc gi: Thot u c dng thit lp cuc gi. Nhm ny gm c cc bn tin gia thit b u cui gi I v mng v gia mng vi thit b u cui c gi n. Cc bn tin ny h tr cc dch v sau: thit lp 1 cuc gi knh B theo yu cu ngi dng ; cung cp cc thit b mng c th cho cuc gi ny ; thng bo vho ngi dng gi I v tin trnh ca qu trnh thit lp cuc gi.
Thng tin cuc gi: c gi I gia ngi dng v mng khi 1 cuc gi c to ra, nhng phI trc giai on kt thc. Mt trong s cc bn tin trong nhm ny cho php mng c relay cc thng gia 2 ngi dng ca cuc gi m khng lm thay i thng tin. Bn cht ca thng tin ny nm ngoI phm vi tiu chun, nhng ngi ta gi thit rng n l thng tin bo hiu Iu khin m khng th hay khng nn gi I 1 cch trc tip qua knh B. Phn cn lI ca cc bn tin cho php ngi dng c yu cu nh ch v sau ni lI 1 cuc gi. Khi 1 cuc gi b nh ch, mng s nh cn cc ca cc bn c gi v cc thit b mng h tr cc cuc gi , nhng n khng kch hot cuc gi sao cho khng pht sinh cc ph b xung v sao cho knh B tng ng c giI phng. Gi s trc rng, vic ni lI cuc gi s nhanh hn v r hn l khi to 1 cuc gi mi. GiI phng cuc gi: c gi I gia ngi dng-mng chm dt cuc gi. Tiu ch khc: C th c gi I gia ngi dng-mng cc giai on khc nhau ca cuc gi. Mt s c th c gi I trong khi thit lp cuc gi ; mt s khc c gi i khi khng c cuc gi no. Chc nng s cp ca cc bn tin ny l m phn cc thuc tnh mng ( cc dch v b tr ) iu khin kt ni mode knh Bng 9.2 lit k cc bn tin c s dng cho Iu khin kt ni mode knh, vi mt nh ngha n gin. Mi mt i tng gm c ch dn v hng ca bn tin : Ch t ngi dng n mng ( u n) Ch t mng n ngi dng (n u) C hai hng Mi mt i tng cng xc nh xem liu bn tin c: ngha ni ht : Ch thch hp trong truy cp xut pht hoc kt thc ( tc l giao din ngi dng-mng cho ngi s dng khi to cuc gi hoc ngi s dng chp nhn cuc gi ) n mng do ngi s dng thc hin. ngha truy cp : Thch hp trong truy cp xut pht hoc kt thc, nhng khng phi trong mng. ngha ton cu : Thch hp trong truy cp xut pht hoc kt thc, v trong mng. Bng 9.3 n 9.6 lit k cc tham s lin quan n tng bn tin iu khin kt ni mode knh i vi vic thit lp cuc gi, pha thng tin cuc gi, gii phng cuc gi v cc chc nng khc mt cch tng ng. Cc tham s c quy nh l bt buc (M) hoc tu chn (O). Bng 9.7 a ra nh ngha s b v cc tham s ny. Kh nng mang phn t thng tin Mt tham s mu cht, kh nng mang phn t thng tin ( hnh 9.4 ) bo m s chi tit ho. Tham s ny c dng trong bn tin SETUP yu cu 1 dch v mang nh qui nh trong I.231. Khng ging nh nhiu tham s bn tin, c chuyn t ngun ti ch, tham s ny c mng dng thit lp kt ni. Tham s ny thc s tI 2 loi thng tin sau y:
Bng 9.2 Cc bn tin Q.931 i vi iu khin kt ni mode knh Bn tin ARLECTING CALL PROCEEDING CONNECT CONNECT ACKNOWLEDGE PROGRESS SETUP SETUP ACKNOWLEDGE RESUME RESUME ACKNOWLEDGE RESUME REJECT SUSPEND SUSPEND ACKNOWLEDGE SUSPEND REJECT ngha Ton cu Ni ht Ton cu Hng C hai C hai C hai Chc nng Cho thy vic cnh bo ngi dng bt u Cho thy vic thit lp cuc gi c bt u Cho thy TE c gi n chp nhn cuc gi Cho thy ngi dng c cp cuc gi Bo co v tin trnh ca cuc gi Bt u thit lp cuc gi Cho thy vic thit lp cuc gi c bt u nhng cn phI c thm thng tin
Cc bn tin thit lp cuc gi
Ni ht Ton cu Ton cu Ni ht
C hai C hai C hai C hai
Cc bn tin v pha thng tin cuc gi Ni ht u n Yu cu ni lI cuc gi b nh ch Ni ht n u Cho thy cuc gi yu cu c tI

Ni ht Ni ht Ni ht Ni ht nu un nu nu thit lp Cho thy s khng thnh cng ni lI cuc gi b nh ch Yu cu nh ch mt cuc gi Cuc gi b nh ch Cho thy s khng thnh cng nh ch mt cuc gi theo yu cu c ngi dng gi I yu cu giI phng kt ni; c mng gi i cho thy vic gii phng kt ni. Cho thy d nh gii phng knh v tham chiu cuc gi Cho thy giI phng knh v tham chiu cuc gi Cung cp cc thng tin b sung Cho bit cc thng tin gn vi mt cuc gi c gi i p ng mt STATUS ENQUIRY hoc tI bt k thi Im no bo li mi bn tin STATUS
Cc bn tin gii phng cuc gi

DISCONNECT Ton cu C hai
RELEASE RELEASE COMPLETE INFORMATION NOTIFY STATUS
Ni ht Ni ht Ni ht Truy cp Ni ht
C hai C hai C hai C hai C hai
STATUS ENQUIRY
Ni ht
C hai
La dch v mang t cc dch v mang ca mng m ngi dng gi I c kt ni ti. V d nh thng tin s khng hn ch. Thng tin ny c m ho vo cc octet 3 v 4 ca phn t thng tin kh nng mang khi cn n mode knh v vo cc octet 3, 4 ( k c 4.1 nu cn), 6 v 7 i vi mode gi.
Thng tin v thit b u cui hay cuc gi d kin, c dng quyt nh tnh tng thch ca thit b u cui ch v c th to thun li cho vic ni mng vi cc ISDN hoc cc mng non-ISDN khc. V d nh m ho theo lut A. Thng tin ny s c m ho vo octet 5 ca phn t thng tin kh nng mang. Octet 3 gm c mt ch bo v liu kh nng mang c phi l mt tiu chun ITUT hay khng. Nu ng, khi trng kh nng chuyn thng tin s quy nh mt trong cc loi sau: ting, thng tin s khng hn ch, thng tin s hn ch, ting loi 3.1 kHz, hoc hnh. Octet 4 cho bit liu mode knh hay mode gi c yu cu v tc d liu knh ngi dng (64 kb/s, 2 x 64 kb/s, 384 kb/s, 1.536 kb/s, 1.92 Mb/s hoc N x 64 kb/s). Nu tc c chn trong octet 4 l N x 64 kb/s, th octet 4.1 s c mt v ch ra gi tr ca N. Octet 5 c dng cho bit quy tc m ho tip theo i vi kh nng chuyn thng tin ( v d, iu chnh tc V.110 hoc V.120, nhi c X.31, lut A, lut ). Octet 5a gm c mt ch th v chuyn ng b hoc khng ng b v mt ch th thng lng dng vi V.110. Tc ngi dng cho thy tc c s m t iu chnh tc s xut hin. Octet 5b s x l cc chi tit ca k thut iu chnh tc v c hai dng, mt dng cho V.110 v mt cho V.120. i vi V.110 c cc trng sau:

Tc trung gian : Khng c dng, 8 kb/s, 16 kb/s, 32 kb/s ng h truyn dn khng ph thuc vo mng : Cn thit, khng cn thit ng h tip nhn khng ph thuc vo mng : C th c h tr, khng th h tr c. iu khin dng truyn dn: Cn thit, khng cn thit iu khin dng tip nhn: C th c h tr, khng th h tr c.
i vi V.120, c cc trng nh sau:

Header : Bao gm, khng bao gm header iu chnh tc . H tr thit lp a khung : C th c h tr, khng th h tr c. Mode : Bit trong sut, giao thc nhy. Thng lng xc nh lin kt logic : Khng bit liu LLI (256) ngm nh c c dng khng. Bn gn/b gn : Ch bn gn hoc b gn ngm nh. Thng lng trong bng/ngoi bng: Thng lng vi cc bn tin USER INFORMATION trn knh D hoc trong bng nh s dng LLI = 0.
Cc octet 5c v 5d cha cc c im lp vt l b sung. Octet 6 c s dng lp 2 (I.441/Q.921 hoc lp 2 X.25). Octet 7 c s dng lp 3 (Q.931 hoc lp 3 X.25).
Bng 9.3 cc phn t thng tin i vi cc bn tin thit lp cuc gi Q.931 cho iu khin kt ni mode knh
Alerting Call Proceeding Connect Connect Acke Progress Setup Setup Ack
Hon tt vic gi Nhc li ch th Kh nng mang Cn cc knh Nguyn nhn Ch th tin trnh Thit b mng c th Hin th Ngy/thi gian Thit b keypad Tn hiu S bn gi a ch ph ca bn gi S bn c gi a ch ph ca bn c gi La chn mng chuyn tip Tnh tng thch lp thp Tnh tng thch lp cao
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 M 0
0 0 M 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0
Bng 9.4 Cc phn t thng tin cho cc bn tin pha thng tin cuc gi Q.931 i vi iu khin kt ni mode knh Resume Tnh ng nht cuc gi Cn cc knh Nguyn nhn Hin th 0 M 0 M 0 0 M 0 Resume Ack Resume Reject Suspend 0 Suspend Ack Suspend Reject
Bng 9.5 Cc phn t thng tin cho cc bn tin gii phng cuc gi Q.931i vi iu khin kt ni mode knh Disconnect M 0 0 0 Release 0 0 0 Release Complete 0 0 0
Nguyn nhn Ch th tin trnh Hin th Tn hiu
Bng 9.6 Cc phn t thng tin cho cc bn tin Q.931khc i vi iu khin kt ni mode knh Information Nguyn nhn Kh nng mang Ch th thng bo Trng thi cuc gi Hon tt vic gi Hin th Thit b keypad Tn hiu S ca bn gi Notify Status M 0 M 0 0 0 0 0 Status Enquiry
M 0 0
Bng 9.7 nh ngha v cc phn t thng tin cho cc bn tin Q.931 Kh nng mang Thit b keypad Cho bit kh nng cung cp mt trong cc Chuyn cc k t IA5 c a vo nh input kh nng mang ca mng nh nh ngha ca thit b u cui. trong I.231 v I.232. N bao gm cc thng tin chi tit v cc phng n giao thc ti tng lp xy dng nn dch v mong mun Tnh ng nht cuc gi Xc nh mt cuc gi b nh ch. N c gn ngay t khi bt u nh ch cuc gi Trng thi cuc gi M t trng thi hin ti ca mt cuc gi, nh ang hot ng, c tch ring hay g b S ca bn gi/ c gi Xc nh a ch ISDN ca bn gi/c gi. Tnh tng thch lp thp c dng kim tra tnh tng thch t u n cui. N bao gm tnh tng thch chuyn thng tin, tc chuyn thng tin v cn cc giao thc cc lp t 1 n 3.
Cc thit b mng c th Xc nh cc thit b c bit i vi mt mng c th no . Ch th thng bo Cung cp thng tin gn lin vi mt cuc gi. Cc gi tr hin c nh ngha l nh ch ngi dng, ni li ngi dng v cc dch v mang.
a ch ph ca bn gi/c gi Xc nh a ch ph ca bn gi/ c gi
Nguyn nhn Ch th tin trnh M t l do khi to cc bn tin nht nh M t mt s kin xut hin trong thi gian no , cung cp thng tin chn on din ra mt cuc gi. trong trng hp cc li th tc, v cho bit v tr ca bn xut pht nguyn nhn. V tr c xc nh qui v tr ni mng gy ra nguyn nhn.
Cn cc knh Ch th nhc li Xc nh knh/knh ph bn trong giao din Cho thy rng c th la chn mt phng n (v d nh knh B no) c cc qu trnh t cc phn t thng tin nhc li. bo hiu ny iu khin. Hon tt vic gi Ngy/Gi Cho bit khi no cc bn tin c mng khi Cho bit hon thnh mt s ca bn c gi. to. Hin th Cung cp cc thng tin b sung c m ho vo cc k t ca IA5 (Bng ch ci quc t 5, ging nh ASCII). c d kin hin th trn thit b u cui ca ngi dng. Tn hiu Chuyn cc thng tin khin mt thit b u cui mode kch thch to ra cc m thanh v tn hiu cnh bo. V d nh cc gi tr quay ting i, chung li, ting bo bn, v tt ting. La chn mng chuyn tip Xc nh mng m kt ni cn s dng ti c ch cui. Phn t thng tin ny c th c nhc li trong mt bn tin chn ra mt chui cc mng m mt cuc gi phi i qua.
Tnh tng thch lp cao Xc nh kiu thit b u cui hoc ng dng c pha ngi dng ca mt giao din S/T (v d nh in thoi, Teletex, h x l bn tin X.400). Mng s vn chuyn thng tin ny mt cch trong sut t u n cui cho php ngi dng xa c th thc hin c vic kim tra tnh tng thch.
V d v mode knh Hnh 9.5 l mt v d v vic s dng giao thc thit lp mt cuc gi in thoi chuyn mch knh trn knh B. Ta s xem xt v d ny cho ngi c mt khi nim v vic s dng giao thc Q.931. V d ny l v vic t mt cuc gi in thoi, nhng quy trnh ca n cng tng t nh i vi mt cuc gi d liu t my tnh n my tnh hoc t thit b u cui n my tnh. Qu trnh s bt u khi mt thu bao gi i nhc ng nghe. in thoi tng thch ISDN s bo m rng knh D c kch hot trc khi chnh n to ra ting quay s ( khng cho thy ). Khi thu bao n phm cho s c gi n (khng cho thy), my in thoi s gp cc con s li v khi tt c c nhn , n s gi i mt bn tin SETUP qua knh D n tng i. Bn tin SETUP gm c s ch ; mt cn cc knh quy nh knh B s c dng; v bt k cc dch v hoc thit b mng c yu cu no ( v d nh tnh cc dnh ring ). Bn tin SETUP s kch hot hai hot ng ti tng i ni ht. u tin, bng cch dng bo hiu iu khin ni b, tng i ni ht ny s gi i mt bn tin qua mng, v s quy nh mt tuyn cho cuc gi theo yu cu v phn b cc ngun lc cho cuc gi . Th hai, tng i ny s gi li mt bn tin CALL PROC, cho bit vic thit lp cuc gi ang c tin hnh. Tng i ny c th s yu cu thm thng tin t pha ngi gi ( thng qua SETUP ACK v INFO ). Khi bn tin iu
khin ni b ti c tng i xa, n s gi i mt bn tin SETUP ti my in thoi c gi n. in thoi c gi n s chp nhn cuc gi bng cch gi i mt bn tin ALERT n mng v to ra mt ting chung. Khi bn c gi nhc ng nghe, my in thoi s gi mt bn tin CONN n mng. Tng i ni ht s gi i mt bn tin CONN ACK ti thu bao ca n v chuyn bn tin CONN n tng i gi i, v n lt mnh n chuyn n in thoi gi i. Mch knh B by gi ri cho cc my in thoi gi i v c gi n.
Hnh 9.4 Phn t thng tin kh nng mang
V qu trnh thit lp cuc gi s dng bo hiu knh chung nn cc knh khc khng b xen vo, v vic tt c cc knh B u tham gia s khng ngn cn i thoi ca knh D. V d, ngay c khi tt c cc knh ngi dng u c phn cho cc mch, mt yu cu cuc gi n s c a ra cho ngi dng thng qua knh D; nu mun, ngi dng c th t mt cuc gi ang din ra vo tnh trng i s dng knh B tng ng cho mt cuc gi mi.
Hnh 9.5 Th tc cho mt cuc gi chuyn mch knh n gin (v d)
Mt khi mch c thit lp, cc lung d liu 64 kb/s song cng s oc trao i thng qua knh B gia hai ngi dng cui cng. Cc bn tin bo hiu b sung , chng hn nh cc bn tin pha thng tin cuc gi, c th c truyn qua trong thi gian ny. Vic chm dt cuc gi s bt u khi mt trong hai ngi dng treo my. Vic ny s lm cho bn tin DISC c gi n tng i t my in thoi . Tng i s p li bng mt bn tin REL, v khi in thoi gi REL COM, knh B s c gii phng. Hnh ng b s xy ra ti giao din in thoi mng kia. iu khin kt ni mode gi Khi lin lc mode gi c s dng trn ton ISDN, cc cu hnh kh d s phc tp hn i vi lin lc mode knh. Cc kh nng s c tho lun chi tit hn trong Phn 6.4. Tng kt li, c ba cch kh d sau cho lin lc mode gi:

Truy cp chuyn mch knh ti mt mng d liu cng cng chuyn mch gi (PSPDN) qua mt knh B Truy cp chuyn mch gi ti mt dch v mch o ISDN qua knh B Truy cp chuyn mch gi ti mt dch v mch o ISDN qua knh D.
Trong c ba trng hp, ngi dng s c kt ni vi node x l gi, l mt phn ca mng chuyn mch gi, thay v c ni n mt ngi dng cui cng. Trong mi trng hp, ngi dng khi s dc s dng th tc iu khin cuc gi X.25 thit lp cc mng o n cc ngi dng cui cng khc (c kt ni vi cng mt mng chuyn mch gi). Truy cp chuyn mch knh n PSPDN Trong trng hp ny, mt kt ni mode knh ca knh B s c to ra n b x l gi, nm ngoi ISDN. Nh vy, v cn bn, cc th tc ny cng tng t nh thit lp mt kt ni mode knh n bt k mt ngi dng bn ngoi no khc. Tuy nhin, v ngi dng xa l mt b x l gi nn ch cn n mt tp con ca Q.931 m thi.
Bng 9.8 Cc bn tin Q.931 cho iu khin kt ni truy cp mode gi
Bn tin
ALERTING CALL PROCEEDING CONNECT CONNECT ACKNOWLEDGE PROGRESS SETUP
ngha
Hng
Chc nng
DISCONNECT RELEASE RELEASE COMPLETE
STATUS STATUS ENQUIRY
Cc bn tin thit lp kt ni truy cp Ni ht Cho bit vic cnh bo ngi dng bt un u Cho bit vic thit lp kt ni truy cp Ni ht C hai bt u Cho bit TE c gi chp nhn kt ni Ni ht C hai truy cp Cho bit ngi dng c cp kt ni Ni ht C hai truy cp Bo co v tin trnh ca mt kt ni truy Ni ht cp trong trng hp ni mng vi mt un mng t nhn Ni ht C hai Bt u thit lp kt ni truy cp Cc bn tin gii phng kt ni truy cp c ngi dng gi i yu cu gii Ni ht C hai phng kt ni; c mng gi i cho bit vic gii phng kt ni Cho thy d nh gii phng knh v tham Ni ht C hai chiu cuc gi Cho thy vic gii phng knh v tham Ni ht C hai chiu cuc gi Cc bn tin khc c gi p li bn tin STATUS Ni ht C hai ENQURY hoc bo v mt li no ti thi im bt k. Ni ht C hai Xin bn tin STATUS
Bng 9.8 lit k, c nh ngha s b, cc bn tin dng cho iu khin kt ni i vi truy cp chuyn mch knh n mt mng PSPDN. Nh c th thy, c mt tp con cc bn tin dng cho iu khin kt ni mode knh ni chung (Bng 9.2). Sau y l cc khc bit : i vi pha thit lp cuc gi, bn tin SETUP ACKNOWLEDGE khng c dng yu cu thm thng tin. Mch cn cho truy cp chuyn mch gi c tiu chun ho khng cn n mt thng tin b tr no khc. Khng bn tin pha thng tin cuc gi no c h tr. iu ny c ngha l khng th nh ch v ni li cc kt ni mode knh n mt mng PSPDN. Cc bn tin INFORMATION v NOTIFY cng khng c h tr, v thng tin ny khng cn thit. Truy cp knh B n dch v mch o ISDN Cc th tc v bn tin cho dng truy cp ny v c bn ging nh i vi truy cp n mt mng PSPDN. Trong trong hp ny, ngi dng s thit lp mt kt ni n b x l gi nm trong ISDN. Truy cp knh D n dch v mch o ISDN Trong trng hp ny th khng cn n mt th tc Q.931 no c. Ngi dng s truy cp vo dch v mch o knh Dch n gin bng cch gi cc gi X.25 bn trong cc khung LAPD qua knh D m thi. Iu khin dch v mang bo hiu ngi dng Thit b ny h tr cc kt ni bo hiu gi nhng ngi s dngcui cng m khng cn lp mt kt ni chuyn mch knh qua knh B. Mt kt ni bo hiu tam thi qua knh D s c thit lp v giI phng theo cch tng t nh Iu khin mt kt ni chuyn mch knh. Bng 9.9 lit k, c nh ngha s b, cc bn tin Q.931 dng cho bo hiu ngui dng n ngi dng. Nh c th thy, c mt tp con cc bn tin dng cho Iu khin kt ni mode knh (Bng 9.2). Sau y l nhng khc bit: Pha thit lp cuc gi: Cc bn tin PROGRESS c th c dng trogn khi thit lp kt ni chuyn mch knh nu nh cuc gi ri khi mI trng ISDN, bo co v tin trnh cuc gi khi n c gng ni mng vi cc mng khc. Tnh cht ny khng c i vi cc kt ni bo hiu.
Pha thng tin cuc gi : Bn tin duy nht c a ra trong pha ny l USER INFORMATION. Hai ngi dng cui cng c th chuyn thng tin cho nhau nh trao i cc bn tin ny. Pha gii phng cuc gi : Bn tin DISCONNECT, yu cu giI phng kt ni, khng c s dng cho cc kt ni bo hiu. Thay vo , mt trong hai bn c th t ngt ng kt ni nh mt bn tin RELEASE.
Cc bn tin khc: bn tin CONGESTION CONTROL cho php ngi dng cui cng iu khin dng d liu gia h. Nu bn tin ny c mt ch th receive not ready, th bn nhn nn ngng vic gi cc bn tin USER INFORMATION. Ngi dng c th ni li vic chuyn cc bn tin khi nhn c mt bn tin CONGESTION CONTROL vi mt ch th receive ready.
Tham chiu cuc gi ton cu Bng 9.9 lit k, c s b nh ngha, cc bn tin dng cho tham chiu cuc gi ton cu. Ch c ba bn tin c dng. Bn tin STATUS ging nh bn tin dng trong cc loi khc bo v tnh trng li. Cc bn tin RESTART v RESTAR ACKNOWLEDGE ch c dng cho tham chiu cuc gi ton cu. Cc abrn tin ny c dng a mt knh cho hoc tt c cc knh v mt trng thI nh ngha trc sau mt tnh trng li.
Bng 9.9 Cc bn tin Q.931 cho bo hiu ngi dng n ngi dng khng lin quan n cc cuc gi chuyn mch knh.
Bn tin
ALERTING CALL PROCEEDING CONNECT CONNECT ACKNOWLEDGE SETUP SETUP ACKNOWLEDGE USER IFORMATION
ngha
Hng
Chc nng
Cc bn tin thit lp cuc gi Cho bit vic cnh bo ngi dng bt Ton Cu C hai u Cho bit vic thit lp cuc gi bt u Ni ht C hai Ton cu Ni ht Ton cu C hai C hai C hai Cho bit TE c gi chp nhn cuc gi Cho bit ngi dng c cp cuc gi
RELEASE RELEASE COMPLETE CONGESTION CONTROL INFORMATION STATUS STATUS ENQUIRY
Bt u thit lp cuc gi Cho bit vic thit lp cuc gi bt u Ni ht C hai nhng cn phI c thm thng tin Cc bn tin pha thng tin cuc gi Chuyn thng tin t ngi dng ny n Truy cp C hai ngi dng khc Cc bn tin gii phng cuc gi Cho thy d nh gii phng knh v tham Ni ht C hai chiu cuc gi Cho thy vic gii phng knh v tham Ni ht C hai chiu cuc gi Cc bn tin khc Thit lp hoc giI phng Iu khin dng Ni ht C hai trn cc bn tin USSER INFORMATION Ni ht C hai Cung cp cc thng tin b sung c gi p li bn tin STATUS Ni ht C hai ENQURY hoc bo v mt li no ti thi im bt k. Ni ht C hai Xin bn tin STATUS
Bng 9.10 Cc bn tin Q.931 dng vi tham chiu cuc gi ton cu Bn tin RESTART RESTART ACKNOWLEDGE STATUS ngha Ni ht Ni ht Ni ht Hng C hai C hai C hai Chc nng Yu cu ngi nhn khi ng lI (cc) knh hoc giao din Cho bit rng yu cu khi ng lI hon thnh Bo v tnh trng li
9.3 iu khin cc dch v b tr : Khuyn ngh Q.932 nh ngha cc th tc chung p dng cho vic Iu khin cc dch v b tr. Cc th tc ny c th c kt hp vi mt cuc gi c th hoc nm ngoI bt k mt cuc gi ang c no. Q.932 xc nh 3 phng php chnh m nh cc dch v b tr s c Iu khin: Giao thc keypad Giao thc qun l phm thuc tnh Giao thc chc nng Hai phng php u thch hp cho cc thit b u cui kch thch, nh ta inh ngha lc trc trong phn ny, trong cc ln nhn phm (keypad), hoc n nt (qun l phm thuc tnh) c dng kch hot dch v. Giao thc chc nng cho php s dng cc dch v b tr phc tp hn cho cc thit b u cui chc nng nh cc bn tin Q.931. Giao thc keypad Giao thc keypad h tr vic kch hot cc dch v b tr theo hng ngi dng-nmng. N s dng nhng Im sau: Phn t thng tin thit b keypad trong cc bn tin Q.931 SETUP v INFFORMATION theo hng ngi dng-mng. Phn t thng tin hin th trong bt k mt bn tin Q.931 no theo hng mngngi dng. Thit b u cui s dng phn t thng tin thit b keypad kch hot cc dch v b tr ring r; chng ph thuc vo mng. Thng thng, mt ngi dng thit b u cui s a vo mt yu cu dch v ti mt keypad , v yu cu ny s dc din dch vo mt phn t thng tin thit b keypad. Mng s dng phn t thng tin hin th a ra mt ch dn cho ngi dng ni ht ( hoc nh mng xa n ngi dng xa) v mt dch v b tr s c kch hot. Thng thng, thng tin hin th t mng s c th hin trn mt thit b u cui ca ngi dng hoc l to ra mt tn hiu ra nghe c. Mt ngi dng thit b u cui c th kich hot dch v b tr vo thi im thit lp cuc gi nh bn tin SETUP. Mt dch v b tr sau c th c kch
nh bn tin INFFORMATION. Nu mng yu cu thng tin b sung th bng cch s dng phn t thng tin hin th, ngi dng thit b u cui s p li bng thng tin b sung c chuyn i trong mt bn tin INFORMATION. Giao thc qun l phm thuc tnh Nh vi giao thc keypad, giao thc qun l phm thuc tnh cho php ngi dng kch hot cc dch v b tr ca mng. Trong trng hp ny, gi s rng thit b u cui ngi dng c cc phm chc nng hoc mt thit b tng t cho php ngi dng chn la dch v. Giao thc ny s dng cc phn t thng tin sau y: Phn t thng tin hot ng thuc tnh trong cc bn tin Q.931 SETUP v INFORMATION theo hng ngi dng-mng. Phn t thng tin ch dn thuc tnh trong bt k mt bn tin Q.931 no theo hng mng-ngi dng Lin quan n tng thit b u cui, mng duy tr mt h s dch v ca ngi dng. Khi ngi dng nhn mt phm chc nng, mt cn cc bng s s c chuyn n mng trong mt phn t thng tin hot ng thuc tnh. Khi mng s i chiu n vi dch v b tr tng ng nh c h s dch v ca ngi dng ch dn. Mng p li mt yu cu dch v b tr bng mt bn tin phn hi c cha phn t thng tin ch dn thuc tnh cho bit tnh trng ca dch v b tr c yu cu. Cc gi tr tnh trng c th l : Khng hot ng, hot ng, nhc ( ang ch input ca ngi dng ), v ch. Thit b ca ngi dng c th chuyn thng tin ny n ngi dng theo cch thc ph hp vi giao din ngi-my ca n. Giao thc chc nng Phng php giao thc chc nng iu khin cc dch v b tr s s dng nhiu bn tin c th c thit k ring cho mc ch ny. iu khin cc dch v b tr bng mng hoc bng ngi dng bao gm cc trng hp sau: Kch hot cc dch v b tr trong khi thit lp cuc gi. Kch hot cc dch v b tr trong khi gii phng cuc gi. Kch hot cc dch v b tr lin quan n cuc gi trong khi mt cuc gi ang din ra. Tnh trang hat ng, khng hot ng, ph nhn hoc ng k cc dch v b tr c lp vi mt cuc gi ang din ra. Kch hot a dch v b tr khc nhau trong mt bn tin duy nht Kch hot cc dch v b tr lin quan n cc cuc gi khc nhau Hy b cc dch v b tr c kch hot v thng bo cho bn bt u dch v b tr ny. Giao thc chc nng c chia thnh 2 loi th tc: Phng php bn tin ring bit v th tc phn t thng tin chung. Bng 9.11 lit k cc bn tin dng trong tng loi.
Phng php bn tin ring bit Phng php ny s dng cc kiu bn tin ring ch dn mt chc nng mong mun. Cho ti nay, ch c cc bn tin nh ngha trong loI ny l c th x l vic ch cuc gi (ch my ). Mt ngi dng hay mng c th yu cu cuc gi ch. Bn c yu cu c th chp nhn hoc t chi yu cu . Mt khi cuc gi ch, mt trong hai bn c th yu cu cuc gi quay tr v trng thi hot dng (c khi phc ), v bn c yu cu c th chp nhn hoc t chi yu cu .
Bng 9.11 Cc bn tin Q.932 cho giao thc chc nng ca cc dch v b tr
Bn tin
HOLD HOLD ACKNOWLEDGE HOLD REJE CT RETRIEVE RETRIEVE ACKNOWLEDGE RETRIEVE REJECT
Hng
Chc nng
Phn t thng tin

Hin th Hin th Nguyn nhn, th Cn cc knh, th Cn cc knh, th Nguyn nhn, th Thit b, Hin th Thit b, Hin th Hin Hin Hin Hin
FACILITY REGISTER
Phng php bn tin ring bit Yu cu chc nng gi i vi C hai mt cuc gi ang c Cho bit chc nng gi C hai c thc hin thnh cng Cho bit vic t chi yu cu C hai gi mt cuc gi Yu cu khI phc mt cuc C hai gi ang c gi Cho bit chc nng khI phc C hai c thc hin thnh cng Cho bit khng c kh nng C hai thc hin yu cu khI phc Th tc phn t thng tin chung Yu cu hoc xc nhn mt C hai dch v b tr Quy nh mt tham chiu cuc C hai gi mi cho cc giao dch khng lin quan n cuc gi.
Th tc phn t thng tin chung Phng php ny s dng phn t thng tin thit b tham kho mt hay nhiu dch v b tr. Phn t ny c th c ti trn mt bn tin Q.931 ang c hoc trn mt bn tin REGISTER hoc FACILITY. Hai loi bn tin ny s c dng khi cc bn tin ch mt mc ch l tham kho mt hay nhiu dch v b tr. Th tc ny c cc u Im nh sau: N cho php cc dch v mi c a vo mt cch d dng. N cho php vic kch hot nhiu ln cc dch v b tr bn trong mt bn tin. N h tr cc dch v b tr vi mt s lng ln cc phng n m khng cn ti nhiu bn tin mi. N h tr cc dch v b tr khng lin quan n cuc gi.
Phn t thng tin thit b s xc nh mt dch v b tr nht nh no v s gm c mt trong cc ch dn sau y: Kch hot: kch hot dch v TR lI kt qu: tr lI kt qu ca mt yu cu dch v Tr lI li: cho bit rng yu cu dch v ang b li T chi: t chi mt yu cu dch v. 9.4 Tng kt i vi bo hiu iu khin cuc gi, giao din lp 3 knh D c nh ngha trong cc khuyn ngh Q.930 v Q.931. N xc nh cc th tc thit lp mt kt ni trn cc knh B v H dng chung mt giao din n ISDN nh knh D. N cung cp c cc kt ni chuyn mch gi ln chuyn mch knh. N cng cung cp bo hiu Iu khin ngi dng-n-ngi dng qua knh D. Q.932 nh ngha mt lot cc th tc kch hot cc dch v b tr lin quan n cc kt ni hin c cng nh cc dch v khng lin quan g n mt kt ni c th no.

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CHNG 1 GiI THIU

Cuc cch mng trong vic lin lc gia cc my tnh.

Hnh 2.1 S suy gim tn hiu s

Hnh 2.2 Tn hiu tng t i sang s v ngc li

D liu tng t c m ho khi dng codec to ta chui bt s

b) Phng php s l tn hiu Truyn tng t Truyn s

Bng 2.1 Truyn tn hiu s , tng t

Hnh 2.3 : S ho d liu tng t

Hnh 2.4 : iu ch xung m

Hnh 2.5 B hp knh

Hnh 2.6 FDM v TDM

Design DS-1 DS-1C DS-2 DS-3 DS-4

Nam M S knh 24 48 96 672 4032

Tc ( Mb/s) 1.544 3.153 6.312 44.736 274.176

Ch : 1. Bt th 193 l bt khung c s dng ng b 2. Knh ting ni :

8-bit PCM c s dng cho 5 trong s 6 khung

CHNG 3 M NG V NG DY THU BAO

Hnh 3.1 Full=Duplex truyn FSK trn ng Voice-Grade

Hnh 3.2 Ting vng trn cp xon i ng thu bao

Hnh 3.4 Khi truyn hp knh nn thi gian

Hnh 3.5 Cu trc bn trong ca n v TCM

Tn hiu ting vng c th c c lng :

(k) = hn(k) x(k-n) hn(k) = gi tr c lng ca hn ti thi gian k

Hnh 3.6 Cu trc bn trong ca b hu ting vng

Hnh 3.7 ng thu bao s s dng si quang

Hnh 3.8 S dng cp quang v chng tn trong vng ni ht

Bng 3.2 nh ngha cc khun dng m ho tn hiu s

Nonreturn to Zero Level ( NRZ-L)

Hnh 3.9 Cc khun dng m ho tn hiu s

Hnh 3.10 Mt ph ca cc kiu m ho tn hiu

Hnh 3.11 Tc bt li l thuyt cho cc kiu m hoa s

Hnh 3.12 Lut m ho B8Zs v HDB3 Bng 3.2 Lut HDB3

S ca xung lng cc Chn L 000 +00+ 000+ -00-

in th 2.5 0.833 -0.833 -2.5

Hnh 3.13 V d v m ho 2B1Q

Hnh 3.14 iu ch tng t cho d liu s

Hnh 3.15 Iu ch QAM

Hnh 3.16 Cu hnh knh ADSL

Hnh 3.17 S phn b cc bit DMT trn mt knh

Hnh 3.18 B truyn DMT

Bng 3.4 So snh cc phng n xDSL

Mode Copper pair Range Signalling Line code Frequency Bit/cycle

Symmetric 2 3.7 km Digital 2B1Q 196 KHz 4

Symmetric 1 3.7 km Digital 2B1Q 196 KHz 4

Hnh 3.21 Scrambling v Descrambling

Hnh 3.22 V d scramblinh vi P(X) = 1 + X-3 + X-5

Chng 4 Mng truyn dn

4.1 K thut chuyn mch

Hnh 4.1 Mng chuyn mch n gin nht

Hnh 4.2 Cc loi k thut chuyn mch

2 Chuyn mch knh (circuit switching)

Hnh 4.3 Mt v d kt ni qua mng chuyn mch knh cng cng

Hnh 4.4 Cc tuyn d tr t trm u cui X n trm u cui Y Bng nh tuyn

Time period Morning Afternoon Evening Weekend

Hnh 4.5 Bo hiu iu khin qua mng chuyn mch knh

Hnh 4.6 Bo hiu knh kt hp v knh chung

Hinh 4.7 Cc mode ca bo hiu knh chung

Hnh 4.8 S dng gi tin

Hnh 4.9 Hiu ng thi gian truyn theo kch thc gi

Hnh 4.11 Vn hnh mch o v bo d liu ngoi

Hnh 4.11 Mch o bn ngoi v vn hnh bo d liu

Hnh 4.12 Mch o bn trong v Vn hnh bo d liu

Kiu gi DTE/DCE DCE/DTE