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From .the results of performance calculations presented here, it appears that scatter circuits with severe frequencyspreading and time-dispersion can be used effectively for commun.ication purposes. There willbe a need for communication techniques that depart appreciably from conventional practice, but the resulting informationhandling capacity per unit of received power should compare favorably with that normally achieved on other kinds of channels.Largerfrequencyallocations will be

needed for eEicient use of these scatter channels than are required on many other types of communication circuits. ACKNOWLEDGME:NT The author gratefully acknowledges the assistance of D. G. Drath in programming and running the computations necessasy for this report. In addition, appreciation is expressed to Professors 8 . M. Petersonand V. R.. Eshleman of Stanford University, andto Dr. F. F.Fulton, Jr. for helpful discussions concerning the use of scattercommunication channels.

The Influence of Fading Spectrum on the Binary Error Probabilities of Incoherent and Diiff erentially Coherent Matched Filter Receivers*
Summary-Previous derivations of the influence of fading on the error probabilities of binary data transmission systems have assumed that the fading rate so is slow that fluctuations within a bit may be ignored. This slow fading assumption is removed .in the present paper which derivesgeneral expressionsfor the binary error probabilities of incoherent anddifferentially coherent matched filter receivers employing post-detection diversity combining. In the analysis it is assumed that the transmitted signals occupy a bandwidth much smaller than the coherence bandwidth of the medium so that flat, fading may be assumed. In addition, it is assumed that the amplitude and phase fluctuations produced by the medium have the same statistical character as those of narrow-band Gaussian noise. Thegeneral analytical resultsare specialized tothecases of frequency shift keying using incoherent detection, and phase shift keying using differentially coherent detection, and to the cases of exponential and Gaussian fadingcorrelation functions. For these special cases, signal-to-noise degradation curvesare given as a function of fading bandwidth. The PSK system is degraded more rapidly with increasing fading bandwidth than is the FSK system. Curves are given which show the errorprobabilities and correspondingfading bandwidthsfor which thenoncoherent FSK and the For lower error differentially coherent PSK systems break even. probabilities or higher fading bandwidths, the FSK system becomes superior to the PSK system in the sense of being able to provide the same error probability with less signal-to-noise ratio. The existence of an irreducible error probability is demonstrated for theincoherentand differentially coherentmatched filter receivers. Thus, in general, an increase in transmitted signal power cannot reduce the error probability below a certain value depending upon the fading spectrum and order of diversity. Theoretical curves of irredlucible error probability are given for the incoherent FSK and differentially coherent PSK systems. An important result of the analysis is that the shapeof the fading spectrum can make a significant difference in the amount of signalto-noise degradation. The results of the analysis also indicate that care must be exercised in employing a slow fading assumption since, if low bit error probabilities are desired, significant degradations in performance can occur even though the fading rateis quite low relative to the data rate.

I . INTRODUCTION

,4Ff PAPERS have appeared in the past dealing wit,h the evaluation of error probabilities in the transmission of binary signals through noisy, fading communication channels. Invariably, it is assumed that,the received signal strength,althoughfluctuating, may be regarded as constant over the duration of a bit. Voelcker has considered the effect of nonzero fading bandwidthsondifferentiallycoherent PSK. Although he did not consider fading within a bit, he did allow a (discrete) change in signal amplitude and phase between adjacent bits. He t h w obtained approximate expressions for the bit error probabilities in differentially coherent PSK. It appears, intuitively, that this discrete fading approximation should be accurate forsufficiently small (butnonzero) fading bandwidths. However, our analysis, which is exact,

* Received January IO? 1962. This work reported in this paper was performed a t ADCOM, Inc., under subcontract with TTT Communication Systems, Inc., Paramus, N. J. f ADCOM, Inc., Cambridge, Mass.

1 H. B. Voelcker, Phase shift keying in fading channels, PTOC. I E E , pt. B, vol. 107, pp. 31-38; January, 1960.

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Fading Spectrum Binary on

Error Probabilities

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envelope of narrow-band Gaussian noise. Thus, in complex indicates that Voelckers approximation is invalid for notation, the fading in the transmission channel is represome fading correlation functions. The present analysis will be primarily concerned with sented as multiplication by a complex Gaussian process. The utility of the complex notation lies not only in the the determination of binaryerror probabilitiesfortwo of a general classes of matched filter receivers. These are the simplicity withwhich one may represent the operation incoherent and the differentially coherent matched filter non-frequency-selective fadingchannel, but also inthe probabilities can oftenbe evaluated without receiver. The incoherent receiver is well known and fact that error employs matched filters followed by envelope detection. ever leaving the compact complex notation. The usual approach to the evaluation of binary error The differentially coherentmatchedfilter receiver isa for conventional systems when fading is generalization of the differentiallycoherent PSK to the probabilities transmission of arbitrary binary waveforms. This generali- present is to evaluate first the bit error probabilities aszationappearsnottohave been pointed out before. suming the signal strength is constantover a bit and then Although the zero fading-bandwidth restriction will be to average this probability with respect to a probability signal strength.Thismethod preremoved in the present analysis, it will be assumed that densityfunctionfor the transmitted signal is well within the coherent band- supposes the existence of slow fading. In the method of width of the medium, Le., that thefading is not frequency approach used here, the error probabilities are calculated selective. In addition, it will be assumed that the trans- in a one-step, rather than two-step, procedure, and as a mission medium impartstothetransmitted signal an result, no assumption need bemade a t theoutsetas amplitude and phase modulation of the same statistical to the rateof fading involved. The error probabilities will be evaluated under the ascharacteristics as those of narrow-bandGaussian noise. sumption thatthe receivers use linear post-detection The above assumptions may be represented in a compact combining and that the fading variables { zlc(t)} are form by using the complex representation of waveforms. mutually independent. Thus, let s(t), the received signal for a unity gain channel, be represented as 11. ERROR PROBABILITIES FOR INCOHERENT MATCHED s(t) = Re {S(t)efunf] (1) FILTER RECEIVERS where Re { } is the usualreal partnotationand w0 is A simplified block diagram of an incoherent matched the center frequency of the received signal. The com- filter receiver is shown in Fig. 1. Two matched filters are plex timefunction S ( t ) , called the complexenvelope of indicated, each matched to one of the two possible waves(t),has a very simple interpretation when s ( t ) is a narrow- forms that are successively repeated to form the transband process: the magnitude of S(t) is the conventional mitted binary communication signal. The outputs of the envelope of s(t) and the angle of S(t) is the phase of s(t) matched filters are envelope detected and subtracted. with respect to carrier phase wot. A unique definition of Diversity combining is performed by summingthe outputs S(t) in the non-narrow-band case isobtainablevia the for all thediversity receivers. It is assumed thatbit use of Hilbert We shall not consider such a synchronismexists. Thus the output of the subtractors generalization since it is not needed for the analysis in this may beassumed to be sampledoptimally, i.e., at the paper. trailing edges of successive input pulses. The output of the Let y k ( t ) , the fading received signal in the kth diversity sampleris shown compared to a nonzero threshold K. receiver, be denoted by The fading statistics are assumed stationary; i.e., Z,(t) is assumed to be a stationary complex-valued Gaussian y k ( t ) = Re { Yk(t)eiuof } (2) process. Thus the bit error probability will be independent where Y,(t) is the complexenvelope of y k ( t ) . Thenour of bit location. It is then sufficient to evaluate the error probability for a received binary waveform occupying the assumptionswithregardto the channelfadingmaybe timeinterval 0 < t < T , where T is thebitduration. simply embodied in the equation Fig. 2 shows, in block diagram form: the detailed matheYk(t) = Z,(t)S(t) (3) matical operations involved in determining the receiver output decision (1 or 0) for a received binary wavewhere Z,(t) has the statistical properties of the complex form occupying the time interval 0 < t < T . To simplify the subsequent derivations and discussion, complex representations have been used for all waveforms, as may 2 P. M. Woodward, Probability and Information Theory, McGraw-Hill Book Go., Inc., New York, N. Y.; 1953. J. Dugundji, Envelopes and pre-envelopes of real waveform, be seen in Fig. 2 . Let the complex envelope of the additive Gaussian noise IRE TRANS. ON INFORMATION THEORY, vol. IT-4, pp. 53-57; March, 1958. in the kth diversity channel be defined as N k ( t ) . Then the R. Arens, Complex processes for envelopes of normal noise, IRE TRANS. O N INFORMATION THEORY, vol. IT-3, pp. 204-207; complex envelope of the received signal is Z , ( t ) S ( t ) + N , ( t ) . September, 1957;; In the absence of additive and multiplicative noise 5 1). Gabor, Theory of communications, J . IEE, pt. 111, vol. ( Z k ( t ) = 1 will signify the absence of mult,iplicative noise), 93, pp. 429-457; November, 1946.

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I W Y lI l l * . L +

where p o is the probability that a ((I." is printed given that a "0" is sent andpl is the probability that a "0" is printed given that a '' 1" is sent. I n a previous paper6 the authors .have computedthe probabilities Pr (q > 0) and Pr (q < 0) for the more general quadratic form q given by

Fig. 1-Block

diagram of incoherent matched filter receiver.

It was shown (see (47)-(50) of Bdloand

Nelin') that

Fig. 2-Functional

diagram of incoherent matched filter receiver.

the complex envelope of the received waveforms will be defined as S,(t) and So(t)depending on whether the correspondingsymbol was "1" or "O", respectively. Atthe trailing edge of the input pulse, the complex envelopes a t theoutputs of the two matched filters are given by

where the parameter is

given by'

Y = -

PI1

det P
1
+
~ 1

Po0

, i [ p "+ Pool'
2 det P

d e2 tP detP

+
1

(9)
pon

,T

where t,he asterisk is the usual complex-conjugate notation. When S(t) is specified, Z,(t)S(t) N k ( t ) is a complexvalued nonstationary Gaussian process. Thus U , and V , are complex normal random variablessince a linear operation on a Gaussian process always produces a Gaussian process. Thequantities IUkj2 and IV,Iz arethesquared == = (lo) envelopes a t the outputs of filters 1 and 0, respectively, evaluated at the trailing edge of the input pulse. Thus, although simple envelope detectors are shown in Fig. 1, where square-lawenvelopedetectors are used in the analysis. m 1 1 = I U k 12, m 1 0 = U*,V,, m o o = I V k l2 (11) This changeismadefor ease of analysis, andactually results in no loss in generality for the zero threshold case in which the overline indicates an ensembleaverage. ( K = 0) or the "on-off" transmission case (S,(t) = 0, I n our prokllem a = 1, b = - 1, and c = 0 which leads to the simpler expression for y say).

in which p,, and poo are the diagonal elements and det P is the determhant of a matrix P given by the product of the matrix of the elementary quadratic formin (7) by the momentmatrixfor thepair V,. Thismomellt :matrix is independent of k since it has been assumed that the fading statistics are the same for all diversity channels. Thus, P is given by

U,,

k;; I:
( ~ I I

[ : : ; :][: ;]

2(mll - moo)
I -

v(m11

f 4(mIlmOO -

m 1 0

)1' -

moo)

(12)

From Fig. 2 we find that the input to the device is a random variable q given by
q =

threshold

To evaluate y we need the moments

m T 8

c [I Uk l2 - I v, I 7
k=l

(5)

kTs , '

LZ*,(tl)S*(t,)

+ N*,(t,)][Z,(t,)+ N k ( t , ) ]
r, s
=

where L is the order of diversity. For simplicity of presentation we will assume a zero threshold, although the inclusion of a nonzerothresholdinvolves no analytical difficulties. The two error probabilities of concern are then
po
=

-S?(tJs,(t,) dt, dt,;

0, 1.

(13)

pl

> O/S(t) = Xo(t); 0 < t < T ] = Pr [ q < O/S(t) = S,(tj; 0 < t < 2'1
Pr [ q

(6)

6 p. A. Bello and B. D. p ~ ~ l "predetection i ~ , diversity with selectively fading channels," IRE TRANS. ON COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, vol. CS-lo, pp. 00-00; March, 1962. Symbol defi.nitions have been changed t o conform t o the present paper's definitions.

'

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Nelin: Bello InJluence and

of Fading Spectrum Binary on

Error Probabilities

163

Upon carrying through the averages in fading autocorrelation function

(13), defining the

where the superscript 1 denotes that mrsis being evaluated for S(t) = S,(t),and

and making the change of variable r that

tz - t,, one finds

mv8=
L ( 7 )

1-1
=

R(T)L(.~ d7 >

+ 4NoE,,
7) d t ;

S*(t)X,(t)S(t

+ 7)ST(t +

where E is the integral of the square, Le., the energy, of the real binary pulse waveforms, and p is thecorrelation coefficient between the mark and space waveforms. Using (20) in (12) we find that y1 is given by (15)

T,

s = 0, 1

E,,

LT

S*,(t)S,(t) dt
in which

where we define the noise power in the data channel as the noise power in a rectangular band-pass filter of unity gain and bandwidth 1/11. Minimum error probability is obtained for 1 0 1 = 0, i.e., uncorrelated binary signals. po = FL(yo), P, = G L ( Y ~ ) . (16) I n this case y1 = p. Substitution of y1 = p into (8b) It is quickly verified that the functions F L ( y ) and GL(y) yields the slow fading error probability for orthogonal, equal energy binary signals in a matched filter detection are related in the following way: system employing square-law envelope detection and lineardiversitycombining (or square-lawcombining as it has been called). This expression has previously been derived by Pierce (identify our p with his SoT/no). In general p o # p,. Thusalthoughbinarysymmetric For the case of general fading and general binary signals operation may takeplace for slow fading rates, anincrease one may determine p , by using an equivalent signal- toin fading rates may bring nonsymmetric operation. Hownoise ratio p , in the zero fading-bandwidth expression for ever examination of the moment expression reveals one p , derived by Pierce, which in our notation is given by interesting case in which binary symmetric operation G, ( p ) . This equivalentSNR is given by exists a t all fading rates, namely, when the fading spectrum is symmetrical and the binary waveforms have the same P1 = Y1 (24) envelopes, i.e., 1 So(t) I = 1 & ( t ) I. When the fading is slow enough so that R(T)becomes From (17) it follows that todetermine p o for general fading one may use an equivalent SNR po in the slow fading essentially constant over the interval - T < t < T , one expression for p,, where may set

where N o is the spectral intensity of the additive noise. In order to evaluate the error probabilities p o and pl it isnecessary toevaluate y andthusthemoments mra for the two cases S(t) = &(t), 0 < t < T and S(t) = S,(t), 0 < t < T. Let these values of y be denoted by yo and y,, respectively. Then po is obtained by substitutingy = yo in y = y , in (8b). Thus (8a) and p , is obtained by substituting

a2E
= =

Signal Power in Dat.aChannel Noise Power in Data Channel

(23)

R(7) = R(0) =
in (15) which results in
mrs = 2a:t

1z ,( 2 = 2 2

Po =

-.

-70

+ Yo

~x,(t)X*(t)d t dt s , s, S*,(t)X(t)

+ 4No 1x:(t)x,(t) d t .
mAo = 8aE2 1 p
mi, = 8a2Ez

(19)

If the signals are of equal energy it is readily shown that for zero fading bandwidth p , = p,. Then we need consider only the case S ( t ) = & ( t ) , which yields

l2

mio =

+ 8NoE 8a2Ezpp* + 8NJ@*

+ 8NoE
(20)

Binary symmetric operation results when po = p,. A study of the expressions po and p1 in terms of the relevant moments shows that as the additive noise vanishes (No-+0 ) and thus the SNR p -+ the equivalent SNRs approach maxima which arefinite. Thus there exists an irreducible errorprobability (or if one wishes an irreducible noise-to-signal ratio) caused by the fading. This mighthave been expected since theperturbation causedbyfading,beingdue to a multiplicativerather than additive mechanism, are insensitive to signal amplitude changes.

* J. N. Pierce, Theoretical diversity improvement in frequency shift keying, PROC. IRE, vol. 46, pp. 903-910; May, 1958.

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TRANSACTIONS IRE

ON COM&IUNICATIONS June SYSTEMS

We will now specialize the general expressions aboveequivalent SNR po. This expression is quite cumbersome for the case of FSK transmission, i e . , and will not be presented here. A much simpler expression valid for2~2;' << 1 is obtainedby expanding the exponential

s,(t)

=
=

9 (t) A i

' ;

<t <T

(26)

d m e - i ( n * / T ) '

termsin (30') inaTaylor expression is

P[I p o M __

series in 2rb. This approximate

where the integer n isequalto the frequencyseparation between the mark and space frequencies normalized with 1/T. respect' tothe reciprocal pulse widthordatarate For a symmetrical fading spectrum binary symmetric operation will result for all fading rates since I So(t) I = I & ( t ) I. We need then evaluate only Po to determine the system error rate. The required X functions are readily computed as

2rb(1/3 l/n2731 ; 1 (2b/n'r)~

Zab

< < 1.

(32)

Inthe case of aGaussianfadingcorrelationfunction we filld that

m;o =

16E~,p[& 4;

&]

q}

To obtain numericalresults it is necessa'ry to specify a fading autocorrelation funct'ion. We will consider two cases: an exponentialfadingcorrelationfunction R,(r) and a Gaussian fading correlation function R,(r) given by

- 'k( 4; +

Re =
and

2u2e-2rBlrl

(28)

+i k (e-= - I ) } + $1
where we halve defined

-) + 2.($ 4;

R,

2 ~ exp ' -

d :;
(30)

b' a = - r2 alld is the function9

log, 2

(34)

respectively, where B is the half-power bandwidth of the corresponding fading spectra. Using (28) and the function Re(?)in (15) we find that

+(x)

2 = 7

\x

e-'* dt.

V 7 r

Jo

(35)

An approximate expression for p o may be obtained by expanding the error functions in (33) in a Ta.ylor series. < 1, is given by This approximation, valid for a <
Po M
-.
.

PI1 -

a(1/6 - 1/2n2r2)1 1 ap/2n2r2

< < 1,

(36)

b2 - n2(1 - e-zrh)} 2rb - __-where we have defined

+1 1
2P (31)

In Fig. 3 we have plotted curves of signal-to-noise degradation as a function of fading bandwidth for secondand fourth-(xder diversity, for exponential and Gaussian fading correlation functions and for an error probability of These curves show the increase in SNR necessary
9 C. Hastings and D. I. Marcum, "Table of Integrals Associated with Error Functions of Complex Variables," U. S. Air Force ProjectRAND, Rept: RM-50; August 1, 1948.

= BT

as a normalized fading bandwidth. Substitution of the moments (30) in (12) yields the

1966

Nelin: Bello and Influence

of Fading Spectrum Binary on

lo-'

Error Probabilities

165

10-1

I
$

~ - 1 0 ' ~

10-1

I 9 a 8 3.10-5

B
.. .

RELATIVE FADING BANDIlDTH BT

Fig. 3-Signal/noise degradation for incoherent FSK with frequencyspacingequal to reciprocal bit duration and 10-4 error probability; E = exponential fading autocorrelation, G = Gaussian fading autocorrelation, L = order of diversity.
RELATNE FADING BANDmDTH BT

,Fig. 5-Irreducible error probability for incoherent FSK with frequency spacing equal to reciprocal bit duration; E = exponential fading autocorrelation, G = Gaussian fading autocorrelation, L = order of diversity.

is beneficial in reducing degradation caused by nonzero fading bandwidth, especially for the lower orders of diversity. Fig. 5 present's curves of irreducible error probability as a function of relative fading bandwidth for the FSK systememploying a mark-space frequency separation of l/T. 111. ERROR PROBABILITIES FOR DIFFERENTIALLY COHERENT MATCHED FILTER RECEIVERS

A simplified block diagram of the differentially coherent matched filter receiver is shown in Fig. 6. It is assumed Fig. 4-Signal/noise degradation for incoherent FSK with infinite that only two possible pulses S , ( t ) , S,(t) are transmitted frequency spacing; E = exponential fading autocorrelation, G = as with the incoherent matched filter receiver. However, Gaussian fading autocorrelation. the transmitted bit is encoded into the changeorlack beyond that required in the zero fading-bandwidth case of change of successive adjacent pulses. Thus atransto attain the same error probability a t a normalized fading mission of the pairs S,(t), So(t)or S,(t), & ( t ) denotes a bandwidth b. I n Fig. 3 the FSK system is assumed to "O", say, while the pairs S , ( t ) ,S , ( t ) and S,(t), S,(t) have frequencies spaced 1/T apart, i.e., n = 1. It is denote a "1." The receiver consists in part of two separate interesting to note that an exponential fading correlation coherent matched filter receivers with filters matched to function yields significantly worse degradationthan a waveforms X, and So but differing by an input delay of Gaussian fading correlation function possessing the same one baud duration. Thus, the two receivers are operating actual detector output is half-power bandwidth. Because of the presence of an upon adjacent bauds. The irreducible error probability, the degradation goes t80 obtained by using the output of one coherent receiver as infinity when the fading bandwidth and order of diversity a reference for the other. This is done, as shown in Fig. 6, byamultiplication followed by extraction of the baseare such that the irreducible error probabilityis band component. Inthe special case when the pulses Fig. 4 shows degradation curves for exponential and ( t ) are =k1 over thebaudduration,thedifferGaussian fading correlation functions for the case of So(t),X, specializes to the differentially infinite separation between the mark and space frequencies. entiallycoherentsystem These curves are valid for all error probabilities and all coherent phase-reversal Kineplex system. Fig. 7 shows the detailed mathematical operations inorders of diversity because po becomes directly proportional receiver output to p when n = m . A comparison of Figs. 3 and 4 demon- volved in determining the kth diversity of received binary waveforms occupying the ,strates that wide spacing of the mark and space frequencies forapair
3.10.' 10-1

3.10-l

RELATNE FADWG BANDWlDTH BT

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T RI AR N E SACTIONS

ON COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS

June

Fig. 7-Functional

diagram of differentially coherent matched filter receiver.

Fig. G-Block

diagram of differentially coherent matched filter

receiver.

Since the quadratic form (37) is the special case of (7) that results when we set a = b = 0 and c = 1, me can determine each of t.he four Probabilities in (39) by using (8) with appropriate values of y. When a = b = 0, c = I, the general expression (9) for y simplifies to

Jo Jo

.[S1(t,) - S,(t,)][S:(tJ - S*,(tJ] dt, dtz.

(41)

time intervals - T < t < 0 and 0 < t < T: Again the use of complex notation simplifies the presentation considerably. The output of the diversity combiner is a quadratic form q with
L

Upon carrying through the average inside the integral in (41) and making the change of variable T = tz - t,, one finds tha.t
m,, =
[-:Z~(T

q =
k=l

[ukv*, + u*,vk]

-s ! '

+ rT)p7..(r) d r + 4N0 d A,,

=

(42)

(37) where

where

u k

v, =

j r [zk(t)s(t) + Nk(t)][sT(t)- S%(t)] dt 1' [zk(t - T)X(t - T ) + Nk(t - T ) ]

-[ST(t)- S*,(t)] dt.
(38)

A,,

IL,,(T)

lT[s,(t) so(t)ls*(t
-

1 for r

= s

0 for r # s
- rT)

*[sT(t $d
=

T)

s*,(t -f

T)]s(t f

-S ! ' ) dt
(43)

Because the source bit is encoded into changes in successive transmitted pulses, the expressions forerror probability are somewhat more involved than in the previous section, namely,
po =

lTI

Sl(t)- S,(t)

l2

dt.

3 Pr

[q > O/S(t) = So(t>,

S ( t - T ) = S,(t);0

<t<

+ 4 Pr [p > O/S(t)
p,
=

Sl(t),
-

In order t80evaluate the error probabilities p o and pl it is necessa:ry to evaluate y for the four cases resulting when S(t) a:nd S(t - T ) become equal to S,(t) or So(t) for 0 < t ' <: T . Let y h l ) ( h ,I = 0, l), denote these four T] values of y w'here the subsmipt hl denotes that S(t) = S,(t), S(t - T ) = S,(t) for 0 < t < T . Then Po =
PL(YO1)
WL(Y11)

S(t
+Pr [q

T ) = S,(t); 0

< t < TI

(39)

< O/S(t) = So(t),

S(t - T ) = So(l);0 < t < TI
=

p1 =

+ +

4FL(Y10)
WL(YO0).

(44)

+ 4 Pr [ q < O/S(t)

S,(t), X(t - T ) = S1(t);0 < t

< TI

where it has been assumed t,hat 0, 1 have equal a pyiori probabilities.

It may readily be seen that nonsymmetric binary operation ( p o # p,) will generally occur in the differentially coherent matched filter receiver for nonzero fadingbandwidths even if binarysymmetricoperation occurred for zero fadingbandwidth.Although we have notstudiedthe problem indetail, it appearsfrom an

1962

Nelin: Bello and Influence

of Fading Spectrum Binary on

Error Probabilities

167

initialanalysis that only the case of antipodalsignals, i e . , So(t) = -Sl(t), yieldsbinarysymmetricoperation independent of fading spectrum. When the fading is slow enough so that R ( T )becomes essentiallyconstantover theinterval-2T < t < 2T one may set R(T) = 2u2 in the expressions defining the moments. This results in the zero fading-bandwidth moment expressions
m,,
=

one h d s
PO

=
=

3LG:GL(P1o)

PI

+ Gt(~od1 3[GL(P11) + GL(~oo)l.

(51)

2a2

lT[s1(t)

- ~ , ( t ) ] ~ *( t r ~dt)

.I

[ST(t) - S*,(t)]S(t - ST) d t

Froman examination of the expressions for phi; h, 0, 1, in terms of the relevant moments it can be shown readily that as the additive noise vanishes (No -+ 0) and thus the input SNR p ---f m, the equivalent SNRs approachmaxima which arefinite.Thus, justas for the incoherent detection case, there exists an irreducible error probability caused by the fading. We shall consider now the special case

+ 4Ai0 a,,
Yo0 =

I 1
711,

X,(t)

- So(t)I

dt.

(45)

It is readily determined by using zero fading bandwidths

(45) in (40) that for

710

Yo1 =

(46)

when the binary signals have equal energy. Moreover, it may readily be shown that binary symmetric operation resultsin the equalenergy, zero fading-bandwidth case when the correlation coefficient (see (21)) is real. Assuming equal energy signals, real p, and zero fading bandwidth
po
=

which defines the DPSK or phase-reversal Kineplex system. Since this pair of binary waveforms is antipodal, binary symmetric operation will exist for all fading correlationfunctions. It isreadilydemonstmted that for antipodal signals p l l = poo. Thus, theerrorprobabilities for DPSK are given by
PO

pl

~ ( ~ 1 1 ) .

(53)

pl

Gti~ll)

(47)
=

To calculate p l l we need the moments mt:, which in turn require the p functions (see (43)). It is readily determined that the p functions are

The relevant moments are

mi:
m::

= =

8u2E2(1- P ) ~ 16N0E(1- P)

m::

8a2E2(1 -P ) ~

(48)

which, from (40), leads to

Y11 =

2P(l -

PI.

(49)

where, in (54) the superscript on .ptt signifies that S(t) = S(t - T ) = &(t) for 0 < t < 1. For the exponentialfadingcorrelat.ionfunction (28), substitution of (54) in (42) shows that

The superscripts in (48) denote the fact that S ( t ) = Sl(t), S ( t - T ) = S l ( t ) for 0 < t < T , and the input SNR p is given by (23). Minimum error probability is attained for @ = -1, i.e., antipodalsignals. In this case y l l = 2p. Thus antipodal equal energy signals and differentially coherent matched reception yield 3-db signal-to-noise improvementoverorthogonalequalenergysignals and incoherent matched filter reception. For the case of general fadingand general binary signals, one miy determine p l and p a by using (equivalent SNRs in GL(p), Pierces expression for error probability in noncoherent FSK reception with square-law diversity combining and slow fading (zero fading bandwidth). Thus upon defining the four equivalent SXRs

Substitution of the moments (55) in (40) gives the required equivalent SNR p l l . We present here only the following approximate expression obtainedbyexpandingt.he exponential in (55) ill a Taylor series,
P11

+ p43rb/3

2P

2ab

< <1

P11

711

Po0

= Yo0

l o Thishas been proved by J. G. Lawton,Theoretical error rates of differentially coherent binary and Kineplex data transmission systems, PROC. IRE (Correspondence), vol. 47, pp. 333334; February, 1959.

1 +11 - 2e- + e-4a) 2a

1965

Communications Ames, et al.:

REFERENCES

via Rock Strata

169

A. J. Eardly, Structural Geology of North America, Harper and Brothers, New York, N. Y.; 1951. F. Birch, J. F. Schairer and H. C. Spicer, Handbook of Constants, Geol. SOC. Am., Spec. Papers No. 36; 1942. M.. B. Dobrin,Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, N. Y., pp. 51-52; 1933. [41 R. A. Daly, Igneous Rocks and the Depths of the Earth, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, N. Y., pp. 51-52; 1933. [51 G. E. Archie, The Electrical Resistivity Log as an Aid in Determining Some Reservoir Characteristics, A.I.M.E., Tech. Paper No. 1422; 1942. J. W. Skehan, The Green Mountain Anticlinorium inthe Vicinity of Wilmington and Woodford, Vermont, Vermont Geol. Suru. Bull. No. 17; 1961. [71 R. W. P. King, The Theory of Linear Antennas, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., ch. 7; 1956.

Book Co., Inc., New York, N. Y., vol. 1, Appendix 11; 1945. [9] J. T. deBettencourt and R. A. Sutcliffe, Studies in Deep Strata Radio Communications, Raytheon Company, Norwood, Mass., Final Report under Contract No. AF19(604)-8359 t o A F Cambridge Research Labs., October, 1962; U. S .A F Rept. NO. AFCRL-63-60. 1101 See [9], Section I1 and Appendix F. [ l l ] R. K. Moore, The Theory of Radio Communication Between Submerged Submarines, Ph.D. dissertation, Cornel1 University, Ithaca, N. Y.; 1951. [12] For a center fed dipole of length 2h

[SI R. W. P. King, Electromagnetic Engineering, McGraw-Hill

where I(z) is the current distributionon the antenna, I ( 0 ) the input current, and k the complex phase constant of the medium.

Correction
P. A. Bello and B. D. Nelin, authors of The Influence of FadingSpectrum on the Binary Error Probabilities of Incoherent and Differentially Coherent Matched Filter Receivers, which appeared in the June, 1962, issue of these TRANSACTIONS, have called the following to the attention of the Editor:
[zk(t2)

On page 162, in (10): pf, should be pol; and in (13): Nk(tZ)]Sf(tz)Ss(tl) should be

[zk(tZ)s(t2)

+ Nk(62)]S?(tZ)Sr(tl)-

On page 163, in (15): S*(t)S,(t)S (t should be

+ T)S:(~ +

T)

S*(t)s,(t)S(t T)S:(t JA #:(t)s(t)dt should be

7); andin (19): Ji h,(t)S*(t) dt Jh S,(t)S*(t)dt Ji Sr(t)S(t)dt.

On page 164, the last sentence of the left column should be: The expression for the equivalent SNR,, is obtainedbysubstitution of the moments (30) in (12) andthen applying (25). In the expression for m:, in

(36): -a($ - +n2rr2) should be -u(+ $n2rZ). On page 166, in (38) and Fig. 7 : Interchange u k and

v k .