tafila technical university Faculty engineering

Experiment #4
Torsion Test
Name: Salam Fayez Albaradie. Lecturer name: Dr.Tamer Alshaqarin. Date of submission: 30/3/2014.

1. Objectives
To carry out a torsion test to destruction in order to determine: 1. The modulus of rigidity. 2. The shear stress at the limit of proportionality. 3. The general characteristics of the torque, angle of twist relationship.

2. Introduction
2.1. Torsion
Torque is defined as a moment that acts about a members longitudinal axis. A Member that has had torque applied to it such that it deforms along its longitudinal axis is said to be under torsion. The torsion presents itself as shear strain, , which is equal to the angle of twist along the longitudinal axis denoted by the symbol . For a diagram of this relationship, see Figure 1. Because this experiment uses cylindrical specimens, the theory discussed will pertain only to members of circular cross-section.

Figure 1: Diagram of torsional deformation of a cylindrical specimen.

As a member of circular cross-section is twisted along its longitudinal axis, the crosssectional area remains constant without deforming. Because there is no deformation in the plane of cross-section, it is implied that there is no strain in the members latitudinal direction. Therefore, the components of shear stress act only in the radial direction.

The shear strain of a member is the product of a shear stress denoted by the symbol . Shear stress occurs in a cylindrical member when torque, T, is applied. The shear stress is a function of the radius of the circular cross section as seen in Figure 2 below. Along the longitudinal axis, the shear stress is null. At any given point along the radius of the crosssection, the shear stress is a function of the radius , denoted by , where J is the moment of inertia. The further out from the axis a measurement is taken for , the larger the calculated shear stress will be. At the circumference of the member, the shear stress will be at its greatest value, max.

Figure 2: Diagram of shear stress, , as a function of the radius, , of a cross sectional Area.

= T / J

(Equation 1)

To calculate the polar moment of inertia, J, for a solid circular shaft, employs the Following equation where D is the diameter of the cylindrical member. J = (/32) D4 (Equation 2)

If the shear stress induced in the member is below the proportional limit of the Material, then Hookes Law may be applied so as to calculate the materials modulus of rigidity. In other words, if the stress causes only elastic or non-permanent deformation, the materials torsional stiffness can be determined. To apply Hookes Law, the shear stress is related to the shear strain by the following expression: = G (Equation 3)

Where G is the modulus of rigidity and is the shear strain. Referencing Figure 1, a geometric interpretation of the shear stain is represented as: = ( / x) = (d / dx) (Equation 4)

Equation 4 implies that the shear strain is proportional to the product of the radius of the member and the change in the angle of twist with respect to the longitudinal axis. Substituting Equations 1 and 4 into Hookes Law (Equation 3) yields the separable equation: T / J = G (d / dx) . T/J = G (d / dx). T / GJ = d / dx (Equation 5) Separating Equation 5 and integrating with respect to the longitudinal axis will yield an expression that describes the angle of twist, , for a member that is prismatic and experiencing a constant internal torque. d = L T/GJ dx . = TL / GJ (Equation 6)

2.2. Types of Torsion Tests

Torsion tests can be performed by applying only a rotational motion or by applying both axial (tension or compression) and torsional forces. Types of torsion testing vary from product to product but can usually be classified as failure, proof, or product operation testing.

Torsion Only: Applying only torsional loads to the test specimen. Axial-Torsion: Applying both axial (tension or compression) and torsional forces to the test specimen. Failure Testing: Twisting the product, component, or specimen until failure. Failure can be classified as either a physical break or a kink/defect in the specimen. Proof Testing: Applying a torsional load and holding this torque load for a fixed amount of time. Operational Testing: Testing complete assemblies or products such as bottle caps, switches, dial pens, or steering columns to verify that the product performs as expected under torsion loads.

3. Equipments and Procedure

3.1. Equipment

Figure 3: Diagram of torsion experiment apparatus.

3.2. Procedure
1) Place the torsion experiment apparatus on a hard, flat surface with the pulley and load hanger over the edge of the table as seen in Figure 3. 2) Load a cylindrical specimen into the device by tightening the rod into the chuck and clamp at either end of the apparatus. 3) Wind the cord of the load hanger in a clockwise fashion so as to ensure the applied load on the hanger will induce a torque. 4) Position the load hanger ensuring the cord is wrapped in clockwise fashion around the pulley. Zero the angle indicators. 5) Place 500 g of weight on the hangar. 6) Record the position of the angle indicators and the indicated angles on each. 7) Reposition the angle scales in increments of two inches up to twelve inches apart while maintaining a load of ten pounds. 8) Repeat Steps 4 through 7 for a desired number of trials.

4. Result
Table 1: Initial measurement

Length of Twist. Polar Moment of Inertia Diameter of Pulley Diameter of Test Rod

46 cm 6.13 x 10-3 mm4 68 cm 0.5 mm

Table 2: Measurements of weight induced torsion

Mass (Kg) .5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

6E+11 5E+11 4E+11

Force (N) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Torque (N.M) 1.7 3.4 5.1 6.8 8.5 10.2 11.9

(degree) 2 3 5 7 9 12 14

(rad) 0.0348 0.052 0.0872 0.122 0.157 0.209 0.244

max (Gpa) 69.29 138.59 207.89 277.19 346.49 415.79 485.09

max () 18.9 28.2 47.3 66.3 85.3 113.5 132.6

y = 4E+15x + 2E+10 R = 0.946

max (Gpa)

3E+11 2E+11 1E+11 0 0 0.00002 0.00004 0.00006 0.00008 0.0001 0.00012 0.00014

max()
Figure 4: max vs. max

Using the slope of the trend line passing through the origin and Equation 6 to calculate the modulus of rigidity of the specimen is as follows:
G = (11.9 N.m * .46 m) / (6.13 x 10-3 mm4 * .244) = 3.65 x 1015 N/m2

Using the slope

G = 4 x 1015 N/m2 The percentage of error = | |= | |

5. Conclusions
The results in this particular experiment may or may not be acceptable for practical use. If an application requires a high degree of accuracy of the shear modulus or shear behavior, more thorough testing must be done. As an improvement to the experiment, the degree wheels should be further analyzed to ensure that both agree accurately to the angular behavior of the specimen.

6. References
Book: 1. Mechanics of materials 8th edition, r.c. hibbeler. Website: 1. Gilbert, J. A and C. L. Carmen. "Chapter 4 Column Buckling Test." MAE/CE 370 Mechanics of Materials Laboratory Manual. June 2000. 2. http://www.scribd.com/doc/136565/Mechanics-of-Materials-Torsion-Test. 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion.