Preliminary Prediction of Power

Algorithm for the Prediction of
Power at the
Preliminary Design Stage
Resistance & Propulsion (1)
MAR 2010
Rod Sampson - School of Marine Science and Technology - 4th March 2008
Method is appropriate for large ocean going
vessels with modern slow speed direct drive
diesel engines
Method is a basic design tool using chart
series diagrams
Design Scope
Ship owner require that a ship should achieve an average
speed in service at a certain engine power.
Initial acceptance will be based upon demonstration of a
higher speed on trial at the same power
V
trial
= V
service
+V
(V 1 knot)
Design Scope
Design Scope
Contract stipulate that the ship should achieve
trial speed with the engine developing 85% of
its maximum continuous power rating (MCR)
Preliminary Prediction of Power
Estimate resistance and effective power for a range
of speeds using appropriate Methodical Series
Data or Statistical Analysis Data
(Holtrop & Menen)
methodical series
or other
P
E
=
P
E trial
=
P
E service
=
(1 +x)P
E
1.2 P
E trial
From BTTP - 65
procedure
Based upon 20%
sea margin
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0
Speed (knot)
P
o
w
e
r

(
k
W
)
Pe Trial (kW)
PE Service (kW)
20% sea margin
Plot trial and
service conditions
Lbp = 135.34m
B = 19.3m
T = 9.16m
Cb = 0.704
Assumed vessel particulars from previous example:
Optimum RPM, Propeller and Engine Size
Chose maximum permissible propeller diameter with
respect to hull clearances
Determine the optimum engine speeds corresponding to
trial conditions, the required maximum continuous power
and the mean face pitch.
Select an appropriate engine
Using the equations provided in the handout determine the
wake fraction and thrust deduction factor
D
B
0.6T
= 5.5m = D
The required diameter behind the hull is given as
This gives:
w = 0.304 t = 0.214
As the behind condition allows a smaller propeller
diameter calculate the equivalent open water
diameter
D
B
0.6T
D
o
=
D
B
0.95
Corresponding open water diameter
= (5.79m)
B
p

Select diagram on basis of blade number and blade
area ratio
For this exercise the B4.55 diagram is to be used
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0
Speed (knot)
P
o
w
e
r

(
k
W
)
Pe Trial (kW)
PE Service (kW) At TRIAL speed read off from the
plot the effective power at trial
speed
Remember is not known as
it requires knowledge of the
propeller hull interaction.
D
=
(1 t)
(1 w)

o
D
= k
1

o
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0
Speed (knot)
P
o
w
e
r

(
k
W
)
Pe Trial (kW)
PE Service (kW)
Therefore a value is selected
and an iteration is performed
until convergence
D
= 0.70
Vs (trial) = 16 knots
Pe (trial) = 3550 kW
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0
Speed (knot)
P
o
w
e
r

(
k
W
)
Pe Trial (kW)
PE Service (kW)
Assume an initial
D
= 0.7
From the graph:
P
D
=
P
E trial
D
P
D
=
3550
0.7
P
D
= 5071 kW
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0
Speed (knot)
P
o
w
e
r

(
k
W
)
Pe Trial (kW)
PE Service (kW)
Flow through the propeller disc
V
A
= V
trial
(1 w)
V
A
= 16(1 0.304)
V
A
= 11.14 knots
Let:
B
p
= k
2
N
B
p
= 1.158
NP
1
2
D
V
2.5
A
B
p
= 1.158
N 5071
1
2
11.14
2.5
and
= k
3
N
=
1
J
= 3.2808
ND
o
V
A
= 3.2808
N 5.79
11.14
Enter the BP delta values onto the diagram provided
For each RPM calculate the open water efciency from
the diagram
Plot the results
For a range of values of N calculate
B
p

N (rpm) Bp
80 15.93 136.4 0.62
90 17.91 153.5 0.624
100 19.91 170.5 0.626
110 21.90 187.6 0.622
120 23.89 204.6 0.605
o
0.6
0.605
0.61
0.615
0.62
0.625
0.63
75 85 95 105 115 125
o
= 0.626
N =100
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59
0.6
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
N
N
o
D
=
(1 t)
(1 w)

o
R
More data is now available to update the initial
estimate of
D
D
=
(1 0.214)
(1 0.304)
0.626 1.0
D
= 0.707
To test convergence the difference from the original
and new should be less than 0.005
D
Continue until convergence to get
N and
D
0.707 - 0.7 = 0.007
use the new value of and re-calculate the delivered power
and repeat BP d diagram
For this exercise the previous calculation is assumed
converged, therefore:
D
= 0.707
N = 100
Engine Selection
Once the propulsive efciency is known the power
required for sea trials can be calculated
P
B(trial)
=
P
E trial
D

S
P
B(trial)
=
3550
0.707 0.98
P
B(trial)
= 5123.7 kW
From this Break Power required to satisfy the trial
speed, the contract specied that the engine should
only be at 85% of its total rating
Engine Selection
P
B(installed)
=
P
B(trial)
0.85
This value can now be used to calculate the required
engine size
Engine Selection
P
B(installed)
= 6028 kW
Finally modify the propeller diameter using the
empirical relationships given previously
Re- calculate (as in example 1 of the numerical example
the new diameter for the same delivered power
B
p
Plot on the diagram and read the
P/D ratio
Engine Selection
Engine Selection
P
D
= P
B(trial)
s
Calculate the delivered power at the trial condition
P
D
= 5123.7 0.98
P
D
= 5021.23
Engine Selection
Calculate the delivered power at the trial condition
B
p
= 19.81
= 3.2808
100 5.50
11.14
= 161.97
B
p
= 1.158
100 5021.23
1
2
11.14
2.5
Engine Selection
B
p
= 19.81
= 161.97
P
D
= 1.0
Enter the nal values onto the diagram
1.0 D
B
= 5.50
mean face pitch:
Engine Selection
Calculated optimum rpm = 100
Installed power = 6029 kW
Trial power = 5123.7 kW
Calculate the power per cylinder and use suitable engine
diagrams to select an engine
Engine Selection
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
85% MCR
reducing fuel
consumption
trial power
installed power
Engine RPM
Engine
Power
Engine Selection
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
Engine RPM
Engine
Power
1. Assume a number of Cylinders
2. Calculate the required number of installed power
per cylinder
3. from range of engines select the appropriate engine
with optimum RPM and power range
Engine Selection
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
Engine RPM
Engine
Power
4 Cylinders:
5123.7 / 4 (trial) = 1280.92 kW/cyl
6028.0 / 4 (total) = 1509 kW/cyl
Suitable engines could be RTA68 and RTA62 at 4 cyl.
Prediction of Service Performance
The nal stage is to nd the new ship service speed
and propeller rate of rotation at constant power of:
P
D
= 0.85 P
B

s
i.e with the engines developing 85% of their Brake Power
(including transmission losses)
P
D
= 5123.7 0.98 = 5021.23 kW
Caution:
This method is different than the calculation for the trial
condition.
For the trial condition the propeller was designed to absorb
a particular power
In the service condition the propeller design is xed :
Diameter (behind) = 5.5m Pitch = 1.0
At this new condition there will be a new wake fraction to
allow for hull roughness, wind, waves, etc.
This is dened as:
w = 1.1w
trial
(assume previous values for t & )
R
w = 1.1 0.304 = 0.3344
The propulsive efciency will change for this new
condition therefore another iteration must be
performed
This iteration of follows a different method than
previous to obtain the optimum efciency
D
Assume an initial value of
D
P
E service
= P
D
D
Use the plots of trial and service power to read off
the value. Read from the plot the service
speed this occurred
P
E service
P
E service
= 5021.23 0.7 = 3514.86 kW
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
13 14 15 16 17 18
Speed [kn]
P
o
w
e
r

[
k
W
]
PE (service)
PE (trial)
Vs (service) = 15.25 knots
Re-calculate the advance velocity based on this power
and new wake fraction
V
a
= V
s
(1 w)
V
a
= 15.25 (1 0.3344)
V
a
= 10.15 knots
Let:
B
p
= k
4
N
B
p
= 1.158
NP
1
2
D
V
2.5
A
B
p
= 1.158
N 5021.23
1
2
10.15
2.5
Let:
= k
5
N
= 3.2808
ND
V
A
= 3.2808
N 5.50
10.15
As before use a range of shaft rotations and calculate the
new coefcients B
p

Plot these values directly on the diagram B
p

Where this curve intersects the P/D of the propeller
designed previously is the required value
For range of values of N calculate
B
p

N (rpm) Bp
80 19.99 142.16
90 22.49 159.93
100 24.99 177.77
110 27.49 195.47
o
Basic Design - BP delta diagrams
Rod Sampson - School of Marine Science and Technology - 26th February 2008
B
P
P
D
B
P
1.0
o
= 0.583
As before use the propulsive efciency formula below
and iterate until the difference between successive
iterations is within 0.005
D
=
(1 t)
(1 w)

o
R
On convergence the ship speed in service condition
has been calculated
D
=
(1 0.214)
(1 0.334)
0.583 1.0
D
= 0.688
(
D
)
assumed
(
D
)
previous
= 0.7 0.688 = 0.0011
(no need for iteration)
P
E (service)
= 5021.23 0.688
P
E (service)
= 3454.60 kW
P
E (service)
Read from the power diagram the for
3454.6 kW
V
s (service)
= 15.15 knots
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
13 14 15 16 17 18
Speed [kn]
P
o
w
e
r

[
k
W
]
PE (service)
PE (trial)
Vs (service) = 15.15 knots
At the intersection of the new line with the pitch
line read off from the diagram the Service
values of
B
P

B
P

B
P
= 24.2
B
= 174
Re-calculate the advance velocity for the nal
service speed of 15.15 knots
V
A
= V
S
(1 w)
V
A
= 15.15(1 0.3344)
V
A
= 10.08 knots
Finally at the service condition calculated read off
the and calculate the RPM in service
B
= 3.2808
ND
V
A
N =
V
A
3.2808 D
N =
174 10.08
3.2808 5.50
N
service
= 97.2 rpm
Therefore at 85% MCR:
The vessels service speed is 15.15 knots
The propeller rate of rotation is 97.2 rpm
Determination of Blade Areas
Final stage in the design algorithm is to calculate blade
surface area and blade area ratio
This is performed for TRIAL condition
T = 9.16m
N = 100 rpm
V
A
= 16 (1 0.3044) = 11.14 knots
D = 5.50m
P
D
= 1.0

o
= 0.626
Using the previous trial conditions:
P
D
= 5021.23 kW
h =
D
2
+ 0.2
h = 2.95
shaft immersion at centreline
H = T - h
H = 9.16 - 2.95
H = 6.21m
Text
p e = 99629 10179H
p e = 99629 10179 6.21
p e = 162840.59 N/m
2
The static component
Calculation of the cavitation number
r
=
p e
q
t
q
t
= (11.66V
A
)
2
+ (0.828 nD)
2
The dynamic component
q
t
= (11.66 11.14)
2
+ (0.828 100 5.50)
2
q
t
= 224261.2 N/m
2
The resultant cavitation number becomes:
r
=
162840
224261.2
r
= 0.726
Entering this value onto the Burrill Diagram:
r
= 0.726
c
= 0.23
T
A
P
=
c
q
T
T
A
P
= 0.23 224261.2 = 51580.08
T
A
P
= 1941.3
P
D

o
V
A
A
P
A
P
= 10.62 m
2
A
P
=
1941.3 5021.23 0.626
11.14 51580.08
A
P
=
1941.3 P
D
o
V
A
T
A
P
A
D
=
A
P
1.067 0.229
P
D
A
D
=
10.62
1.067 0.229 1.0
A
D
= 12.67 m
2
BAR =
A
D
D
2
4
BAR =
12.67
5.5
2
4
BAR = 0.533
A
e
A
o
Selected was 0.55 A
e
A
D
Assuming
A
e
A
D
= 0.533
Selected area was 0.55, therefore the design will provide
a low risk of cavitation
Coursework Submission
To satisfy the requirements of the coursework the
following is required:
A typed report covering the 4 stages:

1. Effective power prediction
2. Design of propeller and engine
3. Prediction of performance in service,
4. Blade surface area and BAR
To satisfy the requirements of the coursework the
following is required:
The report should include a detailed hand calculation
for one speed (e.g. service speed)
Include tables from Excel where necessary and
appropriate graphs
If you only present Excel tables and make a mistake,
you cannot collect method marks.
Submission date is:
2nd May 2008
End of Presentation

Preliminary Prediction of Power

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