By Azizan & Faye, January 2014

Chapter 1
1.1.4 Classifications of ODEs
Classify each of the following equations according to its type, order and linearity. State
reason(s) for your answers.
1. x xz
dx
dz
cos = +

2. 0
2
2
= + + P
dx
dP
dx
P d


3. ( ) 0 2
2
= + ' + ' ' + ' ' ' ty y y y t y

4. y y x e
y
= '

5. x Q
dx
dQ
tan = +

6. ( ) 0 1
2
= + dx y dy x

7.
dt
ds
dt
s d
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
4
3
2
2


8. ( ) dx xy dy x = 3
2


9. 0
2
2
2
2
=
c
c
+
c
c
y
u
u
x
u


10. 0
2
2
2
2
2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c

c
c
z
u
y
u
x
u
t
u


By Azizan & Faye, January 2014
1.2.8 Solutions of ODE

For each of the following, identify the type of solution (implicit or explicit) and verify the
solution for the given DE.

1. 36 4 9 ; 0 9 4
2 2
= + = + y x x
dx
dy
y

2.
x
xe y y y y
3
; 0 9 6 = = + ' ' '

3. x e y y y y
x
cos ; 0 2 2 = = + ' ' '

4. 1 ) 1 (
4
) 1 (
;
) 1 ( 4
1
2
2
= + +

= y
x
y
x
dx
dy


5. x e y x e y y
x x
2 sin ; 2 cos 4 3 = = + ' '

6. x x y x x x x y
dx
dy
x cos ; 2 sin cos sin
2 2
= = +

7.
2
2
2
3
3
ln ; 0 2 x x x y
dx
y d
dx
y d
x = = + +
8.
t
e
y e y
dt
dy
t
t
t

= =
1
; ) 1 (

9. x y x y
dx
dy
y
dx
y d
2 tan ; 2 tan 4
2
2
= = +

10. xy y y y
dx
dy
xy x tan ; 0 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 2
= = +

By Azizan & Faye, January 2014
1.3.3 IVP and BVP

1. What is a general solution?

2. What is a particular solution?

3. What is the difference between an initial value problem and a boundary value
problem?

4. Determine
1
c and
2
c so that ( ) 1 2 cos 2 sin
2 1
+ + = x c x c x y will satisfy
the conditions
0
8
= |
.
|

\
| t
y
and
2
8
= |
.
|

\
|
'
t
y
.
5. Determine
1
c and
2
c so that ( ) x e c e c x y
x x
sin 2
2
2
1
+ + = will satisfy
the conditions ( ) 0 0 = y and ( ) 1 0 = ' y .

6. Find a solution of 0 = ' ' y y so that ( )
x x
e c e c x y

+ =
2 1
will satisfy
the conditions ( ) 1 0 = y and ( ) 4 0 = ' y .

7. Find a solution of x x = ' ' so that t c t c t x sin cos ) (
2 1
+ = will satisfy
the conditions ( ) 1 0 = x and ( ) 7 0 = ' x .

8. Find a solution of
x
e y y y

= ' ' ' 3 2 so that
x x x
xe e c e c y

+ =
2
2 1
will satisfy the
conditions ( ) 0 0 = y and ( ) 0 0 = ' y .

9. Find a solution of 0 4 = + ' ' y y so that x c x c y 2 sin 2 cos
2 1
+ = will satisfy
the conditions
1
2
= |
.
|

\
| t
y
and
1
4
= |
.
|

\
| t
y
.
10. Find a solution of 0 2 3 = + ' ' ' y y y so that
x x
e c e c y
2
2 1
+ = will satisfy
the conditions ( ) 0 0 = y and ( ) 1 1 = y .

By Azizan & Faye, January 2014
Final answers
1.1.4 Classifications of ODEs
(1) ODE, 1
st
order, linear in z (2) ODE, 2
nd
order, linear in P (3) ODE, 3
rd
order, non-linear
in y (4) ODE, 1
st
order, non-linear in y (5) ODE, 1
st
order, linear in Q (6) ODE, 1
st
order, linear
in y but, non-linear in x (7) , 2
nd
order, non-linear in s (8) ODE, 1
st
order, linear in y, non-linear
in x (9) PDE, 2
nd
order, non-linear in u (10) PDE, 2n order, linear in u.

1.2.8 Solutions of ODE
(1) implicit (2) explicit (3) explicit (4) implicit (5) explicit (6) explicit (7) explicit (8) explicit
(9) explicit (10) implicit

1.3.3 IVP and BVP
(4) ( ) ( ) 1 2
2
1
, 2 1
2
1
2 1
= = c c (5) 1 , 1
2 1
= = c c (6)
2
5
,
2
3
2 1
= = c c
(7) 7 , 1
2 1
= = c c (8)
3
1
,
3
1
2 1
= = c c (9) 1 , 1
2 1
= = c c (10)
e
e
c
e
e
c

=
1
,
1
2
2
2
1