Muhammad Ulislam, CSR Low Energy / Basic Rate / Enhanced Data Rate / High Speed

Introduction to Bluetooth Technology

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Agenda
Introduction to Bluetooth Technology
Basic Rate/Enhanced Data Rate (BR/EDR)
High Speed (HS)

Low Energy (LE) Attribute Protocol / Generic Attribute Profile

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Bluetooth Technology Evolution

2007

V2.1 + EDR - Secure Simple Pairing allows secure device pairing with a button press, numeric entry, numeric compare, and Out of Band

2009

V3.0 + HS - High Speed Enables applications to use 802.11 MAC/PHY through addition of Generic Alternate MAC/PHY

2010

V4.0 - Low Energy Enables new applications in different markets including healthcare, sports/fitness, security, home entertainment

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Bluetooth Technology Factsheet

Technology Radio Frequency Range Data Rate Nodes/Active Slaves Bluetooth BR/EDR/HS Technology 2.4 GHz ISM 10 to 100 meters 1-3 Mbps (Classic) >400 Mbps (AMP, 802.11n) 7 / 16777184 Bluetooth Low Energy Technology 2.4 GHz ISM 10 to 100+ meters 1 Mbps Unlimited

Security
Robustness Latency (from non connected state) Regulatory Acceptance Voice Capable Network Topology Power Consumption Service Discovery

56b E0 (classic)/128b AES (AMP) and applications layer user defined

Adaptive frequency hopping, FEC 100ms Worldwide Yes Scatternet 1 as the reference, x10 for AMP Yes

128b AES and application layer user defined

Adaptive frequency hopping <3ms Worldwide No Star-bus 0.01 to 0.5 (use case dependent) Yes

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Bluetooth Architecture

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Bluetooth Technology Block Diagram

Phone Alert Heart Rate Proximity Existing BR Profiles
(A2DP, AVRCP, HFP, etc.)

Battery

Find Me

GAP

Time

SDP

Security Manager

AMP MGR

Existing BR Protocols
(OBEX, RFCOMM, AVDP, etc.)

Generic Attribute Profile

Attribute Protocol

L2CAP
Host Controller Interface
AMP PAL AMP MAC AMP PHY
BR/EDR Link Controller & Manager

LE Link Layer
BR/EDR Baseband

BR/EDR Physical Layer

LE Physical Layer

AMP

BR/EDR

Low Energy
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BR Only and LE Only Architecture

Serial Port Profile RFCOMM Protocols Generic Attribute Profile

Bluetooth Basic Rate only

Bluetooth Low Energy only

Attribute Protocol

L2CAP

L2CAP

Link Manager

Link Layer

Basic Rate RF

low energy RF

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BR/EDR/LE Architecture
Serial Port Profile RFCOMM Protocols Serial Port Profile RFCOMM Protocols Generic Attribute Profile Attribute Protocol Generic Attribute Profile Attribute Protocol

L2CAP

L2CAP

L2CAP

Link Manager

Link Manager

Link Layer

Link Layer

Basic Rate RF

Basic Rate RF + low energy

low energy RF

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Basic Rate / Enhanced Data Rate / High Speed

Bluetooth Technology Basics

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Bluetooth BR/EDR Radio (Time)

Time is divided into 625 uS slots Data is exchanged via Packets lasting one or more slot
Packets consists of Access Code, Header and Payload

EDR introduced Guard, Sync and Trailer

Two types of data exchange mode

Asynchronous Connection-oriented logical transport (ACL) Synchronous Connection-oriented link (SCO), Enhanced SCO (eSCO)

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Bluetooth BR/EDR Discovery

One device looks for others (Sends ID Packets) One or more other devices listens (Discoverable)
When acceptable packet is received, replies

Searching device may continue with this device or continue looking When desired device is found, connection process begins

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Bluetooth BR/EDR Connection Establishment

One device initiates connection Other device has to be willing to accept a connection Initiator pages the desired device using an ID packet derived from the LAP of the desired device Once listening device hears the ID packet with its address, it replies

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Piconet
One Master and up to 7 active slaves Master controls communication No slave-to-slave communication Master has to ensure not to starve slaves
M M

S1

S2

S3

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Scatternet
Two (or more) joined piconets Master of one piconet is slave in another
M2 S4

S5

No direct communication between slaves in one piconet with those in the other
S1

S6
S M1

S2

S3

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Interference Management
Adaptive Frequency Hopping (AFH)
Designed to reduce interference between wireless technologies sharing the 2.4 GHz spectrum Works within the spectrum to take advantage of the available frequency Detects other devices in the spectrum and avoids frequencies in use

Provides users with optimal transmission performance even if utilizing other technologies within the same spectrum

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Bluetooth Channels SCO & eSCO

Synchronous Connection Oriented (SCO)
Used for voice data Utilized reserved timeslots with no retransmission but may use forward error correction Four packet types (all single slot): HV1, HV2, HV3, and DV

Enhanced SCO (eSCO) adds retransmissions

BR packet types: EV3 (1 slot), EV4 and EV5 (3 slot)

EDR packet types: 2-EV3 (1 slot), 2-EV5 (3 slot), 3-EV3 (1 slot), 3-EV5 (3 slot)

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Bluetooth BR/EDR Channels - ACL

Asynchronous Connection-Less (ACL)
Used for data connections Throughput is best-effort and is impacted by other factors like the number of devices in the piconet Packets
DM1: 1 slot, 18 bytes with FEC and CRC DH1: 1 slot, 28 bytes no FEC with CRC AUX1:1 slot, 30 bytes no CRC DM3: 3 slots, 123 bytes with FEC and CRC DH3: 3 slots, 185 bytes no FEC with CRC DM5: 5 slots, 341 bytes with FEC with CRC

DH5: 5 slots, 226 bytes no FEC with CRC

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Bluetooth BR/EDR Power Classes

Three Power Classes:
Class 1: 0dBm to +20dBm (1mW to 100mW) Class 2: -6dBm to +4dBm (250W to 2.5mW) Class 3: <0dBm (<1mW)

Power classes can be used to estimate approximate range:

Class 1: 100 Meters Class 2: 10 Meters Class 3: <10 Meters

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Bluetooth High Speed Technology

Leverages existing radio technology
802.11 a,b,g,n Backward compatible with legacy Bluetooth devices

Its Bluetooth wireless technology, only faster

Consumers benefit from enhanced data rates without changing the way they utilize Bluetooth technology today

Leverages existing 802.11 device capabilities

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Low Energy

Bluetooth Technology Basics

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Physical Channels
ISM band split into 40 channels of two types
Advertising Channels

Data channels

Advertising Channels
Frequencies: 2402 (37), 2426 (38), 2480 (39) Usage
Discovering devices Initiating a connection

Broadcasting data

Data Channels
Frequencies: 2404-2424 (0-10), 2428-2478 (11-36)

Usage: Communicating between connected devices

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Bluetooth Low Energy Frequency Plan

Lower guard band of 2MHz, upper guard band of 3.5MHz

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L2CAP Channel Types

Higher Level Protocol Multiplexing Packet Segmentation and reassembly L2CAP in Bluetooth low energy operates in Basic Mode
Offers only fixed channel types
Channel Type Attribute Protocol Signaling Security Manager Protocol Local CID (sending) 0x0004 (fixed) 0x0005 (fixed) 0x0006 (fixed) Remote CID (receiving) 0x0004 (fixed) 0x0005 (fixed) 0x0006 (fixed)

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Generic Access Profile (GAP)

Defines procedures for:
Discovering identities, names, and basic capabilities

Creating bonds
Exchange of security information Establishing connections

Defines Advertising and Scan Response Data formats All profiles are built upon GAP Defines profile roles
Broadcaster sends non-connectable advertisement and never connect Observer listens to advertisement packets but never connect Peripheral Always take the role of slave Central Always take the role of master

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Attribute Protocol & Generic Attribute Profile

Bluetooth Technology Basics

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Attribute Protocol (ATT)

Client Server Architecture
servers have data clients request data to/from servers

Servers expose data using Attributes

Client Requests Responses Data Data Data Server

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Generic Attribute Profile (GATT)

Built on top of ATT Provides a framework for developing profiles A profile is composed of one or more services A service is composed of characteristics or references to other services Each characteristic contains a value and may contain optional information about the value

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GATT-Based Profile Specifications

Profile specifications
Use case Behaviors Discovery Procedures Connection Parameters (slave latency, conn Interval) etc Profile Roles

Service specifications
Characteristics (Mandatory, Optional) Characteristics Properties (Broadcast, Control Point etc)

Characteristics specifications
Specify structure of value Eg: Alert Level 1 byte Permissible values Eg: 0 No Alert, 1 Medium Alert, 2 High Alert Permissions Read/Write

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Profiles Overview

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What are Traditional Profiles?

OPP

PBAP

HOST
GOEP (OBEX)

HFP

A2DP

AVRCP

RFCOMM

AVDTP
L2CAP

AVCTP

HID

Link Manager

CONTROLLER

Baseband Radio (PHY)

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What are GATT-Based Profiles?

Proximity, Find Me, Alert Notification

Consumer Healthcare

Sports and Fitness

HID over GATT

Battery, Time, Device Information

HOST
Generic Attribute Profile (GATT)

Attribute Protocol (ATT)

L2CAP

Link Manager

CONTROLLER

Baseband Radio (PHY)

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GATT-Basics
Generic Attribute Profile First available in v4.0 Designed to enable new market of low power devices Optimized for low duty cycle use and small packets Key to power reduction Mandatory for low energy, but Optional for BR/EDR
Generic Access Profile (GAP) Generic Attribute Profile (GATT) Applications

Attribute Protocol Security Manager (ATT) Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP) Host Controller Interface (HCI)
Link Layer (LL) Direct Test Mode

Physical Layer

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GATT Client-Server Architecture

Servers contain data Clients request data from Servers, write data to Servers, or initiate actions
Client Requests Responses Data Data Server

Data

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GATT Service Structure

Services generally embedded in low power sensors
Example: Heart Rate Service + Battery Service

Downloadable apps can incorporate profiles to control and get data from sensors
Key to rapid deployment to the masses

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Recent Traditional Profile Updates

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Telephony
Hands Free Profile (HFP)
HFP v1.6 adds
Individual Indicator Activation
Select indicators that you want (Battery level, network reception,) Preserves battery life

Wide Band Speech Support

16KHz sampled audio instead of 8KHz Useful over networks which enable it as well. Better voice recognition success rate

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Audio Streaming
Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP)
v1.3 adds Delay Reporting

Audio Delay (200ms)

Delay 60ms +140ms

Delay 200ms (Buffer)

Audio Video Remote Control

AVRCP v1.4/v1.5 adds the Media Browsing Channel
Browse your MP3 players music and playlists directly from your car user interface.

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Generic Object Exchange Profile v2.0

OPP OPP 1.2 BIP BIP 1.1 FTP FTP 1.2 MAP MAP 1.2 PBAP PBAP 1.1

GOEP 2.0 GOEP 1.1

GOEP 1.1

RFCOMM RFCOMM L2CAP

Better Quality of Service (QoS)

Service multiplexing is now entirely done by L2CAP

Better throughput
Flow Control, Segmentation & Reassembly are done by L2CAP Enhanced Retransmission Mode (ERTM)

Improved support for AMP (High Speed)

Channels can move over a different MAC/PHY without moving the whole RFCOMM stack

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Generic Navigation Satellite System Profile

Generic Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
Create a wireless serial link so a device can share its GPS position data using the NMEA-0183 protocol.

Positioning Data (NMEA-0183)

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3D Synchronization Profile
3D Synchronization Profile v1.0
The users stereoscopic 3D experience is delivered by showing different images to the left and right eyes. The 3D glasses use shutter synchronization information transmitted from the 3D display to control the shutters such that the left image is shown only to the left eye and the right image is shown only to the right eye, when 3D content is being displayed

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Recent GATT-based Profiles and Services

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Initial GATT-Based Profiles/Services (1/2)

Common Profiles and Services
Device Information Service (DIS) Time Profile (uses Current Time Service, Next DST Change Service, Reference Time Update Service) Battery Service Scan Parameters Profile/Service

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Initial GATT-Based Profiles/Services (2/2)

Device-specific Profiles and Services
Proximity Profile (uses Immediate Alert Service, TX Power Service, Link Loss Service) Find Me Profile (uses Immediate Alert Service) Alert Notification Profile (uses Alert Notification Service)

Phone Alert Status Profile (uses Phone Alert Status Service)

Health Thermometer Profile (uses Health Thermometer Service and DIS)

Heart Rate Profile (uses Heart Rate Service and DIS)

Blood Pressure Profile (uses Blood Pressure Service and DIS) HID over GATT Profile (uses HID Service, Scan Parameters Service, Battery Service and DIS)

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Recent GATT-based Profiles/Services

Recently Published Profiles and Services
Glucose Profile (uses Glucose Service and Device Information Service (DIS)) Cycling Speed and Cadence Profile (uses Cycling Speed and Cadence Service) Running Speed and Cadence Profile (uses Running Speed and Cadence Service) Cycling Power Profile (uses Cycling Power Service, DIS, Battery Service) Location and Navigation Profile (uses Location and Navigation Service, DIS, Battery Service)

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Glucose
Sends blood glucose measurement to Collector after each measurement if available
Users typically take 1-8 measurements per day Once connected, Collector requests only the data that it needs
Blood Glucose Sensor
Blood Glucose data + data Context (O)

Personal or Caregiver Collector

Data is required to be compatible with internationally recognized data standards

Measurement history needs to be uploaded to PHR or shared with healthcare provider as part of EHR

Addresses market of 300M+ with diabetes worldwide Published April 2012

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Cycling Speed and Cadence

Sends raw Wheel Event data and Crank Event data to Collector ~every second while user is cycling
Collector is pre-configured to know wheel circumference and calculates Speed, Cadence and Distance
Speed and Cadence Sensor
Wheel Event data and/or Crank Event data

Collector

Can be used with separate sensors or combination sensors

Cadence Sensor Collector

Speed Sensor

Addresses huge market of cyclists Published August 2012

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Running Speed and Cadence

Sends Speed, Cadence, Stride Length and Total Distance data to Collector ~every second when user is walking or running
RSC Sensor
Speed + Cadence + Stride Length (O) + Distance (O)

Collector

Can be used with Heart Rate and other sports sensors Addresses huge market of runners/walkers Published August 2012
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Cycling Power
Cycling Power sensor sends data to users Collector to help optimize pedaling efficiency

Cycling Power Sensor

Cycling Power data

Collector

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Location and Navigation

1) Positioning Sensor sends location information to Collector which logs hiking data (tracks)
Positioning/Activity Data

Sports Watch

2) Collector sends user-defined waypoint (i.e. the next destination) to positioning sensor which sends location, bearing and heading to Collector to guide user
Positioning/Activity Data

Sports Watch

Waypoint Coordinates

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