Apes in a Box

Natural Gas What is natural Gas? Mixture of gases mostly methane (CH4) found above conventional crude oil deposits ropane and butate can be removed and pressuri!ed to ma"e # G it can be pressuri!ed and cooled to create #i$uefield %aural Gas to be transported %atural Gas &urn 'ff (hen oil deposits are too remote for a pipeline to collect natural gas) the gas is simply burned off on site as (aste product of oil production *ynthetic %atural Gas *%G is created from coal by coal gasification creating synthetic fuels lo( net energy %'+ %,+-.,# G,* %atural Gas .eserves .ussia / -0*0 #ess than 41 but use almost / of it ,dvantages of %atural Gas large reserves remain less air pollutants are emitted than (hen burning other fossil fuels high net energy compared to other fossil fuels 2isadvantages lo( net energy (hen converted to #%G releases C'3 (hen burned difficult and costly to transport pipeline infrastructure in underdeveloped04 Coal +ypes of Coal 5our categories of coal that very in carbon) moisture and sulfur content older the coal higher carbon content higher carbon content more energy (hen burned eat not $uite coal is precursor to coal formed in (etland bogs surface mined by cutting into oblong peat bric"s used on industrial scale in 6reland and 5inland #ignite (&ro(n Coal) lo( carbon content high moisture content lo(est $uality crumbly texture abundant *ubbituminous high carbon content than lignite lo(er moisture than lignite

slightly harder slighly higher $uality as a fuel source Montana) Wyoming) -tah) Colorado) %e( Mexico) Washington &ituminous (*oft Coal) most common in us high carbon content lo( moister content harder and shiner ,nthracite (Hard Coal) high carbon content very lo( moisture least polluting most valuable high $uality Shale and Oil and Tar Sands What is *hale 'il? 2eposits of roc" that contain "erogen "erogen is solid mixture of hydrocarbons shale oil is extracted by roc" by crushing roc" and heating it to separate shale oil from roc" *hale 'il .eserves over 781 is found here in -0*0 ,dvantages of *hale 'il large domestic reserves existing oil infrastructure can be used easy to transport as a solid or as shale oil it is untapped resource large amount of energy 2isadvantages of *hale 'il lo( net energy b9c of energy and (ater re$uired to separate oil from roc" very high disturbance of land similar to coal mining C'3) %ox and *ox emitted (hen shale oil is burned What ,re +ar *ands? :iscous mixture of sand) clay (ater and &itumen is obtained by strip mining is mixed (ith (ater and heated to separate bitumen bitumen can be converted into a synthetic crude oil .eserves Canada has over 7;; of (orld<s tar sand reserves ,dvantages of +ar *ands very large potential reserves = north america current oil infrastructure can be utili!ed tar sand and its synthetic oil is easy to transport 2isadvantages of +ar *ands very lo( net energy due to energy re$uired to extract bitumen large volumes of (ater are used in the process of extracting bitumen form tar sand high land disruption and therefor habitat loss from surface mining of tar sand C'3) %'3) and *'3 are emitted (hen oil is burned

Oil What is 'il? 5ossil fuel produced (hen heat and pressure act on decayed organic matter (sea life) over millions of years oil consists mostly of hydrocarbons (ith small amounts of sulfur) oxygen) and nitrogen specific geologic conditions are re$uired for oil to be formed and accumulated not made in human lifetime 5raction 2istillation

different components reach different boiling points the levels certain heating standards ,dvantages of -sing 'il high net energy still ample supply for immediate future oil infrastructure already in place domestically available little land disruption in mining process compared to coal mining 2isadvantages of -sing 'il .elease of C'3) *ox) and %ox (hen burned = acid rain) photochemical smog -* is dependent on oil imports potential for oil spills net energy is decreasing as more energy must be invest in oil production 'il .eserves predicted to be >81 depleted bet(een 38;8 and 3?88 (hen (ill oil supply to point (here it (ill no longer be economical usable +he end of the ,ge of 'il? +he Hubbert Curve find more uses for it ' @C 'rgani!ation of etroleum @xporting Countries Controls A81 of crude oil reserves *audi ,rabia alone controls 381

Charcoal What is Charcoal biomass fuel that is created by partially burning (ood to remove moisture and increase the energy content per unit of mass (hen compared to the (ood alone0 .emove impurities (idely used for coo"ing and heating in developing countries charcoal is rene(able biomass fuel @thiopia compressing allo(s to harvest a tree and it can be harvested over and over again eucalypti branches is burned in small bric" cilm and put fire out (hen charcoal is ready then bagged and sold ,dvantages of -sing Charcoal relatively inexpensive higher energy content9unit of mass than (ood or dung easy to transport (idely available less smo"e than (ood or dung rene(able if managed appropriately 2isadvantages of -sing Charcoal deforestation charcoal production is ha!ardous to (or"ers using charcoal produces smo"e that is unhealthy to breathe Haiti deforestation b9c of not harvesting trees correctly