Histology Final Exam Practice Test

1. Which of the following is an example of Type I Collagen? A. Bone, skin, tendons, and ligaments B. Basement memb anes C. Ca tilage !. "etic#la fibe s $. What is the f#nction of etic#la fibe s? A. %o&ement of the cell B. '#ppo t st #ct# es fo adipocytes, m#scle cells, small blood &essels, and lymphatic tiss#e C. Thick, solid ba ie !. T anspo tation of cell#la waste (. What st #ct# es a e stained with ) ecin? A. "etic#la fibe s a e stained eddish*b own B. "etic#la fibe s a e stained bl#e C. +lastic ,ibe s a e stained eddish*b own !. +lastic ,ibe s a e stained p# ple -. What stain is #sed to ma k ca bohyd ates? It also stains etic#la fibe s ed. A. ) ecin B. "eso cin*f#chin C. .e iodic Acid*'chiff !. 'il&e stain /. A patient a i&es to yo# 0at yo# highly s#ccessf#l p actice1 and yo# immediately notice his odd stat# e. 2e is tall and has #n#s#ally long a ms. 3pon f# the examination, yo# notice his a chnodactyly and flat feet. 2a&ing aced yo# fi st yea of medical school, yo# immediately diagnose this patient as ha&ing44444444444 and o de tests to a&oid se io#s complications with his444444444444444444. A. +hle s*!anlos synd ome5 m#sc#la system B. %a fan synd ome5 ca dio&asc#la system C. +hle s*!anlos 'ynd ome5 ca dio&asc#la system !. %a fan synd ome5 m#sc#la system 6. 7o# also emembe that the ca#se of this diso A. A m#tation in&ol&ing genes coding fo B. A m#tation in&ol&ing genes coding fo C. A m#tation in&ol&ing genes coding fo !. A m#tation in&ol&ing genes coding fo de is444444444444444444444444444444444. collagen synthesis fib illin ca diac m#scle smooth m#scle

8. The genes coding fo which type of collagen a e m#tated in a patient with )steogenesis Impe fecta? A. Type I B. Type II C. Type III !. Type I9 :. Which is ;)T a type<example of emb yonic connecti&e tiss#e? A. %esenchyme B. %#co#s connecti&e tiss#e
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C. !ense connecti&e tiss#e !. Wha ton=s >elly ?. Connecti&e tiss#e can be composed of44444444444444444444444444444 A. ,ib oblasts and myofib oblasts B. %ac ophages and Adipose cells C. %ass Cells !. All of the abo&e 1@. !# ing enchond al ossification, which of the following is the model fo the de&eloping skeleton of the fet#s? A. 2yalin Ca tilage B. +lastic Ca tilage C. ,ib o#s Ca tilage !. "etinac#la Ca tilage 11. Which type of ca tilage does ;)T calcify with aging? A. 2yalin Ca tilage B. +lastic Ca tilage C. ,ib o#s Ca tilage !. They all calcify with aging 1$. Identify the following connecti&e tiss#eA

A. !ense eg#la connecti&e tiss#e B. Boose connecti&e tiss#e C. !ense i eg#la connecti&e tiss#e !. %#co#s Connecti&e tiss#e

1(. The g eatest isk fo patients with %a fan synd ome isA
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A. bone b eakage B. ao tic dissection C. &asc#la #pt# e !. o gan #pt# e

1-. Isogeneo#s g o#ps a e 44444 A. apidly di&iding myoblasts

B. ecently di&ided chond ocytes C. nondi&iding myoblasts !. nondi&iding chond ocytes

1/. The two laye s of the pe ichond i#m a e 44444 and 44444? A. fib o#s and myogeneic B. myogeneic and chond ogeneic C. fib o#s and basophilic !. fib o#s and chond ogeneic 16. Which of the following is ;)T cha acte istic of an osteoclast? A. ,o#nd sitting in the lac#nae B. C#boidal*shaped cell C. %ost ab#ndant cell in bone !. !est oy bone 18. .se#do#nipola ne# ons a e fo#nd in which pa t of the body? A. Integ ati&e C;' B. %oto .;' C. C;' !. 'enso y .;'

1:. The Blood*B ain Ba ie is made #p mostly of what type of cells A. 'chwann Cells B. Ast ocytes
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C. )ligodend ocytes !. +pendymal

1?. Axosomatic incl#des the synapse between what two components of a ne# on? A. axon to cell body B. axon to dend ite C. dend ite to dend ite !. axon to axon

$@. This pa t of a mat# e bone is filled with old 2a&e sian systems A. 2a&e sian lamellae B. Inte stitial lamellae C. )#te ci c#mfe ential lamellae !. Inne ci c#mfe ential lamellae

$1. Bone is composed ofA A. Bone and hemopoietic tiss#e B. ,at and dense connecti&e tiss#e C. 9essels and ne &es !. All of the abo&e

$$. Which le#kocyte is fo#nd to be the most ab#ndant in a healthy indi&id#al? A. +osinophil B. Basophil C. .latelet !. ;e#t ophil

$(. Which of the following platelet g an#le catego ies aid in the &asoconst iction of an in># ed a ea? A. C g an#les
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B. D g an#les C. E g an#les !. F g an#les

$-. The o#te laye of the .e ioste#m in bone is composed ofA A. !ense i eg#la connecti&e tiss#e B. !ense eg#la connecti&e tiss#e C. "etic#la connecti&e tiss#e !. A eola connecti&e tiss#e

$/. )steop ogenito cells a e fo#nd in theA A. Inne laye of pe ioste#m B. +ndoste#m C. Bining the 2a&e sian and 9olkmann=s canals !. All of the abo&e

$6. T<,A An osteoblast that is s# o#nded by an osteoid is called an osteocyte.

$8. T<,A An osteoclast is a la ge, single n#cleated, acidophilic cell esponsible fo bone eso ption.

$:. T<,A .a athy oid ho mone 0.T21 inc eases osteoclast acti&ity while calcitonin dec eases osteoclast acti&ity.

$?. T<,A !# ing int amemb ano#s ossification, mesenchymal cells agg egate and t# n into osteoblasts.

(@. Which of the following is ;)T a laye of the epiphysial ca tilage? A. Gone of ese &e ca tilage B. Gone of ossification C. Gone of hype t ophy !. Gone of p olife ation (1. ;e &e tiss#e de&elops f om the emb yonic44444444444
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A. +ndode m B. %esode m C. +ctode m ($. 'imple 'H#amo#s +pitheli#m is fo#nd in all of the following +IC+.TA A. 9asc#la system 0endotheli#m1 and espi ato y spaces in l#ngs B. Body ca&ities 0mesotheli#m1 C. Bowman=s caps#le !. ) al ca&ity ((. 'imple C#boidal epitheli#m is fo#nd in all of the following +IC+.TA A. T achea and b onchial t ee B. Jidney t#b#les and thy oid follicles C. '# face of the o&a y !. 'mall d#cts of exoc ine glands (-. 'imple Col#mna +pitheli#m is fo#nd in all of the following +IC+.TA A. 'mall intestine and colon B. 'tomach lining and gast ic glands C. 'weat gland d#cts !. Kallbladde (/. .se#dost atified +pitheli#m is fo#nd in all of the following +IC+.TA A. T achea and b onchial t ee B. Bladde C. !#ct#s defe ens !. +ffe ent d#ct#les of epididymis (6. 't atified 'H#amo#s epitheli#m is fo#nd in all of the following +IC+.TA A. %esotheli#m B. +pide mis C. ) al ca&ity and esophag#s !. 9agina (8. 't atified C#boidal +pitheli#m is fo#nd in all of the following +IC+.TA A. 'weat gland d#cts B. Ba ge d#cts of exoc ine glands C. Ano ectal >#nction !. "enal calyces (:. 't atified col#mna +pitheli#m is fo#nd in which of the followingA A. Ba gest d#cts of exoc ine glands and the ano ectal >#nction B. Jidney t#b#les and Bowman=s caps#le C. 'mall intestine and colon !. T achea and b onchial t ee (?. T ansitional epitheli#m is fo#nd in all of the following +IC+.TA A. "enal calyces B. Bladde C. 3 eth a and # ete s
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!. 9agina -@. T<,A A high concent ation of ibosomes in a cell indicates a la ge amo#nt of p otein synthesis. -1. Taste b#ds, etina, olfacto y m#cosa, and cochlea L &estib#la ganglia a e examples of which type of ne# on? A. .se#do#nipola B. Bipola C. %#ltipola -$. %ost cells a eA A. Bipola B. %#ltipola C. .se#do#nipola -(. 'pinal and most c anial senso y ganglia a e which type of ne# on? A. %#ltipola B. Bipola C. .se#do#nipola --. T<,A The do sal oot ganglion contains the cell bodies of pse#do#nipola senso y inne &ations -/. Cha acte istics of the myelin sheath incl#de all of the following +IC+.TA A. ,o med by the 'chwann cells 0.;'1 and oligodend ocytes 0C;'1 B. ,#nction to elect ically isolate the axon f om the s# o#ndings C. Composed of a single laye of cell memb ane w apped a o#nd the axon !. M#nctions between segments de&oid of myelin a e called ;odes of "an&ie -6. These cells p od#ce the myelin sheath in the C;' A. 'chwann cells B. )ligodend ocytes C. Ast ocytes !. %ic oglia -8. T<,A 3nmyelinated axons in the .;' a e embedded into 'chwann cell cytoplasm. -:. The en&elope of the pe iphe al ne &e that s# o#nds each ne &e fibe is theA A. .e ine# i#m B. +ndone# i#m C. +pine# i#m -?. The en&elope consisting of specialiNed connecti&e tiss#e s# o#nding ne &e b#ndles is theA A. .e ine# i#m B. +ndone# i#m C. +pine# i#m /@. The en&elope of the pe iphe al ne &e that s# o#nds the ne &e and the fascicles is theA A. .e ine# i#m B. +ndone# i#m C. +pine# i#m
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/1. )f the two types of ast ocytes, which a e fo#nd mainly in the g ay matte ? A. . otoplasmic ast ocytes B. ,ib o#s ast ocytes /$. T<,A %onocytes in the blood become mac ophages in tiss#e. /(. T<,A %ic oglial cells a e phagocytotic cells. /-. T<,A +pendymal cells a e made of Kap M#nctions in the .;'. //. The ext acell#la mat ix 0+C%1 of connecti&e tiss#e consists of all of the following +IC+.TA A. ,ibe s B. K o#nd s#bstance C. Klycop oteins !. +osinophils
56. This type of le#kocyte is cha acte iNed by a m#ltilobed n#cle#s.

A. B. C. !. +.

;e#t ophil +osinophil Basophil Bymphocyte %onocyte

/8. This type of le#kocyte contains a bilobed n#cle#s. A. ;e#t ophil B. +osinophil C. Basophil !. Bymphocyte +. %onocyte /:. This type of le#kocyte diffe entiates into mac ophages in the body tiss#es. A. ;e#t ophil B. +osinophil C. Basophil !. Bymphocyte +. %onocyte /?. This type of le#kocyte is closely elated to mastocytes of the connecti&e tiss#e. A. ;e#t ophil B. +osinophil C. Basophil !. Bymphocyte +. %onocyte 6@. ;J cells comp ise /*1@O of this type of le#kocyteA A. ;e#t ophil B. +osinophil
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C. Basophil !. Bymphocyte +. %onocyte

Histology Final Exam Practice Test Answer Key 1. AA Type )neA bone, skin, tendons, ligaments5 Type TwoA Ca tilage5 Type Th eeA "etic#la fibe s, collagen of g an#lated tiss#es5 Type ,o# A Basement %emb ane $. BA "etic#la fibe s a e cha acte istically thin fibe s composed of Type III collagen. They fo m a mesh like netwo k 0a etic#l#m1 which enable them to be s#ppo ting st #ct# es fo adipocytes, m#scles cells, small blood &essels, and lymphatic tiss#e. They act as s#ppo ting mesh in soft tiss#es s#ch a li&e and bone ma ow and tiss#es and o gans of the lymphatic system. (. CA ) ecin stains elastic fibe s in connecti&e tiss#e a eddish*b own colo 5 .e iodic Acid*'chiff 0.A'1 is #sed to ma k ca bohyd ates and stains etic#la fibe s ed5 "eso cin*f#chin stains elastic fibe s bl#ish g ay5 'il&e salts 0black1 staining is #sed to stain a gy ophylic fibe s -. C /. BA .atients with %a fan synd ome a e tall and ha&e long a ms and a chnodactyly 0long, spide like finge s1. They also ha&e bl#e scle a in the eyes. 'coliosis is common, along with pect#s ca inat#m 0p ot #sion of the ste n#m1 and flat feet. Ca dio&asc#la complications might incl#de ao tic dissection whe e a tea in the wall of the ao ta ca#ses blood to flow between the laye s of the wall of the ao ta. This can be lethal if #nt eated. +hle s*!anlos synd ome is ca#sed by a defect in the genes that code fo collagen synthesis and se&e ity anges f om mild to life th eatening depending whe e the m#tation occ# s. 'ymptoms also &a y b#t may incl#de hype flexibility of the >oints and hype extensibility of the skin. In se io#s cases of +!', p emat# e death can es#lt f om &asc#la o o gan #pt# e. $. BA %a fan synd ome is an a#tosomal dominant diso de of the connecti&e tiss#e ca#sed by a m#tation in ch omosome 1/ on gene ,B;1 which codes fo fib illin*1. ,ib illin*1 is essential fo the biogenesis and maintenance of elastic fibe s. (. AA )steogenesis Impe fecta 0B ittle Bone !isease1 es#lts f om genetic m#tations of the genes that assemble Type I collagen. The most se&e e fo m of this disease in&ol&es an abno mally small ibcage and #nde de&eloped l#ngs -. CA +mb yonic connecti&e tiss#e is classified into two s#btypesA mesenchyme 0which is pl# ipotent1 and m#co#s connecti&e tiss#e 0Wha ton=s >elly1. !ense Connecti&e Tiss#e is p esent in tendons, apone #oses, and ligaments /. ! 6. AA 2yalin ca tilage binds bones togethe 0synchond osis1, p o&ides low f iction s# faces fo the >oints, and s#pplies the model fo the de&eloping skeleton. %#ch of the ca tilage is eplaced by bone and the emaining ca tilage is the epiphysial g owth plate that emains f#nctional and g ows bone 8. B :. ! ?. B 1@. B Isogeno#s g o#psA ecently di&ided chond ocytes that a e sitting in cl#ste s in the lac#nae Chond ocytesA inacti&e cells that ha&e a lightly stained cytoplasm Te ito ial mat ixA basophilic Pcaps#leQ a o#nd the isogeno#s g o#ps, contain a high concent ation of KAKs Inte te ito ial mat ixA lighte mat ix with a low concent ation of KAKs
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11. ! )#te fib o#s laye consists of dense connecti&e tiss#e Inne chond ogenic laye contains mesenchymal cells and is a so# ce of chond oblasts 1$. BA )steoclasts a e sta *shaped cells that a e the most ab#ndant cell fo#nd in bone. )steocytes a e netwo ked to each othe by long cytoplasmic extensions that occ#py tiny canals called canalic#li 0#sed fo exchange of n#t ients and waste1. The space an octeocyte occ#pies is a lac#na 0pit1. )steocytes a e acti&ely in&ol&ed in the t# no&e of bony mat ix and they dest oy bone th o#gh osteocytic osteolysis. 1(. ! 1-. BA Ast ocytes a e sta shaped cells that a e the most n#me o#s of the glial cells. 'ome ha&e Pend feetQ and they contain K,A. which is a p otein that is easily stained. The end feet of the ast ocytes in &essels fo m the blood*b ain ba ie . 1/. AA AxosomaticA axon to cell body5 Axodend iticA classical synapse5 axoaxonicA axon to axon 0commonly inhibito y15 dend odend iticA dend ite to dend ite 16. BA Inte stitial lamellaeA between the osteon space5 filled with old 2a&e sian systems 2a&e sian lamellaeA concent ical lamellae s# o#nding the 2a&e sian canal fo ming cylind ical #nits called osteon o 2a&e sian systems5 contain &essels and ne &es 09olkmann=s canal connects them15 lac#nae between lamellae with osteocytes5 canalic#li penet ate lamellae with osteocytic p ocesses )#te ci c#mfe ential lamellaeA lining the o#te s# face of the bone #nde the pe ioste#m Inne ci c#mfe ential lamellaeA lining the inne s# face of the bone #nde the endoste#m 18. !A The histological components of bone incl#deA Bone tiss#e, hemopoietic tiss#e 0 ed bone ma ow in the epiphysis1, fat tiss#e 0yellow bone ma ow at the shaft1, dense connecti&e tiss#e 0o#te fib o#s laye of pe ioste#m*'ha pey=s fibe s extend into the bone1, &essels and ne &es, and endoste#m which co&e s the inne s# face of the ma ow ca&ity 0osteop ogenito o endosteal cells that diffe entiate into osteocytes1 1:. !5 In o de of dec easing ab#ndanceA ;e#t ophil, Bymphocyte, %onocyte, +osinophil, Basophil 1?. BA C g an#les f#nction in clot eso ption d# ing &essel epai 5 D g an#les f#nction in platelet adhesion and &asoconst iction of the in># ed a ea5 E g an#les f#nction in &essel epai , coag#lation, and platelet agg egation $@. AA The pe ioste#m is a collageno#s memb ane on the o#te s# face of the bone. It ca ies &essels and ne &es and contains nocicepto s 0senso y ecepto s that send signals that ca#se the pe ception of pain in esponse to potentially damaging stim#l#s1. It is composed of two laye sA )#te fib o#s laye A dense i eg#la connecti&e tiss#e5 Inne osteogenic laye A osteop ogenito cells The endoste#m co&e s the ma ow ca&ity and is composed of mostly osteop ogenito cells $1. !A )steop ogenito cells a e flattened cells that esemble fib oblasts. They contain a basophilic cytoplasm, a e capable to di&ide and diffe entiate into osteoblasts, and can fo m chond oblasts, adipocytes, and fib oblasts. They pa ticipate in the appositional bone fo mation and a e located in the inne laye of pe ioste#m, the endoste#m 0endosteal cells1, and the inne laye of the 2a&e sian and 9olkmann=s canals. $$. T #eA )steoid is the o ganic po tion of the mat ix of bone tiss#e. )steoblasts begin the p ocess of fo ming bone tiss#e by sec eting the osteoid as se&e al specific p oteins. When the osteoid becomes mine aliNed, it and the ad>acent bone cells ha&e de&eloped into new bone tiss#e. The osteoid is light staining. )steoblasts fo m a single C#boidal cell laye on the s# face of the g owing bone, sitting on a light band of osteoid. $(. ,alseA )steoclasts a e la ge m#ltin#cleated acidophilic cells esponsible fo bone eso ption. )steoclasts o iginate f om %onocytes 0mac ophages1 of blood. The n#clei a e sitting on the side of the cells f# the away f om the bony t abec#la. The s# face contacting the bone fo ms memb ane infoldings 0 #ffled bo de 1. )steoclasts est in a eso ption bay called 2owship=s lac#na. )steoclasts elease lysosomal hyd olases that digest o ganic components. $-. T #eA Too many osteoclasts is sign of hype pa athy oidism $/. T #eA In int amemb ano#s ossificationA
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 %esenchymal cells agg egate and t# n into osteoblasts5 )steoblasts sec ete osteoid, mine aliNe it, enclose themsel&es into lac#nae, and t# n into osteocytes )cc# s in the emb yo sk#ll bone and in f act# es when the b oken ends a e &e y closely aligned to each othe $6. BA The laye s of the epiphysial ca tilage a eA None of ese &e ca tilage5 None of p olife ation 0ca tilage cells a e a anged in ows15 None of hype t ophy5 None of calcified ca tilage5 and None of eso ption 0 eso ption of the dead chond ocytes1. Rsee pict# e in .owe .oint slidesS $8. C $:. !A 'imple sH#amo#s f#nctions as an exchange ba ie in the C;', exchange and l#b ication in the mesotheli#m, as a ba ie in Bowman=s caps#le in the kidneys, and as an exchange site in espi ato y spaces in the l#ngs. $?. AA 'imple C#boidal +pitheli#m f#nctions as abso ption and cond#it in the small d#cts of exoc ine glands, a ba ie in the s# face of the o&a ies, and abso ption and sec etion in the kidney t#b#les and thy oid follicles (@. CA 'imple col#mna epitheli#m f#nctions in abso ption and sec etion in the small intestine and colon, sec etion in the stomach lining and gast ic glands, and abso ption in the gallbladde (1. BA .se#dost atified +pitheli#m f#nctions in sec etion and cond#it in the t achea, b onchial t ee, and d#ct#s defe ens, as well as abso ption and cond#it in the effe ent d#ct#les of the epididymis. ($. AA 't atified 'H#amo#s +pitheli#m f#nctions as a p otecti&e ba ie in the epide mis, o al ca&ity, esophag#s, and &agina ((. !A 't atified C#boidal +pitheli#m se &es as a ba ie and cond#it in the sweat gland d#cts, la ge d#cts of exoc ine glands, and ano ectal >#nction (-. AA 't atified Col#mna +pitheli#m f#nctions as a ba ie and cond#it fo the la gest d#cts of exoc ine glands and the ano ectal >#nction (/. !A T ansitional 0# otheli#m1 epitheli#m f#nctions as a ba ie and distensible p ope ty of enal calyces, # ete s, # eth a, and the bladde (6. T #eA "ibosomes a e the site of p otein synthesis. (8. B*Bipola (:. B*%#ltipola (?. C* .se#do#nipola -@. T #e -1. CA The myelin sheath is composed of m#ltiple laye s of cell memb ane w apped a o#nd the axon. It is segmentedA the non*myelinated a eas a e called nodes of "an&ie and the myelin between two "an&ie nodes is the inte modal segment. The "an&ie node allows fast cond#ction 0saltato y cond#ction1 of the ne &e imp#lse 0an action potential de&elops at the node only, >#mping o&e the inte modal segment, sa&ing time1. The inne and o#te lamellae contain cytoplasm. 'mall islands of the memb ane may also contain cytoplasmA 'chmidt*Bante man clefts. -$. BA )ligodend ocytes a e small o#nd cells that f#nction to p od#ce the myelin sheath in the C;'. A single oligodend ocytes can myelinate se&e al axons sim#ltaneo#sly. 3nlike 'chwann cells, oligodend ocytes don=t ha&e exte nal lamina and the myelin sheath contains fewe 'chmidt*Bante man clefts. The ;odes of "an&ie a e la ge in the C;'. 3nmyelinated axons in the C;' a e t #ly ba eT They a e not embedded into the cytoplasm like in the .;'. -(. T #e --. BA The endone# i#m is made of ci c#la and longit#dinal collagen fib ils that s# o#nd each ne &e fibe 0myelin sheath1. It is p obably sec eted by 'chwann cells. -/. AA The pe ine# i#m consists of specialiNed connecti&e tiss#e 01*6 laye s of flattened cont actile cells that possess basal lamina on both s# faces1 a o#nd ne &e b#ndles Tight >#nctions between the cells in the pe ine# i#m make #p the blood ne &e ba ie
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-6. CA The epine# i#m is made of dense i eg#la connecti&e tiss#e that s# o#nd the ne &e and the fascicles and contains blood &essels -8. AA . otoplasmic ast ocytes a e fo#nd mainly in the g ay matte and ha&e sho t b anching p ocesses ,ib o#s ast ocytes a e fo#nd mainly in the white matte and ha&e longe , st aight p ocesses Ast ocytes contain K,A. 0glial fib illa y acidic p otein1 which is mostly in the fib o#s ast ocyte The ends of the p ocesses expand fo ming Pend feetQ that co&e &essels 0BBB1, the %yelin sheath, and the inne s# face of the pia mate 0glia limitans1 -:. T #e -?. T #eA %ic oglial cells a e pa t of the monon#clea phagocytotic system and f#nction in deb is emo&al. The e a e a small n#mbe of mic oglial cells in ad#lt C;' and they a e acti&ated at in># y sites. They mig ate to the C;' f om the &asc#la system and a e of mesenchymal o igin. They ha&e an elongated cell body and sho t and b anched p ocesses. /@. ,alseA +pendymal cells fo m the simple epithelial lining of the C', filled ca&ities of the C;'. They a e C#boidal o col#mna cells and fo m TIK2T >#nction complexes. The apical s# face consists of cilia and mic o&illi 0fo abso bing C',1 while the basal s# face contains inte digitations with ast ocyte p ocesses. Within the b ainUs &ent icles, a pop#lation of modified ependymal cells and capilla ies togethe fo m a system called the cho oid plex#s, which p od#ces the C',. /1. !A +C% is made of collagen, etic#la and elastic fibe s as well as g o#nd s#bstanceA glycop oteins 0s#ch as fib onectin and laminin1, glycosaminoglycans 0s#ch as chond oitin s#lfate, ke atane s#lfate, de matan s#lfate, hepa in s#lfate, and hyal# onic acid1, and p oteoglycans. These fo m the Ch istmas t ee*like st #ct# e. /$. AA ;e#t ophils contain a m#ltilobed n#cle#s with hete och omatin in the pe iphe y of the n#cle#s and e#ch omatin in the middle of the n#cle#s. They a e capable of mig ation and contain &e y small, ba ely &isible g an#les. They ha&e a small golgi appa at#s and few mitochond ia. ;e#t ophils contain AN# ophylic g an#les 0p ima y g an#les which a e la ge , less n#me o#s5 lysosomes containing myelope oxydase that gene ates bacte icidal hypochlo ite5 cationic p oteins called defesins that ha&e bacte icid f#nction1, 'pecific g an#les 0seconda y g an#les5 smallest g an#les, most n#me o#s5 containA enNymes Rtype I9 collagenase, phospholipidaseS, complement acti&ato s, and bacte icidal agent* lysosome1, and te tia y g an#les 0phosphatase containing and metalllop otease containing1 /(. BA The n#cle#s of an +osinophil is typically bilobed, contains hete och omatin in the pe iphe y of the n#cle#s, and e#ch omatin in the middle of the n#cle#s. K an#les incl#de 'pecific g an#les 0c ystalloid body and g an#le mat ix1 and aN# ophylic g an#les 0lysosomes containing acid hyd olases. +#sinophils also contain a small Kolgi appa at#s and few mitochond ia. /-. +A %onocytes a e the la gest of the le#kocytes and t a&el f om the bone ma ow to the body tiss#es whe e they diffe entiate into &a io#s tiss#e mac ophages. %onocytes phagocytose and deg ade antigens, p esenting thei f agments on %2CII molec#les sitting on the cell s# face to helpe C!- lymphocytes fo ecognition. They emain in the blood fo only th ee days and the n#cle#s is bean 0emb yo1 shaped. The cytoplasm contains small mitochond ia, s+", +", and small aN# ophilic g an#les 0lysosomes1. //. CA Basophils a e closely elated to mastocytes of the connecti&e tiss#e. Thei n#cle#s is typically bilobed and obsc# ed by the g an#les. 2ete och omatin is in the pe iphe y of the n#cle#s and e#ch omation is in the middle. The g an#les a e specific g an#les 0hepa in s#lphate esponsible fo the basophilia, histamine fo &asodilation, and '"'*AA slow eacting s#bstance A fo &asodilation1 and AN# ophylic g an#les 0lysosomes containing acid hyd olases. The plasma memb ane of basophils possesses ,c ecepto s fo Ig+ which t igge elease of s#bstances f om the g an#les. It also exp esses C!-@B p otein that inte acts with the complementa y ecepto C!-@ on the B lymphocytes inc easing Ig+ synthesis. Basophils contain small golgi appa at#s= and few mitochond ia. /6. !A Bymphocytes consist of B*lymphocytes 0$@*(@O1 in the bone ma ow 0%at# e B cells exp essIg%, Ig!, and %2C*II molec#les1, T*lymphocytes 06@*:@O1, and ;J cells 0/*1@O1. T*lymphocytes a e s#bclassified on the basis of the p esence of s# face ma ke p oteins. These a e cytotoxic lymphocytes
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0 ecogniNe antigen*bo#nd %2C*I molec#les on the &i #s*infected and t#mo cells to ind#ce lysis1, helpe lymphocytes 0facilitate the diffe entiation of lymphocytes1, and s#pp esso lymphocytes 0s#pp ess acti&ity of B and T cells1. ;J cells a e p og ammed to kill ce tain &i #s*infected cells and t#mo cells, a e la ge in siNe than T and B cells, and contain a dented n#cle#s with se&e al la ge cytoplasmic g an#les.

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