P.O.V. No.

18 - Storytelling

Narrative Power in Native American Fiction Reflections on Leslie Marmon Silko's "Storyteller" (1981
Ib Johansen http://pov.imv.au.dk/Issue_18/section_1/artc10A.html In the Western world we re!uentl" come across the misconception that what makes Western civili#ation superior vis$%$vis other &non$'uropean( cultures $ and in particular vis$ %$vis )ative American culture $ has to do with the importance o writing in our part o the world* i.e. with the act that we are &or re+ard ourselves as( masters of the written word. ,he ethnocentric $ and 'urocentric $ bias o Western anthropolo+" &and other arts and sciences(* when it comes to assessin+ the cultural herita+e and traditions o )ative Americans* is summed up b" -ordon .rotherston in a thou+ht$provokin+ article entitled /,owards a +rammatolo+" o America: 01vi$2trauss* 3errida and the native )ew World te4t/: All told* we seem not to have moved ver" ar rom that hi+hl" interested account o the )ew World +iven* shortl" a ter its 5discover"5 b" 6ontai+ne* who spoke o its t"pical inhabitant as 5so new and in antine* that he is "et to learn his A...7.5819 As it is pointed out b" .rotherston in this article and elsewhere*8:9 this is a thorou+hl" misleadin+ account o )ative American cultures and their de+ree o /literac"/* but in the present conte4t I shall leave out urther re lections on the historical dimension&s( o this misapprehension as well as on the vast bod" o sacred literature that demonstrates the alsit" o such a view. ,his cultural clich1 is likewise proven wron+* i we take a look at the new )ative American &literar"( Renaissance* characteristic o the last three or our decades* and represented b" important writers such as 0ouise 'rdrich* 0eslie 6armon 2ilko* and ). 2cott 6omada". ,hese writers use the 'n+lish lan+ua+e in their poems* stories* and novels* but at the same time the" are ver" much concerned with their indi+enous or tribal roots and cultural herita+e. In the present conte4t I shall narrow down m" ocus to one short stor" written b" 0eslie 6armon 2ilko* i.e. her /2tor"teller/ &1;81(. 0eslie 6armon 2ilko was raised in a 0a+una villa+e in the American 2outhwest* but she also has /white/ ancestors. I we compare this stor" to earlier attempts $ on the part o white settlers and others $ to come to terms with the )ative American <ther* we notice to what e4tent 2ilko has le t behind cultural stereot"pes and clich1s. We are also reminded e4plicitl" o the =uritan witch$hunter 7otton 6ather5s &in( amous treatise The Wonders of the Invisible World &1>;:(* when the critic ?ate 2hanle" @an+en entitles an article she wrote on 2ilko5s stor": /,he 3evil5s 3omain: 0eslie 2ilko5s 52tor"teller5/.8A9 ,he demoni#ation o the American <ther &in this case the )ative American( is a strate+" pointin+ in the direction o the ver" core &and the deep structure( o the predominant ideolo+". As it is ormulated b" @an+en:

Women and Indians share a vital connection to natural c"cles that is devalued b" the -ussucks 8i.e. the whites9B thus* the -ussuck must de+rade himsel &b" picturin+ himsel as 8a9 do+ copulatin+ with 8a9 woman in 8a9 pinned$up ima+e( in order to interact with women or )ative peoples. Ce must enter the devil5s domain* the heart o darkness* the /ille+itimate/ s"stem o values* i he desires intercourse with /ille+itimate/ epistemolo+ies. 7learl"* he suppresses or denies a sense o responsibilit" toward the obDect o his pleasureB instead* the victim is blamed* hated...8E9 In traditional societies the storyteller pla"s an important roleB he/she is placed at the ver" centre o the communit"* and his/her activities are considered as essential to the ver" sel $ awareness or sense o identit" o the communit". At the same time stor"tellin+ can become a strate+ic weapon in the stru++le or cultural and ph"sical survival on the part o indi+enous peoples* endan+ered as the" are in the modern world* on a ver" undamental level* b" the cultural imperialism o the white power 1lite $ or b" what @an+en calls /a s"stem* in other words* that seeks to rob a people o the power o words/.8F9 What 2ilko5s /2tor"teller/ is about is precisel" the power o words $ or narrative power. In this connection we are reminded o Walter .enDamin5s amous essa" /,he 2tor"teller/ 8/Der Erzhler/9 &1;A>(. In his essa" the -erman 6ar4ist critic comments on the contemporar" decline o stor"tellin+ as a livin+ tradition: 8A9n e4perience which we ma" have almost ever" da"9 teaches us that the art o stor"tellin+ is comin+ to an end. 0ess and less re!uentl" do we encounter people with the abilit" to tell a stor" properl". 6ore and more o ten there is embarrassment all around when the wish to hear a stor" is e4pressed. It is as i somethin+ that seemed inalienable to us* the securest thin+ amon+ our possessions* were taken rom us: the abilit" to e4chan+e e4perience.8>9 < course* more than si4t" "ears a ter .enDamin wrote this* oral culture as such $ and the art o stor"tellin+ $ seem to be even more endan+ered b" the process o moderni#ation than the" were in the 1;A05s* i.e. the new media and their technolo+ies &e.+.* a Coll"wood that more or less totall" dominates the Western ilm market* television* /pop/ culture* the computer industr"* etc.* etc.( have* to a ver" lar+e e4tent* mar+inali#ed not onl" classic book culture &6c0uhan5s -utenber+ -ala4"(* but also the premodern precursors o book culture* i.e. the culture o the spoken word* communal stor"tellin+* etc. Cowever* Dust as the death of the novel has been announced several times durin+ the last one hundred "ears without bein+ brou+ht into e ect* it looks as i both the book &in spite o /book droppers/( and oral traditions $ cultivated or instance at narrative festivals and on other occasions $ have mana+ed to survive and even thrive in the teeth o all these threats to their continued e4istence and well$bein+. In 6ario @ar+as 0losa5s remarkable novel The toryteller 8El hablador9 &1;8;( $ where a

"oun+ =eruvian Jew +ives up Western civili#ation alto+ether to become a stor"teller amon+ the 6achi+uen+a in the Ama#onian rain orest $ the power o stor"tellin+ is ore+rounded in a strikin+ manner: ,alkin+ the wa" a stor"teller talks means bein+ able to eel and live in the ver" heart o that culture* means havin+ penetrated its essence* reached the marrow o its histor" and m"tholo+"* +iven bod" to its taboos* ima+es* ancestral desires* and terrors...,hat m" riend 2aGl +ave up bein+ all that he was and mi+ht have become so as to roam throu+h the Ama#onian Dun+le* or more than twent" "ears now* perpetuatin+ a+ainst wind and tide $ and above all* a+ainst the ver" concepts o modernit" and pro+ress $ the tradition o that invisible line o stor"tellers* is somethin+ that memor" now and a+ain brin+s back to me* and* as on that da" when I irst heard o it* in the starlit villa+e o )ew 0i+ht* it opens m" heart more orce ull" than ear or love has ever done.8H9 2imilarl"* accordin+ to -loria Ieman <renstein* /...man" indi+enous peoples all over the +lobe believe that to retell the stor" o 7reation is to re$create the world/J889 Iurthermore* accordin+ to <renstein* / eminist matristic artists and writers believe* alon+ with native Americans* that t!ro"#! t!e $ower of t!e wor%& ori#inally t!e s$oken wor%* now transmitted via the print media* the" can brin+ humans into balance with nature and the cosmos/.8;9 <n the other hand* what is ocused on in 0eslie 6armon 2ilko5s /2tor"teller/ is rather the inherent power o stor"tellin+ $ and the capabilities o the stor"teller $ with re+ard to reclaiming somethin+ that has been lost in the perpetual stru++le o indi+enous peoples against the political and cultural he+emon" o the whites &in this stor" called /the -ussucks/(. When she was a "oun+ woman* 0eslie 6armon 2ilko was a school teacher in Alaska* and this arawa" )orthern countr" provides the settin+ or /2tor"teller/: An 'skimo woman is sent to Dail* a ter havin+ con essed to havin+ killed a white man &a storeman(. .ut her law"er tries to persuade her to +ive up this position &her con ession(* or in the e"es o white societ" the storeman5s death was simpl" an /accident/. 2he* however* sticks to her version* her stor": /5I will not chan+e the stor"* not even to escape this place and +o home. I intended that he die. ,he stor" must be told as it is/.8109 Cer account is* as a matter o act* a revenge story* a chronicle o an announced &or planned( death* or another storeman poisoned wine which he sold to her parents* causin+ their death. .ut inso ar as she is obli+ed to +et the stor" ri+ht* what is underscored here is the e4istential dimension o stor"tellin+ $ it is never cost$ ree to tell a stor". Another* in this case a mythical stor" is simultaneousl" presented to us $ and to be+in with also to the main character $ b" an old man &her deceased +randmother5s ormer husband or common law husband(: a man with whom she has what is re+arded b" her surroundin+s as an /illicit/ se4ual liaison. ,he old man5s stor" is about a hu+e polar bear pursuin+ an 'skimo hunter* and in the end this hunter is le t de enseless in the middle o the ro#en .erin+ 2ea

with his power ul opponent: /...the Dade kni e ellB it shattered on the ice* and the blue +lacier bear turned slowl" to ace/.,his is how /2tor"teller/ ends* and apparentl" the last para+raph o 2ilko5s te4t is a lashback* describin+ &what appears to be( the old man5s &the stor"teller5s( death throes and his obstinate re usal to stop narratin+ his stor" to the ver" end $ or in the precedin+ para+raph we have been told about precisel" the old man5s stru++le with death* and in that para+raph we are also told about the woman5s ta!eover of the old man"s position as a storyteller: /...she went on with the stor"* and she never stopped* not even when the woman 8i.e. the Dailer9 +ot up to close the door behind the villa+e men 8i.e. her listeners9/. 81:9 At this point we mi+ht ask what stor" $ or which stor"K Is she +oin+ on with &1( the old man5s stor" about the hunter and the polar bear* or is she presentin+ &:( her own stor" to her audience &i.e. possibl" &a( a murder stor" 8where her parents are murdered9* &b( a reven+e stor" 8where she kills the storeman9* or &c( a stor" about the end o the world 8the sun ro#en in the middle o the sk"9(K We do not know or certain $ in a certain sense these two 8or should we rather sa" five &K(9 narratives merge. 6a"be the inal para+raph belon+s to the stor" itsel * i.e. to the stor" that she cannot or will not stop* and in that case she is tellin+ the villa+ers about &1( her +rand ather5s death throes as well as recapitulatin+ in their presence &:( his inal words about the polar bear and the hunter. ,he 'skimo woman is* as a matter o act* tr"in+ to read the signs of the times* and in her view what is about to happen ver" soon amounts to the end o the world* where ever"thin+ is +oin+ to come to a standstill: ...0ook at the sun. It wasn5t movin+B it was ro#en* cau+ht in the middle o the sk". 0ook at the sk"* solid as the river with ice which had trapped the sun. It had not moved or a lon+ timeB in a ew more hours it would be weak* and heav" rost would be+in to appear on the ed+es and spread across the ace o the sun like a mask. Its li+ht was pale "ellow* worn thin b" the winter.81A9 ,he apocalyptic theme o the stor" $ and the wa" it is presented to the reader $ de initel" points in the direction o the antastic* or what is portra"ed in the passa+e !uoted above appears to be a supernatural event. Alread" at an earlier point in the plot the prota+onist has oreseen what is +oin+ to take place* what is happenin+ to the cosmos &in this case the main character5s oreknowled+e is themati#ed in another* compositionall" later but chronolo+icall" earlier passa+e that uses her point$o $view to underscore the ominous character o the event(: /2he wanted to lau+h a+ain because 8the storeman9 did not know about the ice. Ce did not know that it was prowlin+ the earth* or that it had alread" pushed its wa" into the sk" to sei#e the sun.../81E9 'ventuall"* a ter the storeman has drowned and other decisive events have taken place* the sun is &apparentl"( set ree* but the power o the ice over the universe is still unmistakable and lethal: white sk". ,he sun had inall" broken loose rom the ice but it moved like a wounded caribou runnin+ on stren+th which onl" d"in+ animals ind* leapin+ and runnin+ on bullet$shattered lun+s. Its li+ht was weak and paleB it pushed diml"

throu+h the clouds.81F9 Another element pointin+ in the direction o the antastic is the appearance o the prota+onist5s dead +randmother as a ghost: Cer +randmother was there suddenl"* a shadow around the stove. 2he spoke in her low wind voice and the +irl was a raid to sit up to hear more clearl"....ut the last words she heard clearl": 5It will take a lon+ time* but the stor" must be told. ,here must not be an" lies5...2he thou+ht her +randmother was talkin+ about the old man5s bear stor"B she did not know about the other stor" then 8i.e. the stor" o her parents5 death9.81>9 ,hus her own +randmother reminds her* once more* o the power o stor"tellin+J .ut this soul$shatterin+ reminder is transmitted to her by a voice from the past* a +hostl" inhabitant o the realm between this world and the <therworld. ,o the e4tent that we attempt to situate /2tor"teller/ within the cate+or" o the antastic* we notice that there is also a kind o loophole in the narrative* o erin+ an alternative perspective on the events o the stor" $ or at least on some o them. Ior accordin+ to her own attorne"* what she presents to him as her version o the stor" &the /murder/ o the storeman which is re+arded as an /accident/ b" the law"er( could also be considered an e4empli ication o her madness: /5,ell her I will do all I can or her 8addressed to the Dailer who unctions as interpreter9. I will e4plain to the Dud+e that her mind is con used5/.81H9 ,hus the notion o madness makes it possible to e4plain what looks like supernatural events on the basis o a purel" natural code. ,he double encodin+ o the antastic $ where it is virtuall" impossible to choose between a natural and a supernatural interpretation o certain decisive events $ is thus in placeB but at the same time the power of storytelling itsel seems to transcend or disrupt all the rules and re+ulations o the so$called /normal/ worldJ8189 In a manner which is di icult to come to terms with* the stor" narrated b" the old man about the polar bear and the hunter appears to in luence what is +oin+ on in the villa+e* i.e. the power o stor"tellin+ displaces the overall dri t or telos or intentionalit" o 2ilko5s narrative* its representation o realit"* addin+ a new dimension to ever"thin+. Whereas the old man5s e4tremel" slow$paced manner o tellin+ his stor" takes on an almost obsessive character $ where he is /describin+ each cr"stal o ice and the sli+htl" di erent sounds the" made under each paw 8o the +i+antic polar bear9/81;9 $ the cosmic si+ni icance o this in initel" prolon+ed pursuit &where the hunter himsel is hunted( is likewise ore+rounded. And what* rom one point$o $view* looks like a kind o e#treme realism is thus* rom another viewpoint* turned into an allegorical narrative* where the bear represents not onl" the call of the wild* but on a lar+er scale simultaneousl" all the uncontrollable orces o the natural world and* ultimatel"* death itsel as the last destination o the mental traveller throu+h the wilderness o this world. Accordin+ to ?ate 2hanle" @an+en* /8w9omen and Indians 8and presumabl" also 'skimos9

share a vital connection to natural c"cles that is devalued b" the -ussuck/ &c . note E(B the +i+antic polar bear and the wounded caribou in the sk" &alias the sun* c . note 1E( take on a cosmic si+ni icance* where both human bein+s and animals are embedded in the same m"thical narrative &and human bein+s are acutel" aware o their links to the animal world* a kind o participation mysti$ue or unio mystica(. ,hus the wounded caribou can be related to an earlier episode in the stor" where the colour red is ocused &/the red tin 8a waste product o -ussuck culture or anti$culture9 nailed to the lo+$house/(*8:09 but this piece o tin is also related to the m"sterious death o the prota+onist5s parents &it is le t as a /trace/* revealin+ the crime committed b" the storeowner* when her parents were poisoned( $ thus -ussuck culture constitutes* as it were* an open wound in the cosmos* i.e. the world inhabited b" the 'skimos rom time immemorial. ,he second storeman5s death cannot undo this crime* but to the e4tent that the story is told* i.e. o ered to an audience &b" the old man and a terwards b" the prota+onist(* the narrative process itsel appears to be capable o recuperatin+ what has been lost $ even i it is a never$endin+ stor"* even i /8i9t will take a lon+ time/8:19 to tell it* and "ou will never be able to finish it. ,he old man tells his stor" to the death* but when he passes awa"* someone else is &alwa"s alread"( prepared to take over &the prota+onist(. ,hus we are once more reminded o Walter .enDamin5s essa" /,he 2tor"teller/* where it is stated that /8d9eath is the sanction o ever"thin+ that the stor"teller can tell. Ce has borrowed his authorit" rom death.../8::9 ,he borrowed time o the stor"teller is borrowed rom death. And the archet"pal agon between hunter and polar bear in 0eslie 6armon 2ilko5s /2tor"teller/ $ a stru++le to the death $ illustrates this point in a strikin+ manner. 'ven i it is likewise true that human &)ative Alaskan* )ative American( survival depends on the +i ts o the stor"teller $ on an unstoppable narrative* adDusted to the rh"thms and seasons o the cosmos itsel .
to the top o the pa+e

Notes
1

7 . -ordon .rotherston: /,owards a +rammatolo+" o America: 01vi$2trauss* 3errida and the native )ew World te4t/* in: %iterature& 'olitics and Theory( 'apers from the Esse# )onference *+,-.-/. 'dited b" Irancis .arker* =eter Culme* 6ar+aret Iversen* 8and9 3iana 0o4le" &0ondon and )ew Lork: 6ethuen* 1;8>(* pp. 1;F$;>.
:

7 . also -ordon .rotherston: 0oo! of the 1ourth World( Reading the 2ative Americas Through Their %iterature &7ambrid+e* )ew Lork* and <aklei+h* @ictoria* Australia: 7ambrid+e Mniversit" =ress* 1;;:(.
A

7 . ?ate 2hanle" @an+en: /,he 3evil5s 3omain: 0eslie 2ilko5s 52tor"teller5/* in: )oyote Was 3ere( Essays on )ontemporary 2ative American %iterary and 'olitical 4obilization. 'dited b" .o 2chNler &Orhus: The Dolphin 2o( +* April 1;8E(* pp. 11>$:A. In 7otton 6ather5s The Wonders of the Invisible World &1>;:( the cler+"man comments as ollows on the metaph"sical characteristics o the colon" he inhabits: /,he 2ew.Englanders are a =eople o -od settled in those* which were once the Devil"s ,erritories.../* 7otton 6ather: 5n Witchcraft( 0eing the Wonders of the Invisible World &)ew Lork: .ell =ublishin+ 7ompan"* n.d.(* p. 1E &6ather5s italics* m" ellipsis(. Alle+edl"* the communit" o the native inhabitants o the )ew World is alto+ether in the +rip o Cis In ernal 6aDest"J
E

Ibid(* p. 1:: &m" ellipsis(. Ibid.* p. 11H.

>

Walter .enDamin: Illuminations. 'dited and with an Introduction b" Cannah Arendt. ,ranslated b" Carr" Pohn &0ondon: 7ollins/Iontana .ooks* 1;HA(* p. 8A. 7 . Walter .enDamin: /3er 'r#Qhler/* in: Illuminationen( Ausgewhlte chriften * &Irank urt am 6ain: 2uhrkamp* 'rste Au la+e 1;HH(* p. A8F &m" ellipsis(: / ie 6i(e( eine Erfahrung&(((zu der wir fast tglich 7elegenheit haben8 sagt uns& dass est mit der 9unst des Erzhlens zu Ende geht( Immer seltener wird die 0egegnung mit %euten& welche rechtschaffen etwas erzhlen !:nnen( Immer hufiger verbreitet sich ;erlegenheit in der Runde& wenn der Wunsch nach einer 7eschichte laut wird( Es ist& als wenn ein ;erm:gen& das uns unverusserlich schien& das 7esichertste unter dem icheren& von uns genommen w<rde( 2mlich das ;erm:gen& Erfahrungen auszutauschen/.
H

6ario @ar+as 0losa: The toryteller. ,ranslated b" Celen 0ane &)ew Lork* etc.: =en+uin .ooks* 1;;0(* pp. :EE$EF &m" ellipsis(. 7 . 6ario @ar+as 0losa: El hablador &.arcelona: 2ei4 .arral* 1;8H(* p. :AE: /'or$ue hablar como habla un hablador es haber llegado a sentir y vivir lo m=s >ntimo de esa cultura& haber calado en sus entresi?os& llegado al tu@tano de su historia y su mitolog>a& somatizado sus tabAes& refle?os& apetitos y terrores

ancestrales(((Bue mi amigo aAl Curatas renunciara a ser todo lo $ue era y hubiera podido llegar a ser& para& desde hace m=s de veinte aDos& tra?inar por las selvas de la Amazon>a& prolongando& contra viento y marea . y& sobre todo& contra las nociones mismas de modernidad y progreso . la tradiciEn de ese invisible lina?e de contadores ambulantes de historias& es algo $ue& de tiempo en tiempo& me vuelve a la memoria y& como a$uel d>a en lo $uel supe& en la oscuridad con estrellas de poblado de 2ueva %uz& desboca mi corazEn con m=s fuerza $ue lo hayan hecho nunca el miedo o el amorF &m" ellipsis(. 7 . also the man" re erences to the power o stor"tellin+ in 0eslie 6armon 2ilko5s own novel )eremony &1;HH(* describin+ the attempts o a war veteran &a "oun+ )ative American( to claim the cultural herita+e o his own people and thereb" to put behind him the traumatic e4periences under+one b" himsel in World War II* c . 0eslie 6armon 2ilko: )eremony &)ew Lork: )ew American 0ibrar"* 1;HH(* p. :HA* where <ld -randma summari#es the prevailin+ view concernin+ the stories circulatin+ in her communit" &or rather: the view that prevailed in the old da"s(: /2he si+hed* and laid her head back on the chair. 5It seems like I alread" heard these stories be ore...onl" thin+ is* the names sound di erent5/ &2ilko5s ellipsis(.
8

7 . -loria Ieman <renstein: The Reflowering of the 7oddess &)ew Lork* etc.: =er+amon =ress* 1;;0(* p. 18 &m" ellipsis(* where the critic discusses the surrealist artist Remedios @aro5s paintin+ %a )reaciEn de las Aves 8The )reation of 0irds9 &1;F8(.
;

Ibid(* p. 1;.

10

0eslie 6armon 2ilko: toryteller 8stories and poems9 &)ew Lork: 2eaver .ooks* 1;81(* p. A1.
1:

Ibid(* p. A: &m" ellipsis(. Ibid(* p. 18 &m" ellipsis(. Ibid(* p. :; &m" ellipsis(. Ibid(* p. A:.

1A

1E

1F

1>

Ibid(* p. :> &m" ellipses(. Incidentall"* we notice how the shadow metaphor is introduced here to si+nali#e the /spectral/ presence o her +randmother in the household: /Cer +randmother was there suddenl"* a shadow around the stove/ &m" italics(. As a matter o act* shadow ima+er" tends to dominate the American antastic* and it also pla"s an important role in 0eslie 6armon 2ilko5s iction* c . her 7ardens in the Dunes( A 2ovel &)ew Lork* etc.: 2imon S 2chuster / 2cribner =aperback Iiction* :000 & irst published in 1;;;((* p. A1* where an episode in the histor" o the ghost dance is described at the be+innin+ o the narrative: /Althou+h scattered snow lurries remained* the mass o storm clouds dri ted eastB the bu alo horn moon was still visible as the mornin+ star appeared on the hori#on. While others danced with e"es ocused on the ire* Indi+o 8the main character o the novel9 watched the weird shadows pla" on the hillsides* so she was one o the irst to see the

6essiah and his amil" as the" stepped out o the darkness into the +low o the swirlin+ snow lakes. Cow their white robes shinedJ Indi+o +lanced around !uickl" to see i others had noticed. 2he watched the 6essiah and the others* who seemed almost to loat as the" descended the hi+h sand" hill to the riverbank. Cow beauti ul he was* Dust as the =aiute woman said. )o wonder he called himsel the mornin+ starJ/ We notice how the pla" o weird shadows appears to call orth or provoke the epiphany portra"ed above $ an epiphan" dominated b" an all$envelopin+ atmosphere o transcendental weightlessness* as it wereJ
1H

Ibid(* p. A1.

18

7 . ,#vetan ,odorov: The 1antastic( A tructural Approach to a %iterary 7enre. ,ranslated rom the Irench b" Richard Coward &7leveland/0ondon: ,he =ress o 7ase Western Mniversit"* 1;HA(* p. :F: /,he antastic is that hesitation e4perienced b" a person who knows onl" the laws o nature* con rontin+ an apparentl" supernatural event/. 7 . ,#vetan ,odorov: Introduction G la litt@rature fantasti$ue &=aris: Tditions du 2euil* 1;H0(* p. :;: /%e fantasti$ue& c"est l"h@sitation @prouv@e par un Htre $ui ne connait $ue les lois naturelles& face G un @v@nement en apparence surnaturel/.
1;

0eslie 6armon 2ilko: toryteller* op( cit( * p. :>. Ibid(* p. :8. Ibid(* p. :>. 7 . note 1>.

:0

:1

::

Walter .enDamin: Illuminations* op( cit( * p. ;E &m" ellipsis(. 7 . Walter .enDamin: Illuminationen* op( cit( * p. A;>: /Der Tod ist die an!tion von allem& was der Erzhler berichten !ann( ;om Tode hat er seine Autoritt geliehen((( / &m" ellipsis(.