KING ABDULAZIZ UNIVERSITY THE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA

EE303 ELECTRICAL MEASRMENT & INSTRMENT

SPRING 2013

EXPERIMENT # 7 Design a Half-wave, Rectifier Type, AC Voltmeter

GROUP # 4
Team Member Fahad Mohammad Al-Jdanni Faisal Alawi Baroom Mazen Almuqati Abdulaziz Hammouda Group ID 1008538 1007396 1007539 1007055 Section DA DA DA DA

Lab. Instructor: Mohammad Mottahir

Experiment Date: 9. April. 2013 Lab. Time: Sunday 11:00 1:00

Experiment No.7 Introduction

In this experiment we will going to design a half-wave rectifier type, ac voltmeter. This experiment will be related to dc meter because ac voltmeters are similar to dc meters, except that ac is rectified before it is applied to the dc meter circuit.

Objective
The objective of this experiment is to design a half-wave, rectifier type, ac voltmeter. In addition, the properties encountered due to the non ideal properties of real diodes will be explored.

Theory
If a diode D1 is added to the dc voltmeter, as shown in Fig.1, we have an ac voltmeter using half wave rectifier circuit capable of measuring ac voltages. The sensitivity of the dc voltmeter is given by Sdc=1/Ifsd =1/1 mA=1 k

Figure 1. Design a Half-wave, Rectifier Type, AC Voltmeter

A multiple of 10 times this value mean a 10 V dc input would cause exactly full scale deflection when connected with proper polarity. Assume D1 to be an ideal diode with negligible forward bias resistance. If this dc input is replaced by a 10 V rms sine wave input. The voltages appearing at the output is due the +ve half cycle due to rectifying action. The peak 10 V rms sine wave is Ep = 10 V rms x 1.414= 14.14 The dc will respond to the average value of the ac input, therefore Eav = Ep x 0.636 = 14.14 x 0.636 = 8.99 V Since the diode conducts only during the positive half cycle, the average value over the entire cycle is one half the average value of 8.99 V, i.e. about 4.5 V. Therefore, the pointer will deflect for a full scale if 10 V dc is applied and 4.5 V when a 10 V rms sinusoidal signal is applied. This means that an ac voltmeter is not as sensitive as a dc voltmeter. As Edc = 0.45 x Erms The value of the multiplier resistor can be calculated as Rs = Rm = - Rm

Circuit diagram
Circuit diagrams are shown in figure 2 and 3 .

Figure 2: for activity 1 and activity 2

Figure 3: for activity 3

Lab Safety
Before moving ahead, we have to take a look at the following instructions that we should follow it during the lab time. General safety instructions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Move carefully in the lab. No eating, no drinking and no smoking in the lab. Use appropriate and available safety precautions and tools. Never use chairs or boxes to reach to high places. Concentrate to your experiment and equipment. Don't keep any liquid close or on-top of any electrical device. While doing experiment , be sure of the followings : Connect circuit wiring carefully, let lab engineer check it. Keep away any wire or equipment not used. If you need to do any change in your circuit, switch power off, do necessary modifications, double check it, then switch power on. Component and hand should be dry while doing the experiment.

If you got unexpected results ask assistance of responsible. Never touches or play with denuded wires or cables. After finishing the experiment, switch-OFF the equipment then botches put back all components and wires in their places.

Safety rules of electrical laboratories: 1. Proper the grounding for lab .Power-Supply and equipment. 2. Fire extinguisher fixed in appropriate places. 3. Emergency exit signs for any emergency case. 4. Coincidence of power cables /plugs and current loads regular check of cables and wires insulation. 5. Cables should be in insulated trunks. 6. Warning tags for high voltage or radiating equipment. 7. First aid kit in appropriate place and well equipped.

Equipments
1mA meter movement. DC Power supply. Two variable resistor boxes. Wires for connection. Function Generator. 1N4001 diode (general- purpose rectifier diode). Oscilloscope.

Steps
1. Connect the positive terminal of the power supply to the variable resistor box (RB1). 2. Connect the negative terminal from the variable resistor box (RB1) to the positive of the 1mA meter movement. Set the resistor box to be 10K. 3. Connect the circuit by connecting the negative terminal of the 1mA meter movement to the negative terminal of the power supply 4. Adjust the power supply to 10 volts. Note that the meter movement will not give 1mA exactly which means there is internal resistor of meter movement. 5. Decrease the variable resistor box (RB1) until the meter movement reach of full scale deflection (1mA). 6. Connect another variable resistor box (RB2) parallel to the 1mA meter movement. 7. Increase the variable resistor box (RB2) until the pointer of 1mA meter movement become in the half of the full scale deflection (0.5mA). Note the value of the second variable resistor box (RB2) represents the internal resistor value (Rm). 8. Calculate the sensitivity by using the law: S = .

9. Calculate the input resistance by using: Rin = SVFS(rms). (VFS(rms) without diode voltage drop) 10. Calculate the series resistance by using: Rs = Rin-Rm.

11. Use the function generator in place of power supply. 12. Adjust the variable resistor box (RB1) to value of Rs. 13. Disconnect the variable resistor box (RB2). 14. Connect the diode series with variable resistor box (RB1) (the anode of the diode with the RB1 and cathode with 1mA meter movement). 15. Adjust the function generator with the peak voltages that given in the results table. 16. Measure the relative deflection of 1mA meter movement (that becomes AC voltmeter) at each voltage. 17. Calculate the percentage of error by using: % error = .

18. Fill the table of activity 1 19. Calculate Vpeak effective by using: Vpeak effective = Vpeak -0.7. 20. Calculate the input resistance by using: Rin = SVFS(rms). (VFS(rms) with diode voltage drop) 21. Calculate the series resistance by using: Rs = Rin-Rm. 22. Adjust the variable resistor box (RB1) to value of Rs. 23. Adjust the function generator with the peak voltages that given in the results table. 24. Measure the relative deflection of 1mA meter movement (that becomes AC voltmeter) at each voltage. 25. Calculate the percentage of error by using: % error = .

26. Fill the table of activity 2 27. Connect the variable resistor box (RB2) parallel to the 1mA meter movement. 28. Adjust the variable resistor box (RB2) to value of Rm. 29. Adjust the function generator with the peak voltages that given in the results table. 30. Measure the relative deflection of 1mA meter movement (that becomes AC voltmeter) and multiply it by 2 at each voltage. 31. Calculate the percentage of error by using: % error = .

32. Fill the table of activity 3. 33. Use the oscilloscope to adjust the peak voltages of function generator in each activity.

Results & Calculation

Vrms (calculated) = 7.071 = 6.364 = 5.657 = 4.950 = 4.243 = 3.536 = 2.828 = 2.121 = 1.414 = 0.707 Vpeak (set) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 without diode voltage with diode voltage drop with Rsh = Rm drop %deflection %deflection % error %deflection % error 2*(%deflection) % error (expected) (measured) (calculated) (measured) (calculated) (measured) (calculated) 100% 82.5 % 17.5% 93 % 7.0% 2(49.5 %) 1.0% 90% 70 % 22.2% 81 % 10.0% 2(42.57 %) 5.4% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 64 % 54 % 44 % 37.5 % 27.5 % 20 % 13.5 % 4.5 % 20.0% 22.9% 26.7% 25.0% 31.3% 33.3% 32.5% 55.0% 70 % 60 % 49.5 % 39.5 % 29 % 19.5 % 11 % 5% 12.5% 14.3% 17.5% 21.0% 27.5% 35.0% 45.0% 50.0% 2(38 %) 2(32 %) 2(27 %) 2(21%) 2(16 %) 2(11.5 %) 2(6.5 %) 2(2.9 %) 5.0% 8.6% 10.0% 16.0% 20.0% 23.3% 35.0% 42.0%

 The ammeter resistance was measured by: Rm = (166) Rin = 3181 RS = Rin - Rm = 3181 - (166) = 3015 And with diode voltage drop Rin = 2961 RS = 3961 166 = 3795 error = |

| 100

Example in how the calculation was done when VPeak= 8V as shown (without diode): Deflection % = (0.8) 100 = 80% By observing the meter, the percentage of the deflection measured as 64% error = ((80-64) / 80) 100 = 20%

Comments
It is clear that the percentage of error of the reading is high when the reading taken without using the diode. For example first read has error of 17.5% and this number is high. By connecting the diode to the meter, the percentage of error of the same reading which taken in activity 1 become smaller and here the role of the diode in decreasing the percentile of error. For example when we used the diode, for the first read, the error decreased from 17.5% to 7% To make the error more smaller, it is recommended to apply a shunt resistor (in parallel with internal resistance of the meter Rm ) which has same value of Rm (notice that the diode still connected). As mentioned above, this will decrease the percentage of error of the same reading which taken in activity 1 and 2 and this considered as optimum case. For example when we applied the shunt resistor with the diode, for the first read, the error decreased from 7% to 1%

Notice that when we apply a shunt resistor (in parallel with internal resistance of the
meter Rm ), we actually increased the range of the meter to the double, and this is another benefit of this case.

Conclusion
After finishing this experiment, and after we have learned that the internal resistance of any measurement device effects in the readings from the previous experiments, we used in this experiment the internal resistance and variable resistances box and diode in order to help us to build an ac voltmeter device. Although in this experiment there are some errors in the readings, it still extremely helpful in order to let students know about manipulating in the devices functions. Finally, we hope that this report gained the acceptance.