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Chapter3 CochannelInterference
SOURCE: MOBILECELLULARTELECOMMUNICATIONS BYWILLIAMC.Y.LEE

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Cochannel InterferenceReduction Factor

q=D/R D=f(KI,C/I) whereKI isthenumberofcochannel interferingcellsinthefirsttierand C/I isthereceivedcarriertointerferenceratio atthedesiredmobilereceiver

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whereqk isthecochannel interferencereductionfactorwith kth cochannel interferingcell

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Thepropagationpathlossis40dB/dec Hence, q=(6*C/I)^1/r =(6*63.1)^1/6=4.41 C/I=18dBismeasuredbytheacceptanceof voicequalityfromthepresentreceivers.

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ExploringCochannel Interference AreasinaSystem

Fordetectionofseriouschannelinterference areasinacellularsystem,twotestsare suggested. Test1 FindtheCochannelInterferenceAreafroma MobileReceiver

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channel(f1)recordsthesignallevel channel(f2)recordstheinterferencelevel noiselevelisrecordedinf3

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1.C/I >18dBthroughoutmostofthecell,the systemisproperlydesigned. 2.C/I <18dBandC/N >18dBinsomeareas, thereiscochannel interference. 3.C/N andC/I <18dBandC/N C/I ina givenarea,thereisacoverageproblem. 4.C/N andC/<18dBandC/N >C/I ina givenarea,thereisacoverageproblemand cochannel interference.

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Test2 FindtheCochannelInterferenceAreaWhichAffectsa CellSite

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RealTimeCochannelInterference MeasurementatMobileRadioTransceivers
signalis interferenceis Thereceivedsignalis where

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theaverageprocessesonX andY are

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Thesignaltointerferenceratio

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Thesamplingdelaytimeshouldbesmallenoughto satisfy Determiningthedelaytimetomeettherequirement ofEq.(6.313)forthiscalculationisdifficultandisa drawbacktothismeasurementtechnique. Therefore,realtimecochannelinterference measurementisdifficulttoachieveinpractice.

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DesignofanOmnidirectional AntennaSystemintheWorstCase
Theworstcaseisatthelocationwherethe mobileunitwouldreceivetheweakestsignal fromitsowncellsitebutstronginterferences fromallinterferingcellsites. ToprovethataK =7cellpatterndoesnot provideasufficientfrequencyreusedistance

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Cochannel interference (a worst case).

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Thenthecarriertointerferenceratiois

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q = 4.6 C / I = 54 or 17 dB, which is lower than 18 dB. use the shortest distance D-R for all six interferers as a worst case

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C/I receivedisalwaysworsethan17dBand couldbe14dBandlower. Aheavytrafficsituation ThesystemmustbedesignedaroundtheC/I oftheworstcase. Acochannelinterferencereductionfactorof q =4.6isinsufficient.

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Inanomnidirectionalcellsystem,K =9orK = 12wouldbeacorrectchoice.Thenthevalues ofq are

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Interference with frequencyreuse patterns K = 9 and K = 12.

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DesignofaDirectionalAntenna System
calltrafficbeginstoincrease usethefrequencyspectrumefficiently avoidincreasingthenumberofcells WhenK increases,thenumberoffrequency channelsassignedinacellmustbecome smaller theefficiencyofapplyingthefrequencyreuse schemedecreases

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DirectionalAntennasinK=7CellPatterns

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ThreeSectorCase
ThemobileunitatpositionE willexperiencegreater interferenceinthelowershadedcellsectorthanintheupper shadedcellsectorsite. Thisisbecausethemobilereceiverreceivestheweakest signalfromitsowncellbutfairlystronginterferencefromthe interferingcell.

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Let q = 4.6; then Eq. (6.5-1) becomes

C / I could be 6 dB weaker than in Eq. (6.5-2) in a heavy traffic area as a result of irregular terrain contour and imperfect site locations. The remaining 18.5 dB is still adequate.

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SixsectorCase divideacellintosixsectorsbyusingsix60beamdirectionalantennas onlyoneinstanceofinterferencecanoccurineachsector

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Forq =4.6,

subtract6dBfromtheresultofEq.(6.54),theremaining23dBisstill morethanadequate. Whenheavytrafficoccurs,the60sectorconfigurationcanbeusedto reducecochannelinterference.

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DirectionalAntennainK=4CellPattern
ThreesectorCase K =4,thevalueof

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If,6dBissubtractedfromtheresultofEq.(6.55), theremaining14dBisunacceptable.

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DirectionalAntennainK=4CellPattern
SixsectorCase Thereisonlyoneinterfereratadistanceof D+R Withq =3.46

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If6dBissubtractedfromtheresultofEq.(6.56),the remaining21dBisadequate. Underheavytrafficconditions,thereisstillagreatdealof concernoverusingaK =4cellpatternina60 sector.

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Twodisadvantagesof60 sectorsarethat (1)theyrequiremoreantennastobe mountedontheantennamastand (2)theyoftenrequiremorefrequenthandoffs becauseoftheincreasedchancethatthe mobileunitswilltravelacrossthesixsectors ofthecell.

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Reducingthecochannelinterferenceby loweringtheAntennaHeight
Onfairlyflatgroundorinavalleysituation,lowering theantennaheightwillbeveryeffectiveforreducing thecochannelandadjacentchannelinterference. OnaHighHilloraHighSpot theeffectiveantennaheightish1 +H.

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Ifwereducetheactualantennaheightto0.5h1,theeffective antennaheightbecomes0.5h1 +H.Thereductioningain resultingfromtheheightreductionis

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If

loweringantennaheightonthehilldoesnotreducethe receivedpowerateitherthecellsiteorthemobileunit.

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InaValley Theeffectiveantennaheightasseenfromthemobileunit shownishe1,whichislessthantheactualantennaheighth1.If he1 =2/3h1 andtheantennaisloweredto1/2h1,thenthenew effectiveantennaheight Thentheantennagainisreducedby theloweredantennaheightinavalleyisveryeffectivein reducingtheradiatedpowerinadistanthighelevationarea.

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InaForestedArea Theantennashouldclearthetopsofanytrees inthevicinity Decreasingtheheightoftheantennawould notbetheproperprocedureforreducing cochannelinterferencebecauseexcessive attenuationofthedesiredsignalwouldoccur inthevicinityoftheantennaandinitscell boundaryiftheantennawerebelowthe treetoplevel.

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Reductionofcochannelinterferenceinacellularmobilesystemisalwaysa challengingproblem.

(1)increasingtheseparationbetweentwocochannelcells notadvisable asthenumberoffrequencyreusecellsincreases,thesystemefficiency decreases (2)usingdirectionalantennasatthebasestation goodapproachwhenthenumberoffrequencyreusecellsisfixed. Theuseofdirectionalantennasineachcellcanservetwopurposes: (1)furtherreductionofcochannelinterferenceiftheinterferencecannot beeliminatedbyafixedseparationofcochannelcellsand (2)increasingthechannelcapacitywhenthetrafficincreases.

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(3)loweringtheantennaheightsatthebasestation notrecommended suchanarrangementalsoweakensthereceptionlevelatthemobileunit

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ReductionofCochannelInterferencebyMeansofa TiltedAntennaPattern Therearetwowaystotiltdowntheantennapatterns; Theelectronicdowntiltingistochangethephasesamong theelementsofacollineararrayantenna. Themechanicaldowntiltingistodowntilttheantenna physically.

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Ifthetiltanglesareveryclose,downtiltinghasnoeffectin reducingtheinterference. Inordertoincreasetheangleseparation,theantennaheight canplayabigrole. Thedowntiltingcanhelpinstrengtheningtheweaksignal spotsinthecell.

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TypesofNoncochannel Interference
AdjacentchannelInterference NearEndFarEndInterference Interferencebetweensystems UHFTVInterference Longdistanceinterference

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AdjacentchannelInterference
nextchannel(thechannelnexttothe operatingchannel)interference neighboringchannel(morethanonechannel awayfromtheoperatingchannel) interference.

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NextChannelInterference
nextchannelinterferencewillarriveatthe mobileunitfromothercellsitesifthesystem isnotdesignedproperly. mobileunitinitiatingacallonacontrol channelinacellmaycauseinterferencewith thenextcontrolchannelatanothercellsite. Thefilterwithasharpfalloffslopecanhelpto reducealltheadjacentchannelinterference, includingthenextchannelinterference.

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NeighboringchannelInterference
Thechannelswhichareseveralchannelsaway fromthenextchannelwillcauseinterference withthedesiredsignal. afixedsetofservingchannelsisassignedto eachcellsite. Ifallthechannelsaresimultaneously transmittedatonecellsiteantenna,a sufficientamountofbandisolationbetween channelsisrequiredforamultichannel combinertoreduceintermodulationproducts.

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NearEndFarEndInterference
InOneCell InCellsofTwoSystems

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NearEndFarEndInterference InOneCell
Thecloseinmobileunithasastrongsignal whichcausesadjacentchannelinterference Inthissituation,nearendfarendinterference canoccuronlyatthereceptionpointinthe cellsite.

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NearEndFarEndInterference InCellsofTwoSystems
thefrequencychannelsofbothcellsofthe twosystemsmustbecoordinatedinthe neighborhoodofthetwosystemfrequency bands.

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AvoidanceofNearEndFarEnd Interference
Thenearendmobileunitsarethemobile unitswhicharelocatedveryclosetothecell site. Thesemobileunitstransmitwiththesame powerasthemobileunitswhicharefaraway fromthecellsite.

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d0 Thedistancebetweenacallingmobiletransmitteranda basestationreceiver dI Thedistancebetweenamobiletransmittercausing interferenceandthesamebasestationreceiver. TheratiodI/d0 isthenearendfarendratio. Theeffectofthenearendfarendratioonthecarrier adjacentchannelinterferenceratioisdependentonthe relativepositionsofthemovingmobileunits.

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InterferencebetweenSystems
InOneCity InAdjacentCities

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InterferencebetweenSystems InOneCity
Intersystem interference. (a) System A cell sites in system B cell coverage; (b) int erference between two cellular geographic service ar ea (CGSA) systems.

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InterferencebetweenSystems InAdjacentCities
Twosystemsoperatingatthesamefrequencybandandin twoadjacentcitiesorareasmayinterferewitheachotherif theydonotcoordinatetheirfrequencychanneluse. Mostcasesofinterferenceareduetocellsitesathigh altitudes Inanystartupsystem,ahighaltitudecellsiteisalways attractivetothedesigner. Suchasystemcancoveralargerarea,and,inturn,fewercell sitesareneeded. However,iftheneighboringcityalsousesthesamesystem block,thentheresultisstronginterference,whichcanbe avoidedbythefollowingmethods.

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1.Theoperatingfrequenciesshouldbecoordinatedbetweentwocities. Thefrequenciesusedinonecityshouldnotbeusedintheadjacentcity. Thisarrangementisusefulonlyfortwolowcapacitysystems. 2.Ifbothsystemsarehighcapacity,thendecreasingtheantennaheights willresultinreductionoftheinterferencenotonlywithineachsystembut alsobetweenthetwosystems. 3.Directionalantennasmaybeused. Forexample,ifonesystemishighcapacityandtheotherislowcapacity, thelowcapacitysystemcanusedirectionalantennasbutstillretainthe hightower. Inthissituationfrequencycoordinationbetweenthetwosystemshasto beworkedoutatthecommonboundarybecausealltheallocated frequenciesmustbeusedbythehighcapacitysysteminitsservicearea butonlysomefrequenciesareusedbythelowcapacitysystem.

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UHFTVInterference
Twotypesofinterferencecanoccurbetween UHFtelevisionand850MHzcellularmobile phones. InterferencetoUHFTVReceiversfromCellular MobileTransmitters InterferenceofCellularMobileReceiversby UHFTVTransmitters

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InterferencebetweenTVandcellularmobile channelsisillustratedinFig

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SomeUHFTVchannelsoverlapcellularmobilechannels. Thesetwotypesofservicecaninterferewitheachotheronly underthefollowingconditions. 1.Bandregionwithoverlappingfrequencies. Twoserviceshavebeenauthorizedtooperatewithinthe samefrequencybandregion. 2.Imageinterferenceregion. TheTVreceiverorthecellularreceiver(mobileunitorcell site)canreceivetwotransmittedsignals,forinstance,one fromaTVchannelandonefromacellularsystem,and produceathirdorderintermodulationproductwhichfalls withintheTVorthemobilereceiveband.

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LetfTm =mobiletransmitfrequency
=fRc =cellsitereceivefrequency =fTc 45MHz

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fRm =mobilereceivefrequency
=fTm +45MHz =fTc =cellsitetransmitfrequency fT,TV =TVtransmitfrequency fR,TV =TVreceivefrequency

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Thirdorderintermodulationgivesthefollowingresultsintwo casesofinterferingUHFTVreceivers. Case1. WhenthemobiletransmitterislocatednearaTV receiver Let

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mobiletransmitfrequencyfTm liesinthe825 to845MHz band TVtransmitfrequencyfT,TV liesinthe780 to800MHzband, fTm willinterferewiththeTVreceiverasseenfromEq.(7.93). Thisinterferenceregioniscalledtheimageinterference region.

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Case2. WhenthecellsitetransmitterislocatednearaTV receiver Let

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cellsitetransmitfrequencyfTc liesinthe870 to890MHz band, fT,TV liesinthe780 to800MHzband, fTc willinterferewiththeTVreceiver,asshowninEq.(7.96). Thisinterferenceregioniscalledtheimageinterference region.

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InterferenceofCellularMobile ReceiversbyUHFTVTransmitters
Case1.Let

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themobileunitreceiverfrequencyfRm liesinthe870 to890MHzband, fT,TV,whichliesinthe780 to800MHzband, willinterferewiththemobileunitreceiver,asshowninEq.(7.910).

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Case2.Let

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cellsitereceiverfrequencyfRc liesinthe825 to845MHzband, fT,TV,whichliesinthe780 to800MHzband, willinterferewiththecellsitereceiveras showninEq.(7.913).

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Case3.Whenamobilereceiverapproachesa TVtransmitter,itiseasytofindthat transmissionfromtheTVstationwillnot interferewiththereceptionatthemobile receiver

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Case4.Whenthecellsitereceiverisonly1mi orlessawayfromtheTVstation,interference mayresult. whenthecellsiteisveryclosetotheTV station,theinterferencedecreasesasaresult ofthetwoverticalnarrowbeamspointingat differentelevationlevels. Forthisreasonitisadvisabletomountacell siteantennainthesamevicinityastheTV stationantennaiftheproblemsofshielding andgroundingcanbecontrolled.

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LongDistanceInterference
OverwaterPath OverlandPath

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PowerControl
WhoControlsthePowerLevel? Thepowerlevelcanbecontrolledonlybythe mobiletransmittingswitchingoffice(MTSO), notbythemobileunits therecanbeonlylimitedpowercontrolbythe cellsitesasaresultofsystemlimitations.

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UseofParasiticElements
Interferenceatthecellsitecansometimesbe reducedbyusingparasiticelements,creating adesiredpatterninacertaindirection. Currentsappearinginseveralparasitic antennasarecausedbyradiationfroma nearbydriveantenna. Adrivenantennaandasingleparasitecanbe combinedinseveralways.

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1.Normalspacing.
Parasitic elements with effective interference reduction. (a) Onequarter wavelength spacing; (b) onehalf wavelength spacing; (c) combination of a and b.

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cellsitedirectionalantennaswithanonwindresistantstructure:afour elementstructurethathasonlyoneactiveelement.

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2.Relativelyclosespacing.
Inrelativelyclosespacingtwoelementsare placedascloseas0.04l. Threecasescanbedescribedhere.

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a.Thelengthsoftwoelementsareidentical.
Twoelements,oneactiveandoneparasitic,areseparatedby only0.04l. Atthisclosespacing,thecurrentflowingintheparasiteis verystrong. Thetwoelementsformanullalongthey axisinthehorizontal planeandalongthez axisintheverticalplane. Thereisadirectivegainof3dBrelativetoasingleelement. Thehorizontalpatternandtheverticalpatternoftheclosely spacedarrangementareshowninFig.6.16a.

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b.Thelengthoftheparasiteis 5percentlongerthanthat oftheactiveone. >>Adirectivegainof6dBis obtained. c.Thelengthoftheparasiteis shorterthanthatoftheactiveone. >>theparasiteactsasadirector >>Againof8dBisobtained.

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DiversityReceiver
Thediversityschemeappliedatthereceiving endoftheantennaisaneffectivetechnique forreducinginterferencebecauseany measurestakenatthereceivingendto improvesignalperformancewillnotcause additionalinterference.

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CrossTalk AUniqueCharacteristicofVoiceChannels Inamobilecellularsystemthereisapairof frequencies,occupyingabandwidthof60kHz, whichwesimplycalla''channel. Afrequencyof30kHzservesareceivedpath, andtheother30kHzaccommodatesa transmittedpath.

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ChannelCombiner
Achannelcombinerisinstalledateachcellsite. Thenallthetransmittedchannelscanbecombinedwith minimuminsertionlossandmaximumsignalisolation betweenchannels. wecaneliminatethechannelcombinerbylettingeach channelfeedtoitsownantenna Thena16channelsitewillhave16antennasforoperation. Itisaneconomicalandaphysicalconstraint.

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Different kinds of channel combiners. (a) Fixedtuned combiner, (b) tunable combiner, (c) ring combiner.

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Demultiplexer attheReceivingEnd

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Everycellsitehasbeenassignedtooneof threeSATtones.

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