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Masanori Hanawa (1), Kazuhiko Nakamura (2), Katsumi Takano (3), Kiyoshi Nakagawa (4)
1 : University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan, hanawa@yamanashi.ac.jp
2 : University of Yamanashi, knakamura@yamanashi.ac.jp, 3 : Yamagata University, ktakano@ieee.org,
4: Yamagata University, nakagawa@yz.yamagata-u.ac.jp
PDSll8Cl The first implementation of an optical Hiber transforer for optical single side-band modulation, by
using sampled fiber Bragg grting, has been repored. The prnciple, design, and measurd frequencylime
responses have been shown.
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Optical single-side-band (SSB) transmission systems
are very attractive because of their high tolerance to
chromatic dispersion and because of their high
frequency utilization eficiency. Theoretically, the
generation of a SSB signal is considered as single
side-band suppression of a double-side-band (OSB)
signal using a Hilbert transformer. So far, two types of
the optical SSB signal generation schemes have
been reported. One is the external optical modulation
with an electrically Hilbert transformed signal [1][2],
and the other is the optical side-band rejection
filtering using an all-optical Hilbert transformer [3].
The latter type is attractive because of its format free
OSB-to-SSB conversion.
The key technology for the all-optical SSB signal
generation scheme is all-optical Hilbert transformation.
Tanaka et at. [3] have proposed to implement an
optical Hilbert transformer with a truncated impulse
response, by a planer light wave circuit based optical
transversal filter (PLC-OTVF). Their numerical results
have shown that the optical Hilbert transformers could
be used for optical SSB signal generation.
A sampled fiber Bragg grating (SFBG) is also used as
a OTVF. A SFBG consists of periodically placed
FBGs with partial reflectivities. A variety of
characteristics can be realized by properly choosing
the reflectivity of each FBG and the light path length
between adjacent FBGs. In this paper, a novel optical
Hilbert transformer using SFBG based OTVF is
proposed. In addition to the principle and the SFBG
design, the measured frequency/time responses of
the trial device are shown.
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A frequency spectrum G+(m) of an upper-side-band
signal, generated from a OSB signal get), is shown in
Eq.(1).
G
+
(m) =
U
(m)G(m)
= 2[1 + sgn(m)]G(m)
Z
1
.
= -G(m) +1 Hh(m)G(m)
Z Z
Hh(m) = -jsgn(m)
(1 )
Here, G(m) is the spectrum of g(t), U(m) is the unit
step function, Hh(m) is the frequency response
function of the Hilbert transformer, and sgn(m) is the
sign function [4].
The frequency response of the ideal Hilbert
transformer is shown in Fig.1. It has the phase shif of
J at the frequency zero as well as the all-pass
magnitude characteristic.
I
H
,
(
I)
lt
H,(
I)
=
-jsgn(l)
U
LH,(
I)
f
R
U
-

: I
Fig. 1: Frequency response of the ideal base band
Hiber transforer.
For the intensity modulated OSB signal g(t)exp(mct),
obtained by modulating an optical carrier exp(mct) by
a modulating signal get), the Hilbert transformer
should be changed as follows.
Hh(m-mJ=-jsgn(m-mJ
(2)
Here, mc=2Jc/Ac is the angular frequency of the
optical carrier at the wavelength _ and c is the speed
of light in vacuum.
To implement the optical Hilbert transformer with the
SFBG-OTVF, the continuous-time impulse response
function of the Hilbert transformer is sampled with an
adequate sampling period. The reflectivies of
individual FBGs in a SFBG-OTVF are determined by
the corresponding sampled values of the impulse
response. Eq.(3) shows the impulse response
function of the Hilbert transformer.
h
h(t)=rl{Hh(m-mJ}=-
_
l
_-' 3)
Jt
In the implementation of the Hilbert transformer with
the SFBG-OTVF, the sampling function is not the
ideal impulse function but some function determined
by the UV beam profile in the FBG writing process.
The UV beam profile is almost rectangular in our FBG
writing setup; therefore the optical Hilbert
transformers implemented in our laboratory have the
reflection profile shown in Fig.2. The SFBG-OTVF
based optical Hilbert transformers have an even
number of individual FBGs and the phase diferences
between the adjacent FBGs should be at the center
of the device and 0 at others. Here, the sampling
period 1 of the impulse response is determined by
the round-trip propagation time between two adjacent
FBGs and given by T,=2neffL/c, where nef and L. are
the efective index in the fiber core and the FBG
interval, respectively.
|4)
|)

T ! 1 h(t)
:
, ..

=
;
l
..

.,....
.
.
...
.

'
I
-
U
.
..-

-
.

:
rcclUn
g
ular reflection prolilc
'1
.
r | |
2
f
-
, ,
R
|
POIO scnsi|ivfiber
g
p
_|
I' I

|HG#i
Fig.2: SFBG based optical Hiber transformer.
(a) Samples of impulse response. (b) SFBG design.
Fig.3 shows the theoretical frequency/time responses
of the SFBG-OTVF based Hilbert transformer in the
case of four FBGs. The nef and L, were assumed to
be 1.449 and 5mm, respectively; therefore the
sampling period T, was 48.5 ps (l/T,=20.6 GHz). The
shaded region of the frequency response is the
bandwidth satisfying the Shanon's sampling theorem,
that is, the valid bandwidth. Because of the periodic
placement of the finite length FBGs, the frequency
response is also periodic. Moreover, due to the
limited number of individual FBGs, the magnitude
response has a transient region around the Bragg
wavelength and it difers from the ideal all-pass
characteristic. The frequency response, however,
approaches the ideal response by increasing the
number of FBGs and by properly choosing the
windowing function to truncate the original impulse
response. The lower right figure shows the time
response for a 10 Gbitls non-return-to-zero (NRZ)
signal. The Hilbert transform generates the impulse
like signal at the edges of the NRZ signal.

_ '
_
"
-iz
:I
ix
-1

_;
_
/
'
(
, ;, _, , _,( (
||cqucncy dclunIn jLHz|
Fig. o. Theoretical frequency/tme responses of the
prposed optical Hiber transforer with four FBGs.
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The SFBG-OTVF with four taps (four FBGs) was
designed and fabricated on trial. The reflectivities of
the individual FBGs were controlled by changing the
FBG length to avoid Bragg wavelength change due to
DC index diference. Fig.4 shows the reflection
spectrum of the trial device. Although the reflectivity
was low due to the lack of the hydrogen loading
facility, the envelope is well-fitted with Fig.3. Fig.5 is
the experimental setup to confirm the time response
of the trial device and Fig.6 is the result. Although the
generated pulses in Fig.6 have diferent amplitudes
due to the diferent rise and fall times of the source
NRZ signal, it is basically in good agreement with
Fig.3. These results clearly show the successful
implementation of the optical Hilbert transformer.
5miii 5nun ,Snun
lmm Jn
O.125mm 0.12500
Fig.4: FBG design and reflection spectrum of the tral
optical Hilber trnsformer. The circulator loss of
1.5dB is included.
vLDIUs
IL |' t
I
IIC: Pulse pallem generator, DFB-LD: Distributed feedback laser diode,
PC: Polarization controller, MZM: Mach Zehnder mooulntor,
DR V. Driver mplificr. TEe: Thcllno-clcctric controller.
EDFJ: Erbium doplx tiber umplifil', CIR: Circulator,
DUT: Device under test, l5O. Isolutol, VOA. VUliublc optical aucnuator,
CPL: Couplcr, PM: Power mcter,DCA: Digitlll commlmiclltion nnlllyzcr,
OSA: Optical spctrum nnlllY7cr
Fig.5: Expermental setup.
500ps/div
, v
- -
(a) 10 Gbits N/Zsignal.
!
- ,
U
(b) Hilber transfored signal
Fig_6: The time response of the fabrcated optical
Hilber transforer.
OHClUSlOHS
The optical Hilbert transformer was successfully
implemented based on sampled fiber Bragg grating.
An SSB conversion experiment using the proposed
optical Hilbert transformer is subject to future study.
00l0HC0S
1 S. Shimotsu et al. PTL, 13 (2001), 364-366
2 M. Sieben et al. JLT, 17 (1999), 1742-1749
3 K. Tanaka et al. Electron. Lett., 38 (2002),133-134.
4 B.P.Lathi, Modern Digital and Analog
Communication Systems, Academic Press (1998).