PHYSICS

CHAPTER 9

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 9

SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

9.1 Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) 9.2 Kinematics of Simple Harmonic Motion 9.3 Graphs of Simple Harmonic Motion 9.4 Period of Simple Harmonic Motion

CHAPTER 9: Simple Harmonic Motion PST (5 Hours)

PHYSICS CHAPTER 9 Learning Outcome:

9.1 Simple harmonic motion (1 hour)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: Explain simple harmonic motion (SHM) as periodic motion without loss of energy. Examples of linear SHM system are simple pendulum, frictionless horizontal and vertical spring oscillations Use SHM equation:

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 9

9.1 Simple harmonic motion

What is oscillation or periodic motion? The back-and-forth motion of an object about a fixed point.
Examples of linear SHM system are simple pendulum, horizontal and vertical spring oscillations as shown in Figures 9.1a, 9.1b and 9.1c.

d 2x a = 2 = 2 x dt
3

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a
Fs

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m
x
O

9.1.1 Terminology in SHM Amplitude (A)

is defined as the maximum magnitude of the displacement from the equilibrium position. Its unit is metre (m). Period (T) is defined as the time taken for one cycle. Its unit is second (s). Equation :

+x

Figure 9.1a

+x

T=

1 f

Fs m
Fs a
x
O

Frequency (f) is defined as the number of cycles in one second. Its unit is hertz (Hz) : 1 Hz = 1 cycle s1 = 1 s1 Equation :

+x
5

Figure 9.1b

Figure 9.1c

= 2f

OR

f =

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 9

PHYSICS

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9.1.2 Simple harmonic motion (SHM)

is defined as a periodic motion without loss of energy in which the acceleration of a body is directly proportional to its displacement from the equilibrium position (fixed point) and is directed towards the equilibrium position but in opposite direction of the displacement. OR mathematically, The angular frequency,

always constant thus

a x
The negative sign in the equation 9.1 indicates that the direction of the acceleration, a is always opposite to the direction of the displacement, x. The equilibrium position is a position at which the body would come to rest if it were to lose all of its energy. Equation 9.1 is the hallmark of the linear SHM.

d 2x a = x = 2 dt
2

(9.1)

where

a : acceleration of the body

: angular velocity(angular frequency) x : displacement from the equilibrium position,O
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Equilibrium Position

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-- a point where the acceleration of the body undergoing oscillation is zero. -- At this point, the force exerted on the body is also zero.

Restoring Force
-- the force which causes simple harmonic motion to occcur. This force is proportional to the displacement from equilibrium & always directed towards equilibrium.

-- when the block is displaced to one side of its equilibrium position & released, it moves back & forth repeatedly about a maximum values of displacement x. -- Maximum value of x is called amplitude, A -- It can be negative () or positive (+).

= k x

Equation for SHM

-- Consider a system that consists of a block of mass, m attached to the end of a spring with the block free to move on a horizontal, frictionless surface. -- the spring exerts a force that tends to restore the spring to its equilibrium position. -- Given by Hookes law :

= k x

PHYSICS
F
s

CHAPTER 9
= k x

MOE5

Slide 11 MOE5 that is when the block is displaced to the right of x=0, then the displacement is positive and the restoring force is directed to the left. When the block is displaced to the left of x=0, then the displacement is negative and the restoring force is directed to the right.
Ministry of Education, Malaysia, 7/2/2004

-- Fs is known as restoring force. -- Applying Newtons 2nd Law to the motion of the block :

net

= m a
(
x

-- denote ratio k/m with symbol 2 :

k x = m a k a = x m
a =
2

k : c o n s ta n t v a lu e ) m
[ equation for SHM ]

-- any system that satify this equation is said to exhibit Simple Harmonic Motion ( SHM ) -- from above equation, we find that:

a x
-- the acceleration, a is proportional to the displacement of the block & its direction is opposite the direction of the displacement.

PHYSICS CHAPTER 9 Learning Outcome:

9.2 Kinematics of SHM (2 hours)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: Use SHM displacement equation,

PHYSICS
9.2.1 Displacement, x

CHAPTER 9

9.2 Kinematics of SHM

Uniform circular motion can be translated into linear SHM and obtained a sinusoidal curve for displacement, x against angular displacement, graph as shown in Figure 9.6.

x = A sin t
Derive and apply equations: velocity, dx

S
2 2

v=

dt

= A x

A x1

acceleration,

kinetic energy,

dv d 2 x = = 2 x a= dt dt 2

K=
potential energy,

1 m 2 A2 x 2 2

)
12

M P 0 1 2
A
13

3 2

(rad)

U=

1 m 2 x 2 2

Figure 9.2 9.2

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At time, t = 0 the object is at point M (Figure 9.6) and after time t it moves to point N , therefore the expression for displacement, x1 is given by x = A sin where 1 = + and = t 1 1

Initial phase angle (phase constant), It is indicate the starting point in SHM where the time, t = 0 s. If =0 , the equation (9.2) can be written as

x1 = A sin (t + )

In general the equation of displacement as a function of time phase in SHM is given by displacement from (9.2) equilibrium position x = A sin t +

x = A sin (t )

where the starting point of SHM is at the equilibrium position, O. For examples: a. At t = 0 s, x = +A

amplitude

angular time frequency The S.I. unit of displacement is metre (m). Phase It is the time-varying quantity (t + ) . Its unit is radian.

Initial phase angle (phase constant)

x = A sin (t + ) A = A sin (0 + ) = rad A O A 2 Equation : x = A sin t + OR x = A cos(t ) 2

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b. At t = 0 s, x = A

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x = A sin (t + ) A = A sin (0 + ) 3 = rad OR rad 2 A O A 2 3 x = A sin t Equation : x = A sin t + OR 2 2

PHYSICS
9.2.2 Velocity, v

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dx and x = A sin (t + ) dt d v = ( A sin(t + ) ) dt d v = A (sin(t + ) ) dt v = A cos(t + ) v=

From the definition of instantaneous velocity,

OR x = A cos c. At t = 0 s, x = 0, but v = vmax

(t )

vmax
A
O A
16

(9.3)

Eq. (9.3) is an equation of velocity as a function of time in SHM. The maximum velocity, vmax occurs when cos(t+)=1 hence Equation :

x = A sin (t ) OR x = A sin (t )

vmax = A

(9.4)
17

PHYSICS

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The S.I. unit of velocity in SHM is m s1. If = 0 , equation (9.3) becomes By substituting equations (3) and (2) into equation (1), thus

v = A cos t
Relationship between velocity, v and displacement, x From the eq. (9.3) : (1) v = A cos(t + ) From the eq. (9.2) :

x v = A 1 A
2 2

x = A sin (t + ) x sin (t + ) = A

(2)

x2 v = A A A2

v = A2 x 2
(3)
18

(9.5)

From the trigonometry identical, sin 2 + cos 2 = 1 and

= (t + )

cos(t + ) = 1 sin 2 (t + )

19

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9.2.3 Acceleration, a

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dv and v = A cos(t + ) a= dt d a = ( A cos(t + ) ) dt d a = A (cos(t + ) ) dt a = A 2 sin(t + )

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 9

The S.I. unit of acceleration in SHM is m s2. If = 0 , equation (9.6) becomes

From the definition of instantaneous acceleration,

a = A 2 sin t
Relationship between acceleration, a and displacement, x From the eq. (9.6) : (1) a = 2 A sin(t + ) From the eq. (9.2) :

x = A sin (t + )

(2)

(9.6)

By substituting eq. (2) into eq. (1), therefore

Eq. (9.6) is an equation of acceleration as a function of time in SHM. The maximum acceleration, amax occurs when sin(t+)=1 hence (9.7) amax = A 2
20

a = 2 x

21

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9.2.4 Energy in SHM Potential energy, U

CHAPTER 9

Caution : Some of the reference books use other general equation for displacement in SHM such as

x = A cos(t + )

(9.8)

Consider the oscillation of a spring as a SHM hence the potential energy for the spring is given by

The equation of velocity in term of time, t becomes

v=

dx = A sin(t + ) dt
dv = A 2 cos(t + ) dt

(9.9)

1 2 kx and k = m 2 2 1 (9.11) U = m 2 x 2 2 U=
The potential energy in term of time, t is given by

And the equation of acceleration in term of time, t becomes

a=

(9.10)

U=

22

1 m 2 x 2 and x = A sin (t + ) 2 1 U = m 2 A2 sin 2 (t + ) 2

(9.12)
23

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1 2 mv and v = A2 x 2 2 1 (9.13) K = m 2 A2 x 2 2 K=

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Kinetic energy, K The kinetic energy of the object in SHM is given by

Total energy, E The total energy of a body in SHM is the sum of its kinetic energy, K and its potential energy, U .

E = K +U
From the principle of conservation of energy, this total energy is always constant in a closed system hence

E = K + U = constant
The equation of total energy in SHM is given by

The kinetic energy in term of time, t is given by

1 K = mv 2 and v = A cos(t + ) 2 1 K = m 2 A2 cos 2 (t + ) 2

E=

(9.14)

1 1 m 2 A2 x 2 + m 2 x 2 2 2 1 E = m 2 A2 (9.15) 2

OR
24

E =

1 kA 2 2

(9.16)
25

PHYSICS
Example 9.1 :

CHAPTER 9

PHYSICS
Solution : a. By comparing

CHAPTER 9

An object executes SHM whose displacement x varies with time t according to the relation

x = 5.00 sin 2t 2
where x is in centimeters and t is in seconds. Determine a. the amplitude, frequency, period and phase constant of the motion, b. the velocity and acceleration of the object at any time, t , c. the displacement, velocity and acceleration of the object at

x = 5.00 sin 2t with x = A sin (t + ) 2 thus

i. ii.

iii. The period of the motion is

t = 2.00 s,
d. the maximum speed and maximum acceleration of the object.
26

iv. The phase constant is

27

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Solution :

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Solution :

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b. i. Differentiating x respect to time, thus

b. ii. Differentiating v respect to time, thus

where v is in cm s 1 and t is in seconds.

where a is in cm s 2 and t is in seconds.

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29

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Solution :

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Solution :

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c. For t = 2.00 s i. The displacement of the object is

c. For t = 2.00 s iii. The acceleration of the object is

ii. The velocity of the object is OR

OR

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PHYSICS
Example 9.2 :

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Solution : d. i. The maximum speed of the object is given by

The length of a simple pendulum is 75.0 cm and it is released at an angle 8 to the vertical. Frequency of the oscillation is 0.576 Hz. Calculate the pendulums bob speed when it passes through the lowest point of the swing. (Given g = 9.81 m s2) Solution :

ii. The maximum acceleration of the object is

8
A

m
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Example 9.3 :

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Solution : L = 0.75 m; = 8 At the lowest point, the velocity of the pendulums bob is maximum hence

A body hanging from one end of a vertical spring performs vertical SHM. The distance between two points, at which the speed of the body is zero is 7.5 cm. If the time taken for the body to move between the two points is 0.17 s, Determine a. the amplitude of the motion, b. the frequency of the motion, c. the maximum acceleration of body in the motion. Solution : a. The amplitude is

+A
7.5 cm O
34

b. The period of the motion is

t = 0.17 s
35

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PHYSICS
Example 9.4 :

CHAPTER 9

Solution : b. Therefore the frequency of the motion is

c. From the equation of the maximum acceleration in SHM, hence

An object of mass 450 g oscillates from a vertically hanging light spring once every 0.55 s. The oscillation of the mass-spring is started by being compressed 10 cm from the equilibrium position and released. a. Write down the equation giving the objects displacement as a function of time. b. How long will the object take to get to the equilibrium position for the first time? c. Calculate i. the maximum speed of the object, ii. the maximum acceleration of the object.

36

37

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Solution : m

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= 0.450 kg; T = 0.55 s
a. The amplitude of the motion is A = 10 cm The angular frequency of the oscillation is

PHYSICS
Solution : m

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= 0.450 kg; T = 0.55 s
OR

b. At the equilibrium position, x = 0

=
10 cm
0

t =0

2 2 = T 0.55 = 11.4 rad s 1

and the initial phase angle is given by

10 cm

x = A sin (t + ) A = A sin ( (0) + ) = rad 2

Therefore the equation of the displacement as a function of time is

x = A sin (t + ) x = 10 sin 11.4t + 2

x = 10 sin 11.4t + 2 0 = 10 sin 11.4t + 2 1 11.4t + = sin (0) 2 11.4t + = 2 t = 0.138 s

t=

T 0.55 = 4 4 t = 0.138 s

OR

x = 10 cos(11.4t )
38 39

where x is in cm and t is in seconds.

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vmax = A vmax = (0.1)(11.4 )

PHYSICS
Example 9.5 :

CHAPTER 9

Solution : m = 0.450 kg; T = 0.55 s c. i. The maximum speed of the object is

vmax = 1.14 m s 1
ii. The maximum acceleration of the object is

amax = A 2 2 amax = (0.1)(11.4 ) amax = 13.0 m s 2

An object of mass 50.0 g is connected to a spring with a force constant of 35.0 N m1 oscillates on a horizontal frictionless surface with an amplitude of 4.00 cm and is 26.46 rads-1 . Determine a. the total energy of the system, b. the speed of the object when the position is 1.00 cm, c. the kinetic and potential energy when the position is 3.00 cm. Solution :
m = 50 . 0 10
3

kg; k = 35 . 0 N m

; A = 4 . 00 10

a. By applying the equation of the total energy in SHM, thus

40

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PHYSICS
Example 9.6 :

CHAPTER 9

b) The speed of the object when x = 1.00 102 m

An object of mass 3.0 kg executes linear SHM on a smooth horizontal surface at frequency 10 Hz & with amplitude 5.0 cm. Neglect all resistance forces. Determine : (a) total energy of the system (b) The potential & kinetic energy when the displacement of the object is 3.0 cm. c) The kinetic energy of the object Solution: Given : m = 3.0 kg A = 5 cm = 0.05 m f = 10 Hz knowing : = 2f

= 2 ( 10 ) = 20
and the potential energy of the object

(b ) PHYSICS

CHAPTER 9

PHYSICS
Exercise 9.1 :

CHAPTER 9

b)

To calculate Kinetic energy :

1. A mass which hangs from the end of a vertical helical spring is in SHM of amplitude 2.0 cm. If three complete oscillations take 4.0 s, determine the acceleration of the mass a. at the equilibrium position, b. when the displacement is maximum. ANS. : U think ; 44.4 cm s2 2. A body of mass 2.0 kg moves in simple harmonic motion. The displacement x from the equilibrium position at time t is given by

x = 6.0 sin 2 t + 6 where x is in metres and t is in seconds. Determine

a. the amplitude, period and phase angle of the SHM. b. the maximum acceleration of the motion. c. the kinetic energy of the body at time t = 5 s. rad ; 24.02 m s2; 355 J ANS. : 6.0 m, 1.0 s,

45

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CHAPTER 9

3. A horizontal plate is vibrating vertically with SHM at a frequency of 20 Hz. What is the amplitude of vibration so that the fine sand on the plate always remain in contact with it? ANS. : 6.21104 m 4. A simple harmonic oscillator has a total energy of E. a. Determine the kinetic energy and potential energy when the displacement is one half the amplitude. b. For what value of the displacement does the kinetic energy equal to the potential energy? ANS. : 3

PHYSICS CHAPTER 9 Learning Outcome:

9.3 Graphs of SHM (1 hour)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: Sketch, interpret and distinguish the following graphs: displacement - time velocity - time acceleration - time energy - displacement

E,

1 2 E; A 4 2

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47

PHYSICS 9.3 Graphs of SHM

CHAPTER 9

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9.3.1 Graph of displacement-time (x-t)

From the general equation of displacement as a function of time in SHM, x = A sin t +

How to write the equation from graph x against t when 0 For examples: a. Graph of x against t: At t = 0 s, x = +A

) If = 0 , thus x = A sin (t )
x
A

x
A

The displacement-time graph is shown in Figure 9.3.

Period
0

Amplitude
0

T 4

T 2

3T 4

T 4

T 2
Figure 9.3

3T 4

t
Equation:
48

x = A cos(t )

OR

x = A sin t + 2
49

PHYSICS
b. Graph of x against t: At t = 0 s, x = A

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x
A

PHYSICS
c. Graph of x against t: At t = 0 s, x = 0, but v = vmax

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x A

T 4

T 2

3T 4

t 0

T 4

2
A
Equation:

T 2

3T 4

Equation:

x = A cos(t ) OR x = A sin t 2 3 OR x = A sin t + 2

x = A sin (t )

OR

x = A sin (t )
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PHYSICS
The conclusion is:
RULES If = negative value shift the graph to the left If = positive value

CHAPTER 9

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 9

How to sketch the x against t graph when 0 Sketch the x against t graph for the following expression:

From the expression, the amplitude, A = 2 cm the angular frequency,

x = 2 cm sin 2t + 2

= 2 rad s 1 =

shift the graph to the right

Sketch the x against t graph for equation

x = 2 sin (2t )

2 T

T = 1s

x (cm)
2 T 4

0
0 .5
2
52

t (s )
1
53

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Because of

CHAPTER 9
=+
2 rad t = T hence shift the y-axis to the 4 right by T
4

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9.3.2 Graph of velocity-time (v-t)

From the general equation of velocity as a function of time in SHM, v = A cos t +

Sketch the new graph.

x (cm)
2

) If = 0 , thus v = A cos(t )
v
A

The velocity-time graph is shown in Figure 9.4.

0
RULES
2

0 .5

t (s )

If = negative value shift the y-axis to the left If = positive value shift the y-axis to the right
54

0
A

T 4

T 2
Figure 9.4

3T 4

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From the relationship between velocity and displacement,

9.3.3 Graph of acceleration-time (a-t)

From the general equation of acceleration as a function of time in SHM, a = A 2 sin t +

v = A2 x 2
thus the graph of velocity against displacement (v-x) is shown in Figure 9.5.

If = 0 , thus a = A sin t The acceleration-time graph is shown in Figure 9.6.

( )

a
A 2

x
0

A
Figure 9.5
56

T 4

T 2
Figure 9.6

3T 4

A 2
57

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a = 2 x

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CHAPTER 9

From the relationship between acceleration and displacement, thus the graph of acceleration against displacement (a-x) is shown in Figure 9.7.

9.3.4 Graph of energy-displacement (E-x)

From the equations of kinetic, potential and total energies as a term of displacement

A 2

K=

1 1 m 2 (A2 x 2 ) ; U = m 2 x 2 2 2

and

E=

1 m 2 A2 2

thus the graph of energy against displacement (a-x) is shown in Figure 9.8.

E=

1 m 2 A2 = constant 2

A 2
Figure 9.7 The gradient of the a-x graph represents Figure 9.8

1 m 2 x 2 2 1 K = m 2 (A2 x 2 ) 2 U=
x
59

gradient, m = 2
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Energy
1 E = m 2 A2 2

CHAPTER 9

PHYSICS
Example 9.7 :

CHAPTER 9

The graph of Energy against time (E-t) is shown in Figure 9.9.

The displacement of an oscillating object as a function of time is shown in Figure 9.10.

x ( cm )
15 . 0

1 U = m 2 A2 sin 2 (t ) 2 1 K = m 2 A2 cos 2 (t ) 2

0
15 . 0

0 .8

t ( s)

t
Figure 9.9
60

Figure 9.10 From the graph above, determine for these oscillations a. the amplitude, the period and the frequency, b. the angular frequency, c. the equation of displacement as a function of time, d. the equation of velocity and acceleration as a function of time.
61

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Solution : a. From the graph, Amplitude, Period, Frequency,

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Solution : d. i. The equation of velocity as a function of time is

b. The angular frequency of the oscillation is given by

where v is in m s 1 and t is in seconds.

ii. and the equation of acceleration as a function of time is

c. From the graph, when t = 0, x = 0 thus = 0 By applying the general equation of displacement in SHM

where x is in metres and t is in seconds.

62

where a is in m s 2 and t is in seconds.

63

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Example 9.8 :

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a ( m s 2 ) 0 . 80

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Solution : m = 2.50 kg a. The amplitude of the motion is 2 b. From the graph, the maximum acceleration is amax = 0.80 m s By using the equation of maximum acceleration, thus

4 . 00

0
0 . 80

4 . 00 x ( cm )

Figure 9.11 Figure 9.11 shows the relationship between the acceleration a and its displacement x from a fixed point for a body of mass 2.50 kg at which executes SHM. Determine a. the amplitude, b. the period, c. the maximum speed of the body, d. the total energy of the body. 64

OR The gradient of the a-x graph is

65

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Example 9.9 :

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x(m )
0 .2

Solution : m = 2.50 kg c. By applying the equation of the maximum speed, thus

0
0 .2

t (s )

Figure 9.12 d. The total energy of the body is given by Figure 9.12 shows the displacement of an oscillating object of mass 1.30 kg varying with time. The energy of the oscillating object consists the kinetic and potential energies. Calculate a. the angular frequency of the oscillation, b. the sum of this two energy.

66

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PHYSICS
Exercise 9.2 :

CHAPTER 9
a ( ms -2 )
2

Solution : m = 1.30 kg From the graph, Amplitude, A = 0.2 m Period, T = 4 s a. The angular frequency is given by

0
2

0.2

0.4 0 . 6 0 . 8 1.0

t (s )

b. The sum of the kinetic and potential energies is

1. The graph shows the SHM acceleration-time graph of a 0.5 kg mass attached to a spring on a smooth horizontal surface. By using the graph determine (a) the spring constant (b) the amplitude of oscillation (c) the equation of displacement x varies with time, t. x = 0 .032 cos 2 .5 t ANS: 30.8 Nm-1, 0.032 m,
68 69

PHYSICS
max

Summary :

amax vmax
v = A x
2 2

t x v a CHAPTER 9

U
1 2 kA 2

A 2

0
1 mA2 2 2

PHYSICS CHAPTER 9 Learning Outcome:

9.4 Period of simple harmonic motion (1 hour)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: Derive and use expression for period of SHM, T for simple pendulum and single spring. (i) simple pendulum: T = 2

T 4

0
1 2 kA 2

amax
max

a = 2 x 1 K = mv 2 2 vmax 1 U = kx 2 2
amax

T A 0 2

A 2

0
1 mA2 2 2

3T 4 T

l g

0
(ii) single spring:
1 2 kA 2

T = 2

m k

A 2

max

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A. Simple pendulum oscillation Figure 9.13 shows the oscillation of the simple pendulum of length, L.

A pendulum bob is pulled slightly to point P. The string makes an angle, to the vertical and the arc length,

x as shown in Figure 9.13.

The forces act on the bob are mg, weight and T, the tension in the string. Resolve the weight into

the tangential component

: mg sin

T
x m P O mg sin mg cos

the radial component : mg cos The resultant force in the radial direction provides the centripetal force which enables the bob to move along the arc and is given by mv 2

T mg cos =

Figure 9.13

mg
72

The restoring force, Fs contributed by the tangential component of the weight pulls the bob back to equilibrium position. Thus F = mg sin
s
73

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The negative sign shows that the restoring force, Fs is always against the direction of increasing x.

PHYSICS

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By applying Newtons second law of motion,

F = ma = F

For small angle, ;

ma =

sin in radian arc length, x of the bob becomes straight line (shown in
Figure 9.14) then

mgx L g a = x L
Simple pendulum executes linear SHM with

x sin = L

Thus

a x

L
thus

x Fs = mg L

By comparing

g a = x L

a = 2 x

x
Figure 9.14
74

Thus

2 =

g L

and

2 T
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L g

CHAPTER 9

PHYSICS
B. SpringSpring-mass oscillation Vertical spring oscillation

CHAPTER 9

Therefore

T = 2
where

(9.17)

T : period of the simple pendulum

L : length of the string g : gravitational acceleration

The conditions for the simple pendulum executes SHM are the angle, has to be small (less than 10). the string has to be inelastic and light. only the gravitational force and tension in the string acting on the simple pendulum.

x1
O

F1
x
O

m
mg

m
mg
Figure 9.15a Figure 9.15b Figure 9.15c
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PHYSICS
Horizontal spring oscillation Figure 9.5 shows a spring is initially stretched with a displacement, x = A and then released. According to Hookes law,

a CHAPTER 9
Fs = 0 m Fs m

Figure 9.15a shows a free light spring with spring constant, k hung vertically. An object of mass, m is tied to the lower end of the spring as shown in Figure 9.15b. When the object achieves an equilibrium condition, the spring is stretched by an amount x1 . Thus

Fs m
t =0

F =0

F W = 0 kx1 W = 0 W = kx1

Fs = kx
The mass accelerates toward equilibrium position, x = 0 by the restoring force, Fs hence

t=

T 4 T 2

The object is then pulled downwards to a distance, x and released as shown in Figure 9.15c. Hence

F = ma

F1 W = ma and F1 = k ( x1 + x ) k (x1 + x ) ( kx1 ) = ma k a = x m

then

Then

Fs = ma ma = kx k a = x m

Fs = 0 m

t=

a
m
x = A

t= Fs
x = A79

3T 4

a x

Vertical spring oscillation executes linear SHM 78

a x

executes linear SHM Figure 9.16

x =0

t =T

PHYSICS
By comparing

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k a = x m
with

PHYSICS
Example 9.10 :

CHAPTER 9

a = 2 x

Thus

2 =

k m

and

2 T
(9.18)

Therefore

m T = 2 k

where

T : period of the spring oscillation m : mass of the object k : spring constant (force constant)

A certain simple pendulum has a period on the Earth surfaces of 1.60 s. Determine the period of the simple pendulum on the surface of Mars where its gravitational acceleration is 3.71 m s2. (Given the gravitational acceleration on the Earths surface is g = 9.81 m s2) 2 2 Solution : TE = 1.60 s; g E = 9.81 m s ; g M = 3.71 m s The period of simple pendulum on the Earths surface is

TE = 2

l gE l gM

(1)

The conditions for the spring-mass system executes SHM are The elastic limit of the spring is not exceeded when the spring is being pulled. The spring is light and obeys Hookes law. No air resistance and surface friction.
80

But its period on the surface of Mars is given by

TM = 2

(2)

81

PHYSICS

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= 3.71 m s 2

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 9

Solution : TE = 1.60 s; g E = 9.81 m s 2 ; g M By dividing eqs. (1) and (2), thus

Example 9.11 : A mass m at the end of a spring vibrates with a frequency of

0.88 Hz. When an additional mass of 1.25 kg is added to the mass m, the frequency is 0.48 Hz. Calculate the value of m. Solution : f1 = 0.88 Hz; f 2 = 0.48 Hz; m = 1.25 kg The frequency of the spring is given by

TE = TM

2 2

l gE l gM

TE = TM

gM gE

1 m and T1 = 2 T1 k 1 k f1 = 2 m

f1 =

(1)

1.60 3.71 = 9.81 TM

TM = 2.60 s
82

After the additional mass is added to the m, the frequency of the spring becomes

f2 =

1 2

k m + m

(2)
83

PHYSICS

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= 1.25 kg

PHYSICS
Exercise 9.3 :

CHAPTER 9

Solution : f1 = 0.88 Hz; f 2 = 0.48 Hz; m By dividing eqs. (1) and (2), thus

f1 = f2 1 2

1 2

k m k m + m

f1 m + m = f2 m

0.88 m + 1.25 = 0.48 m

m = 0.529 kg
84

1. An object of mass 2.1 kg is executing simple harmonic motion, attached to a spring with spring constant k = 280 N m1. When the object is 0.020 m from its equilibrium position, it is moving with a speed of 0.55 m s1. Calculate a. the amplitude of the motion. b. the maximum velocity attained by the object. m; 0.597 m s1 ANS. : 5.17x102 2. The length of a simple pendulum is 75.0 cm and it is released at an angle 8 to the vertical. Calculate a) the period of the oscillation, b) the pendulums bob speed and acceleration when it passes through the lowest point of the swing. (Given g = 9.81 m s2) ANS.: 1.74s; 0.378ms-1
85

PHYSICS
3.

CHAPTER 9

PHYSICS

CHAPTER 9

The acceleration of free fall on the Moon is 1/6 the acceleration of free fall on the earth. If the period of a simple pendulum on the earth is 1.0 second, what would its period be on the Moon. ANS: 2.45 s

THE END
Next Chapter
CHAPTER 10 : Mechanical waves

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