Mechanics of Materials-ENGI 23413

LABORATORY REPORT
Title of experiment: Shear Strength GROUP-D

GroupMembersName 1.Vipanjot Kaur-991311175 2.Simrat Kaur-991312062 3.Taljinder Singh-991306036 4.Gurinder Singh-991308470 PERFORMING DATE: 4 October, 2013 SUBMISION DATE: 11 October, 2013

SUBMITTED TO: James Forbes

CONTENTS :bstract/ExecutiveSummary Objectives Theory MaterialsandEquipment Procedure Data/Observation Samplecalculations Results Discussion Conclusion&Recommendation References ppendix 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

ABSTRACT/EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:The purpose of this experiment is to become acquainted with the significance of the shear strength by performing the shear strength test on the various samples/metals such steel, aluminium and brass. The diameter measured of samples and the values of different loads observed from the analog scale and tracer needle helped us to find out the area which further continued to get the shear strength .

Moreover, the observed values of the shear strength were compared to the theoretical values of shear strength of particular sample/metals .And even the observed and theoretical ultimate tensile strength values were compared considerably and their relation (ratio) was found simultaneously.

OBJECTIVE:The objective of this lab was to understand the significance of shear strength by performing the shear strength experiments on different materials such as steel, brass and aluminum.

THEORY: Shear Stress:Shear stress is defined as the forces that act parallel to a given area and in the opposite direction tending to produce a sliding of one portion past another. It is one of the three basic type
of stress, where compression and tension are other two. The units of shear stress in metric system are inch which is represented by psi. or Pascal (Pa) and in Imperial system Pounds per square

Shear Strength and its applications:-

Shear strength is equal to the maximum resisting force divided by the area under the shear:

= F/A
Shear strength is essential consideration in the designing and performance of many machine parts and elements. Rivets, bolts and pins are often loaded properly, if not entirely, in the shear. Metalworking operations such as shear cutting, blanking and punching require forces that are dependent on shear strength of the material.

Shear test results are generally less precise than tensile tests because of a small amount of bending stress and friction is usually present. Shear stress is most common on materials joined together with rivets, bolts, screws and pins. Shear tests are often made on flat stock as single or double shear tests. Round stock is most commonly tested in double shear. For double shear as shown below in picture, the total area of both cross-sections of the pin must be used in calculating the shear strength.

To calculate the percentage of error,

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: 1. VEGA Hydraulic Shear:Hydraulic shears are used in high volume metal fabricating operations that require the ability to accurately and quickly cut and score sheets of metal. 2. Round Stock double shear fixture :- It have holes inside to put the sample and it is the

fixture consisting of three plates which are parallel to each other.

3. Vernier - Caliper :-It is the device used the measure the diameters of the metal pieces used such as steel, aluminium and brass.

4. 1 sample each of round stock:-

Aluminum Brass Cold Rolled Steel

STAINLESS
NARDfHID

PROCEDURE: 1. Each samples diameter was measured and recorded on the observation table. 2. The sample was inserted into the test fixture so that it would pass through all 3 Plates of double shear fixture. 3. Do not center the specimen in the fixture but let one end project only a short distance, so that a second test can be performed on the same specimen. 4. The loaded fixture was then placed in the Vega Shear and the safety door was closed. 5. The Vega Shear pressure gauge/analog scale was then zeroed out. 6. A load was applied gradually by hand pumping the hydraulic lever until the sample sheared. 7. The maximum load was recorded. 8. After recording the value the shear was loaded a little more so that the shearing slug passed into the relieved area of the lower part of the fixture. Hydraulic pressure was then released and the fixture removed so the slugs could be removed. 9. The analog scale and tracer needle were re zeroed and the procedure was repeated on the same sample. 10. The procedure again was repeated for the other 2 samples.

3Mechamcs of Materials La b 2 2

EXPERIMENTAL 1. 2.

PROCEDURE:

Measure an d record th e diameter of eac h sample Insert a test sample through th e hole in all three plates of th e double shear fixture Do No t centre th e specimen in th e fixture bu t let on e en d project only a short distance, so that a second test ca n be performed on th e sam e specimen.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Place th e loaded fixture under th e hydraulic press an d close th e safety guard Check that th e analog scale an d tracer needle ar e zeroed Gradually apply load by pumping th e hydraulic lever until th e sample shears Record th e maximum load After failure, continue to press th e punch into th e holder, so that th e shearing slug passes into th e relieved area in th e lower part of th e holder. The n release th e hydraulic pressure, remove Ih e fixture fro m th e machine, slide th e punch sideways ou t of th e holder an d eject th e sheared slugs.

8. 9.

Re-zero th e dial an d mak e a second test on th e sam e sample Repeat th e procedure fo r th e other 2 samples

RESULTS: 1. Record results in a tabulated for m similar to below: l o o o ^ffit* ~ X*-L\

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MATERIAL

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Maximum Loa d Testl Test2

Average Load | Shear Strengjh

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Compare results to accepted values Sho w their relation to tensile strengths

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RESULTS:1. Our results for Steel Shear = 66 ksi

Steel accepted values:- Shear Strength from 60 ksi Ultimate Tensile Strength 63.8 ksi.

2. Our results for Brass Shear = 45.6 ksi Brass accepted values:- Shear Strength 43 ksi Ultimate Tensile Strength 50 ksi.

3. Our results for Aluminum Shear= 31.9 ksi

Aluminum accepted values: - Shear Strength 30 ksi Ultimate Tensile Strength 55ksi.

DISCUSSIONS:Therefore, according to our calculations analysis the ultimate shear strength of the 66 ksi and theoretical value is 60 ksi. We found the percentage error of 9 percent .The ultimate tensile strength of the steel has the theoretical value of 63.8 ksi. So, the ratio of the ultimate tensile strength and ultimate shear strength comes out to be 0.96. Moreover, according to our calculations analysis the ultimate shear strength of the 45.6 ksi and theoretical value is 43 ksi. We found the percentage error of 4.4 percent .The ultimate tensile strength of the steel has the theoretical value of 50 ksi. So, the ratio of the ultimate tensile strength and ultimate shear strength comes out to be 1.09. Furthermore, according to our calculations analysis the ultimate shear strength of the 31.9 ksi and theoretical value is 30 ksi. We found the percentage error of 5.9 percent .The ultimate tensile strength of the steel has the theoretical value of 55 ksi. So, the ratio of the ultimate tensile strength and ultimate shear strength comes out to be 1.72. Hence, we observed that the values of the shear strength of aluminium and brass are almost same as experimental and theoretical. Whereas, in case of steel there is a lot difference between theoretical and experimental value. Even, percentage error in case of brass is least and in case of steel is more as 9%. Results, show that shear strength of different materials is different .The ultimate shear strength value for steel is higher as compared to brass and aluminium. This tells us that steel is very good and strong metal, whereas, aluminium and brass are less strong. So, in order to cut steel the large shearing force is required while brass and aluminium can be cut down easily.

CONCLUSION S AND RECOMMENDATIONS :-

We have noticed that ultimate shear strength is important aspect of material. Our result for the ultimate shear strength of steel is 6 ksi more than the accepted value ; whereas our results for the brass and aluminum were just slightly higher than the maximum theoretical values. For the brass and aluminum samples we did not have any information on the material type such as any alloys, heat treatment, cold working, annealing or tempering. Any of these factors could have affected our shear strength results. The steel sample we only knew was cold rolled and cold rolled low carbon steel (hard) had a value of 60 ksi shear strength, which is very close to our result of 66 ksi. While the relation between the theoretical tensile strength and the ultimate shear strength was found in all the cases it was almost 1 conveniently. When calculating for tensile strength the force is a pulling force which is divided by the cross-sectional area. Compared to tensile and compressive stress and strain, the shear forces act over an area which is in line with the forces. When calculating the shear strength the force is divided by twice the area since the shear was at points on the samples. This would explain why the tensile strength is almost double of the shear strength. In conclusion our experiment was successful in showing the significance of shear strength. With more technical information about each sample we may have been able to narrow the range of values for the shear and ultimate strengths. The following recommendations are made in order to reduce the errors: The analog reader should be replaced by the digital reader to get the accurate readings. We must know about the physical and mechanical properties of the samples used.

Bibliography: Lab handout http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_tensile_strength http://www.diybanter.com/metalworking/11770-ultimate-shearstrength. h t l