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Case 2
L L0 I = L0
xi ai
a 2 x2
x3 a3
x1 a1
Time 0:
Time t:
xi = xi (a1 , a2 , a3 , t )
OR, due to continuous body
ai = ai ( x1 , x2 , x3 , t )
Lagrangian Description: The motion is described by the material coordinate and time t. The motion is described by the spatial coordinate and time t.
Eulerian Description:
xi = xi (a1 , a2 , a3 , t )
(Tacking a material point)
ai = ai ( x1 , x2 , x3 , t )
(Monitoring a spatial point)
a 2 x2
The spatial coordinates of this material point change with time. Different material points pass this spatial point
t=0
t=t1
t=t2
x1 a1
Lagrangian
Tracking a material point. Material point is fixed but the spatial coordinates have to be updated. Good for constitutive model
Eulerian
Tracking a spatial point. Spatial coordinates are fixed but Material points keep changing. Not good for constitutive model.
Solid Mechanics
ui
ai
xi
a 2 x2
x3 a3
x1 a1
ui (a1 , a2 , a3 ) = xi (a1 , a2 , a3 ) ai
Using deformed configuration as reference:
ui ( x1 , x2 , x3 ) = xi ai ( x1 , x2 , x3 )
ui
P xi Q
ai
P0 Q0
a 2 x2
P0 = {a1, a2 , a3 }
x3 a3
x1 a1
x x 1 k k Eij = ij 2 a a i j a a 1 k k eij = ij 2 x x i j
Green Strain
Almansi Strain
Almansi Strain
ui
P0
da
a 2 x2
Q0
dx
x3 a3
x1 a1
P0
da
a2 x2
Q0
dx Q
x3 a3
x1 a1
n
a2 x2
x3 a3
x1 a1
small deformation
The quadratic term in Green strain and Almansi strain can be neglected.
u j u 1 i eij = + 2 x x j i
Also, in small deformation, the distinction between Lagrangian and Eulerian disappears.
u j u 1 i Eij = eij = + 2 x x i j
Cauchys infinitesimal strain tensor
u j u 1 i Eij = eij = + 2 x x i j
u1 e11 = E11 = x1 u2 e22 = E22 = x2 u3 e33 = E33 = x3
small deformation
ui << 1 a j
But,
ui << 1 x j
small deformation
Coordinates: x, y, z
Normal strains:
Displacements: u, v, w
xy yz
xz
u v = + = 2e12 y x v w = + = 2e23 z y
u w = + = 2e13 z x
A x2
A B C
dx2
dx1
C x1
A x2 1 A 2 C
u1 u 1 = = x2 y
u2 v 2 = = x1 x
xy = 1 + 2
1 e12 = (1 + 2 ) 2
dx2
B dx1 C
x1
1 xy 2
y
1 yz 2
1 xz 2 1 yz 2 z
Tensor
x Engineering Strain xy xz
xy xz y yz yz z
Not a tensor!!!
In general
= ik jk eij eij
X 1
e 1
X
1
X2
e 2
e2
e1
= cos 2 e11 + 2 sin cos e12 + sin 2 e22 e11 = sin 2 e11 2 sin cos e12 + cos 2 e22 e22 = sin cos(e22 e11 ) + cos 2 sin 2 e12 e12
e = e e0 I
= eij e0 ij eij
0 =
2 3
u j u 1 i Eij = eij = + 2 x j xi
u1 = x1 + 3 x2 x1
u1 = x12 x2
u1 2u1 = =3 x2 x1 x2 x1
u1 2u1 = = 2 x1 x1 x2 x1x2
A B A C
u1 = f ( x1 , x2 ) x1
u1 = g ( x1 , x2 ) x2
f g = x2 x1
u1 e11 = x1
u2 e22 = x2
1 u2 u1 e12 = + 2 x1 x2
e11, 23 = e23,11 + e12,13 + e13,12 e22,13 = e13, 22 + e21, 23 + e23, 21 e33,12 = e12,33 + e31,32 + e32,31