Biomass as Engine Fuel

Dr. M.K.Mohanty, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, OUAT

What is Biomass ?
Biomass can be defined as any material which has biogenic origin Biomass represents a complex system for solar energy accumulation by means of clorophyllos photosynthesis, in which the atmospheric Carbon Dioxide is transformed in organic substance.

Biomass Resources
Biomass Resources Untapped Natural Resource Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry and Fishery group Agriculture: Rice husk, Rice straw, Wheat straw, Vegetable residue, etc Livestock: Animal waste, Butchery waste, etc. Forestry: Forest residue, Thinned wood, Processing waste, Sawdust, etc. Fishery: Processing waste, Bowel, Dead fish, etc. Industry: Sewage sludge, Organic processing waste, etc. Household:Garbage, Human waste, etc. Continental area: Grain, Plant, Vegetable, Fat and oil, etc. Water area: Algae, Photosynthetic bacteria, etc.

Other Waste group

Plantation (Production group)

Environmental, social, and economic impacts

Sustainable Human Development

BIOMASS PRODUCTION

Biomass Conversion Systems

-Electric -Fuels -Cogeneration

cooking

Lighting

Energy Services
Irrigation Heating

Cooling

Biomass Energy Services

The availability of Agricultural Residues

A healthy animal produce 4-5 times their weight (dry dung) each year. Most cereal crops gives between 1.5-2.5 tonnes of straws for every tonne of grain. Dung & crop residues are major resources which constituting the largest biomass production at the utilized level. Rough estimation of agricultural residues production can be derived using national livestock & Crop production statistics.

Factors to be considered while estimating Energy Potential of Agricultural Residues.

Climate variation Average annual residue yield Recoverable fraction Environmentally permissible fraction Competing other uses Losses

Residues to Crop Ratios for some selected crops.

Crops Rice Wheat Maize Maize Grain sorghum Millet Barley Rye Oats Residues Straw Straw Stalk + cob Stalk Stalk Straw Straw Straw Residues production (tonnes per tonne of crop) 1.2 2.9 1.0 1.8 1.2 2.5 0.9 4.9 2.0 3.7 0.6 1.8 1.1 1.8 0.9 1.8

Residues to Crop Ratios for some selected crops. (Contd.)

Crops Groundnut Pigeon Peas Cotton Jute Coconut
Source:

Residues Shell Straw Stalk Stalk Sticks Shell Husk

Residues production (tonnes per tonne of crop) 5.0 2.3 2.9 5.0 3.5 5.0 2.0 0.7 1.1 1.65 4.5

Renewable Energy Technologies; Their Application in Developing Countries; (L.A. Krisotferson and V. Bokalders); Intermediate Technology publication-1991. The Power Guide: (Wim Hulcher and Peter Fraenkel); Intermediate Technology publication-1994

Calorific value of some selected Agricultural residues Crops Ash content (%) 0.8 3.3 6 4.4 6.4 1.5 Gross calorific value MJ/kg (Oven dried) (%) 20.1 17.4 18.1 19.7 18.2 18.9

Coconut Shell Coconut stalk Coconut husks Groundnut Shells Maize stalk Maize cobs

Calorific value of some selected Agricultural residues (Contd.)

Crops Ash content (%) Gross calorific value MJ/kg (Oven dried) (%) 18.6 15.0 16.8 19.4 21.0 17.2 14.0

Pigeon peas stalk Rice straw Rice husks Soybean Stalk Sunflower stalk Wheat straw Dung (air)

2 19.2 14.9 8.5 -

Source:

Renewable Energy Technologies; Their Application in Developing Countries; (L.A. Krisotferson and V. Bokalders); Intermediate Technology publication-1991. The Power Guide: (Wim Hulcher and Peter Fraenkel); Intermediate Technology publication-1994

Gross calorific value of fresh dung

Buffalo Cows Pigs 11.8 MJ/kg 12.8 MJ / kg 14.9 MJ/kg

Effect of moisture
Add graph

Conversion of Biomass Energy into useful energy.

By the method how it is utilized. Direct (heat energy obtained by burning
wood, agricultural waste or Dung cake etc. as in stove (Chula)

Indirect (first converted into a convenient

or suitable fuel in the form of solid, liquid or gases)

Conversion of Biomass Energy into useful energy .contd..

By the process of energy conversion
Thermochemical (Combustion, Gasification and
Methanol Production)

Biochemical Chemical

(Anaerobic digestion Ethanol Production) (Biodiesel and lubricants.)

and

Biomass Energy Technology

Technologies Direct Combustion Conversion Process Major Biomass Feedstock Wood Agricultural waste Municipal solid waste Thermochemical
Energy (Or) Fuel Produced

Heat Steam Electricity Producer Gas (Low or medium Calorific) Synthetic fuel oil (biocrude) Chracoal Methnol

Gasification

Pyrolysis

Methanol Production Anaerobic (Biogas production) Aerobic (Ethanol Production) Biochemical Animal manure, Agricultural waste, Landfills, Waste Water Sugar or starch crops Wood waste Pulp sludge Grass straw Edible and non edible oil Waste vegetable oil Animal fat

Medium Calorific gas (methane) Ethanol

Biodiesel

Biodiesel Production

Chemical

P R I N C I P L E

ER =1

Stoichiometric AIR

COMBUSTION

+ + +

ER = 0.3 SUB Stoichiometric Air

GASIFICATION

ER = 0.1 SUB Stoichiometric Air ER = 0.1 SUB Stoichiometric Air

PYROLYSIS

CARBONISATION

= the actual air fuel ratio/the air fuel ratio for complete combustion

THERMO CHEMICAL CONVERSION PROCESS

E N D U S E S E N E R G Y or
Methanol Production Methanol

Direct combustion Biomass feedstock

Conversion process

Heat Steam Electricity

Wood Agricultural waste Organic waste

Thermochemical

T E C H N O L O G I E S

Gasification

Producer Gas (Low or medium Btu)

Pyrolysis

Synthetic fuel oil, Charcoal

P R O D U C T

BIOCHEMICAL CONVERSION PROCESS

B I O M A S S F E E D S T O C K

Conversion process Animal manure Agricultural waste Landfill Waste water Biochemical T E C H N O L O G I E S Anaerobic Methane gas

F U E L P R O D U C E D

Sugar or starch crop Wood waste Pulp sludge Grass straw

Aerobic

Ethanol

CHEMICAL CONVERSION PROCESS

B I O M A S S F E E D S T O C K

Conversio n process T E C H N O L O G I E S

Mechanical Extraction

Palm Sunflower Coconut Ground nut Soy beans Pulp sludge Rapeseed Cotton seed

F U E L Biodiesel P R O D U C E D

Chemical

Chemical Solvent

Biomass Preparation
The acceptability of fuel depend on
Its performance as a depends upon its characteristics fuel, which combustion

Its ability to harvested, transported and stored economically

Biomass Preparation (Contd.)

Characteristics of agricultural residues:
High moisture content (Reduce combustion efficiency, producing ignition difficulties) Contamination of foreign particles (Stone, Dust etc.) Large in size (Difficult to facilitate automatic handling) Often have fluffy (Low bulk and low densities).

Biomass Preparation (Contd.)

Pretreatment to make it suitable to use.
Drying (removal / reducing of moisture) Size reduction (Shredder, chipper, grinder) Densification (Briquettes)

Combustion
Thermo-chemical process of converting biomass energy into heat energy by burning the biomass in present of air i.e. oxygen. Residential Purpose Industrial Purpose

Energy Value of biomass

A Typical Example: 1 kg of Dried biomass gives 3-3.6 kWh heat Energy; or, 0.7-0.9 kWh electricity plus 1.4 kWh heat.

A Typical Boiler - for Industrial Purposes

Pyrolysis
Thermo chemical process where organic material partially combusted to produce secondary fuels and chemical product The process of Pyrolysis gives three groups of products.
a solid (Known as char or charcoal) a liquid (known as pyroligeneous acid or oil which content a mixture of chemicals) a mixture of gases (CO, H2, N2)

S C H E M A T IC D IA G R A M O F P Y R O L Y S IS

D r ie d a n d C u t w o o d lo g s

C a r b o n iz in g R e to r t V apours C on d en ser T a r a n d w o o d o il (c o n d e n s a b le ) S e tt lin g v a ts

C h arcoal

W ood gas (N o n c o n d e n s a b le )

C r u d e s e tt le d t a r

P y r o lig e n io u s a c id

B o ile d w ood ta r

P itc h

H eavy c r e o so te o il

L ig h t o il

A c e tic a c id

W ood s p ir it M e th a n o l W o o d n e p h th a A ld e h y d e s a n d k e to n e s

P R O D U C T S O F P Y R O L Y S IS O F W O O D

Pyrolysis Plant : Typical Example

Pyrolysis (Contd.)
The ratio of products varies with the chemical composition of the biomass and the operating conditions. A typical Example:

1- tonne of hardwood produced

350kg Charcoal; 450kg pyrogeneous acid (20-34MJ/kg) 75kg tar and 60m3 gas.(3.5-8.9MJ/m3)

Pyrolysis (Contd.)
Chemical from Pyroligenious potential applications acid and their

Product Acetic acid Formic acid Methanol Sodium acetate Butyrolactol Empyreumatic oils

Use Food preservation and flavouring Textile -dyes Denaturing agent for ethanol Medical application (dialysis) Leather tanning Disinfectant and antiseptic (Veterinary use)

Pyrolysis (Contd.)
Before cheap fossil fuel it was extensively used in chemical industries

Main Present applications are: to produce charcoal (with byproduct not being used)

other

or, to complete gasification (to produce tar etc.) or, to provide energy.

Gasification
Thermochemical process that converts biomass into a combustible gas called Producer gas.

What is gasification?
Incomplete/partial combustion Converts solid fuel into gas form Producer gas: CO, H2, CH4 mixture Gas production: 1 kg biomass=> 2.5 Nm3 gas Gas CV: 1000-1200 kcal/Nm3

Types of gasifier

Advantages
Better conversion (solid to gas) efficiency (>70%) Handling gaseous fuel) better control on burning production of clean flue gas

Gasification (Contd.)
Typical the volumetric composition of biomass based producer gas are as follow:

CO H2 CH4 CO2 N2

20 22% 15 18% 2 4% 9 11 50 54%

Tar and particulate materials

Gasification (Contd.)
Use of Gasifier gas Variety of thermal application including
Cooking Drying Water heating
The Heating value of gases rages from 4000 5000 kJ/kg

Steam generation Mechanical / Electrical power generation Fuel for Internal combustion engine

Biomass gasifier system (10-20 kWe) capacity

Fermentation
Naturally occurring biochemical process concerned to micro-organism. Micro-organism are invisible bacteria of different types These Bacteria can be divided into two major groups.
Aerobic (which grows in the presence of oxygen) and; Anaerobic (Which grow in absence of gaseous oxygen).

Fermentation (Contd..)
Aerobic Fermentation
Aerobic Fermentation (Ethanol Production) Fermentation takes place in the presence of air.

Ethanol feedstocks Sugars, from sugar cane, sorghum, molasses, fruits and whey (residue from cheese production) Starch, from grains (rice, maize etc.) cassava, potato Cellulose, from wood agricultural residues.

SCHEMETIC DIAGRAM OF ETHANOL PRODUCTION

Natural Sugars: Sugar Cane Fruit

Crush

Residues

Process heat, by products.

Starches: Grain (barley) Root (cassava)

Easy

Hydrolysis

Sugar

Yeast fermentation to 10% ethanol

Cellulose: Wood

Difficult

Distillation to 90% ethanol

General combustion Fuel

Purtification to anhydrous alcohol

Petroleum additive or substitute

Fermentation (Contd..)
Ethanol production processes.
Feedstock collection Pretreatment to yield sugar Fermentation Distillation Waste treatment (Anaerobic fermentation to methane)

Ethanol yields from various selected crops

Crop Banana Cane Molasses Cassava Pineapple Sorghum Sugar cane Crop yield tonnes /ha. 12-50 2.4-4.0 8.7 30 1.3 56 Ehanol yield litres/ tonne 93-104 258-291 172-194 43- 49 391- 440 67-76 Ethanol Yield litres/ ha. 1182-4925 658-1098 1592 1380 540 4000

Anaerobic digestion
Biochemical process in which particular kinds of bacteria digest biomass in an oxygen-free environment. Several different types of bacteria work together to break down complex organic wastes in stages, finally resulting in the production of Biogas."

Anaerobic digestion (Contd..) Biogas Production

Biogas is mixture of methane (50 - 70%) and carbon dioxide with traces of hydrogen sulphide and water Combustible gas (calorific value = 16 - 20 MJ/m).

Biogas Production Process

Mixing of organic matter (such as animal dung) with some water Placed this mixture (Slurry) in a leak proof container (called a digester) and left to ferment. After several days at suitable temperatures, sufficient methane will have formed to make a combustible gas.

Biogas Feedstock
Any organic material can be used Production rate depend on type of feed stock used.
Woody materials such as straw are very difficult to digest Animal dung digests readily

Pretreatment may be needed for some materials ( Chopping etc.)

Digester Designs
There are three well-known designs that have originated in developing country
1. The floating drum type (or Indian) digester 2. The fixed dome (or Chinese) digester 3. The flexible bag (or Taiwanese) digester

The floating drum type digester

The fixed dome (or Chinese) digester

The flexible bag (or Taiwanese) digester

Utilization of Organic Waste (Contd.)

Liquid Waste
Many Industries produces large volume of liquid waste which contains solution of organic materials These waste water can be treated anaerobically to used a useful energy. Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) is the most widely used technology for liquid effluent.

Schematic diagram of an USAB reactor

Biogas line Gas collection dome Biogas collector

Treated effluent

Gas collection baffles

Separation zone Rising biogas Settled sludge Settled sludge

Sludge blanket Sludge bed Influent

Organic Waste
Waste from Agroprocessing Industries. Waste from households, small companies, institutions and markets Industrial Waste Amount increases considerably with industrialisation and urbanisation

Utilization of Organic Waste

All these Waste can be groped as Solid or Liquid

Solid Waste
Landfill Gas is Produced from Solid Waste The same anaerobic digestion process that produces biogas in animal manure and wastewater treatment digesters occurs naturally underground in landfills

WHAT IS BIODIESEL ?
Biodiesel is Vegetable oil processed to resemble IIT Delhi Diesel Fuel August 18, 2004 The use of vegetable oils for
Paris, 1900
engine may seem insignificant to-day, but such oils may become in course of time as important as petroleum and the coal tar products of the present time

Rudolf Diesel

Application Areas of Biodiesel

Several Decentralized Energy Units Mechanized Agricultural Sector

Diesel Gensets, Small Scale/Home Industries

Transportation System

We consume Diesel about seven times more than that of Petrol

Irrigation Pumps, Agricultural Machinery such as Tractors, Power Tillers, Threshers etc. (Self-sufficiency for the Farmer

POTENTIAL OIL SEEDS FOR PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL

Edible oil seeds

Palm, Soybean, Rapeseed, Linseed, Sunflower, Peanut, Hemp, Conola

Non-edible oil seeds

Karanja, Jatropha, Polanga, Mohua, Seemaruba, Castor, Neem, Cotton etc.

TRANSESTERIFICATION OF NON-EDIBLE OIL IN IBP

(Catalyst) Hammer Mill

Biodiesel (unrefined)

Removal of excess alcohol by vacuum distillation

Alcohol free Biodiesel Washing with water

Expeller

Glycerine (unrefined) Byproduct : separated from biodiesel by settling Waste water

Non-edible Oil

Biodiesel (with moisture) Alcohol (Methanol/Ethanol) Moisture removal by Anhydrous Sodium Sulphate or by heating

CI Engine

Neat or blended with diesel

Neat Biodiesel (B100)

Biodiesel
Chemical conversion process of extracting oil from the seedy feedstock. The two main processes are: Mechanical press extraction Solvent extraction

Village electrification Gasifier at Village Deodhara, Orissa

Engine testing on biomass fuel

Performance of engine on gassifier gas

Variation of BTE with BMEP

Variation of SEC with BMEP

Variation of diesel displacement with BMEP

Emission test on duel fuel

Variation of CO emission with BMEP

Variation of NOx emission with BMEP

Variation of exhaust with BMEP

Performance of Diesel engine using biogas

Comparison of power V/s efficiency in Diesel mode and 100% Biogas mode.

Power v/s Exhaust Temperature Diesel mode and 100% Biogas mode.

Performance of diesel engine on Biodiesel

0,35 0,30
Brake thermal efficiency

30000 Brake specific energy consumtion (kJ/kWh) 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0
Diesel B20 B50 B100

0,25 0,20 0,15 0,10 0,05

B100 Diesel B20 B50

0,00 0 2 4 6 Engine Power Output (kW) 8

0 Engine Power 5 Output (kW) 10

Thank you for Your attention

Questions ?????????