Coverage Planning

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6-90200/ COVERAGE PLANNING/ 1.0

Module objectives
At the end of this module you will be able to

DEFINE COVERAGE THRESHOLD DESCRIBE DIFFERENT COVERAGE PLANNING MARGINS

LOCATION PROBABILITY PENETRATION LOSS

CALCULATE COVERAGE AREAS

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6-90200/ COVERAGE PLANNING/ 1.0

Content of Coverage Planning

COVERAGE THRESHOLD COVERAGE AREA

NOKIA

6-90200/ COVERAGE PLANNING/ 1.0

Coverage Planning

COVERAGE THRESHOLD COVERAGE AREA

NOKIA

6-90200/ COVERAGE PLANNING/ 1.0

Coverage Threshold
Basics

Based on the calculated maximum allowed path loss in PBGT, the coverage threshold can be defined Coverage threshold depends on margins related to

Location probability (= slow fading) Fast fading / Interference degradation Polarization / Antenna orientation loss Body loss Penetration losses (vehicle or building)

NOKIA

6-90200/ COVERAGE PLANNING/ 1.0

Coverage Threshold
DL Calculation Process
Real maximum allowed path loss

EIRP Minimum allowed receiving level Slow fading and other margins Building penetration loss

From power budget calculations

function (location probability) function (morphological area)

= Maximum allowed path loss => Coverage threshold Cell radius Cell area
function (morphological area) Okumura-Hata

NOKIA

6-90200/ COVERAGE PLANNING/ 1.0

Coverage Threshold
Location Probability

Outages
due to coverage gaps due to interferences Pno_cov Pif

Total location probability in a cell (1- Pno_cov) * (1- Pif) Both time and location probability Typical required values are 90-95%

Full coverage of an area can never be guaranteed!

NOKIA

6-90200/ COVERAGE PLANNING/ 1.0

Coverage Threshold
Slow Fading Margin

When calculating cell radius, LP is 50% by the cell edge and ~75% over the cell area To get 90% LP, the cell radius has to be reduced
1 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

90% of the area

Slow fading margin

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Coverage Threshold
Interference Degrade Margin

ETSI specific margin

Power budget
GENERAL INFORMATION Frequency (MHz): 1800 BT99 - AFE with combiner bypass (equiv. to Case description: RECEIVING END: RX RF- Input Sensitivity Interference Degradation Margin Body Proximity Loss Cable Loss + Connectors Rx Antenna Gain Diversity Gain Isotropic Power Field Strength TRANSMITTING END: TX RF Output Peak Power (mean power over RF cycle) Body Proximity Loss Isolator + Combiner + Filter RF-Peak Power, Combiner Output Cable Loss + Connectors TX Antenna Gain Peak EIRP (EIRP = ERP + 2dB) BS -108.00 3.00 0.00 3.00 18.00 4.00 -124.00 18.31 MS 1.00 30.00 2.00 0.00 28.00 0.00 0.00 0.63 28.00 System: MS Class: DCS1800 1

dBm dB dB dB dBi dB dBm dBV/m W dBm dB dB dBm dB dBi W dBm

MS -100.00 A 3.00 B 2.00 C 0.00 D 0.00 E 0.00 F -95.00 G=A+B+C+D-E-F 47.31 H=G+Z* BS 29.50 44.70 K 0.00 L 2.20 M 42.50 N=K-L-M 3.00 O 18.00 P 562.11 57.50 Q=N-O+P * Z = 77.2 + 20*log(freq[MHz])

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6-90200/ COVERAGE PLANNING/ 1.0

Polarisation / Antenna Orientation Loss

Coverage Threshold

Polarisation or antenna orientation losses depend on the orientation of the mobile antenna (vertical-horisontal) Typical loss 5-10 dB due to mismatch of polarisation Sometime taken into account but not always

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Coverage Threshold
Body Loss

Body loss happens because of the existence of the human body Typical loss 5-10 dB depending on the distance between mobile and human body Typically taken into account in coverage threshold

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Coverage Threshold
Penetration Loss

Penetration losses have to be added as mean value, and standard deviation need to be taken into account as well

type

mean

sigma

urban building suburban in-car

15 dB 10 dB 8 dB

7 dB 7 dB 5 dB

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Coverage Planning

COVERAGE THRESHOLD COVERAGE AREA

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6-90200/ COVERAGE PLANNING/ 1.0

Cell range: Example of Dimensioning (EXCEL based calculation)

COM M ON INFO MS antenna height (m): BS antenna height (m): Standard Deviation (dB): BPL Average (dB): Standard Deviation indoors (dB): OKUM URA-HATA (OH) Area Type Correction (dB) WALFISH-IKEGAM I (WI) Roads width (m): Road orientation angle (degrees): Building separation (m): Buildings average height (m): INDOOR COVERAGE Propagation Model Slow Fading Margin + BPL (dB): Coverage Threshold (dBV/m): Coverage Threshold (dBm): Location Probability over Cell Area(L%): Cell Range (km): OUTDOOR COVERAGE Propagation Model Slow Fading Margin (dB): Coverage Threshold (dBV/m): Coverage Threshold (dBm): Location Probability over Cell Area(L%): Cell Range (km):
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Coverage Area
DU 1,5 30,0 7,0 15,0 10,0 DU 0,0 DU 30,0 90,0 40,0 30,0 DU OH 22,8 59,1 -77,2 90,0% 1,33 DU OH 4,5 40,8 -95,5 90,0% 4,39

U 1,5 30,0 7,0 12,0 10,0 U -4,0 U 30,0 90,0 40,0 30,0 U OH 19,8 56,1 -80,2 90,0% 2,10 U OH 4,5 40,8 -95,5 90,0% 5,70

SU 1,5 30,0 7,0 10,0 10,0 SU -6,0 SU 30,0 90,0 40,0 30,0 SU OH 17,8 54,1 -82,2 90,0% 2,72 SU OH 4,5 40,8 -95,5 90,0% 6,50

F 1,5 45,0 7,0 6,0 10,0 F -10,0 F 30,0 90,0 40,0 30,0 F OH 13,8 50,1 -86,2 90,0% 5,70 F OH 4,5 40,8 -95,5 90,0% 10,69

O 1,5 45,0 7,0 6,0 10,0 O -15,0 O 30,0 90,0 40,0 30,0 O OH 13,8 50,1 -86,2 90,0% 7,99 O OH 4,5 40,8 -95,5 90,0% 14,99

Coverage Area in Dimensioning

Coverage Area

After cell radius has been determined, cell area can be calculated When calculating cell area, traditional hexagonal model is taken into account

Omni A = 2,6 R1

Bi-sector A= 1,73 R2

Tri-sector
2

A = 1,95 R3

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Coverage Area
Hexagons vs. Cells

Three hexagons

Three cells

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Example of Planning Tool Calculation

Coverage Area

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Coverage Area
Cell Area Terms

Dominance area Service area Coverage area

cell coverage range cell service range dominance range

6dB hysteresis margin coverage limit

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Coverage Area
Enhancement

Improving link budget

Sensitivity Power Antennas BTS antenna heights Good network plan Combiner by-pass Mast head preamplifier Booster

Reducing the effect of geography

Technical solutions for improving link budget

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Coverage Area
Conclusion Achievable cell size depends on

Frequency band used (450, 900, 1800 MHz) Surroundings, environment Link budget figures Antenna types Antenna positioning Minimum required signal levels

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Exercises / Questions

List the margins needed for the coverage planning threshold! Define the outdoor planning threshold for the GSM1800 network when STD = 9 dB and the required outdoor area location probability = 95 %. Calculate slow fading margin for 95% probability when STD = 7, 8, 10 (Excel exercise, OPTIONAL).

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References
1. 2. 3. 4. W.C.Y. Lee, Mobile Communications Design Fundamentals, John Wiley & Sons, 1993. W.C.Y. Lee, Mobile Cellular Telecommunication Systems, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1990. W.C. Jakes, Jr., (ed.), Microwave Mobile Communications, WileyInterscience, 1974. J. Lempiinen, M. Manninen, Radio Interface System Planning for GSM/GPRS/UMTS, Kluwer Academic Publishers 2001.

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