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CE CE 3050 3050
fy
fu
Plastic
Net Area
Plate with Holes
t d g g g p p p b
2/4 A An =[ [b b nd nd + + ( (p p2 /4g g)] )] t t n=
All possible failure paths to be investigated Minimum net area to be used in design
Block Shear
Plates
More than one bolt line
Bolt shear strength and plate bearing strength are higher
1 4
2 3
Tdb1 = Avg
fy
3 m0
fu + 0.9Atn m1
Yield Yield of of Gross Gross area area in in shear shear + + Rupture Rupture of of Net Net area area in in tension tension
OR
Tdb1 = 0.9Avn
fu
3 m1
+ Atg
fy m0
Rupture Rupture of of Net Net area area in in shear shear + + Yield Yield of of Gross Gross area area in in tension tension
When one (either) plane reaches ultimate strength, the other plane develops full yield
{(
2 2 )2 + ( y z )2 + ( z x )2 + 6(2 + + xy yz zx ) }
1 2
=Y
2 2 2 + 3 = f x xy y
xy =
fy 3
for x = 0
y x
Yield in Shear
Plates in Tension
Design Strategy
Yield of Gross section m0 Rupture of Net section 0.9 factor m1 Block shear Both yielding of gross section and rupture of net section
Both in shear and tension 1
3
Non-Uniform Stress
More stress near restraint
Less stress near un-restrained / free ends
T/2
T/2
T T / Ag
Shear Lag
Angles
Single leg connected Eccentrically loaded through gusset plates
Gusset Plate
Shear Lag
Channels
Both legs connected
Gusset Plate
Shear Lag
Effects of Shear Lag
Strength reduction Part of cross-section ineffective (less stressed)
Consider in Design
Shear Lag
Factors affecting / causing Shear Lag
Outstand (unconnected part) More outstand more shear lag Thin / slender outstand more shear lag Connection stiffness Flexible connection more shear lag
Single leg connection versus both leg connection One bolt versus multiple bolt connection
Angles in Tension
Design Strategy
Yielding of gross section Rupture of net section Block shear
Angles in Tension
Gross Area Design Strength
Tdg fy = Ag m0
Gusset Plate
Angles in Tension
Net Area Design Strength
Tdn fy fu = 0.9 Anc + Ago m1 m0
Anc :: Net area of connected leg Ago :: Gross area of unconnected or outstanding leg :: Modification factor based on contribution of unconnected outstand m0 = 1.10 m1 = 1.25
Angles in Tension
Net Area Design Strength
Tdn fy fu = 0.9 Anc + Ago m1 m0
:: Modification factor based on contribution of unconnected outstand
t t
w1
bs = w + w1 - t
bs = w
Angles in Tension
Net Area Design Strength
Tdn
fy fu = 0.9 Anc + Ago m1 m0 fy bs w = 1.4 0.076 t fu Lc 0.7 fu m0 fy m1
Upper Limit Full unconnected length rupture Lower Limit 70% of unconnected length yielding
Angles in Tension
Net Area Design Strength
Tdn fu = An m1
Approximate Estimate
Case
One or two bolts Three bolts Four or more bolts Weld
Angles in Tension
Design Strategy
Yielding of gross section Rupture of net section Block shear
Angles in Tension
Block Shear
1 4
2 3
Angles in Tension
Welded Members
No Net Area No reduction of area due to bolt holes
Design strength based on Gross Area only
Threaded Rods
Design Strategy
Yielding of gross section Rupture of net section
d root d gross
fu
Stiffness Requirement
Case
Pretensioned Members
(always in tension)
Members under tension only Not designed for compression under stress reversal Designed for compression under stress reversal
Stiffness Requirement
Serviceability Limit State
To control Deflection Vibration To facilitate Ease of handling Transportation and erection requirements Minimization of damage during fabrication
Design Steps
1: Determine Factored Design Force T (Demand) 2: Calculate
Ag req = T / (fy / m0) An req = T / (fu / m1) Choose a trial section Select connection details
Design Steps
Efficiency
100% Efficiency Gross Area Yielding
Welded connection Bolted Connection
T fy m0 Ag
Summary
Steel Tension Members
Efficient load carrying members
IS 800: 2007
Section 6 (page 32 33)
6.1 Tension Members 6.2 Design Strength due to Yielding of Gross Section 6.3 Design Strength due to Rupture of Critical Section 6.4 Design Strength due to Block Shear