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SOIL MIX Belgian research activities SOIL MIX PROJECT IWT 080736 Nicolas Denies and Nol Huybrechts
Belgian Building Research Institute Geotechnical Division
Topics
1. Introduction 2. Purposes of the SOIL MIX Project 3. Test results 3.1 Mechanical characterization 3.2 Durability 3.3 Permeability 3.4 Steel-soil mix adherence 4. Perspectives
1. Introduction
Since 2003
Laboratory testing Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) Elastic modulus (E)
Intended application
3. Test results
3.1 Mechanical characterization
Sampling
- Boring - Transport - Conservation conditions
Unconfined compressive strength(UCS) Elastic modulus (E) Tensile splitting strength (T)
3. Test results
3.1 Mechanical characterization
Soil inclusion analysis
Soil or soft inclusions into the mix Sawn column/panel: surface analysis Surface % Volume % (Weibel, 1980)
3. Test results
3.1 Mechanical characterization
Soil inclusion analysis
Soil or soft inclusions into the mix Sawn column/panel: surface analysis Surface % Volume % (Weibel, 1980) Cores: line analysis Line % Volume % (Weibel, 1980)
Inclusion percentage
- Soil mix: influence of soil inclusions on structural behaviour in ECSMGE Athens 2011 - Deep Mixing Technology in Belgium: Execution of Retaining Walls and Design Properties of Deep Mixed Material in Grouting and Deep Mixing conference New-Orleans 2012
3. Test results
3.1 Mechanical characterization
Soil inclusion analysis
Soil or soft inclusions into the mix
Tertiary and quaternary sands: [0 3.5%] Silty soils or alluvial clays: [3 10%] Clayey soils with organic material (peat) 35% tertiary (overconsolidated) clays
18 sites in Belgium
- Soil mix: influence of soil inclusions on structural behaviour in ECSMGE Athens 2011 - Deep Mixing Technology in Belgium: Execution of Retaining Walls and Design Properties of Deep Mixed Material in Grouting and Deep Mixing conference New-Orleans 2012
3. Test results
3.1 Mechanical characterization
Unconfined compressive strength (UCS)
Density UCS
45.0 40.0 35.0
Columns firm a Columns firm b CSM firm c CSM firm d
UCS (MPa)
30.0
25.0
20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
Density (kg/m)
Influence of the density?
14 ARC Hong Kong - Workshop TC 211 9
3. Test results
3.1 Mechanical characterization
Soil inclusion influence numerical simulations
Unconfined compressive strength (UCS)
Calibration: soil mix block (large scale - 1.2 x 0.55 x 0.55m)
- Plastic Numerical elasto-plastic simulations of soil mix: Study of the effect of inclusions, research report, KUL (2011)
In a later phase, discontinuous simulations are planned, so that individual fracture growth can be investigated.
14 ARC Hong Kong - Workshop TC 211 10
3. Test results
3.1 Mechanical characterization
Soil mix block (large scale)
- Uniaxial Compression Test on Large Soil Mix Block (Knokke site), rapport de recherche interne, KUL (2011) - Rock mechanical tests on core samples from soil mix block (site of Knokke), research report, KUL (2011)
No significant decrease is observed when the sample is about 5 times larger. For typical rock material, one would expect a reduction by a factor 2 or 3. The reason why this is not observed is probably the fact that the soil mix material is relatively more homogeneous than most rocks. Not many macro-fractures are observed
14 ARC Hong Kong - Workshop TC 211 11
3. Test results
3.1 Mechanical characterization
Soil mix block (large scale)
- Uniaxial Compression Test on Large Soil Mix Block (Knokke site), rapport de recherche interne, KUL (2011) - Rock mechanical tests on core samples from soil mix block (site of Knokke), rapport de recherche interne, KUL (2011)
The reduction is more similar as what one would expect for typical rock material, i.e. a reduction by a factor 2 or 3.
14 ARC Hong Kong - Workshop TC 211 12
3. Test results
3.1 Mechanical characterization
Test on soil mix block (large scale)
Characteristic UCS-value
- Deep Mixing Technology in Belgium: Execution of Retaining Walls and Design Properties of Deep Mixed Material in Grouting and Deep Mixing conference New-Orleans 2012
Histogram of UCS-values [MPa] from cored samples of Knokke panel Characteristic UCS-value = 7.0 MPa*next slide Lognormal distribution*next slide
6 5
Curve - for the Knokke block (large scale) KUL After 91 days Good correspondence?
Frequentie
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 > 15
Drukweerstand [MPa]
13
3. Test results
3.1 Mechanical characterization
Test on soil mix block (large scale)
Characteristic UCS-value
Frequency (-) 10 8 6
BBRI After 49 days - 25 values After 91 days - 24 values Curve - for the Wetteren block (large scale) KUL After 54 days Good correspondence?
4
2 0 UCS (MPa)
Frequency (-)
10 8 6 4 2 0
BBRI
UCS [MPa]
Representativeness of the cores: Samples with inclusions > 1/6 D are excluded After 49 days : 1.7 2.5 MPa After 91 days : 2.4 2.7 MPa
14 ARC Hong Kong - Workshop TC 211 14
3. Test results
3.1 Mechanical characterization
UCS curing time
15 15 7 days
UCS (MPa)
28 days 10 56 days
UCS (MPa)
10
5
Sand, CEM III Cement content: 350 kg/m
5
Silt, CEM I
EN 1992-1-1
UCSm (t ) cc (t ) UCSm
cc (t ) exp( s (1
28 )) t
SOIL MIX walls as retaining structures critical analysis of the material design parameters in Geotechnical Challenges in Megacities Conference Moscow 2010 14 ARC Hong Kong - Workshop TC 211
15
3. Test results
3.1 Mechanical characterization
Tensile splitting strength
NBN EN 12390-6
Testing hardened concrete - Part 6: Tensile splitting strength of test specimens Sample diameter (D) = 100 mm 15% (113 mm) Sample length (L) = 1 D
16
3. Test results
3.1 Mechanical characterization
Tensile splitting strength
3 9 sites in Belgium
Columns firm a
EN 1992-1-1 : 2004
CSM firm c
CSM firm d
2
Tensile strength (splitting) = Tensile strength / 0.9 = (0.3 *UCS2/3)/ 0.9 Tensile strength (splitting) = Tensile strength / 0.9 = 0.1 * UCS/ 0.9
1
EN 1992-1-1 : 2004 Engineering practice
0
0 5 10 15 20
UCS (MPa)
14 ARC Hong Kong - Workshop TC 211 17
3. Test results
3.2 Durability
Topics:
- Mechanical characteristics: UCS, E, T in function of the time Creep
Type of soil, , T, cement type, humidity (RH), W/C
Corrosion carbonation
Air-exposure or above the ground water
Corrosion pollution
Chlorides
18
3. Test results
3.2 Durability
Creep
Under water (T=204C)
Age = 146 days Swelling caused by water absorption
Time (days)
90 120 150 180 210 240 270
30
60
300
330
360
390
420
200
0 kN
Deformations (Strains)
25 kN 50% UCS
-1000
30% -1200 UCS
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3. Test results
3.2 Durability
Cement content Chemical determination: SiO2, CaO, CO2 and insoluble residue
CSM Zeebrugge quaternary sand - Parameters: W/C Grout density - Cement content: Injection volume <-> return?
Depth (m)
3. Test results
3.2 Durability
Porosity NBN B15-215
70
Wet density
60
Microporosity of cement
Porosity (%vol)
P S
50
Dry density
40
C
P = pore, S = sand, C = porous cement
Density (kg/m)
3. Test results
3.3 Permeability
Permeability
DIN 18130-1 Laboratory tests for determining the coefficient
of permeability of soil Porosity Permeability
30 1.0E-07 Columns firm a CSM firm c CSM firm d 40
9 sites in Belgium
60 70
Porosity (vol%)
50
1.0E-08
Permeability (m/s)
1.0E-09
In situ permeability?
1.0E-10
1.0E-11
1.0E-12
14 ARC Hong Kong - Workshop TC 211 22
3. Test results
3.4 Steel-soil mix adherence
In situ pull-out tests (inspired by NBN EN 15184)
Displacement measurement
Profile
Tpeak
Pull-out (kN)
Hollow dynamometer
40
Hollow jack
20
Tresidual
Reaction device
0 0 4 8 12 16 20 Displacement (mm)
14 ARC Hong Kong - Workshop TC 211 23
Durability :
+ Tests on blocks (large scale) Representativeness of the cores (inclusion >1/6D) ? Characteristic UCS-value
Mechanical characterization: - UCS, E, T = f(t) - Cement content - Porosity + Creep tests Minimal humidity condition ? Influence of the environment: - Degradation ? - Pollution/Saltwater ? - Corrosion ? - Freeze/thaw ?
Permeability
www.bbri.be/go/IS-GI-2012
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