1. The word specifies in the passage is closest in meaning to a) Constitutes b) Represents c) Develops d) Depends on 2.

Which of the following answers is NOT true of the earliest plants as seen in paragraph 1? a) The plants had a structure of cellulose walls b) The plants boasted a complex multicellular body design c) The plants are similar in makeup to green algae d) The plants could save up necessary nutrients in their body 3. The word speculated in the passage is closest in meaning to a) discredited b) supposed c) suspected d) formularized

The Plant Evolution 1 A progression of physical modifications specifies

the evolutionary journey of plants starting with the sunlight based single-celled organisms that are close in makeup to modern day algae. The ancestors of today s plants are speculated to have lacked many of the indispensable functions and qualities that characterize plants today as they have evolved later in the history of plants. The green algae we know today appear to have the closest DNA makeup to the earliest plants of the world making them the closest relatives. There are many different pieces of evidence that support this theory such as similar color schemes (due to similar kinds of chlorophyll used). This is unlike the red and brown algaes of today. Furthermore, green algae are similar to terrestrial plants in terms of holding cellulose based cell walls along with similar nutrient storing systems. However, brown and red algae are very different from land plants in all the above

2 Modern day green algae predominately are found in 4. Which of the sentences below best expresses th e essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the mea ning in important ways or leave out essential infor mation. a) Evolutionary rivals were purged with the proliferati on of plants, allowing for easy photosynthesis. b) Large amounts of photosynthetic resources made it accessible for early plants to move onto land masses c) Plants that lived on barren surfaces of the earth enjoyed the benefit of high exposure of sunlight and carbon dioxide and not having to compete with other organisms. d) After ridding themselves of evolutionary rivals and predators, plants were able to flourish. freshwater areas. This could explain the adaptions of the green algae to branch out into other areas such as land, due to surrounding tensions of decreasing supplies of freshwater. In a stark contrast from oceanic environments, freshwater areas have environments that are very precarious as water climate and precipitation based off the season can constantly change the composition of chemicals in the water. In extreme cases, the environment can even dry up completely. In order for early green organisms of freshwater to survive such conditions, they must have developed survival strategies that allow them to flourish in a great variance of temperature and aridity. Using these features, they may have been able to survive in terrestrial areas

5. The word ultimate in the passage is closest in meaning to a) Uninhabited b) Ideal c) inhospitable d) populated 6. According to paragraph 3, which of the following does NOT describe the state of earths land masses at the time of plant migration to land? a) There were large amounts of sunlight to help photosynthesis b) There was infinite amount of carbon dioxide c) There were competitors to eat each other. d) The land was void of any form of life 7. Which of the following is NOT a restriction and obstacle that ancient plants had to overcome according to paragraph 4? a) The inclination to lose moisture quickly b) The ineptitude to restrict solar radiation c) The lack of a structure to erect the overall plant The lack of internal mechanisms to disperse essential nutrients within the plant body

Land at first was not able to sustain life but for

plants but land served as an ultimate territory with vast amounts of light, carbon dioxide, and no predators to eat it. This shows that the landscape of the earth of today is very different from its origins as land was largely empty before plants first came aground. Land served to hold very dense concentrations of the essential ingredients needed in photosynthesis such as carbon dioxide and sunlight. Thus plants were able to flourish on land after natural selection had created the proper adaptions needed to survive

4 Features that are seen in almost all plants today are a result of evolutionary adaption to land such as roots, wax materials that cover the plant restricting evaporation of water, and pores that open and close based off of the surrounding moisture, thereby saving water. Many obstacles had to be overcome for plants when they moved into land such as the lack of aquatic buoyancy, essential vitamins surrounding the plant, and the tendency of air to dry the outer facets of the plant. In order to survive in such environment, structures that store water and support the standing of the body, along with mechanisms that ferry water to all areas of the plant were favored during the evolution process. There are other adaptions that some plants have adopted but not seen in all plants today. One such example is conducting vessels that move water and minerals up and down the plant to create balance of nutrients gained from water absorption and photosynthesis. Lignin, a plant body hardening substance that allows greater sunlight exposure by erecting the plant s body is another example of a non-ubiquitous adaption among plants

8. Which of the following is NOT adaptation according to the paragraph 4? a) Roots b) Wax materials c) Pore opening and closure d) Photosynthesis 9. Why does the author mention lignin in the paragrap h 4? a) To explain the mechanism of the water flow b) To explain the absorption and photosynthesis c) To show it is one of the adaptations of the plants d) To exemplify one of the minerals

10. The physical modifications of plants after moving into land possibly resulted in which of the following in paragraph 5? a) Procreative methods were newly progressed by pla nts to be used in both terrestrial and aquatic enviro nments. b) After moving onto land, there were no longer a multitude of unique plant species c) Within the different types of plants, seed plants be came the most prolific d) A larger spectrum of different plants was able to flourish 11. Look at the four squares [] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage Later on flowers and fruits would follow to complete the evolutionary innovations we see in the world today. Where would the sentence best fit?

While biological changes such as these allowed

for plants to survive within terrestrial environments, reproduction methods had to be revised in order to keep the species alive. Land plants could no longer depend on waves to transport their sperm to eggs as they could underwater, so land plants had to find alternative methods. The method that led to the best survival rate of plant species used a style of spreading out already fertilized eggs that were strong enough to survive on their own. Thus independent dispersal and safe guarded embryos were made leading to the introduction of seeds and pollen into the natural world.

Answer choices 12. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provides below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. In moving from water to land, ancestral plants overcame many obstacles in order to survive. a) Plants had to make a way of procreating without water to infiltrate new terrestrial habitats,. b) The volatility of non-oceanic aquatic environments resulted in marine algae to evolve mechanisms to survive their difficult surroundings. c) An important development for our planet was the advancement into land by plants. d) By developing internal features that allowed them to keep their bodies upright, prevent moisture loss, and exchange gases, plants were able to flourish on land. e) Due to their unique color schemes, it is unlikely that red and brown algae are the earliest plant forms. f) As soon as plants had jumped the hurdles that was life on land, they flourished by becoming more uniform