CLAUSES AND CONNECTORS Reading comprehension course

Ever de Jess Bedoya Bedoya

Magister en GTH Docente Investigador

The Clause
A clause is like a simple sentence. It e presses a complete idea. A clause must !ave "ot! a su"#ect and a ver". the student walked across the concourse
su"#ect ver"

Jessica has been playing the piano all night

su"#ect ver"

the table was set for dinner

su"#ect ver"

the baby cried

su"#ect ver"

The Clause
T!e $ollo%ing are not clauses. &an you see %!y not' Discuss t!ese %it! your tutor. excited about the party on the table at the front of the room after working all night the woman in the red dress

Types of clauses
Independent Clause ( An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence. Here is an e ample) *e %alk to sc!ool. T!is sentence e presses a complete t!oug!t and can stand alone. Subordinate Clause + ,A dependent clause- cannot stand alone as a sentence. Here is an e ample) %!en t!e cake is done "aking T!is clause does not e press a complete t!oug!t and cannot

stand alone.

Dependent or independent?
%!en Mr. Jones yelled I en#oy t!e opera unless it comes today alt!oug! I lost t!e li"rary "ook t!ey.re going on a picnic mom $ound it in t!e dra%er

Dependent or independent?
t!e $i$t! graders sang %!en t!e movie is over I decided to go along %e.re planning to !ave a party %!en I.m $inis!ed reading

Dependent or independent?
T!e doctor told &!arlie to lose %eig!t and e ercise vigorously $or $orty($ive minutes a day. T!e doctor %as %orried t!at &!arlie %as putting on too muc! %eig!t. His ne% personal trainer/ %!ose name is Adriana Bongiorno/ t!inks &!arlie may "e a

lost cause.

CONNECTO RS
&onnectors s!o% t!e relations!ip "et%een t!e ideas in t%o clauses. T!ere are 0 kinds o$ connectors t!at %e use to #oin clauses in sentences. T!ey are coordinators/ su ordinators/ and transitions.

Types ofconnectors
Coordinators are used to #oin t%o independent clauses. T!e coordinators are and, for, so, but, yet, or and nor. 1sually a comma is put "e$ore t!e coordinator. E amples) The office is closed for the next two days, but you can still phone to leave a message. I forgot my computer disc, so I will have to hand in my assignment late.

Coordinating Connector
!Use a comma" and a connector#

Su ordinating connector
Su ordinators #oin a dependent clause to an independent clause. E amples o$ su"ordinators are before, when, if, because and although. T!ey are used "e$ore t!e dependent clause.

Su ordinating connector
They can
e used in t$o positions% 2- T!e su"ordinator and dependent clause can come a$ter t!e independent clause %it! no comma. The students ran to the sky-train station w he n the bell rang.

Su ordinating connector

Su ordinating connector
3- T!e su"ordinator and dependent clause can come "e$ore t!e independent clause %it! a comma. When the bell rang, the students ran to the sky-train station.

Su ordinating connector

Transitional Connector
Transitions are used "et%een t%o independentclauses. E amples o$ transitions are however, besides, nevertheless and furthermore. A$ter t!e $irst clause/ use a semi( colon/ t!en t!e transition/ t!en a comma/ and t!en t!e second clause.

Transitional Connector
E amples) The students laughed however, the instructor was not trying to be funny. !ay ". #hail decided to take classes during the summer. $he wanted to en%oy the city in summer besides, she didn&t have enough money to go on a trip.

Transitional Connector

&eanings for Connectors

&onnectors e press many di$$erent relations!ips "et%een ideas. T!ese are t!e purposes $or t!e various connectors)

To Add Anot!er Idea To 4estate/ E plain or Emp!asi5e an Idea To Give an E ample To 6!o% a &!oice To 6!o% a Di$$erence

&eanings for Connectors

To 6!o% t!e 7pposite o$ *!at 8ou Mig!t E pect To 6!o% a 6imilarity To 6!o% a &ause or 4eason To 6!o% a 4esult or E$$ect To 6!o% a Time 4elations!ip To 6!o% a &ondition

&eanings for Connectors

Adding another idea E amples) $heloved that novel. It was exciting, and her favorite author wrote it. I would never vote for that man for student council. 'e only cares about rich people furthermore, he would do nothing to protect us against higher tuition fees.

&eanings for Connectors

Adding another idea%

&eanings for Connectors

To Restate" E'plain or Emphasi(e an )dea % E amples) $tudents should paraphrase that is, they should put the information in their own words. $everal students were caught plagiari(ing in fact, they copied the sameessay from the internet.

&eanings for Connectors

To Restate" E'plain or Emphasi(e an )dea %

&eanings for Connectors

To *i+e an E'ample E ample) The )melia *ouglas )rt +allery is an interesting place. ,or instance,one month a year it displays art created by faculty and staff from our college.

&eanings for Connectors

To *i+e an E'ample

&eanings for Connectors

To Sho$ a Choice E ample) The students couldn&t strike, nor could they get their tuition fees returned.

&eanings for Connectors

To Sho$ a Choice

&eanings for Connectors

To Sho$ Contrast% E amples) 'e thinks -.// )! is an unreasonable time for class , but she thinks it&s fine. While most students hate lab assignments, )nita 0ewface en%oys them. #rofessor Witty&s classes are interesting and challenging in contrast, #rofessor

$tandoffish&s classes are dull and boring.

&eanings for Connectors

To Sho$ Contrast% Jesse !innitt knows he should start on his assignment, yet he&s still watching T1. 2venthough 3lara 0ett works hard, she still isn&t getting good grades. 0ick 4. 5eer knows he needs more sleep nevertheless, he stays up

late every night computer games.

playing

&eanings for Connectors

To Sho$ Contrast%

&eanings for Connectors

Sho$ing Contrast%

&eanings for Connectors

To Sho$ a Similarity% E amples) #eter loves political science%ust as 6honda loves 2nglish 4iterature. !ae 5. 7not has a great sense of humour in the same way, her sister *ee 4eerious loves a good %oke.

&eanings for Connectors

To Sho$ a Similarity%

&eanings for Connectors

To Sho$ a Cause or Reason % E amples) They college cancelled all the classes on ,riday, for the weather was bad. $he decided to take #sychology because she was curious about human behaviour.

&eanings for Connectors

To Sho$ a Cause or Reason %

&eanings for Connectors

To Sho$ a Result or Effect% E amples) 'e made a lot of mistakes, so he had to do the assignment again. $he was so tired that she went to bed at o&clock. 'e was such a good instructor that she told all her friends about him. The drunk student made a lot of noise in the library as a conse8uence, the librarians called the security guards to come and help them.

&eanings for Connectors

To Sho$ a Result or Effect%

&eanings for Connectors

To Sho$ a Time Relationship% E amples) $he was listening to the test instructions when her cell phone rang. $he has studied the piano since she was a child. The librarians called security subse8uently, the security guards took the drunk student outside of the campus building.

&eanings for Connectors

Sho$ing Time Relation%

&eanings for Connectors

To sho$ a Condition% E amples) We need to go now, or we will be late for the final exam. We&ll have our final class party at 9ueen&s #ark unless it rains.

 If it rains, we&ll meet at my place, which is close to the college.

&eanings for Connectors

Sho$ing a Condition%

,i liography
9):Handouts $or ;D9:G4AMMA4:G4< 6entence 6tructure:G4<.0= + G4<.02 &onnectors 1sage and Meaning %it! E ercise.doc J. 4o"inson > J. ;enner? 3==@