1.

x A x CU A , x CU A x A .
2.

CU ( A B ) = CU A CU B; CU ( A B ) = CU A CU B .
3.

A B = A A B = B A B CU B CU A
A CU B = CU A B = R
4.

card ( A B) = cardA + cardB card( A B)

card ( A B C) = cardA + cardB + cardC card( A B)
card ( A B) card ( B C) card ( C A) + card ( A B C) .
n
n
n
5 {a1 , a2 , , an } 2 2 1 2 1
n

2 2 .
6.
2

(1) f ( x) = ax + bx + c( a 0) ;
2

(2) f ( x) = a ( x h ) + k ( a 0) ;
(3) f ( x) = a( x x1 )( x x2 )( a 0) .
7. N < f ( x) < M

N < f ( x) < M [ f ( x) M ][ f ( x) N] < 0

M +N M N
f ( x) N
|<
>0
| f ( x)

M f ( x)
2
2
1
1

>
.
f ( x) N M N
8. f ( x ) = 0 ( k1 , k 2 ) , f ( k1 ) f ( k 2 ) < 0 ,
2
., ax + bx + c = 0( a 0)
b k1 + k 2
( k1 , k 2 ) , f ( k1 ) f ( k 2 ) < 0 , f ( k1 ) = 0 k1 <
<
, f ( k 2 ) = 0
2a
2
k1 + k 2
b
<
< k2 .
2
2a
9.
f ( x ) = ax + bx + c ( a 0) [ p, q ] x =
2

2a

(1)

f ( x)min = f (
x=

a>0

x=

b
[ p, q ]
2a

b
), f ( x)max =max { f ( p), f (q )}
2a

b
[ p, q ] f ( x)max =max { f ( p ), f (q )} f ( x) min =min { f ( p ), f (q )} .
2a

(2) a<0 x =

x=

b
[ p, q] f ( x)min = min { f ( p), f (q )}
2a

b
[ p, q ] f ( x)max = max { f ( p ), f (q )} f ( x) min = min { f ( p ), f (q )} .
2a

10.
f ( m) f ( n) < 0 f ( x ) = 0 (m , n ) .
f ( x ) = x2 + px + q

p 2 4q 0

1 f ( x ) = 0 (m,+) f ( m ) = 0 p

> m
2
f ( m) > 0
f ( n) > 0

2 f ( x ) = 0 (m, n ) f (m) f ( n) < 0 p 2 4q 0

m < p < n

2
f ( m) = 0 f ( n ) = 0

af ( n) > 0 af ( m) > 0
p 2 4q 0

3 f ( x ) = 0 ( , n) f ( m) < 0 p
.
< m
2
11.
(1) (,+) L , ( , ] [ ,+)

f ( x , t ) 0 ( t ) f ( x, t ) min 0( x L) .
(2) ( ,+ ) f ( x, t ) 0 ( t )
f ( x, t ) man 0( x L ) .

a 0
a < 0

(3) f ( x ) = ax + bx + c > 0 b 0 2
.
b

4
ac
<
0

c > 0

12.

13.

n
x
x

pq
x

n 1
n + 1

p q

pq

p q

14.

15.
1 p q p q .
2 q p p q .
3 p q q p p q .
.
16.
(1) x1 x2 [a, b], x1 x2

f ( x1 ) f ( x2 )
> 0 f ( x)[a, b]
x1 x2
f ( x1 ) f ( x2 )
( x1 x2 ) [ f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) ] < 0
< 0 f ( x )[a, b] .
x1 x2
(2) y = f ( x ) f ( x) > 0 f ( x )
f ( x) < 0 f ( x) .
17. f ( x ) g ( x ) ,, f ( x ) + g ( x )
; y = f (u ) u = g ( x ) ,
y = f [ g ( x )] .
( x1 x2 ) [ f ( x1 ) f ( x2 )] > 0

18
y ;
y

19. y = f ( x ) f ( x + a ) = f ( x a) y = f ( x + a )
f ( x + a ) = f ( x + a) .
20. y = f ( x ) ( x R ), f ( x + a ) = f (b x) , f ( x )

a+b
a+b
; y = f ( x + a ) y = f (b x ) x =
.
2
2
a
21. f ( x ) = f ( x + a ) , y = f ( x ) ( ,0) ;
2
f ( x ) = f ( x + a ) , y = f ( x ) 2a .
n
n 1
22 P( x) = an x + an1 x + + a0
P( x) P( x) ().
P( x) P( x) ().
23. y = f ( x)

x =

(1) y = f ( x) x = a f (a + x ) = f (a x)

f (2a x ) = f ( x) .
(2) y = f ( x) x =

a+b
f ( a + mx ) = f (b mx )
2

f ( a + b mx ) = f ( mx ) .
24.
(1) y = f ( x) y = f ( x ) x = 0 ( y ).
(2) y = f ( mx a) y = f (b mx ) x =
(3) y = f ( x ) y = f

a+b
.
2m

( x ) y=x .
25. y = f ( x ) a b y = f ( x a) + b
f ( x, y ) = 0 a b f ( x a, y b) = 0
.
26

f ( a ) = b f 1 (b ) = a .
27. y = f (kx + b) , y =

y =[f

( kx + b ) , y = [ f

1 1
[ f ( x ) b] ,
k

1
( kx + b ) y = [ f ( x ) b ] .
k

28.
(1) f ( x) = cx , f ( x + y ) = f ( x) + f ( y ), f (1) = c .
x

(2) f ( x) = a , f ( x + y ) = f ( x) f ( y), f (1) = a 0 .

(3) f ( x) = log a x , f ( xy) = f ( x) + f ( y), f ( a) = 1( a > 0, a 1) .

'

(4) f ( x) = x , f ( xy) = f ( x) f ( y), f (1) = .

(5) f ( x) = cos x , g ( x) = sin x f ( x y) = f ( x) f ( y) + g ( x) g ( y)

f (0) = 1, lim
x 0

g ( x)
=1.
x

29.( a>0)
1 f ( x ) = f ( x + a ) f ( x ) T=a
2 f ( x ) = f ( x + a ) = 0

1
( f ( x) 0)
f ( x)
1
f ( x + a) =
( f (x) 0) ,
f (x)
1
+ f ( x ) f 2 ( x ) = f ( x + a ), ( f ( x ) [ 0,1]) , f ( x ) T=2a
2
1
(3) f ( x ) = 1
( f ( x) 0) f ( x) T=3a
f ( x + a)
f ( x1 ) + f ( x2 )
(4) f ( x1 + x2 ) =
f (a ) = 1( f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) 1, 0 <| x1 x2 |< 2a )
1 f ( x1 ) f ( x2 )
f ( x) T=4a
(5) f (x) + f (x + a) + f (x + 2a) f (x + 3a) + f (x + 4a )
= f (x) f (x + a) f (x + 2a) f (x + 3a ) f (x + 4a ), f ( x ) T=5a
f ( x + a) =

(6) f ( x + a ) = f ( x) f ( x + a) f ( x ) T=6a.
30.
m

(1) a n =
(2) a

1
n

a
1

m
n

a > 0, m, n N n > 1 .

a > 0, m, n N n > 1 .

31
1 ( n a ) n = a .

an = a
a, a 0
n n
n a =| a |=
.
a , a < 0
2 n

32

a r a s = a r + s (a > 0, r , s Q ) .
r s
rs
(2) (a ) = a (a > 0, r , s Q ) .
(1)

(3) (ab ) r = a r b r (a > 0, b > 0, r Q) .

a0p ap
.
33.

log a N = b a b = N ( a > 0, a 1, N > 0) .

34.

log m N
( a > 0 , a 1 , m > 0 , m 1 , N > 0 ).
log m a
n
n
log am b = loga b ( a > 0 , a > 1 , m, n > 0 , m 1, n 1 , N > 0 ).
m
loga N =

35
a0a1M0N0
(1) loga ( MN ) = loga M + loga N ;

M
= loga M loga N ;
N
(3) loga M n = n loga M (n R ) .
(2) loga

36. f ( x ) = log m ( ax + bx + c)( a 0) , = b 4ac . f ( x )

R , a > 0 < 0 ; f ( x) R , a > 0 0 . a = 0 ,

.
37.

1
, y = log ax (bx )
a
1
1
(1) a > b , (0, ) ( , + ) y = log ax (bx ) .
a
a
1
1
(2) a < b , (0, ) ( , + ) y = log ax (bx ) .
a
a
a > 0,b > 0, x > 0, x

: n > m > 1 p > 0 a > 0 a 1

1 logm + p (n + p ) < logm n .

2 log a m loga n < loga

m+n
.
2

38.
N p x y

y = N (1 + p ) x .
39. n

n =1
s1 ,
( {an } n sn = a1 + a2 + + an ).
an =
sn sn 1 , n 2
40.

an = a1 + (n 1)d = dn + a1 d ( n N * )
n

n(a1 + an )
n (n 1)
= na1 +
d
2
2
d
1
= n 2 + ( a1 d )n .
2
2
sn =

41.

an = a1q n 1 =

a1 n
q (n N * )
q

a1 (1 q n )
,q 1

sn = 1 q
na , q = 1
1
a1 an q
,q 1

sn = 1 q
.
na , q = 1
1
42. {an }: an +1 = qan + d , a1 = b( q 0)
b + ( n 1) d , q = 1

an = bq n + (d b)q n1 d

,
q

q 1

nb + n( n 1) d , ( q = 1)

.
sn =
d 1 qn
d
(
b

)
+
n, (q 1)

1 q q 1 1 q

43.()

ab(1 + b)n
x =
( a , n , b ).
(1 + b) n 1
44

1 x (0,

) sin x < x < tan x .

2

) 1 < sin x + cos x 2 .

2
(3) | sin x | + | cos x | 1.
(2) x (0,

45.

sin 2 + cos 2 = 1 tan =

sin
tan cot = 1 .
cos

46.
n

2
(

1)
sin ,
n

sin( + ) =
n 1
2
( 1) 2 co s ,

(n )
(n )
(n )
(n )

n
( 1) 2 co s ,
co s(
+) =
n +1
2
( 1) 2 sin ,

47.

sin( ) = sin cos cos sin ;

cos( ) = cos cos sin sin ;
tan tan
tan( ) =
.
1 tan tan
sin( + ) sin( ) = sin 2 sin 2 ();
cos( + ) cos( ) = cos2 sin 2 .

a sin + b cos = a 2 + b2 sin( + ) ( (a, b)

b
, tan =
).
a
48.

sin 2 = sin cos .

cos 2 = cos2 sin2 = 2cos2 1 = 1 2sin2 .
2 tan
tan 2 =
.
1 tan 2
49.

) sin( + ) .
3
3

cos 3 = 4cos3 3cos = 4cos cos( ) cos( + )

3
3

sin 3 = 3sin 4 sin 3 = 4 sin sin(

tan 3 =

3 tan tan 3

= tan tan( ) tan( + ) .

2
1 3 tan
3
3

50.
y = sin( x + ) xR y = cos( x + ) xR(A,, A0
0) T =

y = tan( x + ) x k + , k Z (A,, A

00) T =

51.

a
b
c
=
=
= 2R .
sin A sin B sin C
52.

a 2 = b2 + c 2 2bc cos A ;
b2 = c2 + a2 2ca cos B ;
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2 ab cos C .
53.

1
1
1
aha = bhb = chc hahbhc abc .
2
2
2
1
1
1
2 S = ab sin C = bc sin A = ca sin B .
2
2
2

1
(3) SOAB =
(| OA | | OB |)2 (OA OB)2 .
2
1 S =

54.
ABC A + B + C = C = ( A + B)

C A+ B
2C = 2 2( A + B ) .
=
2 2
2

55.

sin x = a x = k + ( 1) k arcsin a ( k Z ,| a | 1) .
co s x = a x = 2 k arccos a( k Z ,| a | 1) .
tan x = a x = k + arctan a (k Z , a R ) .
,

sin = sin = k + ( 1) k ( k Z ) .
co s = cos = 2k ( k Z ) .
tan = tan = k + ( k Z ) .
56.

sin x > a(| a | 1) x (2k + arcsin a, 2k + arcsin a), k Z .

sin x < a (| a | 1) x (2 k arcsin a, 2k + arcsin a ), k Z .
cos x > a (| a | 1) x (2k arccos a , 2k + arccosa ),k Z .
cos x < a (| a | 1) x (2k + arccos a , 2k + 2 arccosa ),k Z .

tan x > a (a R ) x (k + arctan a , k + ), k Z .

2

tan x < a (a R ) x (k , k + arctan a ), k Z .

2
57.

(1) (a)=()a;
(2)(+)a=a+a;
(3)(a+b)=a+b.
58.
(1) ab= b a ;
(2) ab= ab= ab= a b;
(3)a+bc= a c +bc.

59.
e1e 2
1 2 a=1 e1 +2e2
e1e2
60
a= ( x1 , y1 ) ,b= ( x2 , y2 ) b 0 a b(b 0) x 1 y2 x2 y1 = 0 .
53. a b ()
ab=|a||b|cos
b
61. ab
b a |aa| b a |b
b|cos
ab
62.
(1) a= ( x1 , y1 ) ,b= ( x2 , y 2 ) a+b= ( x1 + x2 , y1 + y 2 ) .
(2) a= ( x1 , y1 ) ,b= ( x2 , y 2 ) a-b= ( x1 x2 , y1 y 2 ) .

(3) A ( x1 , y1 ) B ( x2 , y2 ) , AB = OB OA = ( x2 x1 , y2 y1 ) .
(4) a= ( x , y ), R a= ( x, y ) .
(5) a= ( x1 , y1 ) ,b= ( x2 , y 2 ) ab= ( x1 x2 + y1 y2 ) .
63.

cos =

x1 x2 + y1 y2
2
1

x + y12 x22 + y22

(a= ( x1 , y1 ) ,b= ( x2 , y 2 ) ).

64.

d A, B = | AB |= AB AB

= ( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2 (A ( x1 , y1 ) B ( x2 , y2 ) ).
65.
a= ( x1 , y1 ) ,b= ( x2 , y2 ) b 0
A||b b=a x 1 y2 x2 y1 = 0 .
a b(a 0) ab=0 x 1 x2 + y1 y2 = 0 .
66.

P1 ( x1 , y1 ) P2 ( x2 , y2 ) P ( x , y ) P1 P2 , PP
= PP2
1

x1 + x2

x = 1 +
OP + OP
2
OP = 1

y
+

y
1
+

2
y = 1
1+

1
.
OP = tOP1 + (1 t )OP2 t =
1+
67.
ABC A(x1 ,y1 ) B(x2 ,y2 ) C(x3 ,y3 ),ABC
G (

x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3
,
).
3
3

68.
'
'

x = x + h
x = x h
'

OP
= OP + PP ' .
'
'
y = y + k
y = y k
'

'

'

'

: F P(xy) F P ( x , y ) PP '

 (h, k ) .
69.
'

1 P ( x , y ) a= (h, k ) P ( x + h, y + k ) .
'

'

(2) y = f ( x) C a= ( h, k ) C , C
y = f ( x h) + k .
(3) C ' a= (h, k ) C , C y = f ( x) , C '
y = f ( x + h) k .
'

'

(4) C : f ( x, y ) = 0 a= ( h, k ) C , C

f ( x h, y k ) = 0 .
(5) m= ( x , y ) a= (h, k ) m= ( x, y) .
70.
O ABC A, B, C a, b, c

2 2 2

2 O ABC OA + OB + OC = 0 .

3 O ABC OA OB = OB OC = OC OA .

4 O ABC aOA + bOB + cOC = 0 .

5 O ABC A aOA = bOB + cOC .
1 O ABC OA = OB = OC .

71.
2

1 a, b R a + b 2ab ( ab =)

a +b
ab ( ab =)
2
3
3
3
3 a + b + c 3abc ( a > 0, b > 0, c > 0).
2 a, b R +

(a 2 + b 2 )(c 2 + d 2 ) (ac + bd )2 , a , b , c , d R.
5 a b a + b a + b .
72.
x, y
1 xy p x = y x + y 2 p
2 x + y s x = y xy

1 2
s .
4

x, y R ( x + y ) 2 = ( x y ) 2 + 2 xy
1 xy , | x y | , | x + y |
| x y | , | x + y | .
2 | x + y | , | x y | , | xy |
| x y | , | xy | .
73. ax + bx + c > 0( < 0) (a 0, = b 4ac > 0) a
2

ax2 + bx + c a ax2 + bx + c
. .

x1 < x < x2 ( x x1 )( x x2 ) < 0( x1 < x2 )

x < x1 , x > x2 ( x x1 )( x x2 ) > 0( x1 < x2 ) .
74.
a> 0

x < a x2 < a a < x < a .

x > a x2 > a2 x > a x < a .

75.
1

f ( x) 0

f ( x) > g ( x) g ( x) 0
.
f ( x) > g ( x)

f ( x) 0
f ( x) 0

f ( x) > g ( x) g ( x) 0

.
g
(
x
)
<
0

f ( x) > [ g ( x)]2

f ( x) 0

f ( x) < g ( x) g ( x) > 0
.
f ( x) < [ g ( x)]2

76.
(1) a > 1 ,

a f ( x ) > a g ( x ) f ( x) > g ( x) ;
f ( x) > 0

log a f ( x) > log a g ( x ) g ( x ) > 0

.
f ( x ) > g (x )

(2) 0 < a < 1 ,

a f ( x ) > a g ( x ) f ( x) < g ( x) ;
f ( x) > 0

log a f ( x) > log a g ( x ) g ( x ) > 0

f ( x) < g ( x)

77.

k=

y2 y1
P1 ( x1 , y1 ) P2 ( x2 , y2 ) .
x2 x1

78.
1 y y1 = k ( x x1 ) ( l P1 ( x1 , y1 ) k )
2 y = kx + b (b l y ).

y y1
x x1
=
( y y2 )( P1 ( x1 , y1 ) P2 ( x2 , y2 ) ( x1 x2 )).
y2 y1 x2 x1 1
x y
(4)
+ = 1 ( ab ab 0 )
a b
5 Ax + By + C = 0 ( AB 0).
3

79.
(1) l1 : y = k1 x + b1 l2 : y = k2 x + b2
l1 || l2 k1 = k2 , b1 b2 ;
l1 l2 k1k2 = 1 .
(2) l1 : A1 x + B1 y + C1 = 0 , l2 : A2 x + B 2 y + C2 = 0 , A1 A2B1B2 ,

A1 B1 C1
=

A2 B2 C2
l1 l2 A1 A2 + B1 B2 = 0
l1 || l2

80.

k2 k1
|.
1 + k 2 k1
( l1 : y = k1 x + b1 l2 : y = k2 x + b2 , k1k 2 1 )
A B A2 B1
(2) tan =| 1 2
|.
A1 A2 + B1 B2
( l1 : A1 x + B1 y + C1 = 0 , l2 : A2 x + B 2 y + C2 = 0 , A1 A2 + B1 B2 0 ).

l1 l2 l1 l2 .
2
81. l1 l2
k k1
(1) tan = 2
.
1 + k 2 k1
( l1 : y = k1 x + b1 l2 : y = k2 x + b2 , k1k 2 1 )
A B A2 B1
(2) tan = 1 2
.
A1 A2 + B1 B2
( l1 : A1 x + B1 y + C1 = 0 , l2 : A2 x + B 2 y + C2 = 0 , A1 A2 + B1 B2 0 ).

l1 l2 l1 l2 .
2
(1) tan =|

82
(1) P0 ( x0 , y0 ) y y0 = k ( x x 0 ) (

x = x0 ), k ; P0 ( x0 , y0 )
A( x x0 ) + B ( y y0 ) = 0 , A, B
(2) l1 : A1 x + B1 y + C1 = 0 , l2 : A2 x + B 2 y + C2 = 0
( A1 x + B1 y + C1 ) + ( A2 x + B2 y + C 2 ) = 0 ( l2 )
(3) y = kx + b k b
Ax + By + C = 0 Ax + By + = 0 ( 0 )

(4) Ax + By + C = 0 (A0B0)

Bx Ay + = 0 ,
83.

| Ax0 + By0 + C |

( P( x0 , y0 ) , l Ax + By + C = 0 ).
A2 + B2
84. Ax + By + C > 0 < 0
l : Ax + By + C = 0 Ax + By + C > 0 < 0
B 0 B Ax + By + C l B
Ax + By + C l .,,.
B = 0 A Ax + By + C l A
Ax + By + C l . ,,.
85. ( A1 x + B1 y + C1 )( A2 x + B2 y + C2 ) > 0 < 0

d=

 C : ( A1 x + B1 y + C1 )( A2 x + B2 y + C2 ) = 0 A1 A2 B1 B2 0

( A1 x + B1 y + C1 )( A2 x + B2 y + C2 ) > 0 < 0
( A1 x + B1 y + C1 )( A2 x + B2 y + C2 ) > 0
( A1 x + B1 y + C1 )( A2 x + B2 y + C2 ) < 0 .
86.
2

1 ( x a ) + ( y b ) = r .
2

2 x + y + Dx + Ey + F = 0 ( D + E 4 F 0).

x = a + r cos
.
y = b + r sin
4 ( x x1 )( x x2 ) + ( y y1 )( y y2 ) = 0 (
3

A( x1 , y1 ) B( x2 , y 2 ) ).
87.
(1) A( x1 , y1 ) , B( x2 , y 2 )

( x x1 )( x x2 ) + ( y y1 )( y y2 ) + [( x x1 )( y1 y 2 ) ( y y1 )(x1 x 2 )] = 0
( x x1 )( x x2 ) + ( y y1 )( y y 2 ) + (ax + by + c ) = 0 , ax + by + c = 0
AB ,
2
2
(2) l : Ax + By + C = 0 C : x + y + Dx + Ey + F = 0
2

x + y + Dx + Ey + F + ( Ax + By + C ) = 0 ,
(3) C1 : x 2 + y 2 + D1 x + E1 y + F1 = 0 C 2 : x 2 + y 2 + D2 x + E2 y + F2 = 0
2

x + y + D1 x + E1 y + F1 + ( x + y + D2 x + E2 y + F2 ) = 0 ,

88.
2

P( x0 , y0 ) ( x a ) + ( y b) = r

( a x0 ) 2 + (b y0 ) 2
d > r P ; d = r P ; d < r P .

d =

89.
Ax + By + C = 0 ( x a) 2 + ( y b) 2 = r 2 :

d > r < 0 ;
d = r = 0 ;
d < r > 0 .
Aa + Bb + C
d =
.
A2 + B 2
90.
O1O2 r1 r2 O1O2 = d

d > r1 + r2 4 ;
d = r1 + r2 3;
r1 r2 < d < r1 + r2 2 ;
d = r1 r2 1 ;

0 < d < r1 r2 .
91.

(1) x + y + Dx + Ey + F = 0
( x0 , y0 )

D ( x0 + x) E ( y0 + y)
+
+ F = 0.
2
2
D ( x0 + x) E ( y0 + y )
( x0 , y0 ) , x0 x + y0 y +
+
+ F = 0
2
2
x0 x + y0 y +

y y0 = k ( x x 0 ) k
y
k y = kx + b b
(2) x 2 + y 2 = r 2
P0 ( x0 , y0 ) x0 x + y0 y = r 2 ;
2

k y = kx r 1 + k .
92.

x = a cos
x2 y 2
.
+ 2 = 1( a > b > 0)
2
a b
y = b sin

x2 y 2
+
= 1( a > b > 0)
a2 b2
a2
a2

PF1 = e( x + ) PF 2 = e( x ) .
c
c

93.

94

x2 y 2
+
= 1( a > b > 0)
a2 b2
x2 y 2
2 P( x0 , y0 ) 2 + 2 = 1( a > b > 0)
a b
1 P( x0 , y0 )

x02 y02
+
< 1.
a2 b2
x02 y02
+
> 1.
a2 b2

95.

x2 y 2
xx y y
+ 2 = 1( a > b > 0) P( x0 , y0 ) 02 + 02 = 1 .
2
a b
a
b
2
2
x
y
2 2 + 2 = 1( a > b > 0) P( x0 , y0 )
a b
x0 x y 0 y
+ 2 = 1.
a2
b
x2 y 2
3 2 + 2 = 1( a > b > 0) Ax + By + C = 0
a b
2 2
2 2
2
A a +B b =c .
x2 y2
96. 2 2 = 1( a > 0, b > 0)
a b
a2
a2
PF1 =| e ( x + ) | PF2 =| e ( x ) | .
c
c
(1)

97.

x2 y2
x02 y 02
(1) P( x0 , y0 ) 2 2 = 1( a > 0, b > 0) 2 2 > 1 .
a b
a b

x2 y2
x02 y 02
(2) P( x0 , y0 ) 2 2 = 1( a > 0, b > 0) 2 2 < 1 .
a b
a b
98.

x2 y2
x2 y 2
b

2 =1
2 = 0 y = x.
2
2
a
b
a b
a
2
2
x y
x
y
b
(2) y = x = 0 2 2 = .
a
a b
a
b
2
2
2
2
x
y
x
y
(3) 2 2 = 1 2 2 = > 0 x
a
b
a
b
< 0 y .
(1

99.

x2 y2
xx y y
2 = 1(a > 0, b > 0) P( x0 , y0 ) 02 02 = 1 .
2
a b
a
b
x2 y2
2 2 2 = 1( a > 0, b > 0) P( x0 , y0 )
a b
x0 x y 0 y
2 = 1.
a2
b
x2 y2
3 2 2 = 1(a > 0, b > 0) Ax + By + C = 0
a b
2 2
2 2
2
A a B b =c .
100. y 2 = 2 px
p
y 2 = 2 px ( p > 0) CF = x0 + .
2
p
p
CD = x1 + + x 2 + = x1 + x 2 + p .
2
2
2
y
2
2
101. y = 2 px P ( , y ) P ( 2 pt ,2 pt ) P ( x , y )
2p
y2 = 2 px .
(1)

b 2 4ac b2
102. y = ax + bx + c = a( x + ) +
(a 0) 1
2a
4a
b 4ac b2
b 4ac b 2 + 1
(
,
) 2 ( ,
) 3
2a
4a
2a
4a
4 ac b2 1
y=
.
4a
2

103.
2

(1) P( x0 , y0 ) y = 2 px ( p > 0) y < 2 px ( p > 0) .

2

P( x0 , y0 ) y = 2 px ( p > 0) y > 2 px ( p > 0) .

2

(2) P( x0 , y0 ) y = 2 px ( p > 0) y < 2 px ( p > 0) .

2

P( x0 , y0 ) y = 2 px ( p > 0) y > 2 px ( p > 0) .

2

(3) P( x0 , y0 ) x = 2 py ( p > 0) x < 2 py ( p > 0) .

2

P( x0 , y0 ) x = 2 py ( p > 0) x > 2 py( p > 0) .

(4) P( x0 , y0 ) x = 2 py ( p > 0) x < 2 py( p > 0) .

2

P( x0 , y0 ) x = 2 py ( p > 0) x > 2 py( p > 0) .

104.
2

(1) y = 2 px P( x0 , y0 ) y0 y = p ( x + x0 ) .
2

2 y = 2 px P( x0 , y0 ) y0 y = p(x + x0 ) .
2

3 y = 2 px ( p > 0) Ax + By + C = 0 pB = 2 AC .
105.
(1) f1 ( x , y ) = 0 , f 2 ( x, y ) = 0

f1 ( x, y) + f2 ( x, y) = 0 ( ).
x2
y2
+
= 1 , k < max{a 2 , b2 } .
2
2
a k b k
k > min{a 2 , b2 } ,; min{a 2 , b2 } < k < max{a2 , b2 } ,.
(2)

106.

AB = ( x1 x2 ) 2 + ( y1 y2 )2

AB = (1 + k 2 )( x2 x1 ) 2 =| x1 x2 | 1 + tan 2 =| y1 y 2 | 1 + co t 2
y = kx + b
2
y ax + bx + c = 0 > 0 ,
F( x , y ) = 0

A ( x1 , y1 ), B ( x 2 , y 2 )

AB k .
107.
1 F ( x, y ) = 0 P( x0 , y0 ) F (2 x0 -x, 2 y0 y) = 0 .
2 F ( x, y ) = 0 Ax + By + C = 0

F (x

2 A( Ax + By + C )
2B ( Ax + By + C )
,y
) =0.
2
2
A +B
A2 + B 2

108.
2

Ax + Bxy + Cy + Dx + Ey + F = 0 x0 x x y0 y

x0 y + xy0
x +x
y +y
xy 0
x 0
y
2
2
2
x y + xy0
x +x
y +y
Ax0 x + B 0
+ Cy0 y + D 0
+E 0
+ F = 0
2
2
2
y 2

.
109
1
2
3
4
5.
110
1
2
3.
111
1
2
3.
112

1
2
3
4 .
113
1
2
3
4
5.
114
1
2.
115.
(1)ab=ba
(2)(ab)c=a(bc)
(3)(ab)=ab
116.

.
117.
b(b
b00 )a
ab
b a=b
b
ab

PAB AP || AB AP = t AB OP = (1 t )OA + tOB .


AB || CD AB CD ABCD AB = tCD ABCD .

118.
p ab x, y , p = ax + by

P MAB x, y , MP = xMA + yMB

O x, y OP = OM + xMA + yMB .
119. O A B C

OP = xOA + yOB + zOC x + y + z = k k = 1 O PABC
k 1 O ABC PABC O ABC P
ABC

ABCD AD AB AC AD = x AB + y AC

OD = (1 x y )OA + xOB + yOC O ABC.

120.
abc p x
yz pxaybzc
OABC P

xyz OP = xOA + yOB + zOC .

121.

'

AB =a l e l l . A l A B
'

l B

A' B ' =| AB | cos ae=ae

122.
a ( a1 , a2 , a3 ) b (b1 , b2 , b3 )
(1)ab ( a1 + b1 , a2 + b2 , a3 + b3 )

(2)ab ( a1 b1 , a2 b2 , a3 b3 )
(3)a ( a1, a2 , a3 ) (R)
(4)ab a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3
123. A ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) B ( x2 , y2 , z2 )

AB = OB OA = ( x2 x1 , y 2 y1 , z 2 z1 ) .

124

a = ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) b = ( x2 , y 2 , z 2 )

x1 = x2
r r
r
r r r

a P b a = b(b 0) y1 = y2
z = z
1
2
r r
r r
a b a b = 0 x1 x2 + y1 y2 + z1 z2 = 0 .
125.
a ( a1 , a2 , a3 ) b (b1 , b2 , b3 )

a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3

cosab=

a12 + a22 + a32 b12 + b22 + b32

2

(a1b1 + a 2b2 + a3b3 ) (a1 + a2 + a3 )(b1 + b2 + b3 ) .

126.
ABCD , AC BD ,

cos =

| ( AB 2 + CD 2 ) ( BC 2 + DA 2 ) |
.
2 AC BD

127

r r
cos =| cos a , b |
r r
| ab |
| x1 x2 + y1 y2 + z1 z2 |
= r
r =
2
| a ||b|
x1 + y12 + z12 x 2 2 + y 2 2 + z 2 2
o

r r

0 < 90 a,b a, b a,b

128. AB

AB m
= arc sin ( m ).
| AB || m |
129. ABC AB , AC , BC
1 2 , AB ABC
sin 2 1 + sin 2 2 = (sin 2 A + sin 2 B) sin 2 .

, ACB = 90 ,

sin 2 1 + sin 2 2 = sin 2 .

130. ABC AB , AC , BC
'
'
1 2 , AB ABO
tan 2 1 + tan 2 2 = (sin 2 A' + sin 2 B' ) tan 2 .

, AOB = 90 ,

sin 2 1 + sin 2 2 = sin 2 .

131. l



mn
mn
= arc cos arc cos m n .
| m || n |
| m || n |
132.
AC BCAC C AO AB 1 AB
AC 2 AO AC cos = cos1 cos 2 .
133.
1 , 2 ,
2

sin sin = sin 1 + sin 2 2 sin 1 sin 2 cos ;

| 1 2 | 180 (1 + 2 ) ( = 90 ).
134.
A ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) B ( x2 , y2 , z2 )

d A, B = | AB |= AB AB = ( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y2 y1 ) 2 + ( z2 z1 ) 2 .
135. Q l

1
h=
(| a || b |) 2 ( a b) 2 ( P l l a= PA
|a|

b= PQ ).
136.

| CD n |

d=
( l1 , l2 n CD l1 , l2 d
|n|
l1 , l2 ).
137. B

| AB n |

n AB A .
d=
|n|
138.

d = h2 + m2 + n2 2mn cos .

d = h + m + n 2mn cos EA' , AF .
2

d = h 2 + m 2 + n 2 2mn cos = E AA' F .

( ab AA' h. ab
'

EF A E = m , AF = n , EF = d ).
139.

2 2 2

(a + b + c ) 2 = a + b + c + 2 a b + 2 b c + 2 c a
2 2 2






= a + b + c + 2 | a | | b | cos a, b + 2 | b | | c | cos b, c + 2 | c | | a | cos c , a

140. l l1l2l3
1 2 3 ,

l 2 = l12 + l22 + l32 cos2 1 + cos2 2 + cos2 3 = 1 sin 2 1 + sin 2 2 + sin 2 3 = 2 .

.
141.

S'
.
S=
cos
'

( S S ).
142.
l , S V ,
c1 S1 ,
S = c1l .
V = S1l .
143
.
144

145.()
V + F E = 2 ( V E F).
1 E = ., n F
E E =

1
nF
2

2 m V E E =

1
mV .
2

146. R

4 3
R ,
3
S = 4 R 2
V =

147.
(1):
.
(2):
,
, .
(3) :
a

6
6
a ,
a.
12
4

148

1
V = Sh S h .
3
1
V = Sh S h .
3
149.
N = m1 + m2 + + mn .
150.
N = m1 m2 mn .
151.

Anm = n(n 1) (n m + 1) =

n
.( n m N* m n )
( n m )

: 0!= 1 .
152.
m

m 1

(1 An = ( n m + 1) An

n
Anm1 ;
nm
m
m 1
3 An = nAn 1 ;
2 Anm =

n +1

4 nAn = An +1 An ;
m

m 1

5 An +1 = An + mAn

(6) 1!+ 2 2!+ 3 3!+ + n n ! = (n + 1)! 1.

153.

C nm =

Anm n(n 1) (n m + 1)
n
=
=
( n N* m N m n ).
m
Am
1 2 m
m (n m)

154.
m

nm

(1) C n = C n
(2) C

m
n +

m1
=
n

C nm+1 .

: C n = 1 .
155.

n m + 1 m 1
Cn ;
m
n
2 Cnm =
Cnm1 ;
n m
n m 1
m
3 Cn = Cn 1 ;
m
1 Cnm =

r
n

=2 ;

r =0

5 C r + C r +1 + C r + 2 + + C n = C n +1 .
r

r +1

(6) C n + C n + C n + + C n + + C n = 2 .
0

(7) C n1 + C n3 + C n5 + = C n0 + C n2 + C n4 + 2 n 1 .
(8) C n + 2C n + 3C n + + nC n = n 2
1

n 1

(9) C m C n + C m C n + + C m C n = C m + n .
r

r 1

0r

(10) (C n0 ) 2 + (C n1 ) 2 + (C n2 ) 2 + + (C nn ) 2 = C 2nn .
156.

Anm = m Cnm .
157
n m .
1

m1

m 1

An 1 An An 1

= An1 1 Anm11 = Anm1 + A1m1 Anm11 .

2
k

m k

k ( k m n) Ak An k .
n k +1

n k An k +1 Ak .

kh k h + 1 k
Ahh Ahk +1 .
3
m n

Amn +1
n > m + 1 n m + 1
= C mn +1 .
n
An
4 m n

n
m+n .

158
1() m n m n
n
n
n
n
n
N = C mn
C mn
n C mn 2 n C 2 n C n =

( mn)!
.
( n!) m

2() m n m

n
n
n
n
n
Cmn
Cmn
( mn )!
n Cmn 2 n ... C 2 n C n
=
.
m!
m!(n!)m
3() P(P=n1 +n2 + +nm ) m
n1 n2 nm n1 n2 nm m
p! m!
N = C np C np n ...Cnn m!=
.
n1!n 2 !...nm !
4() P(P=n1 +n2 + +nm ) m
n1 n2 nm n1 n2 nm m abc

N=

N =

C np1 C np2n1 ...Cnnmm m!

p !m !
.
=
a!b!c!...
n1 !n2 !...nm !( a ! b! c!...)

5( ) P(P=n1 +n2 + +nm ) n1

n2 nm m n1 n2 nm m
p!
N =
.
n1!n2 !...nm !
6() P(P=n1 +n2 + +nm ) n1
n2 nm m n1 n2 nm m abc
p!
N =
.
n1!n2!...nm!(a!b!c!...)
7() p p = n1 +n2 + +nm
m n1 n2 n3
n1 n2 nm m

N = C np1 C np2 n1 ...Cnnmm =

p!
.
n1!n2!...nm!

159
: n n

1 1 1
1
+ + ( 1) n ] .
2! 3! 4!
n!
: n n , m

f (n) = n ![

f (n, m ) = n ! C m1 (n 1)!+ C m2 (n 2)! C m3 (n 3)!+ C m4 (n 4)!

+ (1) p Cmp ( n p)!+ + (1)m Cmm ( n m )!
= n ![1

p
m
Cm1 Cm2 Cm3 Cm4
p Cm
m Cm
+

+
(

1)
+

+
(

1)
].
An1 An2 An2 An4
Anp
Anm

160 x1 +x2 + +xn = m

(1) x1 +x2 + +xn = m n, m N C m1 .
n 1

(2) x1 +x2 + +xn = m n, m N C n+ m1 .

n 1

(3) x1 +x2 + +xn = m n, m N xi k ( k N , 2 i n 1 )

C mn+11 ( n 2)( k 1) .

(4) x1 +x2 + +xn = m n, m N xi k ( k N , 2 i n 1 )

C n+ m1 C n 2 C m+ nk 2 + C n 2 C m +n 2k 3 + (1)
n 1

n 1

n 1

n2

C nn22C mn+11 (n 2)k .

161.

(a + b) n = C n0 a n + C n1 a n 1b + Cn2 a n 2 b 2 + + C nr a n r b r + + C nn b n ;

Tr +1 = C nr a n r b r (r = 0
1
2 n) .
162.

P( A) =

m
.
n

163. AB
P(AB)=P(A)P(B)
164. n
P(A1A2An)=P(A1)P(A2)P(An)
165. AB
P(AB)= P(A)P(B).
166.n
P(A1 A2 An)=P(A1) P(A2) P(An)
167.n k

Pn (k ) = Cnk P k (1 P)n k .
168.
1 Pi 0(i = 1, 2,) ;
2 P1 + P2 + = 1 .
169.

E = x1 P1 + x2 P2 + + xn Pn +

170.
1 E (a + b) = aE ( ) + b .
2 B( n, p ) , E = np .
(3) , P( = k ) = g (k , p ) = q

k 1

p E =

1
.
p

171.
2

D = ( x1 E ) p1 + ( x2 E ) p2 + + ( xn E ) p n +
172.

= D .
173.
2

(1) D ( a + b ) = a D
(2 B (n, p ) D = np (1 p) .
(3) , P (

= k ) = g (k , p ) = q k 1 p D =

q
.
p2

174.
2

D = E 2 ( E ) .
175.

1
f ( x) =
e
2 6

( x )
26

, x ( , + ) >0

.
176.

f ( x) =

x2
2

e , x ( , + ) .
2 6
2
177. N ( , ) x
x
F (x) =
.

P (x1 < x0 < x 2 ) = P (x < x 2 ) P (x < x1 )

= F ( x2 ) F ( x1 )
x
x1
= 2

.


178.
n
n

x
y

y
xi yi nx y
(
)(
)

i
i

i =1
i =1
= n
n
y = a + bx b =
2
.

xi x )
xi 2 nx 2
(

i =1
i =1

a = y bx

179.
n

( x x )( y
i

r=

i y)

( x x )( y
i

i =1

n
2

(x x) ( y
i

i =1

i =1

y)

y)

i =1

n
2

( xi nx )( yi ny )
i =1

i =1

|r|1|r| 1|r| 0.
180.

| q |< 1

1 lim q = 1
n

q =1

| q |< 1 q = 1

ak n + ak 1n + + a0 at
2 lim
=
n b nt + b n t 1 + + b
t
t 1
0
bk

3 S = lim
n

a1 (1 q n )
1 q

x x0

x x0

182.
f(x)g(x)h(x) x0
1 g ( x) f ( x) h( x) ;
2 lim g ( x) = a, lim h( x) = a ,
x x0

lim f ( x) = a .
x x0

x .
183.

1
= 0 lim a n = 0 | a |< 1
n
n
1 1
2 lim x = x0 lim =
.
x x0
x x0 x
x0
1 lim

184.

sin x
=1
x 0
x

1 lim

1
2 lim 1 + = e (e=2.718281845).
x
x
185.
lim f ( x) = a lim g ( x) = b
x x0

x x0

(1) lim f ( x ) g ( x ) = a b
x x0

(2) lim f ( x ) g ( x ) = a b ;
x x0

(3) lim

x x0

f (x) a
= (b 0 ) .
g ( x) b

186.
lim an = a, lim bn = b
n

(1) lim ( an bn ) = a b
n

(k > t )

lim f ( x) = a lim f ( x) = lim+ f ( x) = a .

x x0

(k = t ) .

a1
n 1
S a1q } ( | q |< 1 ).
1 q

181.
x x0

(k < t )

k 1

(2) lim ( an bn ) = a b
n

an a
= (b 0)
n b
b
n
(4) lim ( c an ) = lim c lim an = c a ( c ).

(3) lim

187. f ( x ) x0

f ( x0 ) = y

x = x0

f ( x0 + x) f ( x0 )
y
= lim
.
x 0 x
x 0
x

= lim

188.

s
s (t + t ) s (t )
= lim
.
t 0 t
t 0
t

= s (t ) = lim

189.

v
v( t + t ) v( t )
= lim
.
t 0 t
t 0
t
190. f ( x ) (a , b )
dy df
y
f ( x + x) f ( x)
f ( x ) = y =
=
= lim
= lim
.
dx dx x 0 x x 0
x
191. y = f ( x ) x0

a = v( t) = lim

y = f ( x ) x0 y = f ( x ) P ( x0 , f ( x0 ))

f ( x0 ) y y0 = f ( x0 )( x x0 ) .
192.
(1) C = 0 C .
(2) ( xn )' = nx n 1 ( n Q ) .
(3) (sin x ) = cos x .
(4) (cos x ) = sin x .

1
1
e
(log a x ) = log a .
x
x
x
x
x
x
(6) (e ) = e ; ( a ) = a ln a .

(5) (ln x ) =

193.
'

'

'

1 (u v ) = u v .
'

'

'

2 (uv) = u v + uv .

u
v

3 ( ) ' =

u 'v uv '
(v 0) .
v2

194.
u = ( x ) x u x ' = ' ( x) y = f (u ) x U
yu ' = f ' (u ) y = f ( ( x)) x y x' = yu' u x'

f x' ( ( x )) = f ' (u ) ' ( x ) .

195. x

1 n
1
x ; 1+ x 1+ x
2
n
1

(2) (1 + x ) 1 + x ( R )
1 x
1+ x
(1) 1 + x 1 +

(3) e 1 + x
(4) ln (1 + x ) x
(5) sin x x x
(6) tan x x x
(7) arctan x x x
196. f ( x0 )
f ( x ) x0
1 x0 f ( x ) > 0 f ( x ) < 0 f ( x0 )
2 x0 f ( x ) < 0 f ( x ) > 0 f ( x0 ) .
197.

a + bi = c + di a = c, b = d . a , b , c , d R
198. z = a + bi
| z | = | a + bi | = a 2 + b2 .
199.
(1) (a + bi) + (c + di) = ( a + c) + (b + d )i ;
(2) (a + bi ) (c + di ) = ( a c ) + (b d )i ;
(3) (a + bi )(c + di ) = (ac bd ) + (bc + ad )i ;
(4) (a + bi ) (c + di ) =

ac + bd bc ad
+
i (c + di 0) .
c2 + d 2 c2 + d 2

200.
z1 , z2 , z3 C
: z1 z2 = z2 z1 .
: ( z1 z 2 ) z 3 = z1 ( z 2 z3 ) .
: z1 ( z 2 + z3 ) = z1 z 2 + z1 z3 .
201.

d =| z1 z 2 |= ( x2 x1 )2 + ( y2 y1 )2 z1 = x1 + y1i z2 = x2 + y2 i .
202.

z1 = a + bi z2 = c + di OZ1 OZ 2

z
OZ1 OZ 2 z1 z2 2 | z1 + z2 |2 =| z1 |2 + | z2 |2
z1

| z1 z2 |2 =| z1 |2 + | z2 |2 | z1 + z2 |=| z1 z2 | ac + bd = 0 z1 = iz2 (
).
203.
2

ax + bx + c = 0

b b 2 4ac
= b 4 ac > 0 , x1,2 =
;
2a
b
= b 2 4 ac = 0 , x1 = x2 =
;
2a
2
= b 4 ac < 0 R C
2

x =

b (b 2 4ac) i 2
(b 4 ac < 0) .
2a