SIMULATION OF PHOTONIC CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND DESIGN OF FSS

RAJ KUMAR (2011EE10474) WEDNESDAY LAB

1. Simulation of 2D photonic crystals

AIM
Given two types of photonic crystals lattices 1) A square lattice of dielectric cylinders (Epsilon)r = (Epsilon)1 , r1 2) A triangular lattice of air holes (radius r2) in a dielectric medium with (Epsilon)r = (Epsilon)2. To setup a simulation code to calculate the first 6 bands for both polarizations and 1) Plot the dielectric function with five periods in each lattice direction. 2) Plot the dispersion diagram, and mark the band gaps if any. 3) At the X reciprocal lattice point, plot Ez for TM polarization and Hz for TE polarization for all six bands 4) At K-1, X(K-6), M(K-11) reciprocal lattice points, plot the time-averaged electric field energy density for the first two bands.

Obtained graphs and data For Square lattice of dielectric cylinders

Given (Epsilon)r = 5 and r = 0.4a

MPB CODE
Given (Epsilon)r = 5 and r = 0.4a

a. For square lattice

(set! num-bands 6) (set! k-points (list (vector3 0 0 0) (vector3 0.5 0 0) ; Gamma ;X

(vector3 0.5 0.5 0) ; M (vector3 0 0 0))) (set! k-points (interpolate 4 k-points)) (set! geometry (list (make cylinder (center 0 0 0) (radius 0.4) (height infinity) (material (make dielectric (epsilon 5)))))) ; as given radius 0.4 and epsilon = 5. (set! geometry-lattice (make lattice (size 1 1 no-size))) (set! resolution 32) ;at X point plot Ez for TM and Hz for TE for all six bands (run-te (output-at-kpoint (vector3 0.5 0 0) output-efield-z)) (run-tm (output-at-kpoint (vector3 0.5 0 0) output-efield-z)) ; Gamma

(run-te (output-at-kpoint (vector3 0 0 0) output-dpwr)) ;electric field intensity (run-tm (output-at-kpoint (vector3 0 0 0) output-dpwr)) (run-te (output-at-kpoint (vector3 0.5 0 0) output-dpwr)) ;electric field intensity (run-tm (output-at-kpoint (vector3 0.5 0 0) output-dpwr)) (run-te (output-at-kpoint (vector3 0.5 0.5 0) output-dpwr)) ;electric field intensity (run-tm (output-at-kpoint (vector3 0.5 0.5 0) output-dpwr))

Part. a) Dielectric function

Part. b) Dispersion diagrams Six band gaps have been shown in the diagram below. For TE bands
0.9 0.8 0.7 frequency(a/lambda) 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Reciprocal space

band1 band2 band3 band4 band5 band6

Comment- No band gap is present in te and tm bands. For TM bands

0.9 0.8 0.7

Frequency(a/lambda)

0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

tm-band1 band2 band3 band4 band5 band6

Reciprocal space

Part. c)1. Real part of Ez for TM polarization BAND 1 BAND 2 BAND 3

BAND 4

BAND 5

BAND 6

Part. c) 2. Real part of Hz for TE polarization BAND 1 BAND 2 BAND 3

BAND 4

BAND 5

BAND 6

Part. d). Time averaged electric and magnetic field energy density at k1 , X and M reciprocal lattice point At K-point 1 (TAO) FOR TE Band 1 FOR TM Band 1

Band 2

Band 2

At K-point 6 (X) FOR TE Band 1 FOR TM Band 1

Band 2

Band 2

At K-point 11 (M) FOR TE Band 1 FOR TM Band 1

Band 2

Band 2

For A triangular lattice of air holes in a dielectric medium

(set! num-bands 6) (set! k-points (list (vector3 0 0 0) (vector3 0 0.5 0) (vector3 (/ -3) (/ 3) 0) (vector3 0 0 0))) (set! k-points (interpolate 4 k-points)) (set! default-material (make dielectric (epsilon 8.1))) (set! geometry (list (make cylinder (center 0 0 0) (radius 0.2) (height infinity) (material air)))) (set! geometry-lattice (make lattice (size 1 1 no-size) (basis1 (/ (sqrt 3) 2) 0.5) (basis2 (/ (sqrt 3) 2) -0.5))) (set! resolution 32) ;at X point plot Ez for TM and Hz for TE for all six bands ;At the , X, M reciprocal lattice points the time-averaged electric field energy (run-te (output-at-kpoint (vector3 0 0.5 0) output-hfield-z)) ; Hz field in te (run-tm (output-at-kpoint (vector3 0 0.5 0) output-efield-z)) ; Ez field in tm ; Gamma ;X ;M ; Gamma

(run-te (output-at-kpoint (vector3 0 0 0) output-dpwr)) ;electric field intensity (run-tm (output-at-kpoint (vector3 0 0 0) output-dpwr)) (run-te (output-at-kpoint (vector3 0.5 0 0) output-dpwr)) ;electric field intensity

(run-tm (output-at-kpoint (vector3 0.5 0 0) output-dpwr)) (run-te (output-at-kpoint (vector3 0.5 0.5 0) output-dpwr)) ;electric field intensity (run-tm (output-at-kpoint (vector3 0.5 0.5 0) output-dpwr))

Part. a) Dielectric function

Part. b) Dispersion diagrams For TE bands

1.2

Frequency(a/lambda)

0.8 te-band1 te-band2 0.6 6, 0.478496 0.4 11, 0.366945 te-band3 te-band4 te-band5 te-band6 0.2

0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Reciprocal space

Here we got band gap between 1 Band and 2 Band is 0.478496-0.366945= 0.111551 For TM bands
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 Frequency(a/lamda) 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Reciprocal space tm-band1 tm-band2 tm-band3 tm-band4 tm-band5 tm-band6

Part. c) 1. Real part of Ez for TM polarization Band 1 Band 2 Band 3

Band 4

Band 5

Band 6

Part. c) 2. Real part of Hz for TE polarization Band 1 Band 2 Band 3

Band 4

Band 5

Band 6

Part. d) Time averaged electric field energy density at k1, X and M reciprocal lattice point At K-point 1 (TAO) FOR TE Band 1 FOR TM Band 1

Band 2

Band 2

For A triangular lattice of air holes in a dielectric medium as given in lab to get band gap in between 0.23 0.25 for electric field. we used trial and error method for these as following table. For te As we see above In fig for te epsilon 5 8 9 11 11 11 10 9 8 8.1 Radius of air hole 0.4 0.3 0.35 0.35 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Band1 end at 0.478496 0.31800 0.2536 0.231223 0.2163 0.2021 0.2140 0.2256 0.2392 0.2377 Band2 start 0.366945 0.3775 0.3609 0.3379 0.2844 0.2268 0226501. 0.2375 0.2505 0.2491

Here we got some conclusion 1. Changing radius to small keeping epsilon constant, we see band gap become more and small. 2. Increasing epsilon keeping radius constant we see both frequency decrease (band1 at end and band 2 start). Result Epsilon = 8.1 and radius of air hole = 0.2.

For TE desire band gap

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 6, 0.249128 0.2 0.1 0 0 2 4 band1 6 band2 8 band3 10 band4 12 band5 14 band6 16 18 11, 0.237782

2. FSS design
Aim a) Write a MPB code to design a frequency selective surface. We have given the dielectric
material of the slab (Epsilon)r=5 and the chosen wavelength of operation (lambda)=6 cm. 1) Calculate the slab thickness and radius of air holes for optimum transmission at the operating wavelength. 2) We find that there is non-zero transmission even if there is no guided resonance at a given wavelength. What are the factors that can lead to this? Suggest one way by which this unwanted transmission can be decreased. Data analysis For FSS design given wavelength between 5-15cm of Frequency 2-6 GHz. I have choosen operating frequency- 5 GHz (lambda = 6 cm). After trial and error with mpb code. We got following specification. d/a =2.2695 it imply a = d/2.2695 cm

since d=1 we got a= 0.440625688 cm keeping fix r/a = 0.1 we get radius of holes = 0.22695 cm. For te modes a/lambda = 0.07324 so lambda = 6.016189085 cm For tm modes a/lambda = 0.08534499 so lambda = 5.163511752cm

b)
We find that there is non-zero transmission even if there is no guided resonance at a given wavelength. What are the factors that can lead to this? Suggest one way by which this unwanted transmission can be decreased. Facters are that can lead to direct transmission. Width of the material. Size of air holes. Conductivity of the material. We can use slot rings instead of air holes.

MPB CODE For FSS

(set! num-bands 6) ; for no. of band 6. (set! k-points (list (vector3 0 0 0))) ; Gamma (set! geometry-lattice (make lattice (size 1 1 10) (basis1 (/ (sqrt 3) 2) 0.5) (basis2 (/ (sqrt 3) 2) -0.5))) (set! geometry (list (make block (center 0 0 0)(size 1 1 2.2695) ; slab withthickness in z is 2.2695a units (material (make dielectric (epsilon 5)))))) ;at gamma point output fields (set! geometry (append geometry (list (make cylinder (center 0 0 0) (radius 0.1) (height 2.2695) (material air))))) (set! resolution 32) (run-te) (run-tm) ;air holes with radius 0.1a