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Rapid detection of the infectious microbes: current status and future trends
New Trends in Impedimetric Biosensors for the Detection of Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria

Nanoparticle-based biosensors for detection of pathogenic bacteria

Current trends in nanobiosensor technolog

Novel trends in affinity biosensors: current challenges and perspectives

detection: no!el methods " perspecti!e of traditional methods and biosensors
The development of tools and processes used to fabricate, measure, and image nanoscale objects has lead to a wide range of work devoted to producing sensors that interact with extremely small numbers (or an extremely small concentration) of analyte molecules. These advances are particularly exciting in the context of biosensing, where the demands for low concentration detection and high specificity are great. Nanoscale biosensors, or nanobiosensors, provide researchers with an unprecedented level of sensitivity, often to the single molecule level. The use of biomolecule functionali!ed surfaces can dramatically boost the specificity of the detection system, but can also yield reproducibility problems and increased complexity. "everal nanobiosensor architectures based on mechanical devices, optical resonators, functionali!ed nanoparticles, nanowires, nanotubes, and nanofibers have been demonstrated in the lab. #s nanobiosensor technology becomes more refined and reliable, it is likely it will eventually make its way from the lab to the clinic, where future lab on a chip devices incorporating an array of nanobiosensors could be used for rapid screening of a wide variety of analytes at low cost using small samples of patient material.

"o far, although various diagnostic approaches for pathogen detection have been proposed, most are too expensive, lengthy or limited in specificity for clinical use. Nanoparticle systems with uni$ue material properties, however, circumvent these problems and offer improved accuracy over current methods. %ere, we present novel magneto &N# probes capable of rapid and specific profiling of pathogens directly in clinical samples. # nanoparticle hybridi!ation assay, involving ubi$uitous and specific probes that target bacterial '(" r)N#s, was designed to detect amplified target &N#s using a miniaturi!ed N*) device. +ltimately, the magneto &N# platform will allow both universal and specific detection of various clinically relevant bacterial species, with sensitivity down to single bacteria. ,urthermore, the assay is robust and rapid, simultaneously diagnosing a panel of '- bacterial species in clinical specimens within . h. The generic platform described could be used to rapidly identify and phenotype pathogens for a variety of applications.
&isease diagnosis is based on a number of factors, including laboratory tests for pathogen identification. )apid development of genomic techni$ues for characteri!ation of bacteria over the past decade has greatly simplified and improved pathogen detection and identification, but &N# based methods have not yet entirely replaced traditional culture and phenotypic tests in the plant industry. The first section of this review focuses on rapid immunodiagnostic and &N# based detection methods for known bacterial pathogens in plants or plant products, which often manifest no symptoms of disease. The second section covers the broader topic of disease diagnosis and new methods for identifying and characteri!ing bacteria.

*olecular biorecognition processes facilitate physical and biochemical interactions between molecules in all crucial metabolic pathways. /erhaps the target analyte and the biorecognition element interactions have the most impactful use in biosensing applications. Traditional analytical sensing systems offer excellent biorecognition elements with the ability to detect and determine the presence of analytes. %igh affinity antibodies and &N# play an important role in the development of affinity biosensors based on electrochemical, optical and mass sensitive approaches. #dvancements in this area routinely employ labels, label free, nanoparticles, multifunctional matrices, carbon nanotubes and other methods to meet the re$uirements of its own application. %owever, despite increasing affinity ceilings for conventional biosensors, the field draws back in meeting specifically important demands, such as long term stability, ultrasensitivity, rapid detection, extreme selectivity, strong biological base, calibration, in vivo measurements, regeneration, satisfactory performance and ease of production. Nevertheless, recent efforts through this line have produced novel high tech nanosensing systems such as 0aptamers0 and 0phages0 which exhibit high throughput sensing. #ptamers and phages are powerful tools that excel over antibodies in sensibility, stability, multi detection, in vivo measurements and regeneration. /hages are superior in stability, screening for affinity based target molecules ranging from small to proteins and even cells, and easy production. 1n this review, we focus mainly on recent developments in affinity based biosensors such as immunosensors, &N# sensors, emphasi!ing aptasensors and phage based biosensors basing on novel electrochemical, optical and mass sensitive detection techni$ues. 2e also address en!yme inhibition based biosensors and the current problems associated with the above sensors and their future perspectives.

)eliable methods for rapid, selective detection of pathogens are critical to ensure the safety of food supplies and to diagnose infectious, bacterial diseases accurately. ,or certain matrices, particularly in clinical diagnostics, single cell detection would be desirable, since even such a low concentration of bacteria indicates disease. *any research groups pursue this goal, since current diagnostic methods, including biosensors, do not fulfill this re$uirement. The need of more flexible, reliable and sensitive targeting of pathogens has promoted research on the potential of nanoparticles (N/s) and their incorporation into biosensor systems. N/s with particular optical, electrochemical or magnetic properties may increase the speed and the detectability of the diagnostic methods. *oreover, the possibility of using them in a variety of configurations allows us to envisage their implementation as point of care systems or multiplexed devices. Nanotechnologies enable diagnosis at the single-cell and molecule levels, and some can be incorporated in current molecular diagnostic methods, such as biochips. Nanoparticles, such as gold nanoparticles and quantum dots, are the most widely used, but various other nanotechnological devices for manipulation at the nanoscale as well as nanobiosensors are also promising for potential clinical applications. The development of a rapid, sensitive, specific method for the foodborne pathogenic bacteria detection is of great importance to ensure food safety and security. 1n recent years impedimetric biosensors which integrate biological recognition technology and impedance have gained widespread application in the field of bacteria detection. This paper presents an overview on the progress and application of impedimetric biosensors for detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, particularly the new trends in the past few years, including the new specific bio recognition elements such as bacteriophage and lectin, the use of nanomaterials and microfluidics techni$ues. The applications of these new materials or techni$ues have provided unprecedented opportunities for the development of high performance impedance bacteria biosensors. The significant developments of impedimetric biosensors for bacteria detection in the last five years have been reviewed according to the classification of with or without specific bio recognition element. 1n addition, some microfluidics systems, which were used in the construction of impedimetric biosensors to improve analytical performance, are introduced in this review. The convergence of molecular biology and miniaturi!ed instrumentation has accelerated development of biosensors with the specifications necessary to support pathogen reduction and $uality programs in the food supply. #dvances in optoelectronics, thin layer deposition, and microfabrication have provided many options for achieving microbiological detection goals. "ome promising technologies are reviewed. The detection of pathogenic bacteria is key to the prevention and identification of problems related to health and safety. 3egislation is particularly tough in areas such as the food industry, where failure to detect an infection may have terrible conse$uences. 1n spite of the real need for obtaining analytical results in the shortest time possible, traditional and standard bacterial detection methods may take up to 4 or 5 days to yield an answer. This is clearly insufficient, and many researchers have recently geared their efforts towards the development of rapid methods. The advent of new technologies, namely biosensors, has brought in new and promising approaches. %owever, much research and development work is still needed before biosensors become a real and trustworthy alternative.This review not only offers an overview of trends in the area of pathogen detection but it also describes main techni$ues, traditional methods, and recent developments in the field of pathogen bacteria biosensors. )ecent biological terrorism threats and outbreaks of microbial pathogens clearly emphasi!e the need for biosensors that can $uickly and accurately identify infectious agents. The majority of rapid biosensors generate detectable signals when a molecular probe in the detector interacts with an analyte of interest. #nalytes may be whole bacterial or fungal cells, virus particles, or specific molecules, such as chemicals or protein toxins, produced by the infectious agent. /eptides and nucleic acids are most commonly used as probes in biosensors because of their versatility in forming various tertiary structures. The interaction between the probe and the analyte can be detected by various sensor platforms, including $uart! crystal microbalances, surface acoustical waves, surface plasmon resonance, amperometrics, and magnetoelastics. The field of biosensors is constantly evolving to develop devices that have higher sensitivity and specificity, and are smaller, portable, and cost effective. This mini review discusses recent advances in peptide dependent rapid biosensors and their applications as well as relative advantages and disadvantages of each technology. The development of a rapid, sensitive, specific method for the foodborne pathogenic bacteria detection is of great importance to ensure food safety and security. 1n recent years impedimetric biosensors which integrate biological recognition technology and impedance have gained widespread application in the field of bacteria detection. This paper presents an overview on the progress and application of impedimetric biosensors for detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, particularly the new trends in the past few years, including the new specific bio recognition elements such as bacteriophage and lectin, the use of nanomaterials and microfluidics techni$ues. The applications of these new materials or techni$ues have provided unprecedented opportunities for the development of high performance impedance bacteria biosensors. The significant developments of impedimetric biosensors for bacteria detection in the last five years have been reviewed according to the classification of with or without specific bio recognition element. 1n addition, some microfluidics systems, which were used in the construction of impedimetric biosensors to improve analytical performance, are introduced in this review.

Wide-scale DNA testing requires the development of small, fast and easy-to-use devices. This article describes the preparation, operation and applications of biosensors and gene chips, which provide fast, sensitive and selective detection of DNA hybridi ation. !arious new strategies for DNA biosensors and gene chips are e"amined, along with recent trends and future directions. The integration of hybridi ation detection schemes with the sample preparation process in a #$ab-on-a-%hip& format is also covered. While the use of DNA biosensors and gene chips is at an early stage, such devices are e"pected to have an enormous effect on future DNA diagnostics.
)ecently, there has been a heightened interest in developing rapid and reliable methods of detection. This is especially true for detection of organisms involved in bioterrorism, food poisoning, and clinical problems such as antibiotic resistance. 6iosensors can assist in achieving these goals, and sensors using several of the different types of transduction modes are discussed7 electrochemical, high fre$uency (surface acoustic wave), and optical. The paper concludes with a discussion of three areas that may make a great impact in the next few years7 integrated (lab on a chip) systems, molecular beacons, and aptamers.

This paper presents an overview of different physicochemical instrumental techni$ues for direct and indirect identification of bacteria such as7 infrared and fluorescence spectroscopy, flow cytometry, chromatography and chemiluminescence techni$ues as a basis for biosensor construction. # discussion of publications dealing with emerging biosensors for bacterial detection is presented. The review presents recent advances in the development of alternative en!yme and immunosensors for detection of pathogenic bacteria in a variety of fields (e.g. clinical diagnostics, food analysis and environmental monitoring). &epending on the biological element employed7 en!yme8 nucleic acid and antibody based biosensors are discussed. &epending on the basic transducer principles, recent advances in biosensing technologies that use electrochemical, pie!oelectric, optical, acoustic and thermal biosensors for detection of pathogenic bacteria are overviewed. "pecial attention is paid to methods for improving the analytical parameters of biosensors including sensitivity and analysis time as well as automation of assay procedures. )ecent developments in immunofiltration, flow injection and flow through biosensors for bacterial detection are overviewed from the system9s engineering point of view. ,uture directions for biosensor development and problems related to the commerciali!ation of bacterial biosensors are discussed in the final part of this review.

Keywords

6acteria8

6iosensor8 :ptical8 ;lectrochemical8 /ie!oelectric8 <enosensors8 #rtificial nose6iosensors8 /athogen detection8 ;31"#8 /=)8 "/)8 >=*8 #mperometry8 1mmunosensors8 "almonella8 E. coli8 3isteria8 3egionella8 =ampylobacter

6acteria8 6iosensor8 &etectability8 &iagnostics8 *ultiplexed device8 Nanobiotechnology8 Nanoparticle8 /athogen8 /oint of care (/o=) system8 "ingle cell detection impedimetric biosensors8 foodborne pathogenic bacteria8 nanomaterials8 microfluidics techni$ue