DS418 6th Edition

Extracts from DS418:2002
Table of content
Table of content 1 Introduction 1.1 Purpose and validity 1.2 Definitions 1.3 Symbols and units Design temperatures 2.1 Design indoor temperature 2.2 Design outdoor temperature 2.3 Design soil temperature 2.4 Other design temperatures 1 3 3 4 6 8 8 9 9 9
Calculation of transmission loss 10 3.1 Transmission loss through external walls, roofs, windows and external doors 10 3.2 Transmission loss through ground supported floors, basement floors and basement walls 10 3.3 Transmission loss through partition walls and storey partitions and basements decks 10 3.4 Transmission loss through joints around windows and doors 10 3.5 Transmission loss through foundations under external walls 11 3.6 Calculation of transmission areas 11 3.7 Calculation of the length of the linear cold bridge 13 Calculation of ventilation loss 4.1 Ventilation loss 4.2 Natural ventilation 4.3 Mechanical ventilation (exhaust) 4.4 Other mechanical ventilation systems Calculation of the total heat loss 5.1 The heat loss for a building 5.2 Calculation of transmission loss Calculation of transmittal coefficient 6.1 Transmittal coefficient and heat flow resistance 6.2 Surface heat flow resistance 6.3 Heat flow resistance for a material layer 6.4 Heat flow resistance for air filled cavities 6.5 Ventilated attics 6.6 Constructions with inhomogeneous material layers 6.7 Constructions with cold bridges 6.8 Doors and windows 6.9 Ground supported floors, basement floors and basement walls against soil 6.10 Concrete sandwich elements 6.11 Wedged insulation 6.12 Joints around windows and doors 6.13 Foundations under external walls Heat flow resistance and conductivity of materials 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Basis for determination of heat flow resistance and conductivity 16 16 16 17 17 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 21 23 23 24 30 30 31 31 31 35 40 40 40
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Extracts from DS418:2002 Annex A Annex F Correction of transmissions coefficients Design values for brick, concrete and other building materials 42 45 51
Annex G Design values for calculation of existing constructions in connection with rebuilding and renovation.
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1
1.1
Introduction
Purpose and validity
The calculation rules are aiming to obtaining conformity when estimating the heat flow resistance and the heat loss of buildings under Danish climate conditions, among other things regarding the energy requirements of the Building Regulation (BR). It is the users responsibility, that the requirements of the BR are met. There can occur table values in DS418, which doesnt meet these requirements. These values can only be used in connection with existing constructions. The rules provide instructions on how to calculate building components transmission coefficient U for estimation of the components thermal insulation ability. U-values are based on the design of specific constructions and values for products cannot be used immediately by calculation of heat loss. It is provided that constructions and combined components are correct build, by using approved methods and correct workmanship. A construction which as whole lacks windproofness or which allows unintended ventilation or convection in or around the heat insulation layers can have a considerably lesser insulation ability the calculated. Normal windproofness and dampproofness are provided. In accordance with chapter 6.8 is it also possible to estimate the U-value for windows and doors, by measuring on the specific windows used in a construction. Material values determined by average conditions in the constructions, are used in the calculations. Due to simplifications can the calculation rules not be used for detailed calculations e.g. surface temperature, condensation or damp flow. The calculation rules indicate a method for calculating a rooms or buildings design heat loss. The method is designed so the design heat loss approximately is equal to the rooms or the buildings actual heat loss under stationary conditions by the indicated internal and external climate conditions. By calculating the design heat loss of a room, situations where adjacent rooms temporarily are unheated, are not considered. For a simplified method for dimensioning of radiators refer to DS 469. In specific cases where it can be proven that the calculation method will not yield a reasonable approximation to the actual conditions, more detailed methods must be used. The rules are elaborated thus that the calculations become fairly simple and practically useable. The user of DS418 must have sufficient technical knowledge. Special situations may be encountered, where the rules are not fully covering. In any case it should be appraised if the actual situation is covered by the rules or not. Deviation from these rules is permitted, if it is documented that the deviation is appropriate and based on technical ground. Such documentation must be carried out according to the EN and ISO standards, if not this standard prescribes otherwise.
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Extracts from DS418:2002 By interpretation questions refer to Dansk Standard, Kollegievej 6, 2920 Charlottenlund tlf. 39 69 61 01 or ds@ds.dk
1.2
Definitions
Declared value for Heat flow resistance and thermal conductivity The value of a building-materials ability Heat flow resistance or thermal conductivity based up on measurements, at reference temperature and humidity. Regarding definition see DS/EN ISO 10456 item 3.1.1 Density The density of a material is its weight divided by volume, where the volume includes the pores and cavities of the material. The density applied is the one for the material in dry conditions. It should be considered, however, that this density in some cases might be different from the nominal density of the material according to normal product names etc. Regarding definition see DS/EN ISO 6946 item 3.1.4 The design value for thermal conductivity and heat flow resistance The design value for a building-materials thermal conductivity or heat flow resistance under specific conditions, which are considered being typical for the materials thermal properties, when used in a building-component. The design room temperature The design room temperature is a theoretical temperature, which is determined only as the basis for estimating the design heat loss of the applicable room. The room temperature represents the combined value of air temperature and radiation temperature, which may result in equal heat distribution to the surrounding space limits of the applicable room. For living rooms and alike the room temperature and the operative temperature in the middle of the room practically will have the same value. Regarding definition see DS/EN ISO 10211-1 item 3.1.14 The design outdoor temperature The design outdoor temperature is the theoretical temperature, determined for the calculation of the design heat loss. It does not include the extreme impact of climate encountered, but a certain limit frequency. Regarding definition see DS/EN ISO 10211-1 item 3.1.13 The design heat loss The design heat loss for a certain room or a building is equal to the heat effect to be provided in order to maintain the design room temperature at the determined outdoor temperature conditions. The design heat loss comprises transmission heat loss and ventilation heat loss. Energy frame The energy frame is the maximum annual permissible heat requirement for heating of rooms and ventilation according the building regulations.
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Extracts from DS418:2002 Heat flow resistance The heat flow resistance is the relation between temperature difference and heat flow density. The heat flow resistance is describing the resistance towards heat transmission through 1 m2 of the applicable area or the applicable building material. Regarding definition see DS/EN ISO 7345 item 2.7 Cold bridge Cold bridge is the part of the construction with significant smaller heat flow resistance than the rest of the construction. Regarding definition see DS/EN ISO 10211-1 item 3.1.1 Linear cold bridge A linear cold bridge is a cold bridge with little width, which impact on the heat loss is depending on the length of the cold bridge and the two-dimensional heat flows, it may cause. Regarding definition see DS/EN ISO 14683 item 3.1.1 Linear heat loss The heat loss through a linear cold bridge. Normal emission The normal emission for surface is the relation between the radiation in a direction perpendicular to the surface and the equivalent radiation from an absolute black surface with same conditions and temperature. The normal emission thus is an expression of the relative radiation exchange with the surroundings. Regarding definition see DS/EN ISO 9288 item 3.1.11 Operative temperature The operative temperature represents the combined value of air temperature and radiation temperature, which would result in equal heat contribution through conviction and radiation from the person, as the real/actual temperatures would give. Point cold bridge The point cold bridge is a cold bridge of little extent, of which the impact on the heat loss is depending on the three-dimensional heat flows it may cause. Regarding definition see DS/EN ISO 14683 item 3.1.2 Transmission coefficient, U-value The transmission coefficient for a building component is the relation between the heat flow and the area and difference between the temperatures on each side of the building-component. Regarding definition see DS/EN ISO 7345 item 2.12 Transmission loss The transmission loss is the heat amount, which flows through the rooms or the buildings surrounding space limits, per time unit, because of difference in temperature.
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Extracts from DS418:2002 Thermal conductivity The thermal conductivity is the heat flow density divided by the difference in temperature under stationary conditions. Regarding definition see DS/EN ISO 7345 item 2.5 Heat flow density The heat flow density is the heat flow per area unit. Regarding definition see DS/EN ISO 7345 item 2.3 Heat loss frame The heat loss frame is the design transmission loss, which can be estimated for a building with transmission coefficient as well as windows and door areas according to the building regulations. Ventilation loss The ventilation loss is the heat amount per time unit, which is required to heat the incoming air in the case of exchange of air through ventilation.
1.3
Symbol d l b h A V q n
Symbols and units

thickness of layer length width height area volume volume flow air change density celsius temperature temperature difference heat flow, heat loss thermal conductivity declared thermal conductivity the final transmission coefficient the uncorrected transmission coefficient corrections according to annex a design heat flow resistance declared heat flow resistance linear transmission coefficient (linear loss) transmission coefficient for point cold bridge heat density, specific heat capacity SI-unit m m m m m2 m3 m3/s h-1 kg/m3 C K W W/m K W/m K W/m2 K W/m2 K W/m2 K m2 K/W m2 K/W J/kg K
declared
U U U R Rdeclared (psi) (chi) c Indexes t
transmission
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Extracts from DS418:2002 v i e j h m l f f f g g r s s p sa ventilation indoor outdoor (exterior) soil homogeneous layer layer of material layer of air brick tie (fastener) foundation filling (for instance in a door) layer of air (air space) glass part of window radiation surface space panel (for instance filling in a door) joint
Often used prefixes Prefix Multiple T (tera) 1012 G (giga) 109 M (mega) 106 k (kilo) 103 m (mili) 10-3
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Design temperatures
Figure 2.1 Examples of design temperatures j

j r g k
is the soil temperature, where it is equal to outdoor temperature is the soil temperature, in deeper soil is the temperature behind radiators is the floor temperature is the temperature in heated basements
2.1
workrooms the design room temperature is set taking into account the character of the work, which is to be carried out in the rooms. In unheated rooms the temperature can be determined by estimation (qualified guess), but cases of doubt should be recalculated using a heat balance for the room. In front of the heat sources placed near windows, wall parts with reduced insulation; convector pitches and alike higher temperatures should be taken into account. The temperature here is to be set according to the heat plants designed temperature. Normally a temperature here of 50C is applied. In rooms using floor heating the temperature in the floor construction at floor level is set equivalent to the design temperature of the floor heating plant. Normally a temperature of 30C is to be applied. This temperature is also applied when calculating the heat loss through the foundations near constructions with floor heating.
Design indoor temperature The design room temperature i in residential rooms is normally set to 20C. In
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2.2
Design outdoor temperature The design outdoor temperature u usually is set to -12C. In special cases the
design outdoor temperature can be either increased or reduced.
2.3
Design soil temperature The design soil temperature j under heated buildings and in the substrata around
the heated buildings is set to 10C.
2.4
Other design temperatures
The design crawl space temperature for normal sufficiently ventilated crawl space the temperature is set to -5C. The temperature in other kinds of crawl spaces should be calculated by using the heat balance of the applicable crawl space. The crawl space ventilation applied in cubic meter per second normally is 0.3 times the total area in square meters of the ventilation openings. The design temperature in open gateways, passages and alike is -12C.
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3
3.1
Calculation of transmission loss

Transmission loss through external walls, roofs, windows and external doors
The transmission loss through vertical areas towards outside is estimated using the formula: t = U A( i e ) where
U A
is the design outdoor temperature in C The transmission coefficient is calculated according to chapter 6.1 and the area according to chapter 3.6.
i u
is the transmission loss in W is the transmission coefficient in W/m2K is the area of the plane in m2 is the design indoor temperature in C
3.2
Transmission loss through ground supported floors, basement floors and basement walls
The transmission loss through basement walls being in contact with soil for a depth up to 2 meters is to be estimated using the formula: t = U A( i e ) The transmission loss through ground supported floors and basement floors as well as basement walls in depths more than 2 meters and furthermore basement walls with contact to soil placed underneath the building are to be calculated using the formula: t = U A( i j ) where j is the design earth temperature in C.
3.3
Transmission loss through partition walls and storey partitions and basements decks
The heat transmission through partition walls and storey partitions between rooms of different temperature is to be found using the formula: t = U A where is the difference between the temperature in the adjacent rooms. The difference in temperature causes heat loss from the warmest room and a heat supplement to the coldest room.
3.4
Transmission loss through joints around windows and doors
The transmission loss at the joints around windows and doors (cold bridges) is to be estimated using the formula:
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t = sa l sa ( i e )
where lsa
sa
is the linear loss for the joint using the unit W/m K, referring to chapter 6.12 is the total length of the joint, referring to chapter 3.7
3.5
Transmission loss through foundations under external walls
The transmission loss through external wall foundations surrounding ground supported floors and foundations under basement walls for a depth up to 2 m, is to be estimated using the formula: t = f l f ( i e ) where
f
lf
is the linear loss for foundations in W/m K according to chapter 6.14 is the length of the foundation in m.
for foundations under basement walls in more than 2 meters depth and for foundations underneath the building, the design soil temperature is to be used instead of the design outdoor temperature.
3.6
Calculation of transmission areas
The transmission areas is defined by the outer surface of the outer walls, the bottom surface of the basement deck, the top surface of foundations and the top surface of the heat insulation in the ceiling on the upper floor or in the roof, see figure 3.6.1 and figure 3.6.2. For foundations under external walls and under basement walls the transmission area is defined by the upper surface of the floor and by the inner surface of the external walls. At partition walls that do not make parts of a climate shield, the transmission area is to be calculated to the centerline of the partition wall, and at the storey partition the area is to be calculated to the top surface of the applicable storey partition. For basement walls towards soil the transmission area is defined reaching from the terrain level to the upper side of the basement floor. For basement floors the transmission area is counted to the inner surface of the foundations of the basement walls. The transmission loss from the upper rooms of a building through the ceiling and roof is normally calculated as a whole, even if there may be an unheated attic in between. The area in this case is equivalent to the transmission area of the ceiling, regardless the roof area being bigger than the ceiling area. For building parts containing different construction types the transmission area should be calculated individually. Permanent cupboards and closets are normally neglected. Inner doors are normally not taken into account but are regarded as wall areas. For construction with bending surface the transmission area is measured along the bending outer surface. Likewise other attachments for instance skylights, dormers
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Extracts from DS418:2002 and oriel bay windows the transmission area is counted equivalent to the resulting outer measurements. The transmission area of windows and outer doors is equivalent to the free space in the openings. For skylights and sloping windows with free frame sides the transmission area is to be calculated either according to the outer measurements of the skylight or the sloping window or the external surface-area considering the height of the joint see 6.13 and figure 6.12.4. Those areas are also applied when calculating the permissible windows and outer door area according to the building regulation as well as when calculation of the U-value and the permissible area of doors and windows according to the Building regulation.
Unheated basement
Heated basement
Building with attic and terrain floor
Building with sloping roof and basement
Figure 3.6.1 Measurements for the estimation of transmission areas. Vertical cross section.
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Figure 3.6.2 Measurements for the estimation of transmission areas. Horizontal section in outer and partition walls.
3.7
Calculation of the length of the linear cold bridge
For the joints around the windows and the doors the length of the cold bridge lsa is defined by the perimeter of the opening, see figure 3.7.1. For joints around skylights and sloping windows with exposed frame sides the length of the cold bridge lsa is defined by the sloping windows or the skylights outer measurement. For outer wall foundations at ground supported floors the length of the cold bridge lf is defined by the outer perimeter of the foundation, see figure 3.7.2. In constructions where the thickness of the insulation vary within the transmission area, or where the insulation is cut off locally within the construction, for instance in front of ribs in cavity walls, the length of the cold bridge lk is defined by the extend of the varying insulation thickness. Where for instance columns and beams in outer walls or in roofs are cutting off or reducing the insulation, the length of the cold bridge lk is defined by the height of the column or the length of the beam. Where connecting storey partitions and walls and also foundations underneath partition walls cut off or reduce the insulation in the applicable construction, for instance an outer wall, the length of the cold bridge lk is defined by the width of the deck, the height of the wall or the length of the foundation. Cold bridges, where the construction details vary, should be divided into relevant sections regarding the length of the cold bridge.
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Figure 3.7.1 - Measurements for the estimation of the length of the linear cold bridges around the window opening in an outer wall, where ribs of bricks are applied beside and over the window opening.
l sa = y 2 + x 2 + y 2 l k = y1 + x1 + ( y1 + y 2 + y 3) + ( x1 + x 2 + x3) + ( y1 + y 2 + y3) + x3 + y1
Figure 3.7.2 Measurements for the estimation of the length of linear cold bridge for foundations underneath outer walls near ground supported floors. Horizontal section in the top of the foundation.
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4
4.1
Calculation of ventilation loss

Ventilation loss
The ventilation loss for a room is calculated by the formula: v = c q ( i e ) where v is the ventilation loss in W is the density of the air in kg/m3 c is the specific heat of the air in J/kg K q is the volume flow of outdoor air let to the room in m3/s i is the design room temperature in C e is the design outdoor temperature in C At 20C and 1013 mbar c = 1005 J/kg K and = 1.205 kg/m3 (dry air). For normal rooms the difference between air temperature and room temperature is to be neglected.
4.2
Natural ventilation
In buildings where the renewal of air is provided through natural ventilation, the determination of the volume flow queue can be based of the air exchange in, meaning the volume of fresh air per hour in relation to the room volume.The n ventilation loss therefore is: v = c V ( i e ) 0,34 n V ( i e ) 3600 where V is the volume of the room in m3 (interior measurements) n is the exchange of air in h-1. For all normal rooms n is set to 0.5 h-1. The term normal rooms comprises in residential buildings (living room, kitchen, toilet and bath rooms etc.) as well as such rooms in other buildings, that could be compared to the above rooms in residential buildings. In very large rooms storage rooms and alike the air exchange could be determined at a lower value for instance 0.3 h-1. If leaks through joints at windows and doors are expected to be bigger than normal, causing an exchange of fresh air higher than 0.5 h-1 (especially with low outdoor temperatures), the ventilation loss should be estimated taking the length and the permeability of the joints into account respectively for the individual rooms as well as the location of the building. For windows and outer doors which wind proof is not documented in details, an estimated air intake of 0.5 10-3 m3/s should be calculated per m joint between fixed and operable frame for buildings with normal location and 0.8 10-3 per m joint for extraordinary exposed buildings.
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4.3
Mechanical ventilation (exhaust)
In buildings, where the renewal of air is provided through mechanical ventilation, the ventilation loss is to be calculated on the basis of the exhaust volume flow at normal operation. The ventilation loss is to be distributed to the different rooms of the building according to their volume, regardless the number of exhausts from each room. In case the exhaust air volume equals an exchange of air which is lower than 0.5 h-1 in the ventilated area (for instance the living section), however the ventilation loss should be estimated on the basis of the volume flow equivalent to n = 0.5 h-1 in normal rooms. The term mechanical exhaust covers ventilation through exhaust plants designed for uninterrupted running. The ventilation loss for rooms supplied with exhaust, only for short term operation, is to be calculated according to chapter 4.2.
4.4
Other mechanical ventilation systems
In buildings equipped with plants for both mechanical exhaust and mechanical injection, the ventilation loss is to be calculated according to the performance of the plant. It should be taken into account that fresh air will be led to the rooms through infiltration dependent on the difference between the exhaust and injection volume flow through the plant as well as the tightness of the building. It should be observed that beside the infiltration/exfiltration caused by the ventilation plant covering the difference between the exhaust and injection volume flow through the plant additionally an infiltration and exfiltration will occur, caused by wind and temperature exposure, see figure 4.4. Fresh air Exhaust
Heat recycling Air handling Recycled
Injection Infiltration
Exhaus t
Exfiltration
Figure 4.4 Example of mechanical ventilation system
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Extracts from DS418:2002 The big rectangular symbolises the area which is handled by the ventilation plant and which can comprise several rooms. The infiltration and exfiltration are equal, if q1 = q2. Normally q4 = (q2 q1) + q3. The calculation of the ventilation loss depends on the layout of the plant. As an example the figure 4.4 shows a ventilation plant comprising mechanical injection and mechanical exhaustion as well as heat recycling provided the air is not humidified and the system does not include heat pumps, the ventilation loss in the ventilated area can be estimated according to the formula: v = c(q 2 q 3 )( i e ) c q1 ( 1 e ) q1 Is the volume flow of fresh air provided through the plant m2/s q2 Is the volume flow of the exhaust air m2/s q3 Is the volume flow of exfiltration m2/s q4 Is the volume flow of infiltration m2/s i Is the designed room temperature in C e Is the designed outdoor temperature in C 1 Is the fresh air temperature after the heat recycling plant in C c Is the specific heat of the air J/kg K Is the density of the air kg/m3 It is provided that all q are measured at same air condition, for instance 20C and 1013 mbar, and that is referring to those conditions. Furthermore it is provided that the increase of temperature l - e of the fresh air led through the ventilation plant is caused by the heat recycling only. The temperature l is to be estimated according to the heat recycling units performance. The volume flow q1 and q2 are determined according to the ventilation plant performance under normal continuing operation. Normally q1 is a bit less than q2. The exfiltration q3 is determined regarding the tightness and location of the building. In normal cases the exfiltration can be set to an air exchange of 0.2 h-1. For buildings providing particular tightness the air exchange n = 0.1 h-2 can be used. The ventilation loss can be covered by the induced heat partly from air handling components, partly from heat sources like radiators, in those rooms where the fresh air is induced. The ventilation loss should be distributed to the different rooms of the building according to layout of the ventilation plant.
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5
5.1
Calculation of the total heat loss

The heat loss for a building
The total heat loss for a building is the sum of the transmission loss of the buildings external surfaces and the ventilation loss for the whole building. The total heat loss for a building or a part of a building can also be estimated as the sum of all the transmission losses of each room.
5.2
Calculation of transmission loss
As part of an estimation of the heat insulation of a building the whole buildings transmission loss can be estimated without regards to the room division. This method is supplied when comparing the heat loss frame or the energy frame of a building. The calculation in this case is simplified as follows: If the different rooms in general are equally heated, it can be neglected that the room temperature in few rooms for instance the bathroom is different. However, increased temperature in constructions providing floor heating and also through foundations near constructions with floor heating, as well as in front of radiators and other heat sources as described in chapter 2.1, should be taken into account.
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6
6.1
Calculation of transmittal coefficient

Transmittal coefficient and heat flow resistance
The transmittal coefficient for a wall, a storey partition, a roof or similar building component comprising parallel homogenous layers is to be estimated by the formula: n 1 = R + R + Ri si se U i =1 where U is the uncorrected transmittal coefficient in W/m2 K Rsi is the surface resistance at the inner surface in m2 K/W
Rse Ri
is the surface resistance at the outer surface in m2 K/W is the resistance for each material layers in m2 K/W
The transmittal coefficient must be corrected regarding cracks in the insulation layer, wall ties and anchors which penetrates the insulation layer, and rain on reversed roof, according to Annex A. U = U + U where U is the resulting transmittal coefficient inclusive potential corrections, in W/m2 K U is the correction, estimated according to Annex A Resulting U-values are indicated to 2 decimals.
6.2
Surface heat flow resistance
For plane surfaces the values in table 6.2 are to be used, if no more precise specifications are at hand. The values for horizontal are used for heat flows that deviate no more than 30 from the horizontal plane. For non-plane surfaces or special surface conditions the procedure in Annex A of DS/EN ISO 6946 is used. For building components with unknown heat flow direction, the values for horizontal heat flow are used. Table 6.2 Surface resistance Rsi Rse Upwards 0.10 0.04
Heat flow direction Horizontal Downwards 0.13 0.17 0.04 0.04
6.3
Heat flow resistance for a material layer
The resistance for an unbroken homogenous material layer is
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R=
where d is the thickness of the material layer in m.
For compressible materials the thickness of the material layer in the completed construction is to be applied. For loose material fillings injected into attics the permanent insulation thickness after subsidence is applicable. Thus the insulation has to be injected with an oversize according to relevant product standard or table 6.3. In order to prevent subsidence in closed cavities, horizontal and vertical, the material has to be injected with minimum density according to relevant product standard or table 6.3.
is the design thermal conductivity of the material or the product in W/mK. Regarding values of see Chapter 7.
Table 6.3 Oversize/density for loose material fillings Insulation material Minimum oversize Minimum density injected in loosely injected into cavities Attics Horizontal Vertical Glass wool filling +5% 30 kg/m3 55 kg/m3 Rock wool filling +5% 50 kg/m3 65 kg/m3 3 Expanded polystyrene, balls 1) 20 kg/m 20 kg/m3 3 Expanded polystyrene, filling 1) 15 kg/m 15 kg/m3 Cellulose fibers +25% 50 kg/m3 65 kg/m3 Expanded perlite 0% No demands No demands 1) These materials not to be applied in ceilings and attics Measurement of thickness The thickness of the layer of loose material filling is to be measured according to DS/EN 823. Measuring is done using a plate, that provides a load impact of 20 1.5 Pa.
6.4
Heat flow resistance for air filled cavities
The Values in this chapter is valid for air filled cavities which are: Limited by parallel surfaces perpendicular to the heat flow and having an emission rate larger than 0.8 Has a depth in direction of the heat flow of less than 0.1 times the smallest dimension of the cavities length or width, however now more than 0.3 m. If the above mentions requirements are not meet, the procedure in Annex B DS/EN ISO 6946 are to be used.
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Extracts from DS418:2002 The heat flow resistance for components with cavities depths larger than 0.3 m can not be calculated. The heat flow can instead be calculated as indicated in DS/EN ISO 13789. 6.4.1 Non-ventilated cavities For constructions with non-ventilated cavities the values in table 6.4.1 is used. Table 6.4.1 Heat flow resistance for non-ventilated cavities m2 K/W Cavity depth Heat flow direction Mm Upwards Horizontal Downwards 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 5 0.11 0.11 0.11 7 0.13 0.13 0.13 10 0.15 0.15 0.15 15 0.16 0.17 0.17 25 0.16 0.18 0.19 50 0.16 0.18 0.21 100 0.16 0.18 0.22 300 0.16 0.18 0.23
Note For values in between linear interpolation can be used
An air layer, which doesnt have an insulating layer on the outside, but has small openings towards the outside air, must also be considered as an non-ventilated cavity, provided that these openings are not meant as ventilation for the cavity and the area of the openings doesnt exceed: 5 cm2 pr. m horizontal length for vertical cavities 5 cm2 pr. m2 surface area for horizontal cavities Drainage openings made as vertical joints, are not considered as ventilation openings. 6.4.2 Slightly ventilated cavities By slightly ventilated cavities is meant cavities where ventilation towards the outside air, is created by openings which are: Vertical cavities > 5 cm2, but < 15 cm2 pr. m horizontal length. Horizontal cavities > 5 cm2, but < 15 cm2 pr. m2 surface area. For these cavities the heat flow resistance is set to half the value of those in table 6.4.1. If the heat flow resistance for an external facing exceed 0.15 m2K/W, a heat flow resistance of no more than 0.15 m2K/W must be taken to account. This comes to use e.g. by facing brick wall and wooden facing thicker than 20mm. 6.4.3 Ventilated cavities By Ventilated cavities is meant cavities where ventilation towards the outside air, is created by openings which exceed: 15 cm2 pr. m horizontal length for vertical cavities 15 cm2 pr. m2 surface area for horizontal cavities.
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Extracts from DS418:2002 When calculating the heat flow resistance for a component containing a ventilated cavity, the heat flow resistance for the cavity and all other layers between the cavity and the outside surface, is set to the value of the inner surface resistance for the construction (see chapter 6.2).
6.5
Ventilated attics
The values in table 6.5 are to be used for cold, ventilated attics. The heat flow resistance is applied to the ceiling-area, regardless of an eventual angel between the roof and the ceiling. The values in table 6.5 are the total heat flow resistance for attic and roof covering. Table 6.5 Total heat flow resistance for attics and roof covering Type of roof cover Steel or metal sheet Fibre cement shingles or corrugated sheets on battens Roof tile with ceiled joints on battens Roof tiles on battens with wind proof under layer Bitumen felt on roof of 25 mm wood Thatched roof with wind proof under layer m2 K/W 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3
6.6
Constructions with inhomogeneous material layers
If a building component e.g. a timber frame structure or brickwork with joints consist of homogeneous and inhomogeneous plane parallel layers, the heat flow resistance is to be calculated, as if each of the inhomogeneous layers in fact is homogeneous layer with a heat transmittal capability which is an estimated average value of the heat transmittal capability of the different sections of the layer. The heat flow resistance for battens, meaning layers comprising 19-25 mm boards put op with internal distances and thus providing hollow space, is set to 0.16 m2 K/W. The same value is normally to be applied for the cavity just underneath the floorboards on floor joists.
1 = Rsi + Rse + Rh + U' Where A + Ab b + , = a a Aa + Ab +

Rsi Rse Rh d
Aa , Ab
is the inner surface resistance in m2 K/W is the outer surface resistance in m2 K/W is the resistance of homogeneous layer in m2 K/W is the thickness of inhomogeneous layer in m is the estimated average thermal conductivity of the inhomogeneous layer in W/mK is the area of inhomogeneous layer sections in m2
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a , b
is the applicable thermal conductivity in W/mK
6.7
Constructions with cold bridges
When estimating the transmittal coefficient for a construction, possible thermal bridges as well as the impact of reduced insulation thickness in parts of the construction should be taken into account, if they are not calculated separately. Such thermal bridges could be:

Brick work filling and ribs for instance around windows and doors Wall penetrations of for instance metal, concrete or tile.
The transmittal coefficient for a construction including thermal bridges and reduced insulation thickness in parts of the construction is to be calculated using the formula:
n
U =
'
i =1
Ai .U i +
m k =1
l k . k +
p j =1
A
n i =1
A=
Ai
Where A is the total transmittal area in m2 of the construction, see chapter 3.6 Ai is the sub area in m2 Ui is the transmittal coefficient of the sub area with a one-dimensional heat flow in W/m2 K lk is the length of the individual linear thermal bridge in m, see chapter 3.7 k is the linear heat loss for the individual linear thermal bridge in W/mK j is the point heat loss for the individual spot thermal bridge in W/K n is the number of sub areas m is the number of linear thermal bridges p is the number of spot thermal bridges When using loose filling of insulation material, the thickness of the insulation layer is equivalent to a width of the cavity. If insulation slabs are used, the thickness of the insulation layer is equivalent to the slab thickness, however, not more than the width of the applicable cavity. The transmittal coefficient Ui for the sub areas is to be calculated, as if only one dimensional heat flow occur. For continuing storey partitions, beams and columns for instance of concrete or steel, the transmittal Ui for the sub area is to be estimated as if the storey partition, the beam or the column are in the same level as the actual construction surface, for instance the surface of the walls. The linear heat loss (the linear transmittal coefficient) k is covering only the increasing heat loss through the thermal bridge because of two dimensional heat flows related to the heat loss calculated for one dimensional heat flow.
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The point heat loss (transmittal coefficient for point thermal bridge) j is covering the total increase of heat loss due to the thermal bridge. The thermal bridge impact including the impact of the two and three dimensional heat flows is taken into account in the transmittal coefficient U for the construction, where the thermal bridge appears. The thermal bridge impact in corner joints between building components for instance the connection between basement deck, outer wall and basement outer wall as well as the connection of outer wall and ceiling is to be included in the U- value for the building components that appear in the joint. The calculation should show how the thermal bridge impact is distributed on the U-values of the individual building components. When calculating these thermal bridges it should be observed that the transmittal areas comply with the total outer measurements. Thermal bridges in for instance corners of outer walls, in connections between basement deck, outer walls and basement walls as well as the connection between outer wall and ceiling may normally be neglected, provided that the insulation is continuing uninterrupted or only interrupted of material with a thermal conductivity lesser than 0.3 W/m K, for instance wood or lightweight concrete with a low density. The following shows values for common thermal bridges in typical constructions. For constructions with similar structure, but different insulation thickness and heat transmittal capability, interpolation in the tables are allowed. When calculating the transmittal coefficient for a construction, linear heat loss k less than 0.02 W/m K and point heat loss j less than 0.02 W/K, may be neglected. However, it is provided, that the total heat loss due to linear thermal bridge and point thermal bridges, is insignificant in relation to the total heat loss of the construction. It should always be appraised, if there might be other thermal bridges that may have significant impact on the heat loss, the constructions or the indoor climate. Where values or figures in the following tables are shown in bracket it is indicating that the applicable linear loss or spot heat loss or brick tie correction may be neglected when calculating the transmittal coefficient for a construction, however, observing the provisions mentioned above. Brick ties For the brick ties correction Uf refer to the values or the formula in Annex A. Pillars and ribs The linear loss k for pillars and ribs in cavity walls is shown in table 6.7.1. The values in the table are applicable for every single change of insulation thickness, see figure 6.7.1. In case of two changes in insulation thickness for instance on each side of a rib, both changes should be taken into account. The linear loss is to be seen as an addition to the one dimensional heat flow through the thermal bridge.
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Extracts from DS418:2002 The heat loss taking place through the joint between construction and windows or doors is calculated separately, see chapter 6.12.
a. Pillar near window opening One change of insulation thickness
b. Pillar in outer wall section Two changes of insulation thickness
Figure 6.7.1 Example of a single change of insulation thickness due to pillars/ribs near window opening and a pillar in a longer part of an external wall section. There is only one change of insulation thickness for the pillar near the window and two times change of insulation thickness at the pillar in the outer wall section. Each one of the changes in insulation thickness is shown/indicated in the figures with a set of arrows pointing towards each other and towards the change of insulation thickness. Table 6.7.1 The linear loss k in W/m K for pillars and ribs in cavity walls depending on cold bridge insulation and material. Cold bridge insulation with thermal conductivity not exceeding 0.04 W/m K. Pillars and ribs in the rear wall are provided of the same material as the rear wall. Pillars and ribs in the front wall are provided of the same material as the front wall. The values in the table are for each individual change of insulation thickness, see figure 6.7.1. Thermal Outer leaf: Concrete Tile Tile Tile Lightweight bridge concrete3) 1) 2) insulation Inner leaf: Concrete Concrete Tile Lightweight Lightweight 1) concrete3) concrete3) None 0.24 0.14 0.05 0.02 (0.01) 10mm 0.06 0.05 0.03 (0.01) 20mm 0.04 0.03 0.02 30mm 0.03 0.02 (0.01) 40mm 0.02 (0.01) 50mm (0.01)
1)
Reinforced concrete with 2% reinforcement bars Applies also for light weight concrete with a thermal conductivity 0.7 W/mK 3) Light weight concrete with thermal conductivity 0.3 W/mK
2)
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Extracts from DS418:2002 Change in the plane of the insulation The linear loss k for constructions with change in the plane of the insulation, e.g. joints between external wall and basement wall is stated in table 6.7.2. Using the values it is provided that there is an overlap between the insulation in the two planes, see figure 6.7.2. If there is no overlap, the values in table 6.7.1 are to be used combined with calculation of the one dimensional heat flow through the un-insulated part of the construction. For other constructions the linear loss can be calculated as described in Annex B. Table 6.7.2 Linear loss k for constructions with change in the plane of the insulation. 10 12 cm sidepiece between the two layers of insulation. The values is for constructions towards the open air, but can also be applied to constructions under the level of the terrain. It is allowed to interpolate in the values of the table. Overlap Concrete1) Tiles2) Light weight concrete = 2.0 W/mK = 0.7 W/mK = 0.3 W/mK 0 mm 0.51 0.24 0.08 200 mm 0.30 0.13 0.04
1) 2)
Concrete without reinforcement Applies also for light weight concrete with a thermal conductivity 0.7 W/mK
Figure 6.7.2 Construction with change in the plane of the insulation and overlap in the 2 insulation layers Steel plate profiles in steel frame walls The linear loss k for continuing profiles of metallic materials in framed walls the value 0.15 W/K per meter profile is to be applied. The value comprises the total heat flow through the profile including the one dimensional heat flow, provided the thickness of the profile is not exceeding 2.0 mm. The heat flow may be reduced when using perforated/cut profiles. In those cases the heat flow is to be calculated for the applicable profile. For the transmission coefficient for point thermal bridges j, where steel profiles are crossing each other in steel frame walls, the value 0.08 W/K is to be applied for each crossing. The value covers the total heat flow through the profile crossing provided that the thickness of the profile does not exceed 2.0 mm.
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Foundations under partitioning wall The linear loss k for partition wall and basement wall foundations, which continue through the insulation of a terrain floor or a basement floor, is shown in table 6.7.3. The heat loss through the outer wall foundation near terrain floors is to be calculated separately, see chapter 6.13. The linear loss is seen as an addition to the one dimensional heat flow through the thermal bridge. Table 6.7.3 The linear loss k in W/m K for partition wall and basement wall foundations, that penetrate the insulation of terrain floor or basement floors. The values in the table are applicable for each individual change of insulation thickness (see figure 6.7.3) Foundation structure W/m K 0.09 Concrete with = 2.0 0.03 Light weight concrete with = 0.25 on the upper 20 cm (0.01) Light weight concrete with = 0.25 on the upper 40 cm
Figure 6.7.3 Example of single change of insulation thickness at a partition wall foundation. Two single changes in the insulation thickness are shown one on each side of the foundation. Each one of the single changes is indicated in the figure with a set of arrows, pointing at each other and towards single change. Other penetrations For the linear loss k for concrete deck and walls, penetrating cavity walls, as well as for concrete columns and concrete beams in cavity walls (see figure 6.7.4) the values in table 6.7.4 apply. The transmission coefficient Ui for the sub area is to be calculated as if the deck or the wall is ending flush with the actual construction surface. The linear loss is seen as an addition to the one dimensional heat flow through the thermal bridge. The one dimensional heat flow at the end of external walls in corners by concrete- pillars and beams are neglected. The values in table
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Extracts from DS418:2002 6.7.4 for concrete- pillars and beams in corners thus covers the total one dimensional heat flow thru the pillar or the beam and the two dimensional heat flow thru the connected cavity walls. The values for the transmittal coefficient for point-thermal bridge j for penetrating columns and beams are shown in table 6.7.5. Table 6.7.4 Linear loss k in W/m K for continuing concrete-deck1) and walls1), that penetrate cavity walls, and for concrete-columns1) and -beams1) in cavity walls, see figure 6.7.4. The values in the table apply for cavity walls of bricks, where the heat transmittal capacity of the tile does not exceed 0.7 W/m K. The values are applicable for each single change of insulation thickness Thermal bridge Continuing concrete-deck or wall Concrete-column or -beam in full wall size Concrete-column or -beam in outgoing corner Concrete-column or -beam in ingoing corner
1)
W/m K 0.13 0.15 0.45 0.55
Concrete with 2% reinforcement bars
Continuing concrete deck
Concrete column in full wall width
Concrete column in corner
Figure 6.7.4 Examples on continuing deck and walls penetrating cavity walls and examples of concrete columns and beams in cavity walls. Table 6.7.5 Transmittal coefficient j in W/K for continuing beams and columns of concrete, bricks or steel see figure 6.7.5. A is the cross area of the beam or the column. For profiles of steel or stainless steel the value must not be less than j = 10 x Ao, where Ao is the area in m2 of smallest possible rectangle embracing the profile, see figure 6.7.6
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Material Brick1) Reinforced concrete with 2% reinforcement bars Stainless steel Steel
1)
j W/K 3.A 11.A 60.A 170.A
Also applies for lightweight concrete with = 0.7 W/mK
Figure 6.7.5 Continuing beam
Figure 6.7.6 Determination of smallest embracing rectangle
6.8
Doors and windows
Not included in this translation Ground supported floors, basement floors and basement walls against soil The transmittal coefficient for a ground supported floor or a basement wall directly towards soil is determined from the formula: 6.9
1 = Rsi + R j + U'
where Rsi Rj Rm
Rm
is the inner surface resistance in m2 K/W is the resistance of the soil in m2 K/W, see table 6.9 is the resistance for material layers in the actual floor or wall construction in m2 K/W
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Extracts from DS418:2002 The resistance of the soil does also include an eventual external surface resistance at the ground surface. For constructions with floor heating, the resistance is calculated from the plane of the heating source as neither the resistance of layers above this plane nor the inner surface resistance is included in the transmittal coefficient. For ground supported floors and basement floors the depth is measured to the upper side of the finished floor. For basement walls the depth is measured to the upper side of the basement foundation. The resistance Rj found in table 6.9 for basement walls until a depth of 2 m is an average resistance for the wall until the depth of 2 m. Deep basement walls are divided into an area of the depth of 2 m and an area of the depth of more than 2 m. When calculation the resistance for floor constructions the capillary breaking layers can be included. The part of the basement wall, which extends above the ground surface is calculated as walls towards the open air. Table 6.9 Resistance for soil Rj Component Ground supported floor, from 0.5 m above to 0.5 m below the terrain Basement floors, deeper than 0.5 m below the terrain Basement walls Until 2 m below the terrain (h is the depth in m) More than 2 m below the terrain and under the building 0.2 + 0.3*h 2.0 m2 K/W 1.5 2.0
6.10 6.11
Concrete sandwich elements Wedged insulation
Not included in this translation Not included in this translation
6.12
Joints around windows and doors
The linear loss (the linear transmission coefficient) sa for joints around windows and doors in cavity walls is based on the values in table 6.12.1 6.12.4. Normally linear heat losses (sa) that are less than 0.02 W/mK may be neglected. 6.12.1 Linear loss s in W/mK for joints around windows and doors in cavity walls the values in the tables provides - Cold bridge insulation with thermal conductivity less than 0,04 W/mK - Frame depth no less than 90mm - Regarding placement of the frame see figure 6.12.1
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Table 6.12.1a The frame placed in front of the thermal bridge insulation in a wall with at least 20 mm overlapping respectively the front wall and the rear wall (sketch 1). Cold bridge Brick Brick Brick Light weight Inner leaf: Concrete1) insulation. concrete3) 1) 1) 2) Outer leaf: Concrete Concrete Brick Light weight Light weight concrete3) concrete3) No 0.25 0.13 0.11 0.09 0.06 10 mm 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 20 mm 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 30 mm 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 40 mm 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 50 mm (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01)
1)
Reinforced concrete with 2% reinforcement bars Applies also for light weight concrete with a thermal conductivity 0.7 W/mK 3) Light weight concrete with thermal conductivity 0.3 W/mK
2)
Table 6.12.1b The frame displaced from the thermal bridge insulation in the wall for instance either next to the front wall or next to the rear wall (sketch 2). Thermal Inner leaf: Concrete1) Brick Brick Brick Light weight bridge concrete3) 1) 1) 2) insulation. Outer leaf: Concrete Concrete Brick Light weight Light weight concrete3) concrete3) No 0.34 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.10 10 mm 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.08 > 10 mm 0.11 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.07
1)
Reinforced concrete with 2% reinforcement bars Applies also for light weight concrete with a heat transmittal capability 0.7 W/mK 3) Light weight concrete with heat transmittal capability 0.3 W/mK
2)
Sketch 1 Example of placement according to table 6.12.1a
Sketch 2 Example of placement according to table 6.12.1b
Figure 6.12.1 Placement of frame in windows- and door-openings in cavity walls
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Extracts from DS418:2002 6.12.2 The linear loss joints around windows and doors in insulated timber frame walls with lightweight cladding or with brick work front wall the values in the tables provides - Frame depth no less than 90mm - Regarding placement of the frame see figure 6.12.2 Table 6.12.2 The linear loss s in W/m K for joints around windows and doors in insulated timber frame walls with lightweight cladding or with brick front wall. Placement of frame W/m K In line with the insulation (0.00) 60 mm overlapping (sketch 3) 0.03 20 mm overlapping (sketch 4) 0.08 Displaced form the line of the Values in table 6.12.1b for none insulation (sketch 5) thermal bridge insulation
Sketch 3 60 mm overlapping of the insulation
Sketch 4 20 mm overlapping of the insulation
Sketch 5 displaced from the line of the insulation
Figure 6.12.2 The placement of window- and doorframes in openings in timber frame constructions with brickwork front wall. The values in table 6.12.2 also apply for massive outer walls with external insulation in timber frame construction or with insulation fastened directly on the massive part of the outer wall. For outer walls with external insulation covered by rendering, ceramic tiles or alike, continuing behind the window- or doorframes, the values according to table 6.12.1 apply. 6.12.3 The linear loss for joints around windows and doors in front of metal frames in insulated frame walls with light weight cladding or with a brick work front wall the values in the tables provides - Frame depth no less than 90mm - Regarding placement of the frame see figure 6.12.2
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Extracts from DS418:2002 Table 6.12.3 The linear loss s in W/m K for the joint around windows and doors in front of metal frames in insulated frame walls with light weight cladding or with a brick work front wall. Placement of frame W/m K In line with the insulation and the metal profile 0.15 60 mm overlapping the insulation and metal 0.11 profile 0.13 20 mm overlapping the insulation and metal Values in table 6.12.1b for none profile thermal bridge insulation Displaced form the line of the insulation (sketch 5) The values in table 6.12.3 also apply for massive outer walls with external insulation between metal frame profiles. The values express the heat loss through the joints provided that the thickness of the metal frames are not exceeding 2 mm. The heat flow can be reduced by using perforated profiles. In this case the heat flow has to be determined for the actual profile. 6.12.4 The linear loss s for joints around roof light and skylight including connecting panels and frame. The height of the joint is measured from upper side of insulation in the roof construction to bottom side of the frame in the skylight and to the upper side of the insulation on the side of the frames in roof windows, se figure 6.12.4. Application of the values in table 6.12.4 provides, that the heat flow capability of the insulation does not exceed 0.04 W/m K. For other joint measurements and insulation thickness interpolation is permitted. If the joint comprise both sections with and without insulation, the linear loss is determined on the basis of an estimated average taken into account the areas of no insulation and the areas of insulation within the joint. The linear loss is to be estimated for all the sides of the window. If the same insulation is used in all sides of the windows, then the linear loss will be equal for all the window sides. This also apply, if the roof construction and the insulation next to the window is slightly modified. In case the transmission coefficient for the skylight or the roof window is estimated without taken into account the heat loss through the side of the frames, the transmission coefficient should be increased according to the heat loss through the side of the frames. The heat loss through the frame side of the windows is determined by using the values in table 6.12.4 measuring the frame height from upper side of the joint to the outer surface of the glassing, se figure 6.12.4.
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Extracts from DS418:2002 Table 6.12.4 Linear loss s in W/m K for joints around skylight and roof windows Thickness of insulation in the joint Height of joints None 25 mm 50 mm 75 mm Mm 0 0.05 0.03 0.02 (0.01) 50 0.15 0.08 0.05 0.04 100 0.25 0.13 0.08 0.06 200 0.45 0.23 0.14 0.11 300 0.65 0.33 0.20 0.16
Height Frame Joint Height Frame Joint
a. Skylight
Insulation thickness in the joint
b. Roof window
Insulation thickness in the joint
Figure 6.12.4 Measurement when deciding height of the joints around skylight and roof windows and insulation thickness within the joints. The figure furthermore shows the measurement when determining the height of the frame for skylight and roof windows in cases where the heat loss through the side of the frames is neglected.
6.13
Foundations under external walls
Foundations for external walls at ground supported floors The linear loss (the linear transmission coefficient) f for external wall foundations at ground supported floors is estimated by table 6.13.1-3: In connection with frame walls or equivalent lightweight wall construction, windows and doors, as shown in table 6.13.1. For cavity walls and for other outer walls with rear wall in concrete, brick work, light weight concrete or alike, as shown in table 6.13.2. For concrete sandwich elements, as shown in table 6.13.2 or table 6.13.3. The constructions are shown in figure 6.13.1 and 6.13.2.
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Extracts from DS418:2002 For constructions with equivalent structure but different insulation thickness and heat flow capability, interpolation in the tables is permitted. The values shown in the tables provide: Terrain level is 15 cm lower than floor level. Yet the values can be used even if the terrain level is as much as 30 cm lower than floor level. The width of the foundation is no more than 2 cm less than the thickness of the external walls (in case of small foundations it can be compensated by using external insulation with equivalent heat flow resistance). The external wall, doors or windows covers the whole top part of the foundation. Where the foundation is carried out with insulation in the centre, it is adequate to cover the centre insulation and 20mm on each side of it. For other construction types or other location of ground or floor the linear transmission coefficient is to be calculated as shown in annex D. Table 6.13.1 Linear loss f in W/mK for external wall foundations at ground supported floors in connection with frame walls and equivalent lightweight walls as well as windows and doors. Foundation Insulation above concrete slab: None 75 mmG U-value for ground supported floor 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.10 Concrete 1) No insulation 0.72 0.67 0.67 0.19 0.22 R) 15 mm thermal bridge insulation 0.47 0.41 0.37 0.19 0.22 Ditto plus 100 mm vertical insulationL) 0.42 0.37 0.35 0.15 0.16 Light clinker concrete2) upper 40 cm 0.26 0.23 0.23 0.13 0.13 Light clinker concrete2) upper 60 cm with 0.17 0.15 0.14 0.11 0.10 central insulationM)
1) 2) G) R) L) M)
Concrete with heat transmittal capability 2.0 W/mK Light clinker concrete with heat transmittal capability 0.25 W/mK and width 23 cm. Insulation with heat transmittal capability not exceeding 0.04 W/m K 15 mm insulation with heat transmittal capability 0.04 W/m K along the border of the ground supported floor, see figure 6.13.2a 100 x 300 mm internal vertical insulation with thermal conductivity not exceeding 0.04 W/m K, see figure 6.13.2b 75 mm insulation, at least 40 cm down with thermal conductivity not exceeding 0.04 W/mK, see figure 6.13.1c
Table 6.13.2 a, b and c shows the linear loss f in W/m K for external wall foundation at ground supported floors in connection with external walls with inner leaf of lightweight concrete, brick, concrete or alike. Table 6.13.2a External wall with inner leaf of lightweight concrete 3) Foundation Insulation above concrete slab: None 75 mmG U-value for ground supported floor: 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.10 Concrete 1 No insulation 0.69 0.65 0.65 0.25 0.28 15 mm thermal bridge insulationR 0.50 0.45 0.44 0.23 0.24 Ditto plus 100 mm vertical insulationL 0.45 0.42 0.41 0.22 0.24
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Extracts from DS418:2002 Light clinker concrete2) upper 40 cm Light clinker concrete2) upper 60 cm with central insulationM 0.26 0.22 0.23 0.17 0.19 0.13 0.15 0.12 0.14 0.10
Table 6.13.2b External wall with inner leaf of brickwork 4) Foundation Insulation above concrete slab: None U-value for ground supported floor: 0.30 0.20 Concrete 1) No insulation 0.72 0.71 0.58 0.54 15 mm thermal bridge insulationR Ditto plus 100 mm vertical insulationL 0.54 0.51 Light clinker concrete2) upper 40 cm 0.27 0.24 2) 0.22 0.17 Light clinker concrete upper 60 cm with central insulationM Table 6.13.2c Outer wall with inner leaf of concrete 1) Foundation Insulation above concrete slab: None U-value for ground supported floor: 0.30 0.20 Concrete 1 No insulation 0.73 0.69 15 mm thermal bridge insulationR 0.64 0.59 Ditto plus 100 mm vertical insulationL 0.61 0.57 0.28 Light clinker concrete upper 40 cm 0.25 Light clinker concrete upper 60 cm with 0.23 0.17 central insulationM
1) 2) 3) 4) G) R) L) M)
0.10 0.71 0.52 0.51 0.20 0.13
75 mmG 0.20 0.10 0.34 0.37 0.33 0.34 0.32 0.34 0.18 0.16 0.16 0.11
0.10 0.68 0.58 0.55 0.21 0.14
75 mmG 0.20 0.10 0.45 0.46 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.20 0.18 0.16 0.12
Concrete with thermal conductivity 2.0 W/mK Light clinker concrete thermal conductivity 0.25 W/mK and width 23 cm. Lightweight concrete with thermal conductivity 0.3 W/m K. Also apply for lightweight concrete with thermal conductivity 0.7 W/m K. Insulation with thermal conductivity not exceeding 0.04 W/m K 15 mm insulation with thermal conductivity 0.04 W/m K along the border of the ground supported floor, see figure 6.13.2a 100 x 300mm internal vertical insulation with thermal conductivity not exceeding 0.04 W/m K, see figure 6.13.2b 75 mm insulation, at least 40 cm down with thermal conductivity not exceeding 0.04 W/m K, see figure 6.13.1c
Table 6.13.3 Linear loss f W/m K for external wall foundations at ground supported floors in connection with concrete sandwich elements. Foundation Insulation above concrete slab1): None 75 mmG U-value for ground supported floor: 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.20 0.10 U) Concrete 50 mm external insulation 0.44 0.44 0.42 0.32 0.33 Ditto plus 15 mm thermal bridge 0.39 0.37 0.36 0.32 0.32 insulationR) Concrete 100 mm external insulationU) 0.38 0.38 0.37 0.28 0.28 Ditto plus 15 mm thermal bridge 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.28 0.28
R)
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Extracts from DS418:2002 insulationR) Concrete central insulation 60 cm downM) 0.41 0.39 0.37 0.31 0.31 Ditto plus 15 mm thermal bridge 0.37 0.34 0.33 0.31 0.30 insulationR) 1) Reinforced concrete with 1% reinforcement bars G) Insulation with thermal conductivity not exceeding 0.04 W/m K R) 15 mm insulation with thermal conductivity 0.04 W/m K along the border of the ground supported floor, see figure 6.13.2a U) External insulation with thermal conductivity not exceeding 0.04 W/m K, 90 cm down, see figure 6.13.2c M) 75 mm insulation, at least 40 cm down with thermal conductivity not exceeding 0.04 W/m K, see figure 6.13.1d
a. concrete
b. light clinker concrete
c. light clinker d. concrete with concrete with central insulation central insulation
Figure 6.13.1 Foundation top designs
a. cold bridge insulation along the border of the ground supported floor
b. vertical internal insulation
c. external insulation in connection with concrete Sandwich element
Figure 6.13.2 Insulation around the foundations
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Extracts from DS418:2002 Foundations under external basement walls Examples of the linear loss f for foundations under external basement walls are stated in table 6.13.4, se figure 6.13.3. Refer to Annex D for other constructions. Table 6.13.4 Examples of the linear loss f for foundations under external basement walls, depending on the conductivity of the basement wall material and the depth Dt under terrain. The build-up of the constructions are shown in Figure 6.13.3. The U-value of the basement floor is 0.20 W/m2K. The depth is measured from terrainlevel to upper side of basement floor. For depths larger than 2.0m the values for 2.0m are applied. Depth Concrete1) Leightweight concrete Leightweight concrete Dt = 0.70 = 0.70 = 0.70 1.0m 0.42 0.31 0.23 2.0m 0.36 0.27 0.21 1) Concrete without reinforcement
Dt is the depth under the terrain level. Figure 6.13.3 Example of foundation under external basement wall
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7
7.1
Heat flow resistance and conductivity of materials

Introduction
The calculation of transmittal coefficient is based on the heat flow resistance R and the thermal conductivity W/mK for the materials used in the constructions.
7.2
Basis for determination of heat flow resistance and conductivity
7.2.1 Declared values The following declared values is applied: For products with a CE-mark, the declared values are set according to the relevant product standard or European technical approvals. For other products, the declared values are set by procedures, conform to those used for CE-marked products. These procedures are shown in chapter 4.2.1 of the product standards for manufactured heat insulation products DS/EN 13162 DS/EN13171 and the Annex A in DS/EN 13172 For granulated products, the procedures in prEN 14063-1 and prEN 140632(Extruded clay) or prEN14064-1 and prEN 14064-2(Mineral wool) as well as DS/EN 13172 are used. Of the above mentioned standards the on closest to the product to declare is chosen. In Annex D of DS/EN 13162 and in Annex D of DS/EN 13171 as well as in Annex C of DS/EN 13170, there are examples showing methods and rules of rounding off. Control rules, conform to the regulations for CE-marked products, are shown in Annex E. Declared values for heat flow resistance and conductivity in the manufacturer literature and on the products must be attended with a reference to: DS 418, 6. version, April 2002 7.2.2 Design values Design values are set based on the products declared values, according to DS/EN 10456 or directly by: Annes F. Design values for brick, concrete and other building materials PrEN 1745 DS/EN 12524 By determination of R and it is considered that, products build into constructions, have different moisture content than by laboratory measurements. In addition the middle temperature for the build in product, may deviate from 10 C, which applies by laboratory measurements. Analyses of insulation products moisture conditions in ordinary Climate Screen constructions shows, that correction to the declared value only are necessary when the product is used towards the soil. However, it must always be considered whether the combination of product, construction and influence makes it necessary to correct the declared values in order to achieve the correct design value. For use towards the soil, the design value of a insulation product can normally be calculated by DS/EN ISO 10456, with Fm = 1.2. This applies for extruded polystyrene,
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Extracts from DS418:2002 extruded clay and mineral wool. = declared * Fm In Annex G, a list of design values for use in calculation of existing constructions in connection with rebuilding and renovation, are given. 7.2.3 Special provisions The term insulation material with soil contact means insulation material mounted externally on basement walls as well as foundations. It is provided, that the constructions are kept dry by implementing drainage or other precautions. For terrain deck and basement floors, where the insulation material is placed between the concrete and a layer of gravel of at least 75 mm thickness or equivalent material with grain size of at least 4 mm, the table values applicable for dry material can be used. In cases where the capillary breaking gravel layer is less than 75 mm the table values applicable for with soil contact should be used. It is the thickness of the compressed insulation layer that applies. For brickwork constructions the listed values of design heat transmittal capability for the brickwork as a whole should be applied, since the contribution of the joints are included in the values (see Annex F). The design heat transmittal capability is applicable for brick work of bricks in normal format without regards to pattern and bond as well as brickwork of light concrete blocks without regards to deviation from the listed block format and joint sizes. Usually the type of the applied mortar is neglected as well. However, for lightweight concrete block work the heat flow resistance may be increased by 0.15 m2 K/W if all the joints are provided with a 4 x 1 cm strip of mineral wool or polystyrene. The moisture content for materials used external and internal are determined by 23 C and 85% RF and 50% RF respectively. Design conductivity are calculated according to DS/EN ISO 10456. For brickwork and light weight concrete constructions, where the values distinguish between internal and external application of a material, it should be taken into account the heat transmittal capability for internal application, if the material is used in partition walls, storey partition and crawl space deck as well as the inner section of combined external walls and roofs. The heat transmittal capability for external application of materials apply, where the material is to be found in the outer section of combined outer walls, roofs and terrain decks. For massive external walls of brickwork made of bricks in normal format, the external heat transmittal capability should be applied for the faade layers and the internal heat transmittal capability for the rest of the wall. For cavity walls made of brickwork the external values apply for the outer leaf and the internal values for the inner leaf. For massive external walls of lightweight concrete the external values apply for 100 mm of the thickness of the wall and the internal values apply for the rest of the wall. The heat transmittal capability of different materials is depending on the temperature, why the listed practical values apply for temperatures normally found in building constructions. The values are not to be applied for calculation of pipe insulation, cold store insulation, and chimney or stove insulation.
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Annex A Correction of transmissions coefficients

A.1 General Transmissions coefficients calculated according to this standard must be corrected for the effect of: - Cracks in the insulation layer - Ties and similar mechanical fixations - Precipitation on upside down roof The corrected transmission coefficient U is achieved by adding the correction U U = U + U U = Ug + Uf + Ur where Ug is a correction for air-cracks in the insulation layer Uf is a correction for ties and similar mechanical fixations Ur is a correction for precipitation on upside down roof A.2 Correction for air-cracks in the insulation layer The correction Ug must be adjusted for the heat flow resistance of the insulation relatively to the total heat flow resistance of the construction:
U g = U
''
RI RT
where U is the correction for air-cracks in the insulation layer. U is found in table A.2.1 RI is the heat flow resistance of the insulation layer RT is the total heat flow resistance of the construction. Table A.2.1 Correction for air-cracks in the insulation layer Description Level U 2 [W/m K] 0 0.00 No air-cracks across the insulation layer 1 0.01 Possibility for air-cracks across the insulation layer No air circulation on the warm side of the insulation layer 2 0.04 Possibility for air-cracks across the insulation layer Possibility for air circulation on the warm side of the insulation layer Air-cracks across the insulation layer It is presumed that no increases of the heat loss perpendicular to the insulation layer is appears, if the insulation is carried out as two or more layers with displaced joints, or if the insulation is loos fillings and the cavity is totally filled.
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Extracts from DS418:2002 If the insulation is carried out with slabs in only one layer without grooved joints, or the insulation regularly are penetrated by e.g. beams, rafters, og wall-ties, the risk of air-cracks across the insulation layer is present. The increased heat loss caused by air-cracks, with a width of more than 5 mm, across the insulation layer must be included in the calculations. Air circulation on the warm side of the insulation It is presumed that no risk of air circulation on the warm side of the insulation appears if the cavity is totally filled, or if the insulation lies tightly against the warm side. The same applies if a soft insulation rests, with its own weight, on the warm side in closed constructions, attics or similar. There is risk of air circulation on the warm side of the insulation, where a insulation material not lies tightly against a plane surface og where a hard insulation material is squeezed in between beams, rafters, trusses of battens. The same applies if there is no rigid material on the warm side of the insulation. Air circulation on the warm side of the insulation only has consequences if there is connection the cold side of the insulation or to the open. Examples Level 0 - Ceiling insulation with two layers of insulation, where the top layer is laid with displaced joints across an insulation layer between the ceiling struts of the truss. - Soft insulation in a cavity wall with cavity ties, wedged against a plane surface on the warm side - Roof insulation in to layers with displaced joints - Insulation with displaced joints between to layers of crossing studs, beams or battens - Roof-, external faade- and terrain-insulation in one layer with grooved joints or one layer, where length-, width-, and angle-tolerances and stability of dimension provides that cracks larger than 5mm will not occur. - Granulated insulation Level 1 - Soft ceiling insulation on a hard, smooth board, between ceiling struts of trusses - Soft ceiling insulation between ceiling struts of trusses, laid on DPM supported by battens - Soft insulation between rafters, studs, beams or trusses, wedged against a hard, plane surface on the warm side - Soft insulation in a cavity wall with cavity ties, wedged against brickwork with exactly filled joints on the warm side. Level 2 - Hard insulation between, beams, studs, rafters or trusses, regardless of the layer on the warm side
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Extracts from DS418:2002 Insulation between, beams, studs, rafters or trusses not wedged against the warm side Insulation between, beams, studs, rafters or trusses only covered by e.g. DPM or cardboard on the warm side Insulation in a cavity wall with cavity ties, brickwork with un-, or overfilled joints on the warm side. Correction for ties
A.3
The correction Uf is stated in table A.3.2 There is not need for correction for ties of similar mechanical fixations in the following cases: - ties through a non insulated cavity - ties between brickwork and timber-frame - if the heat flow resistance of the tie of similar mechanical fixation or a part of it is les than 1 W/mK - the correction for the tie is less than 0.005 W/m2K stated with () in table A.3.2
Table A.3.2 Tie correction Uf in W/m2K for common ties Type of tie Diameter 8 ties pr. m2 4 ties pr. m2 mm Thickness of insulation layer Thickness of insulation layer 0.1 m 0.125 m 0.15 m 0.1 m 0.125 m 0.15 m Plastic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Stainless 3 (0.005) (0.004) (0.003) (0.002) (0.002) (0.002) steel Stainless 4 0.009 0.007 0.006 (0.004) (0.003) (0.003) steel Stainless 5,5 0.016 0.013 0.011 0.008 0.006 (0.005) steel Bronze 3 0.018 0.015 0.012 0.009 0.007 0.006 Bronze 4 0.033 0.026 0.022 0.016 0.013 0.011 Bronze 5 0.051 0.041 0.034 0.026 0.020 0.017 Zincked iron 8 0.062 0.050 0.041 0.031 0.025 0.021 The values in the table cant bee used if both ends of the tie or the similar mechanical fixation are in contact with metallic cover materials. In these cases the methods of DS/EN ISO 10211-1 can be applied. A.4 Correction for precipitation on upside down roof Not included in the translation
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Annex F Design values for brick, concrete and other building materials
Figure F.1 Brick and lime-sandstone bricks - Lambda design in W/mK as function of the density in kg/m3 Curve A: Curve B: Curve C: Curve D: Internal walls of brickwork External walls of brickwork Internal walls of lime-sandstone External walls of lime-sandstone
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Figure F.2 Lightweight concrete - Lambda design in W/mK as function of the density in kg/m3 Curve A: Internal blocks and plates with glued joints or mounted in forms, plates in storey height Curve B: External blocks and plates with glued joints or mounted in forms, plates in storey height Curve C: Internal blockwork approximately 0.6m long and 0.2m high Curve D: External blockwork approximately 0.6m long and 0.2m high Conditions: Block-work is carried out with 10mm joints
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Figure F.3 Light clinker concrete - Lambda design in W/mK as function of the density in kg/m3 Curve A: Curve B: Curve C: Curve D: Curve E: Curve F: Internal - blocks and plates with glued joints or mounted in forms External - plates in storey height and other larger elements Internal blockwork approximately 0.6m long and 0.2m high External blockwork approximately 0.6m long and 0.2m high Basement walls below terrain, made by block of light clinker concrete Blockwork of light clinker concrete in brick format, internal/external
Conditions: Block-work is carried out with 10mm joints
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Figure F.4 Mortar/concrete - Lambda design in W/mK as function of the density in kg/m3 Curve A: Curve B: Curve C: Curve D: Internal concrete External concrete Internal mortar External mortar
Conditions: By reinforced concrete with 1% reinforcement, a lambda value of internal and external 2.44 and 2.54 W/mK respectively, can be applied. By reinforced concrete with 2% reinforcement, a lambda value of internal and external 2.64 and 2.76 W/mK respectively, can be applied.
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Extracts from DS418:2002 Design values for other building materials Table F.1 contains a number of values. Further values for materials as well as thermal capacity and damp diffusion resistance can be found in DS/EN 12524. Table F.1 Design values for other building materials Material or application Density Kg/m3 Stone, tiles, glass, ceramic Granite Gneiss Basalt Limestone Marble Slate Sandstone Tiles, clay Tiles, concrete Ceramic tiles, porcelain Constructional glass Plastic and rubber Polycarbonate PVC Polyamide (Nylon) Epoxy Synthetic rubber Linoleum Wood and wood-bases boards Wood Plywood Chipboards Soil, drainage material Moist soil (moraine) Coarse cinders in soil Clay Pebble layer as capillary breaking layer 2500 2700 2400 2700 2700 3000 2600 2800 2000 2800 2600 2000 2100 2300 2600 1200 1390 1150 1200 1200 1200 500 700 300 - 1000 300 900 1900 800 1200 1800 Design thermal conductivity W/mK 2.8 3.5 3.5 2.3 3.5 2.2 2.3 1.0 1.5 1.3 0.8 0.20 0.17 0.25 0.20 0.24 0.2 0.13 0.18 0.09 0.24 0.10 0.18 2.3 0.4 1.5 0.7
(continue)
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Extracts from DS418:2002 Table F.1 Design values for other building materials (continued) Design thermal Material or application Density 3 conductivity Kg/m W/mK Metals Aluminium 2700 230 Zinc 7100 110 Bras 8400 100 Bronze 8700 65 Cupper 8900 380 Silver 11300 35 Led 11300 35 Mild steel 7800 55 Stainless steel 7900 17 Cast iron 7200 50 Water, air Water (stagnant) Ice at 0C Snow at 0C Snow at 0C Air (stagnant) Other Plasterboards with paper 1000 900 300 100 1,3 900 0.6 2.2 0.23 0.05 0.024 0.25
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Annex G Design values for calculation of existing constructions in connection with rebuilding and renovation.
Material and application Cellular plastic injected on site Polyurethane Ureaformaldehyde Cellular plastic filler Polystyrene pellet/granulate Other materials Cellulose fibers, loose, slab, rolls Expanded perlite Cotton Sheep wool Wood wool, chip, shaving Grain, granulated, expanded Glass bead, loose, whole Flax and hemp, slabs and rolls added Polyester fibres Straw, rolls, mats, granulate Mineral wool Above terrain Towards soil Loose and granulated Density Kg/m3 8 30 Design thermal conductivity Design W/mK 0.055 0.070 0.050 0.060 0.050 0.055 0.060 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.060 0.095 0.050 0.055 0.050
10 20
30 150 25 40 25 75 30 90 170 190 150 190 25 30 30 100 15 300
Expanded polystyrene Above terrain 10 45 0.050 Towards soil 0.055 The values in the list apply, when no value for the concerned product, valid at the time of application, can be determined.
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Extracts from DS418:2002

Extracts from DS418:2002

Symbols and units

U U U R Rdeclared (psi) (chi) c Indexes t

Extracts from DS418:2002

Figure 2.1 Examples of design temperatures j

Extracts from DS418:2002

Other design temperatures

Extracts from DS418:2002

Calculation of transmission loss

Transmission loss through joints around windows and doors

Extracts from DS418:2002

Transmission loss through foundations under external walls

Calculation of transmission areas

Building with attic and terrain floor

Building with sloping roof and basement

Extracts from DS418:2002

Calculation of the length of the linear cold bridge

Extracts from DS418:2002

Extracts from DS418:2002

Extracts from DS418:2002

Calculation of ventilation loss

Extracts from DS418:2002

Mechanical ventilation (exhaust)

Other mechanical ventilation systems

Heat recycling Air handling Recycled

Figure 4.4 Example of mechanical ventilation system

Extracts from DS418:2002

Calculation of the total heat loss

Calculation of transmission loss

Extracts from DS418:2002

Calculation of transmittal coefficient

Surface heat flow resistance

Heat flow direction Horizontal Downwards 0.13 0.17 0.04 0.04

Heat flow resistance for a material layer

The resistance for an unbroken homogenous material layer is

Extracts from DS418:2002

where d is the thickness of the material layer in m.

Heat flow resistance for air filled cavities

Constructions with inhomogeneous material layers

1 = Rsi + Rse + Rh + U' Where A + Ab b + , = a a Aa + Ab +

Extracts from DS418:2002

is the applicable thermal conductivity in W/mK

Constructions with cold bridges

Extracts from DS418:2002

a. Pillar near window opening One change of insulation thickness

b. Pillar in outer wall section Two changes of insulation thickness

Extracts from DS418:2002

W/m K 0.13 0.15 0.45 0.55

Concrete with 2% reinforcement bars

Continuing concrete deck

Concrete column in full wall width

Concrete column in corner

Extracts from DS418:2002

j W/K 3.A 11.A 60.A 170.A

Also applies for lightweight concrete with = 0.7 W/mK

Figure 6.7.5 Continuing beam

Figure 6.7.6 Determination of smallest embracing rectangle

Doors and windows

Concrete sandwich elements Wedged insulation

Not included in this translation Not included in this translation

Joints around windows and doors