Student Name ______Jordan Romero-Sims__________________ Environmental Health Quiz Ch. 5.1 5.4 ire!

!tions" The following are quotations, or nearly so, from the Maxwell textbook. Use the book to fill in the blanks in the sentences. 1. !. __Solvents___________ are common contaminants of US groundwater, which is an im ortant source of drinking water in many areas. "nalysis of a #fresh foods inter$ention%&a '(day eriod during which study sub)ects consumed no ackaged foods&documented a *+, reduction in a$erage -geometric mean. concentration of urinary metabolites of __#$%_____ during the inter$ention and a /',(/*, reduction in a$erage concentration of urinary metabolites of 0123. 4n humans, a national cross(sectional study showed that obese men -as measured by waist circumference. were more likely to ha$e high concentrations of _$hthalate______ metabolites in their urine5 "cute ex osure to 378s or dioxins causes __Chlora!ne___________, a ainful and disfiguring skin condition that can last for a few months or more than 1/ years. 9ike other ersistent toxic substances, erfluorochemicals bioaccumulate in indi$iduals and __#ioma&ni'(____________ in ecosystems. The redominant cause of stratos heric _)zone__________ de letion has been a family of chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons -7:7s., a subgrou of halocarbons that contain chlorine, fluorine, and carbon in different combinations. 5sim le hydrocarbons, in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a __Rin&______ 5include the sol$ents ben<ene toluene, ethylben<ene, and xylene, commonly referred to together as 8T1=5. __$hthalates_____________ ha$e been measured in many consumer roducts urchased in stores, including air fresheners, dryer sheets, and $arious roducts for hair and skin care. 3hthalates and bis henol " are considered endocrine disru tors5((that is, chemicals that interfere in some way with the body@s __Hormonal___________ signaling. The most toxic of the dioxins and furans is !,',;,>(tetrachlorodiben<o(p(dioxin, or T700. " 1??? study found that the concentration of a set of 3801s in the breast milk of Swedish women had __ ou*led___________ e$ery / years o$er the receding !/ years. 9ong(term ex osure to many sol$ents damages the li$er, kidneys, or bothA __#enzene_________ also causes anemia. "s a result of their large(scale roduction and use o$er time, hthalates are ubiquitous in the en$ironment, and due to the wide use of hthalates in roducts, eo le li$ing in more __ evelo+ed___________ countries are routinely ex osed to these chemicals at low le$els.

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3olychlorinated bi henyls -378s.5ha$e high molecular weights and5are chemically stable and nonflammable, and ha$e low electrical conducti$ity. 8ecause of these ro erties, they were widely used as insulating fluids in electrical equi ment, such as _,rans'ormers_________________. " __ e'oliant_____________ is a substance that causes the lea$es to fall off lants. Mice ex osed to _Chroni! $C#________ show learning and motor deficits. 1ffects of T700 documented in animals include li$er damage, immunotoxicity, birth defects, reduced __-ertilit(_____________, endometriosis, and cancer. 0ioxins occur as by roducts not only in the roduction of 378s, but also of $arious other chemical rocesses in$ol$ing _Chlorinated_____________ organic com ounds. 4n male rats ex osed erinatally, hthalate ex osure has been linked to increased risk of __Cr(+tor!hildism______________ -undescended testes., hy os adias -wrongly laced o ening of the urethra., low s erm counts, and reduced anogenital distance. 1x osure to __Cadmium_____________ is associated with chronic obstructi$e ulmonary disease and chronic kidney diseaseA the latter may cause skeletal changes, causing extreme bone ain, an unusual condition known by its Ba anese name, itai-itai -ouch(ouch., because of an outbreak in Ba an during the 1?6+s. 9ike ultrafine articulates roduced by combustion, _Nano+arti!ales______________ enetrate dee into the lungs and can ass through the al$eolar wall into the general circulation, erha s making normal host defenses ineffecti$e. "rsenic is released into the ambient en$ironment mostly by metal smelters -es ecially co er smelters., by the burning of _Coal________, and in tannery wastes. __-i*rosis___________ is a general term for scarring of the lungs in res onse to a hysical irritant, with the formation of excessi$e fibrous tissue and a loss of flexibility that im airs breathing. 8y the 1?6+s and 1?/+s, _%s*estosis_____________ was well known to the Bohns(Man$ille 7om any and other com anies that manufactured asbestos, although they concealed this information from their workers and the go$ernment. 2istorically, cotton mill workers in the more de$elo ed countries were ex osed to high concentrations of airborne cotton dust, resulting in a fibrotic lung disease called byssinosis, also known as __#ro.n___________ lung. "nd, using the $ery large C2"C1S dataset from 1???(!++6, chronic ex osure to occu ational _Noise_________ has been linked to coronary heart disease, angina -chest ain caused by inadequate blood su ly to the heart., and heart attackA these links are articularly strong in eo le under /+ years of age, in men, and in smokers. 7hromium(444 -tri$alent chromium. is a common form and an essential trace nutrientA chromium(D4 -__He/avalent______________ chromium. is rare in nature but more often used in industry and is highly toxic.

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"s a result of their sha e, carbon _Nanota*es_______________ cause inflammation through multi le mechanisms, acti$ating an #inflammatory cascade.% 4ntensity -of sound. is measured in __ e!i*els_____________ -d8.. 7hronic __#er(llium____________ disease is a debilitating lung condition that bears some resemblance to lung diseases caused by dust and fibers, with scarring of lung tissue and se$erely im aired breathing. _0esothelioma_________________ is caused almost exclusi$ely by asbestos, and for this reason, it is essentially a marker of ex osure to asbestos&in ublic health terms, a sentinel illness. __%s*estos___________ is a mineral fiber that is insulating, durable, and noncombustible.