CONTENTS Introduction Objectives of finishing and polishing Finishing, cutting, grinding and polishing procedures Finishing and polishing

hing instruments A) Abrasive grits B) Bonded abrasives ) !loth and felt Abrasive and erosive #ear, Other finishing procedures $icroabrasion and macroabrasion Burnishing, Finishing burs iamond instruments Type of abrasives Hardness of abrasives Abrasive instrument design

!) !oated abrasive dis"s and strips

Finishing of different restorative materials Amalgam !omposite %lass ionomer cement irect gold restorations !ast gold restorations &orcelain

Health ha'ards of finishing and polishing

 (eferences !onclusion) Introduction : The main objective of an operative dentist is to restore the individual tooth to its form and functions along #ith imparting pleasing esthetics and maintaining periodontal tissue in good esteem) It has been established that rough or uneven surfaces initiate microbial flora to flourish and also light reflected by these surfaces may not be even and uniform) Therefore a restored tooth should be evenly smooth and reflect light uniformly) The process of ma"ing the surface smooth is "no#n as finishing and polishing) Finishing is defined as the transformation of an object from a rough to a refined form) The procedure involves removal of surface irregularities and shaping the restoration according to functional occlusan polishing is defined as the production of a shiny mirror li"e surface, #hich reflects light similar to enamel) Objective of Finishing and Polishing : The objective of finishing and polishing of any restoration are obtaining ade*uate adaptation and continuity of the restoration) $argins, #ith the tooth, optimum restoration contour, proper occlusal contacts and a surface free of any scratches or irregularities to ma"e it biologically acceptable) All these objectives lay the foundation for optimum oral health function and esthetics) i) Oral health: a #ell contoured and polished restoration #ill have reduction in total surface area and reduced roughness of the restoration surface #hich promotes the oral health by resting the accumulation of food debris and pathologic bacteria) +moother surfaces are easier to maintain in a hygiene state #hen preventive oral home care is practiced)

,ith some restorations tarnish and corrosion activity can be significantly reduced if the entire restoration is highly polished, #hich is very important for the biocompatibilite property of a material) ii) Oral function: Oral function is enhanced #ith a #ell polished restoration because food glides more freely over occlusal and embrasure surfaces during mastication) +mooth restoration contacts, minimi'e #ear rates on opposing and adjacent teeth, #hich is particularly true for restorative materials such as ceramics that contain phases that are harder than enamel and dentin) Friction is the resistance to motion of one material body over another) If an attempt is made to more one body over the other a restraining force to resist motion is produced) The co-efficient of friction is reduced if the surfaces are smooth and in single plane) (eduction in friction results in reduction in #ear #hich interns helps in longevity of restoration) (ough material surfaces lead to the development of high-contact stresses that can causes the loss of functional and stabili'ing contacts bet#een teeth) iii) Esthetics : Aesthetic demands may re*uire the dentist to handle highly visible surfaces of restorations differently than those that are not accessible, Because) ,hen #hite light shines on a solid, some of the light is directly reflected from the surfaces and remains #hite) This light is mi.ed #ith the light reflected from the body of the material and dilutes the color) As a result an e.tremely rough surface appears lighter than the smooth surface of the same material) This problem is associated #ith unpolished or #orn glass ionomers and composite restorations) The opacity, translucency and transparency of a dental material is affected by the surface characteristic of the material)

Opacity is a property of materials that prevents the passage of light) An opa*ue material may absorb some of the light and reflect the remainder) For e.ample the core material of porcelain is opa*ue it reflects yello# light so it appears yello#) Translucency is a property of substrate that prevents the passage of light but disperses the light, so objects can/t be seen through the material) +ome translucent materials used in dentistry are ceramics, resins, composites etc) Transparent material allo# the passage of light in such a manner that little distortion ta"es place and objects may be clearly seen through them) Finishing, Cutting, Grinding and Polishing Procedures : Finishing can also be described as a process #here by substrate particles are removed by the action of cutting and or grinding) The surface of the substrate in made to come in to frictional contact #ith a comparatively harder material) This contact generates enough tensile and shear stresses to over come the forces of atomic bonds and there by release particles from the substrate) In a cutting operation the substrate particles are, removed by the use of a bladed instrument or any instrument in a blade li"e fashion) A grinding operation on the other hand removes small particles of the substrate through the action of bonded or coated abrasive instruments) These instruments contain randomly arranged abrasive particles) Both cutting and grinding procedures produce unidirectional scratches) &olishing is the most refined process and acts on an e.tremely thin region of the substrate surface) It procedures very fine scratches that can be visible only under very high magnification) Basically polishing is the process in #hich the polishing material dos/t cut or grind, but fills fine scratches and procedures a perfectly smooth surface) uring the polishing of metals a highly stressed microcrystalline

layer is formed on the surface called the 0Beilby layer1) It is believed that because of the rapid movement of the polishing agent, top layer of the material gets heated up causing it to flo# and fill the scratches) uring these !rocedures : i) ii) iii) +urface blemished and imperfections are removed The material is shaped to an ideal form and The outermost surface of the material is developed to a desired state) Finishing and Polishing Instru"ents : #ardness of abrasives: One of the most important characteristics of abrasive particles on dental instruments is, it must be great enough to remove particles of substrate material #ithout becoming dull or fracturing too rapidly) The hardness of a material can be measured by using $OH+, 23OO& or 4I!25(+ hardness tests) $brasive Instru"ent esign : $% $brasive Grits : Abrasive grits are derived from materials that have been crushed and passed through a series of mesh screens to obtain different particle si'e ranges) ental abrasive grits are classified as coarse, medium fine and super fine, according to particle si'e) Along #ith this the shape of particle also plays a major role in its selection) $any types of abrasive materials are available they can be classified mainly in to t#o types) i) 3atural abrasives 6 Ar"ansas stone, !hal", +and !orundum stone, iamond, Tripoli 5mery stone, garnet, 'irconium silicate &umice stone, *uart' ii) $anufactured or synthesi'ed materials)

They are generally preferred because of their more predictable physical properties) +ilicon !arbide, Aluminium O.ide +ynthetic iamond, (ough, Tin O.ide &% &onded abrasives : Bonded abrasives consists of abrasive particles #hich are incorporated through a binder to form grinding tools such as points, #heels, separating dis"s and a #ide variety of other abrasive shaper) &articles are bonded by four general methods) a) +intering b) 4itreous bonding 7%lass or ceramic) c) (esinoid bonding d) (ubber bonding +intered abrasives are strongest type because the abrasive particles are fused together 4itreous bonded abrasive are mi.ed #ith a glassy or ceramic matri. material, then cold presses to the instrument shape and finally fired to fuse the binder) (esin bonded abrasives are cold pressed or hot pressed and then are heated to cure the resin) (ubber bonded abrasives are made similarly) The type of bonding method employed for the abrasive greatly affects the grinding behaviour of the tool on the substrate) An ideal binder holds the abrasive particle is the tool sufficiently long enough to cut, grind or polish the substrate, yet release the particles either before its cutting efficiency is lost or before heat built-up causes thermal damage to the substrate) A bonded abrasive instrument should al#ays be trued and dressed before its use)

Truing is a procedure through #hich the abrasive instrument is run against the harder abrasive bloc" until the abrasive instrument rotates in the hand piece #ithout eccentrically or runout #hen placed on a substrate) The dressing procedure li"e truing is used to shape the instrument but accomplishes t#o different purposes) First the dressing procedure reduces the instrument to its correct #or"ing si'e and shape) +econd it is used to remove clogged debris from the abrasive instrument to restore grinding efficiency during the finishing operation) The clogging of abrasive instrument #ith debris is called abrasive blinding, #hich results in reduction in abrasive efficiency and more heat generation) +o fre*uent dressing of the abrasive instrument during the finishing operation on a truing instrument, maintains the efficiency of the abrasive) iamond instruments are pre-shaped and trued so are not treated li"e the bonded abrasives) efficiency) C% Coated abrasive dis's and stri!s : !oated abrasives are fabricated by securing abrasive particles to a fle.ible bac"ing material 7heavy #eight paper or $ylar) #ith a suitable abrasive material) These abrasives typically are supplied as dis"s and finishing strips) % Cloth : !loth carried on a metal #heel may be used for final polishing #ith or #ithout a polishing medium) E% (otar) rubber instru"ents : (ubber ended rotary tools are commonly used for polishing procedures) They can be obtained in various shapes of cups, #heels, cones etc) and are commonly used #ith other abrasives or polishing pastes) iamond clearing stones are used on the super coarse through fine grades to remove debris build up and to maintain grinding

$&($SI*E $N E(OSI*E +E$( : ,ear is a material removal process that can occur #henever surfaces slide against each other) In dentistry the process of finishing a restoration involves abrasive #ear through the use of hard particles) In case of a diamond bur abrading a tooth surface, the diamond particles bonded to the bur represent the abrasive and the tooth is the substrate) It is important to observe the rotational direction of a rotary abrasive instruments to control its action on the substrate surface #hen a hand piece and bur are translated in a direction opposite to the rotational direction of the bur at the surface being abraded, a smoother grinding action is achieved) Ho#ever #hen the hand piece and bur are translated in the same direction as the rotational direction of the bur at the surface, the bur tends to 0run a#ay1 from the substrate, these by producing a more in controlled grinding action and rougher surface) Abrasive #ear is further divided in to the processes of t#o body and three body #ear) a) T#o body #ear6 This occurs #hen abrasive particles are free to the surface of the abrasive instrument and no other abrasive particles are used) 5.6 A diamond bur abrading a tooth) b) Three body #ear6 This occur #hen abrasive particles are bonded to translate and rotate bet#een t#o surfaces) ental prophyla.is #hich involves the use of a rotating rubber cup and an abrasive paste on a tooth or a material surface is an e.ample of a three body #ear) Erosive ,ear : 5rosive #ear is caused by hard particles impacting a substrate surface, carried either by a steam of air or a steam of li*uid) It is mainly

used in laboratories for grit blasting units that employ hard-particle erosion to remove surface material) A distinction must be made bet#een this type of erosion and chemical erosion, #hich involves chemicals such as acids and al"alies instead of hard particles to remove substrate material, chemical erosion is commonly called as acid etching) Other Finishing Procedures : i% -icro and "acro abrasion a) -icro abrasion: 5arlier in this techni*ue a paste made of 89: hydrochloric acid, pumice and #ater #as used) The paste #as then applied to the desired surface #ith a hand device li"e tongue blade or a rotary driven rubber cup, #hich has a fluted edges, the rubber cup should be rotated at a very slo# speed to avoid removing any e.cess tooth structure and prevent spatter) !roll further modified the techni*ue by reducing the concentration of the acid to appro.imately 88: and increasing the abrasiveness by using silicon carbide particles instead of pumice, is a #ater soluble gel paste, this is more safer due to lo# acid content) (ecently 5$+ has introduced AI(-flo# HA3 ; systems #hich uses sodium bicarbonate as an abrasive agent) The po#der is passed through the narro# no''le of specially designed hand piece #ith the help of compressed air) This techni*ue is used to remove e.trinsic stains on the tooth surface) b) -acro abrasion: This is a also a techni*ue for the treatment of surface stains and defects but utili'es a 8<-fluted carbide bur or a micro diamond point revolving at high speed to remove the defect) Ade*uate air=#ater spray should be used not only as a coolant, but also to facilitate proper visibility of the defect)

ii%

&urnishing : Burnishing is defined as the process of rubbing a metal over the

restorative material to ma"e it shiny or lusterous) Further it acids in adaptation and compaction of material at margins) The metal of the burnishing instrument should not combine easily #ith the metal or alloy being burnished> other#ise some metal may be transported either on to the restoration or restoration on to the instrument) +tainless still or chromium plated instruments are commonly employed either by hand or in the form of smooth rotating engine burnisher) This techni*ue is employed in, /% Finishing amalgam Finishing gold restoration Finishing cast gold restorations ental a"alga" restoration : Although fe# authors say that polishing of high copper amalgam is less important as it is resistant to tarnish and corrosion it is often necessary to i) ii) iii) !omplete carving (efine the anatomy contours and marginal integrity 5nhance surface te.ture of the restoration) Additional finishing and polishing procedures of amalgam restoration is not initiated until first <? hrs as the crystalli'ation process is not complete) Burnishing the restoration before and after carving reduces the surface roughness by ten times) After <? hrs, the surface of the restoration is usually rough due to the heterogenous structure of amalgam on setting)

FINIS#ING OF IFFE(ENT (ESTO($TI*E -$TE(I$.S :

Finishing is then begun #ith the use of steel finishing burs or stones) This includes trimming any overe.tended and e.cess margins, creating ade*uate contour and correcting any occlusal disharmonies that may have been overloo"ed during carving process) A high point in an amalgam restoration appears as a shiny area, #hich is reduced #ith carborundum stones or sharp finishing burs) For the pro.imo-occlusal restorations, finishing begins #ith a careful appraisal of the cervical margins, buccal and lingual pro.imal and occlusal margins) espite the fact that matri. bands and #edges are used during restorations, gingival overhangs of varying degree may be present) These overhangs are reduced by using rhein trimmers, bard par"er "nives, periodontal files or gold foil "nives) Finishing of cervical areas is done by inserting fine #ater resistant strips cervical to the contact area through the interdental space and moving them to and fro) (emoval of superficial scratches and irregularities is accomplished simultaneously) It should be remembered that abrasives al#ays should be applied through a descending grade, i)e) coarse, medium, fine and ultrafine to achieve the best, finish) +uitable polishing agent li"e tino.ide, 'inc o.ide, chal", pumice, e.tra fine sile. etc) carried #ith a soft rotating brush or rubber cup) For polishing in this contact areas and gingival embrasures, the abrasive is introduced through polishing strips and dental tape) uring polishing, the restoration should be "ept moist and only lo# rotational speeds #ith light intermittent pressure should be used, to avoid any over heating) 5.cessive heat production 7@AA!) #ill permanently damage the pulp tissue and the mercury present in the restoration reaches the surface #hich leads to loss of material property of amalgam)

,ith the advent of high copper amalgams, it is no# possible to finish the restorations much earlier, i)e) 8B-CA minutes after condensation) Finishing and Polishing of Co"!osite (estorations : !omposite reins have been #idely used as an anterior restorative material and are no# being used in posterior teeth also) The surface smoothness varies #ith the type of composite resin, o#ing to the nature of the filler particles) i) !onventional composites6 These pose greatest difference in hardness of organic and inorganic phases) The resin matri. is soft and filler particles are hard if fine grit polishing methods are used, the foster rein matri. abrades a#ay easily leaving behind the harder filler particles, #hich gives it a rough surface) If coarse abrasions are used on the other hand, the organic and inorganic phases are removed e*ually but the abrasives have behind rough mar"s) ii) Hybrid composites can be polished to a semi-gloss but the surface is some#hat hydrophobic #hich ma"es it *uite unpleasant for the patient) iii) $icrofilled composite materials can undoubtedly be polished to the highest gloss and are considered to be esthetically best amongst all composites) The surface of these restorations is highly smooth and the chances of e.trinsic staining are minimal) Finish obtained on micorfilled composites is a glossy one #here that obtained on conventional composites is a satin finish) A surface finish attained #ith the use of a plastic matri. bond is the most desirable finish for resin restorations, but this is rarely obtainable because of the need for contouring and removal of e.cess material, #hich is often re*uired clinically) Hence it is advisable to contour the unpolymeri'ed composite #ith hand instruments, so that the need for removal of large amounts of set resin leading to surface damage are minimi'ed)

a%

Finishing of direct co"!osite restorations : 5.cess composite at the cavosurface margins is scraped a#ay using a

scalpal or a sharp gold "nife) The use of stainless steel instrument should be avoided, as these tend to leave grey mar"s on the restoration) For gross contouring the finishing of the concave and comparatively non-accessible areas on the occlusal surface, the alpine stone, 8<-CA fluted carbide burs and diamond points are recommended) (otary instruments should al#ays be used in slo# speed and #ith a stream of #ater and little pressure) High pressure tends to loosen and dislodge the filler particles) In the accessible and conve. areas of the occlusal surface agents such as aluminium o.ide, cuttle fish or silicon dio.ide coated dis"s and strips are used in a descending grade of their abrasiveness) 4aseline or petroleum jelly should be used by used as lubricant #ith these dis"s and strips) These dis"s should be used in to and fro motion) +trips are used to polish the pro.imal surface #ith short stro"es rather than rapid lengthy stro"es in the embrasure) In class-4 restorations care must be ta"en to avoid gingival damage in class-4 restorations) The final luster is obtained #ith polishing pastes that may contain pumice, silica, alumina, tin o.ide etc) After the final polishing of the composite is completed a thin layer of gla'e may be applied to improve surface smoothness) %la'e is a film of unfilled polymers #ith a composition similar to the resin matri.) +tudies have sho#n that the sofle. dis"s #hich has aluminium o.ide polishing are superior to finish and polish composite restorations) Indirect co"!osite restorations : The cured inlays = onlays is primarily trimmed and finished on the die, using the armamentarium as in a direct composite restoration) Chair side !rocedure : at the stage of the restoration, e.cessive pressure should not be applied #hile seating, because of high fragility of composite

material) If the restoration dos/t fit in to the cavity, it should be reduced using dis"s) Once the marginal integrity has been established, the occlusion is then chec"ed and adjusted, occlusal adjustments are made using fine grit diamond instruments follo#ed by CA fluted carbide burs) Final adjustments are made #ith same instruments and materials as used for direct composite restorations) Finishing and !olishing of glass iono"er restorations : The finishing of glass ionomer cement has been described as an e.ercise in damage) The ideal surface finish for glass ionomer cements is produced by the matri. strip and any interference #ith hand or rotary instruments inevitably disrupts the surface) Ho#ever, clinically it is almost impossible to place a restoration that ade*uately fills the cavity #ithout re*uiring any e.cess to be trimmed) It is therefore essential to have satisfactory procedure for finishing) The surface of glass ionomer cement is sensitive to both dehydration and #ater contamination during initial setting phase) If the restoration is e.posed to air during this period #ithout any protective covering li"e varnish, it loses #ater and develops cra'ing and crac"s) ,ater contamination on the other hand dissolves the matri. forming ions, resulting in #ea" and more soluble restoration) amage should be avoided by chec"ing against both these conditions) It is therefore preferable to delay finishing and polishing of the restoration for at least <? hrs after insertion so that setting is complete in case of fast cements and light cure glass ionomer cement, finishing can be started as early as 8A mins after insertion) (otary cutting instruments are preferred than hand cutting instruments to prevent the tear of the material at the margins) 8< fluted carbide-finishing burs or fine diamond burs are preferred) ,oolford observed that softe. dis"s #ith 4aseline produced the smoothest surface) A

lubricant such as coca butter or petroleum jelly should be used along #ith finishing and polishing instruments) Finishing and !olishing of direct gold restorations : Burnishing is the first step in finishing a gold restoration) For occlusal surfaces, a spratley burnisher or ball burnisher is moved #ith condensable pressure from the metal to the tooth surface) A spratley blade carver is used in the embrasure for pro.imal restorations) The ne.t step is giving an optimum contour to the restoration) Instruments used for this purpose include $orse scaler, Dones "nife or cleoid descoid carver) On the occlusal surface, sued from the centre to margins) In the pro.imal portions there is a need to remove any e.cess, if it e.ists #hich is facilitated by tooth separation) Abrasive dis"s and strips are used, the dis"s should be small in diameter to prevent gingival damage) After the surface has been smoothed, burnishing is repeated once again on all the margins) &olishing #ith tin o.ide or e.tra fine sile. applied #ith a rubber cup gives the restoration a high metallic lustore and satin finish) +hofer bro#n and green cups have also been sho#n to be very effective) These rubber cups have an abrasive impregnated in the rubber) Ho#ever they should be used only at slo# speeds) Finishing and !olishing of cast gold restorations : An obvious e.tension of the casting beyond the margins removed upto the finish line #ith a small cylindrical point rotating a#ay from the operator) The remaining thic" margin is carefully thinned #ith fine dis"s) Occlusal surface is then finished using abrasive stones and dis"s in an order of descending abrasiveness) The pro.imal surface is contoured lightly #ith a EF to B=@F carborundum dis" follo#ed by smoothening #ith medium and fine cattle paper dis"s)

The occlusion is chec"ed #ith an articulating paper and premature contacts, if any are refined #ith a selective grinding) The roughness created is then polished #ith rubber polishing dis"s or points) Finally after the insertion of the restoration it is burnished again) Finishing and !olishing of !orcelain restorations : The high esthetic *uality of porcelain is attributed to surface te.ture, #hich is characteri'ed by reflection and absorption of light rays) These are three methods of fabrication currently available for ceramic inlay and onlays) i) ii) iii) !onventional filling on a refracting die using firing porcelain, $illing from a preformed ceramic bloc" using machenable ceramic and !asting by the lost #a. techni*ue using castable and pressable ceramic) The second and third methods do not use the application of a gla'e layer to attain the final surface finish) i% (estoration for"ed b) firing !orcelain : The desired finish on the fired ceramic restoration is obtained preferably by gla'ing and to a smaller e.tent by polishing) Any adjustment of the fabricated restoration needs to be done at the e.pense of the gla'e layer) It is proven that ?A-?@: of the strength of the porcelain restoration #ill be reduced if the gla'e surface is removed) But the strength of a gla'ed porcelain and one highly polished are comparable) Hence #ith the use of polishing systems li"e, softe. dis"s, shofu porcelain laminate polishing "it etc) it is no# possible to minimi'e the damage caused by intra oral adjustment) %la'ing is of t#o types autogla'ing and overgla'ing)

Autogla'ing is a process in #hich a smooth surface is obtained #ithout the use of an additional gla'e) By careful control of the furnace temperature 7GBBA! H 8A@BA!), a gla'e is created) At this temperature the surface porcelain melts slightly, flo#s and gla'es #ith a little roundening of the corners) Overgla'ing on the other hand is the application of an e.ternal gla'e layer over the surface of the completed body of porcelain) +uch a gla'e contains silica and lo# fusing flu.es and increases translucency) !hair side finishing procedures i) ii) iii) iv) Ise fine grit diamonds) CA fluted carbide finishing burs (ubber abrasive points and cups at slo# speed #ith air #ater spray) iamond polishing pastes applied #ith bristle brush) These ceramic inlays and onlays are fabricated using !A -!A$ technology 7computer assisted designing and computer assisted manufacturing)) iamond finishing burs are used follo#ed by sofle. discs to polish the restoration) iii% (estorations for"ed b) casting cera"ic : The fabricated restoration is finished and polished on the master die similarly as described earlier for ceramic restorations) #a0ards of finishing and !olishing : 8) High temperature may damage pulp during finishing and polishing) This raise in temperature may also damage the properties of restorative material, li"e bringing mercury to the surface in case of amalgam restorations) ii% (estoration for"ed b) "illing cera"ic bloc's :

<) C) ?)

$icrostructural defects or crac"s can e.tend belo# the surface during finishing and polishing) As finishing proceeds, voids incorporated during the filling process may be e.posed, lodging unsightly stains) The edges of the infle.ible dis"s tend to scratch the surfaces and the central metallic mounting hub of certain dis"s also have a tendency to cut the surface)

B)

(estorative materials may be lodged in the oral soft tissues during finishing and shaping procedures, #hich can lead to persistent chronic inflammation of those tissues)

@) K) 9)

Joss of e.ternal stains may occur during finishing of castable ceramic restorations) If attention is not given an e.cess of gla'ing could lead to complete loss of anatomy) And one of the most important complication is the aerosol production) i)e) dispersions of solid particles are generated and released into the

breathing space of laboratories and dental clinics #henever finishing and polishing operations are performed) These airborne particles may contain tooth structure, dental material and microorganisms) +uch aerosols have been identified as potential sources of infections and chronic diseases of the eye and lungs and present a ha'ard to dental personnel and their patients silicosis also called grinders disease is a major aerosol ha'ard is dentistry because a number of silica based materials are used in the processing and finishing of dental restorations) Aerosol produced during finishing and polishing can be reduced by three #ays)

i)

They can be controlled at the source through the use of ade*uate infection control procedures, #ater spray, and high volume suction)

ii) iii)

&ersonal protection li"e safety glasses, disposable face mas"s can protect the eye and respiratory tract from aerosols) The entire facility should have a ade*uate ventilation system)

(EFE(ENCES 8) Finishing techni*ues for high copper amalgam restoration) A laboratory study) Dournal of dental research vol H @K, page H @CC, 8G99)

CONC.1SION A beautiful statue, even if it is Beautifully sculptured, if left unfinished #ill attract no spectators) +imilarly a dental restoration #ithout finishing and polishing #ill be unesthetic, but this is not the only problem it #ill face) The effects are cumulative #hich #ill finally lead to its failure) +o #hy not spend a fe# more minutes of out precious time finishing and polishing the restoration rather than see all our hard #or" go in vain)

CO..EGE OF ENT$. SCIENCES EP$(T-ENT OF CONSE(*$TI*E $N EN O ONTICS ENTIST(2

SE-IN$( ON

FINISHING AND POLISHING OF DENTAL MATERIALS

P(ESENTE &2 : r3 S1 #I( &$&1 S3