. What was the Renaissance? 2.

. Renaissance = Rebirth 1400-1600 new period of learning and creativity in Europe intellectual, artistic, and economic changes new attitude of enquiring: questioning approach to the world (Greeks and Romans) replaces the unquestioning one, typical of the Middle Ages (and led by the Catholic Church) 3. Where did the Renaissance begin? The European Renaissance began in northern Italy, and was based in three independent cities; Florence, Venice, and Milan. The Renaissance ideas would eventually spread into northern Europe as Spain and France fought with each other in Italian lands. 4. Renaissance: geographical influences (I)Classical knowledge brought into Europe via: Silk Road (exotic products trade, ideas from India and China) 5. Renaissance: geographical influences (II)Classical knowledge brought into Europe via: Contact with Muslims in Spain (preserved and reinterpreted Ancient Age philosophy) 2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license. 6. Renaissance: geographical influences (III)Classicalknowledgebrought intoEurope via:Ottoman TurksconquerByzantineEmpire: scholarsflee to Italy withancient texts ofthe Greeks andRomans 7. Renaissance in Europe 8. Tempio di Vesta, Rome, 205 AD. As the most important temple of Ancient Rome 9. Renaissance: Sources Classics were important because: satisfied increasing need for practical knowledge supported involvement in urban affairs pre-Christian, so didnt require all emphasis to be on afterlife 10. The Renaissance way of thinkingArchitecture 11. The Renaissance way of thinkingPhilospohy 12. The Renaissance way of thinkingScience 13. The Renaissance way of thinkingArt 14. The Renaissance way of thinkingMedicine

1. The renaissance and reformation1300-1600 2. The Renaissance 1300-1500Italy offered new opportunitiesThe Renaissance Began in Florence, ItalyAfter the Crusades Italy became the center of trade and gained great wealthwealthy merchants dominated politics and businessRenaissance marked by renewed interest in Greek anRoman literature, art, & lifeknown as classic learningHumanism: intellectual movement that focused on Worldly subjects rather than religious onesNew Values Shaped the Renaissance1. people were eager to achieve as individuals2. believed you could enjoy life without offending God unlike in the Middle Ages 3. Giotto BondonePainted the Arena Chapel using Fresco 4. Dante alghieriWrote The Divine Comedy where he describes his tour of hell.Influenced the development of the Italian language. 6. Machiavelli Wrote, The Prince where he described the idea of the perfect ruler. He said that a ruler can use unethical actions as long as it is in the best interest of the people. Famous quote, The End Justifies, the Means. It doesnt matter HOW you achieve your goal, as long as you achieve it. 7. michaelangeloPainted the Sistene Chapel with scenes from the Bible, also known for his David sculpture. 8. DavidBy Michaelangelo 9. Leonardo divinciKnown as the true renaissance manHe was an inventor, painter, sculptor, writer and scientist.Drew pictures of helicopters, submarines. 10. The Last SupperFamous paining by Da Vinci that showed the last supper of Jesus. 11. The renaissance spread to northern europeSpread to Northern EuropeSpread through foreign courts visiting Italy wealthy merchants were attracted to the individualism and worldly pleasures.William Shakespeare wrote several poems and plays such as Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and Julius Caesar. 12. End of the renaissanceEnd of the Renaissance (1600s)1. role of self-worth and dignity of individuals allows individualsto seek fame for themselves2. Helps to lead more individual thought, the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution3. The rise of democratic ideas begin to slowly spread4. The Renaissance sparks exploration and will begin a new era of exploitation and dominance by European nations

 Renaissance and Reformation The end of the medieval period in Europe was marked by changes in attitudes towards politics, religion, and learning. These changes became more widespread and sweeping during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, bringing about the cultural movement called Renaissance and the religious movement known as the Reformation . The Renaissance began as revival of interest in the literature and culture of ancient Greece and Rome. Its emphasis was on the richness of earthly life and on human achievements. One result of the Renaissance spirit was a brilliant period of creativity in the arts. The Reformation also marked a breaking away from the attitudes of the Middle Ages. It began with attempts to make reforms in the Church and led eventually to the end of religious unity in Western and Central Europe. 2. Chapter Outline 1. The Renaissance Brings Change 2. The Renaissance Spirit Is Reflected in Literature and Art 3. The Reformation Ends Religious Unity in Western and Central Europe 3. 1. The Renaissance Brings Change Late in the Middle Ages, European rulers gained new authority, while the absolute authority of the Church began to be questioned. At the same time, a long period of wars, epidemics, and economic upheaval in Europe came to an end. A new spirit of optimism, confidence, and creativity emerged. In the fourteenth century, these developments led to the start of a remarkable period that is known as the Renaissance. 4. a. Interest in classical learning inspires the Renaissance -The word renaissance in French for rebirth. -Originally referred to a new interest in the learning of ancient Greece and Rome, which began in 1300s. The Renaissance differed from the Middle Ages in several ways 1. a renewed appreciation for the arts and learning of ancient Greece and Rome. 2. a new interest in worldly matters, accompanied by a growing emphasis on human life and accomplishment. b. Scholars study the humanities -Renaissance scholars interest in Greek and Roman learning developed into the study of the humanities-Latin and Greek language and literature, composition, rhetoric, history, and philosophy. -Renaissance scholars found the literature of the ancients exciting to read and beautiful to hear. -Scholars who took part in the intellectual movement that grew out of the study of the humanities were called humanists . 5. c. Renaissance begins in Italy -The Renaissance began about 1350 in the northern Italian city- states, which had grown prosperous from the revival of trade in the Middle Ages. Italian merchants and bankers had the wealth to acquire libraries and fine works of art. d. Petrarch leads the rediscovery of classical literature - Francesco Petrarch - an Italian poet born in 1304, led the early development of Renaissance humanism. -He studied Roman literature and philosophy and encourage others to become interested. -In the process of collecting ancient manuscript, he rediscovered a number of Roman authors whose work had been forgotten during the Middle Ages. -He loved writing so much that he often worked all night long at his desk. -When a worried friend urged him to relax, he replied, nothing weighs less than a pen, and nothing gives more pleasure; it is useful not only to the writer but to the others far away, perhaps even those who will be born a thousand years from now. -On July 19, 1374, Petrarch was found dead in his library, his head resting on an open book, his pen fallen from his hand. 6. e. The Renaissance emphasizes life on earth -Renaissance humanists tried to understand the entire civilization of the ancient world, not just selected ideas. They looked on the literature of the ancient Greeks and Romans as guide to a joyous, successful way of life. -the people of the Renaissance emphasized living life on earth as fully as possible. -They took ancient literature as their guide to understanding human nature, the conduct of statesmen, the duty of the citizens, and the meaning of duty. f. Renaissance thinkers study history critically -the study of history was important for Renaissance humanists. They believed that history, like classical literature and

philosophy, would help them understand their own times. In their efforts to learn more about ancient Greece and Rome, they carefully examined and compared copies of ancient manuscript. Medieval thinkers had tended to accept Aristotles writings as unquestioned truth. Renaissance humanists, however, said that Aristotles works should be seen as a product of the time in which he wrote. 7. g. Politics are important in the Renaissance -Many Renaissance humanists were leaders of society and were active in the politics of their cities. -They valued public service and praise those who were useful to society. -The skills of humanists sought to cultivate - eloquence in communicating ideas, effective public speaking, polished manners, an elegant writing style were valuable ones for social and political leaders. h. Machiavelli takes a practical view of politics -Political rivalry was intense among the Italian city-states and their rulers. -Renaissance political thinkers were ambitious for fame and power. As a guide, they looked back to Roman history rather than to medieval ideals. -They also turned to the advice given in guidebooks on how rulers could become more successful and skilful in politics. 8. Niccolo Machiavelli-write a famous guidebooks -a diplomat and student of politics -he drew on Roman history to set up guidelines for rulers of his time. -was a cynical about human behaviour and believed that a ruler should do whatever was necessary to gain and keep power The Prince-(the title of his book) written about 1513 -he pointed out that successful rulers often lied, broke treaties, and killed in order to gain power. -he said, politics must be judged only by their result i. Wealthy patrons support the Renaissance -Renaissance life centered on the society, commerce, and politics of the bustling, prosperous cities. In wealthy cities such as Florence, Milan, and Venice, the rulers, noble families, and high-ranking clergy became patrons, or supporters, of the art. Most Renaissance artists came to depend for their livelihoods on wealthy patrons. Florence-The cultural center of Renaissance Italy, was dominated by the Medici family. -Medici-were bankers who had branch offices in cities throughout Western Europe. -Platonic Academy in Florence-Founded by Cosimo de Medici in 1450, it became the center of studies in Greek philosophy. 9. 10. Lorenzo(1449-1492)-(Cosimos grandson) best-known member of the Medici -Known as the Magnificent -was a classical scholar, a skilled architect, and a talented poet who wrote In the style of Petrarch -he hired painters and sculpture to create works of art for his palace, and invited artists, painters, and philosophers to his court. Women of the wealthy and noble Italian families also played important roles as patrons of the arts. Isabella dEste(1474-1539)-one of the most remarkable women in Renaissance Italy. -as a child she and her sister Beatrice studied the humanities and learned to read and speak Latin and Greek. -married to Francisco Gonzaga ruler of a small state in northern Italy -She collected many of the books just the beginning to come from Italian printers. Her own learning and her encouragement of the arts made Isabella known in her time as The first women of the world. 11. j. The Renaissance encourages the development of talents -The Renaissance was characterized by an intense appreciation of individualism. -The people of this time were interested in the unique qualities that made one person stand from the others -these attitudes encouraged a spirit of curiosity and adventure -the men and women of the upper classes benefited most from the wealth and leisure to develop the many talents expected in the ideal Renaissance individual. k. Printing spreads Renaissance ideas -The Renaissance was the time of change in technology as well as in culture -Printing press-one of the new developments 1450s-

European first used movable metal type to print a book Johann Gutenberg - credited with printing the first book, a copy of the Bible 12. l. Renaissance ideas spread to Northern Europe -Printing helped spread the spirit and ideas of the Renaissance northward from Italy to France, England, Germany, and the Netherlands(Holland and Belgium). Desiderius Erasmus-was born about 1466in Rotterdam, Holland. -the most respected and influential humanist of the Northern Renaissance -Ordained a Catholic priest, he carefully studied both the humanities and Christian doctrines. -He wanted the church to return to the simple religious devotion of early Christianity, but did not agree with the leaders of the Reformation who were breaking away from the Church. -He felt that the study of the humanities was more valuable than the study of science. In the Praise of Folly (1509)-He criticized scholars, scientists, philosophers, and clergy of his own time for being narrowminded. -The new craft of printing made Erasmuss books available throughout Europe; he was one of the first authors whose books were read by thousands of people. 13. Sir Thomas More- One of the most important scholar in northern Renaissance -an English statesman -close friend of Erasmus -a devout catholic and a student of both Church doctrine and the humanities -His book Utopia , published in Latin in 1516, described an ideal, peaceful society, and so conveyed Mores criticism of the Politics, society, and religion of his time. 14. 2. The Renaissance Spirit Is Reflected in Literature and Art The Renaissance spirit and the renewed interest in ancient Greece and Rome were the inspiration of a brilliant creative period in literature and art. Writers and artist used stories from ancient history and classical mythology as their subjects. They also adapted styles used by the Greek and Roman authors, artists, and architects. Most important, they portrayed people with greet realism, bringing out the subjects individuality. Human beings were the focus of the arts of the Renaissance. Renaissance Literature a. Rabelais and Montaigne express the Renaissance spirit in France -The emphasis on individuality was reflected in very different ways in the works of two great French Renaissance writers. 15. 1 . Francois Rabelais -was born in France -encouraged the Renaissance ideal of living a full, busy life -was a monk, a scholar, and a physician, who also studied plants and Roman archaeological sites. Gargantua and Pantagruel-a five-volume work, that made fun of those who did not take the humanists point of view. The books combined humour, lively imagination, and exciting adventures with scholarship. 16. 2. Michel de Montaigne - a writer lived quietly and wrote short, thoughtful essays that reflected his personal thoughts and interests. -He drew on his own observations, experience, and travels -He wrote in a conversational style, exploring ideas about friendship, education, and many other subjects that interest him 17. b. Cervantes mocks medieval ideals Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra(known as Cervantes 1547- 1616)-the greatest writer in the Renaissance in Spain -served as a soldier against the Turks and was imprisoned for five years by pirates in North Africa. -became a tax collector Don Quixote-published first in 1605 -in this book Cervantes mocked the way medieval codes of chivalry distorted reality. -Do Quixote is a kind, elderly gentleman who spends so much time reading medieval tales that he loses his sense of reality. He decides to become a knight and sets out to do heroic deeds. Blind to the real world, Don Quixote sees a herd of sheep as an army and thinks windmills are giants. He idealizes a servant on a nearby farm, describing her in the terms of courtly love rather than seeing her as a sturdy peasant she really is. 18. c. Shakespeare provides insight into human behaviour William Shakespeare(1564-1616)many people regarded him as the worlds finest dramatist and the greatest writer in the English

language. -was an actor and playwright, not a classical scholar -he shared the humanist interest in other times and places, particularly the ancient world. Several plays- such as Julius Caesar and Antony and Cleopatra- Greek and Roman history. -In the play Hamlet, he wrote: What a piece of work is man! How noble in reason!...in action how like an angel!! Shakespeares plays portrayed the whole range of human feelings joy, love, greed, jealousy, ambition, range, sorrow. 19. Renaissance Art and Architecture a. Renaissance artists portray individual -like the writers of the Renaissance, the artists of the time looked back to the ancient Greeks and Romans for their themes and Ideas -they used ancient works of arts as their models in depicting a variety of subjects stories from Greek mythology, scenes from Roman history, incidents in the Bible and Church history -Renaissance artists tried to capture each individuals character and to show that persons feelings and personality in a lifelike way. b. Artists strive for balance and proportion renaissance architects saw nature as beautiful because it was balanced and well proportioned. They hope to achieve these same qualities in their own work so that it would appear more realistic. -architects admired Greek and Roman buildings and strove for the same kind of balance and proportion in the buildings they designed. -they tried to make all the parts of a building appear perfectly balanced in size and shape. 20. c. The use of perspective adds realism to painting -Another step toward realism was the discovery of how to achieve perspective -the impression of depth and distance on the flat surface of painting Giotto -first used this technique in about 1300. Filippo Brunelleschi-(Florentine architect) discovered that painters could used mathematical laws in painting their pictures and thus show perspective accurately. Massaccio-applied these laws in his paintings. By making it seem that a system of lines met at a certain focal point in the painting, he created an illusion of space and distance. 21. d. Renaissance artists use new materials -many medieval paintings were frescoes, paintings on freshly plastered walls. This technique had been used since ancient times -medieval painters also commonly used a kind of paint called tempera. It too dried so quickly that painters could not change or correct what they had painted Oil Painting -new technique developed by the Flemish painter Jan van Eyck -let the artists work more slowly and allowed them to obtain more lifelike effects -they could show realistically the look and texture of different fabrics-the smoothness of silk, the intricacy of lace, the coarseness of wool, the softness of fur. Jan van Eyck(ike) - who lived from about 1380 to about 1440. 22. e. Raphael is a master of design Raphael Santi -became famous for his paintings of Madonnas, picture of Mary the mother of Jesus -he painted a human, loving woman. -was a master of designed and skilled architect f. Michelangelo creates lasting masterpieces Michelangelo Bounarroti -was the greatest sculpture of the Renaissance -he was also immensely skilled as a painter, poet, and architect, Michelangelo called sculpture the first of arts -in sculpture, he said, each act, each limb, each bone is given life and, love, mans body is raised breathing, alive, in wax or clay or stone. -Pieta (pyay-tah)-statue which shows Mary holding the body of Jesus after the Crucifixion. He made this when he was 23 years old. -this work won instant fame. One of his contemporaries wrote, It would be impossible for any craftsman or sculptor, no matter how brilliant, ever to surpass the grace or design of this work or try to cut and polish the marble with the skill that Michelangelo displayed. 23. -In 1508 Pope Julius II, a leading patron of the arts, called Michelangelo to Rome to paint religious scenes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. The paintings were to show Biblical events from the Creation to the great flood of Noahs time. For four years Michelangelo worked on the

ceiling, stretched out on his back atop a high platform. The suns heat beat down on him through the roof of the chapel, and paint dripped into his eyes. When darkness came, he worked by candlelight. He suffered from cramps in his legs; his eyesight began to fail. I have been here a thousand years he wrote to his father. I am more exhausted than man ever was. Despite his agony, Michelangelo created a masterpiece. The Sistine Chapel paintings made his reputation as Romes greatest artist. -When he was in his 70s, he began to complete the plans for building St. Peters Church in Rome. He worked at designing the interior and the huge dome until his death in 1564. 24. g. Leonardo fulfils the Renaissance ideal Leonardo da Vinci -less famous in his time than Michelangelo, is now regarded as a universal genius, the ideal admired by the people of the Renaissance. -He left few competed paintings, but they include such famous works as The Last Supper and the Mona Lisa -like other artists of the time, he also depended on his patrons. They included Duke Ludovico Sforza of Milan, the duke s wife Beatrice d Este, and King Francis I of France. -The proof of Leonardo s genius is found in the many notebooks he left. He drew objects and people as he saw them with his own eyes. To find out more about human body, he dissected corpses and made careful drawings of the structure of muscles and bones. -his notebooks recorded designs for inventions such as flying machines, submarines, and machine guns. These drawings are so precise that modern engineers have used them to build working models. 25. h. Northern Renaissance artists emphasize realistic detail -the center of the Northern Renaissance in art was the Netherlands, especially the region of Flanders. It was a Flemish artists, van Eyck who won the first master of oil painting. Pieter Brueghel (Broy-gul) The Elder (1525-1569)-the greatest painter of realistic contemporary scenes. -using a wealth of detail and often sly humor, he created latge, dramatic paintings of farm workers and crowds of townspeople at work and play. Jan Vermeer and Jacob van Ruisdael (roys-dahl)-continued the tradition of painting carefully detailed landscapes and interior scenes. -1600s- Dutch art reached its height in paintings Albrecht Durer - The leading German artist of the Renaissance -who was equally skilled in creating paintings, woodcuts, and engravings. Hans Holbein the Younger (1497-1543)-another German painter -the most famous portrait painter of his time -he created portraits that vividly show his subjects personalities as well as the realistic details of their clothing and the objects around them -Erasmus and Sir Thomas More-two of Holbein's most famous portraits 26. 3. The Reformation Ends Religious Unity in Western and Central Europe Another kind of break with medieval times came as reformers challenged the authority of the Church, whose political influence had weakened in the late Middle Ages. By the fourteenth century, reforms within the Church were being demanded in many countries of Europe. a. Wycliffe calls for changes in church doctrine -late 1300s JOHN WYCLIFFE (wik-lif)-a scholar at oxford university in England, questioned the teaching that a person could gain salvation only through the Church. -He said that the Bible, not the Church, should be regarded as the supreme source of authority -He denounced bishops and other clergy for amassing wealth and neglecting their religious duties -He and his followers made the first translation of the Bible in English. -His followers known as the Poor Preachers, were trained to teach in the language of the people instead of the Latin of the Church. 27. b. Huss criticizes the church -JOHN HUSS-head of the University of Prague in Bohemia (a state in the Holy Roman Empire) - Like Wycliffe, he challenges the authority of Pope and criticized the Church wealth. -In 1410 he was excommunicated. Nevertheless, he travelled to

Germany to attend a Church council that was trying to end the Great Schism. Although the Holy Roman Emperor had promised that Huss would be safe at the council, he was arrested, found guilty of heresy, and burned at the stake in 1415. -In 1420 some of Husss followers, called Hussites, began a rebellion against the Church and Emperor. The called together an army for a crusade against the rebels -Peace was finally made in 1434, but many Hussites went on with their efforts to secure the Church reform 28. c. Martin Luther adopts new beliefs -MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546)-he taught Biblical studies at the University of Wittenberg -He led a strict and pious life but was troubled by a feeling of sin and feared that would never enter heaven. After an intense emotional struggle, he came to believe that men and women could be save only by the grace of God, which would grant them faith in Christ. d. Luther challenges the church -The Church taught that most sins would be forgiven if a person confessed to a priest, regretted the action and ask forgiveness, and did penance, such as fasting or prayer. Indulgence-another way of being pardon for sins -special service to the church such as crusade -obtain in return for a money contribution to the Church The sale of indulgence was widely criticized October 31, 1517-Luther challenge this practice publicly. On a church door in Wittenberg he nailed 95 theses, or arguments, attacking the sale of indulgences and inviting a debate. 29. e. Luther defies the pope and the emperor -the Pope ordered Luther to give up his beliefs, but Luther burned the Papal order before a crowd of cheering students, professor and townspeople. Early in 1521 the Pope excommunicated him. -May 1521, Charles V, the holy Roman Emperor, summoned Luther to appear before the imperial assembly, which met in the city of Worms. He refused to go against his own conscience and change his views, reportedly saying, Here I stand. I cannot do otherwise. - He took refuge in the castle of Frederick of Saxony, a German prince. While Luther was in hiding, he translated the New Testament into German, making it possible for more people to read the Bible. f. The protestant movement spreads -Neither Church officials nor the Holy Roman Emperor could keep the reform movement from spreading among those who were dissatisfied with Church practices. -Luthers teaching were not the only reason why many Germans became Lutherans, as his followers were called. Many people resented the fact that their money flowed from Germany to Rome to pay Church taxes and buy Church offices. Other Germans were annoyed that Italians controlled the most important offices in the Church. -The Emperor tried to suppress the growing strength of the Lutheran movement. In 1529 several Lutheran princes met and issued a formal protest against these efforts. Because of this they became known as Protestants . 30. 31. g. Religious wars break out -The Lutherans princess continued their open rebellion against the Church and the Roman Emperor. In 1530 many of them signed the Augsburg Confession, a written statement of their belief. The rebellion eventually led to series of wars. -In 1555 a treaty called the Peace of Augsburg ended the religious wars in Germany. The treaty allowed the German princess to decide which religion would be followed in their lands. Most of the southern German rulers remained Catholic; most of those in the north chose to become Lutheran. The division into Protestant and Catholic states became a major barrier to German unity. 32. h. Calvinism develops in Geneva -The Swiss city of Geneva was an important center of Protestant thinking. The earliest Swiss reformer, Ulrich Zwingli, had taught at the same time as Luther. In 1536 a French scholar and theologian, John Calvin, joined the reformers in Geneva and developed the form of Protestant belief called Calvinism . -Calvin like Luther regarded the Bible as the supreme authority in matters of faith, attacked abuses by the clergy, and emphasized

the importance of faith in salvation. -the central ideas of Calvins philosophy, however, were predestination, the belief that certain people were chosen by God for salvation. -According to Calvin, those who had not been chosen could never enter heaven no matter how good a life they lived on earth. -Calvin and his followers tried to make Geneva a holy city. The Calvinist supervised peoples lives to make certain they lived strictly and solemnly. Laws punished those who gambled, made noise during church services, drank at certain hours, sang outrageous songs, and did not know their prayers. While those who challenged Calvinist teachings faced persecution or exile from Geneva, the city at the same time a refuge for Protestants persecuted from other countries. 33. i. Calvinism spreads in Europe -Calvinist teaching was carried to other countries by dedicated missionaries. -Calvinism appealed too many French people. French Calvinists became known as Huguenots (hyoo-guh-nots) John Knox - Scottish Protestant who carried many Calvinist ideas to Scotland in the 1550s, lying the foundation for the Presbyterian Church. 34. j. The English king breaks with Pope -the Reformation in England, however, became closely connected with a struggle for political power. Tudor King Henry VIII (1527 )- ruled England from 1509 to 1547. -sought to divorce his wife Catherine of Aragon (Spanish princess) Henry feared that only surviving child Mary, would not be accepted as heir to the English throne. -Henry wanted to marry Anne Boleyn -Henry asked the Pope to annul (because the church prohibited divorce) his marriage to Catherine. Catherine bitterly objected and called for the aid from her nephew Charles V , the Holy Roman Emperor. -Henry and his advisers began to take steps to remove England from the authority of the Pope. Thomas Cranmer - a churchman who agreed with some protestant ideas, to be archbishop of Canterbury, the highest church office in England. He approved the annulment of the marriage with Catherine, and Henry married Anne Boleyn early in 1533. -English Parliament next was persuaded to approve a break with the church in Rome. The Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy in 1534 Act of Supremacy making the monarch head of what was now called the Church of England . Two years later Henry closed the English monasteries and convents, seizing their rich lands and properties and selling them to loyal subjects. -The Reformation in England was carried forward by Cranmer and others. They urged a new English translation of the Bible and began to prepare the Book of Common Prayer for use in the Church of England. 35. k. England becomes a protestant nation Edward VI only son of Henry VIII who married six times, -was only nine (9) years old when Henry VIII died (his father) in 1547 -had been taught by Protestant tutors, including Cranmer -Protestant became more establish during his reign -ruled England for only six years after his death in 1553 and the crown went to his halfsister Mary I, the daughter of Catherine of Aragon. Mary I - daughter of Catherine of Aragon -a devout Roman Catholic -she ordered the Persecution of English protestant who refused to become Catholics again -married to Philip II , the Catholic king of Spain -died on 1558 and was succeeded by her half-sister Elizabeth I Elizabeth I - daughter of Anne Boleyn -turned England back to Protestantism 1571 - Parliament gave official approval to the Thirty-nine articles, a statement setting forth the doctrines of the Church of England 36. l. The Counter-Reformation makes changes within the Church -reforms and other actions that were intended to strengthen and spread Catholicism The council of Trent (1545-1563) Catholics were to continue to accept the principles that a. only the church could explain the Bible b. both faith and good works were necessary for salvation c. the pope was the highest and final authority in the Church Important reforms a. banned the sale of indulgences and tightened

discipline for the clergy b. insisted that only worthy people should enter the clergy c. ordered the establishment of seminaries to train the clergy d. encouraged reform of monasteries and convents 37. m. The Catholic Church takes action against Protestantism -Church took other steps as part of the Counter-Reformation - The inquisition expanded its activities (to the Catholic countries), threatening Protestants in those country with imprisonment or death Inquisition - judicial institution, established by the papacy in the Middle Age, charged with seeking out, trying, and sentencing persons guilty of heresy. Index - List of books that Catholics were forbidden to read, own, or sell Society of Jesus - (Commonly known as Jesuits) a new religious order set up to serve the Church and spread Catholic teaching -Founded by a young Spanish nobleman named Ignatius Loyola -Approved by Pope Paul III in 1540, the order sought to keep Catholics from leaving the Church, to persuade Protestant to return to the Church, and to win converts to Catholicism 38. n. The reformation has lasting effects The reformation had a profound influence on later history -In both Catholic and Protestant countries, the Reformation strengthened the state at the expense of the churches. Protestant rulers rejected the authority of the Pope, while Catholic rulers allowed the Church fewer privileges and less say in political matters -Reformation and Counter-Reformation both encouraged the spread of education. The protestant reformers insisted that the individuals should read the bible themselves; it became important for men and women to be able to read The Jesuits played an important role in education by establishing Catholic schools and universities

1. The Renaissance 2. Introduction As the economy and society changed, new ideas began to appear. This period of interest and developments in art, literature, science and learning is known as the Renaissance , French for rebirth. 3. Causes of the Renaissance 4. Causes of the Renaissance 1300s, Black Death, starvation, warfare had overtaken Europe Catastrophic events, enormous loss of life may have led to changes of the 1300s Decrease in population led to: Increase in food production Decline in food prices More money to spend Specialization in products Changes in Society Urban areas specialized, particularly in Italy Italy divided into several large city-states in north, various kingdoms, Papal States south Catholic Church, nobles, merchants, artisans dominated society in city-states Many sought to display new wealth with knowledge of arts The Rise of CityStates 5. The Italian Renaissance It is widely accepted that the Renaissance started in Italy during the 1300s. Italy during the Renaissance was largely an urban society. The powerful city-states of the Middle Ages became political, economic, and social centers. (Venice, Florence and Milan) A worldly viewpoint developed in this urban society as increasing wealth created new opportunities for material enjoyment. 6. Milan, Florence Milan, west of Venice, based economy on agriculture, silk, weapons Florence, to south, famous for banking, cloth Monarchs appealed to Florentine bankers for money to fund wars Merchants refined raw wool into fine cloth Bankers, merchants created city to rival any in Europe Venice With access to sea, Venice built economy, reputation on trade Had long history of trading with other ports on Mediterranean Sea Shipbuilding prospered, sailors traveled to Near East Wealthy Venetian merchants built unique city, work of art 7. 8. Italys Wealthy Class In Italy, a wealthy merchant class develops The wealthy enjoyed fine food, homes, clothes Wealthy merchants also become patrons of the arts (financial backers) Banking family, the Medici , controls Florence Villa Monteriggioni Lorenzo di Medici 9. The Medici The Medici was a wealthy and powerful family that first gained prominence in the late 1300s. The Medici first started in cloth guilds, but they founded the Medici Bank which became the largest and most prosperous bank in Europe by the 1400s. Although they never officially became monarchs, the Medici family held great political power and influence in Italy. Florence becomes very prosperous city. The Medici left an important and impactful legacy because they were very supportive (financially) in the arts and architecture. They supported famous artists such as Michelangelo, da Vinci, Brunelleschi, etc. Medici Family Crest 10. Assassins Creed Assassins Creed II is a historical adventure game that takes place in Renaissance Italy, particularly Florence. The plot centers around fictional depictions of true historical figures from the time including Leonardo da Vinci, the Medici family, Machiavelli, etc. 11. Renaissance Ideas Venetian ships carried goods for trade and Greek scholars seeking refuge Scholars brought ancient works thought to be lost Inspiration from the Ancients Italians who could read looked for more information Read Arabic translations of original texts Searched libraries, found lost texts New World of Ideas As they read, began to think

about philosophy, art, science in different ways Began to believe in human capacity to create, achieve Different Viewpoints 12. Renaissance Ideas Interest in ancient Greek, Roman culture Characteristics of good education Artists, scholars study ruins of Rome and Latin, Greek manuscripts Scholars move to Rome after fall of Constantinople in 1453 Scholastic education gave way to classics: rhetoric, grammar, poetry, history, Latin, Greek Subjects came to be known as humanities, movement they inspired known as humanism Humanists emphasized individual accomplishment and human achievements. Humanities 13. Patrons Medieval times, anonymous artists who worked for church created art Renaissance artists worked for whoever offered them highest price Buyers of art, patrons, might be wealthy individuals, city governments, or church Patrons of the Arts Wealthy individuals competed, displaying wealth, modernity through purchase of artworks Florence, Lorenzo de Medici supported most talented artists Milan, ruling Sforza family benefactors of artists, others Competition Among Patrons 14. Art Artists during the Renaissance tried to create realistic style copied from classical art (Greek and Roman) It was very important for their depictions to be as realistic as possible. Often times artists studied anatomy, botany, and how light would touch the subject Most often they portray religious subjects or prominent citizens Painters use perspective a way to show three dimensions on a canvas Sculpture shows natural postures and expressions 15. 16. 17. 18. Michelangelos David (1504) 19. Michelangelos David (2011) 20. Renaissance Man A new view of human beings that emphasized individual ability and worth emerged in the Renaissance. The well-rounded, universal person was capable of achievements in many areas of life. 21. Renaissance Man 22. Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci was a painter, sculptor, architect, inventor, and mathematician. Wrote out ideas, filling 20,000 pages of notes His paintings are still studied and admired His interests, enthusiasm boundless 23. Leonardo da Vinci 24. 25. Michelangelo Studied anatomy Was a sculpture and painter Age 24, won fame with Piet , sculpture of Jesus mother Mary holding sons dead body Marble statue of David Most famous painting, artwork on ceiling of Sistine Chapel 26. Michelangelo 27. Renaissance Ideas Scientific Information Humanists searched archives, Arab translations for classical texts Discovered wealth of scientific information Scientific Challenges Science soon became important avenue of inquiry Churchs teachings about world were challenged, particularly that Earth center of universe Natural World Focus of Renaissance on human sciences, history, politics, geography New ideas about natural world began to be explored also Earth, Sun Nicholas Copernicus said Sun was center of universe Galileo Galilei arrested by church officials for saying Earth orbited Sun

28. Copernicus and Galileo Copernicus made strides in astronomy and came up with the theory that the sun was the center of the universe and not the earth. Galileo followed up and reaffirmed these claims. Galileo was seen as a heretic, for this position was not popular amongst the Church. 29. Did you know? Galileo was asked by the Church to come in and defend his position on his findings and theories. He was seen as a threat and a heretic and condemned by the Church. He was ordered to be imprisoned and his writings were banished. Later, this sentence was reduced to house arrest. He lived out his remaining days studying the sun, moon, and stars. Ironically, he went blind from staring at the sun too long through his telescope. 30. 31. Machiavelli Niccol Machievelli, author of political guidebook, The Prince Machiavelli wrote many views on politics. He spoke of how to get power and keep it. His notes are still read today and influence politicians, CEOs and world leaders alike. 32. Did You Know? While incarcerated in Clinton Correctional Facility, Tupac Shakur read and studied Niccol Machiavelli and other published works. This inspired his pseudonym "Makaveli" . Under this name he released the record The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory which was his 5 th and final album and released after his death in 1996. 33. Northern Renaissance In the 1400s, the ideas of the Italian Renaissance begin to spread to Northern Europe such as France, Germany, Great Britain, Spain, etc. 34. The Printing Press Around 1440 Johann Gutenberg of Germany develops printing press Printing press allows for quick, cheap book production The first book printed with movable type; the Bible (1455) The printing press is perhaps the most significant invention in history . Why? 35. The Printing Press During the Renaissance, there was a sharp rise in literacy and therefore, a high demand for books. The old way of hand copying could not keep up for this new demand. Printing makes information widely available. Illiterate people benefit by having books read to them. Published accounts of maps and charts lead to more discoveries. Bibles were especially in high demand and the mass productions of it helped the spread of Christianity even further. 36. Writing The Renaissance also gave way to a Golden Age of Literacy. During this time, several significant authors and playwrights emerge. William Shakespeare is known for his works in literature and as a playwright. He is considered possibly the greatest playwright of all time and his unique writing style is still studied today. 37. 38. Changes in Religion See Reformation PowerPoint 39. Impact Today The events that occurred during this time period still impact our lives today. Western art is founded on classical styles developed by the Greeks and Romans. Machiavellis views on politics had a profound influence on later political leaders in the Western world and are still studied in universities today. The Jesuits have founded many Catholic colleges and universities in the United States.

 . The Renaissance The beginning of the Modern Period A period of transition 2. Two Major Divisions of the Renaissance 3. The Italian Renaissance The Italian Renaissance (occurred first) Focused on the city-states of northern Italy and Rome The Italian Renaissance tended to be more worldly with a great emphasis on secular pursuits, the humanities, and the arts Wealth and power Knowledge was the key 4. Often called the Father of Renaissance humanism The Italian poet, Petrarch 5. The Northern Renaissance The Northern Renaissance occurred later Involved the regions of Northern Europe England Spain France Germanic regions (Holy Roman Empire) The Netherlands 6. Northern Renaissance The spread of the Renaissance was delayed in Northern Europe War and political unrest Hundred Years War War of the Roses in Britain Plague and famine 7. renaissance means rebirth The Renaissance began a period of renewed interest and engagement with classical (Ancient Greece and Rome) learning, culture, literature, art, style, etc. 8. Major Themes of the Renaissance Humanism (both secular and religious) Human potential, human progress, expansion of human knowledge Secularism -greater emphasis on non-religious values and concerns Individualism -focus on the unique qualities and abilities of the individual person 9. Major Historical Events of the Renaissance Period Age of Exploration (Period of European Expansion) Protestant Reformation and the Religious Wars Scientific Revolution- Rise of Modern Science The Rise of the Modern Nation-state 10. Background of the Renaissance- High and Late Middle Ages Increased trade and commercial activity during the High Middle Ages Urbanization-growth of cities and towns Commercial and business developments (banking) Middle class merchant elite developed Decline in feudalism A decline in the Churchs hold and control on society and government Growth in vernacular literature/growing literacy Rise of universities and the expansion of learning 11. The Birthplace of the Renaissance The city-states of Northern Italy Florence was the center of the Renaissance Italy was politically fragmented and the city-states often fought for power and control City-states came to be ruled by wealthy and powerful business people (not necessarily nobility) Signori - (despots) and oligarchies (group of individuals) maintained order 12. Florence Major center of trade, banking, cloth production, and the arts 13. 14. 15. The Medici family of Florence The most powerful family of the Italian Renaissance Came to power through business dealings and banking Bank of the Vatican and the papacy Spent tremendous amounts of money supporting the arts and cultural development (patrons) Medici power often involved corruption and intrigue 16. The Medici Family 17. Medici Pope 18. The Adoration of the Magi depicts the Medici family in procession - Celebration of Medici power and influence

 19. Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) The Prince Machiavelli was from Florence Well educated in the classics Career was in public service and he eventually served as the ambassador to France Favored republican rule over despotism Machiavelli was tortured and imprisoned for a time when Medici rule was reinstated after a conflict with a Spanish mercenary army He retired to the country and wrote The Prince 20. The Prince Written in Italian (not Latin) Observations and commentary on political rule and power (Medicis) Addressed the issue of effective rule How to gain and maintain order and control Stressed the practical (pragmatic ) over the ethical or moral More secular and humanistic Challenged the idea of a social order based on Gods will Political science- Politics was to be governed by its own laws it is safer to be feared than to be loved 21. 22. The Courtier by Castiglione 1528 Written in Italian Treatise on the training of young men in the courtly ideal of a Renaissance gentleman Stressed the value of education and manners Influenced social mores and norms during the period 23. 24. The Renaissance spread to Northern Europe 25. Focus of the Northern Renaissance The focus of the Renaissance in Northern Europe was more religious Many sought religious reform and a return of the Church to its true mission and spirituality Many were highly critical of the worldliness and corruption in the Church and papacy Northern Renaissance figures believed that education and literacy were key to social and religious reform Advocated the translation of the scriptures into the vernacular languages 26. Major figures of the Northern Renaissance 27. Desiderius Erasmus scholar and theologian The Praise of Folly Criticism of the abuses and worldliness of the Church and papacy 28. Sir Thomas More Lord Chancellor of England during the reign of Henry VIII- highest political office in England Lawyer and scholar Wrote Utopia explored the idea of a perfect society Eventually executed by Henry VIII for refusing to agree to the king and Parliaments Act of Supremacy 29. 30. Utopia 31. Martin Luther Associated with the Protestant Reformation Critical of Church corruption and abuses Sought reform Wrote the first translation of the Bible in German 32. Renaissance Art A reflection of Renaissance ideals and values Emphasis on the classical style and classical themes Humanistic - with an emphasis on the individual Religious art remained very important 33. Characteristics of Renaissance Art Realism Three-dimensional Balanced and ordered Portraits Landscapes and attention to depictions of nature Classical style Depiction of classical themes and stories 34. Humanism: The School of Athens by Raphael - a celebration of classical learning 35. Individualism Portraits -portraits celebrated the unique qualities and personality of the individual person (two examples by Leonardo da Vinci) 36. 37. Secularism-non-religious Renaissance art often depicted stories and scenes from classical literature

 38. Religion remained a major focal point of Renaissance art - The Sistine ChapelMichelangelo 39. Michelangelos Pieta 40. Northern Renaissance Art 41. Albrecht Durer 42. 43. 44. Hans Holbein 45. Bruegel 46. 47. Major innovations of the Renaissance 48. Printing Press 1455 Moveable type printing Developed in Germany Associated with Gutenburg 1456 the first Gutenburg Bible was printed Printing press allowed for the spread of knowledge and ideas throughout Europe 49. 50. 51. The Clock The idea of quantification developed The universe came to be conceived in more quantifiable terms (measurable terms) Allowed for more precise measurements Changed the focus of daily life which had been guided by the rhythms of the Church 52. 53. The Renaissance brought a new way of thinking and living to Europe A new worldview was emerging The medieval Christian worldview was giving way to a more MODERN (secular and humanistic) view of the world and humanity

1. Italian Renaissance 2. What does Renaissance mean? The word means rebirth The renaissance started in Italy during the 14 th century and lasted for about 250 years. The rebirth of arts and culture will continue to build from this point on. 3. Why Italy??? The renaissance started in Italy for several reasons: 1) remnants of the Roman culture, 2) rich city-states, and 3) a wealthy middle-class that had money to spend on the arts. 4. So, what was so great about the Renaissance? The Renaissance was the first time that a spirit of adventure swept over people. Columbus sailed to new lands during the renaissance. 5. What happened during the Italian Renaissance? Growth occurred in many areas of art and science. The most famous advances came in the form of art during the Italian renaissance. We will explore the advances of the Italian renaissance first.

6. Art before the Renaissance During the Middle Ages, art was declining and very little improvements in art techniques were made. Architecture in the Middle Ages followed the gothic style. 7. New Ideas during the Renaissance: Humanist movement for art to revolve around human ideas and events. New techniques were created to allow the artists to use perspective to create realistic art. 8. Types of Art: Paintings Renaissance painters studied Greek and Roman paintings. Most paintings reflected the humanist ideas and either focused on an individual or a human event. 9. Types of Art: Sculpture Sculptures during the Renaissance often reflected either religious or Ancient Greek and Roman subjects. The primary goal of the sculpture is to capture the human feeling. 10. Types of Art: Church Murals and religious decorations. Church murals were very popular during the Renaissance. The church would pay artists to create elaborate paintings and sculptures to decorate their churches. The most famous is the Sistine Chapel in Rome. 11. Sistine Chapel 12. Types of Art: Architecture Architecture during the Renaissance is based on Greek and Roman styles. Domes, arches, and pillars are common features in Renaissance architecture. 13. Masaccio 1401-1427, one of the founders of the Renaissance. Painter Known for his use of perception to create 3D images. Famous works include: Madonna with St. Anne (1423) and Trinity (1425). 14. Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519, one of the most important Renaissance artists. Painter, scientist, and inventor. Famous works include: The Baptism of Christ (1476), The Last Supper (1498), and the Mona Lisa (1503). 15. Michelangelo Buonarroti 1475-1564. Created many famous pieces of Renaissance art. Painter and Sculptor. Famous works include: Pieta (1499), David (1503), Sistine Chapel (1508-1512), 16. Raphael 1483-1520. Known for his youth and humanistic approach to art. Studied under Leonardo and Michelangelo. Painter. Famous works include: The Marriage of the Virgin (1504), Stanza della Segnatura (1511), Transfiguration (Unfinished at his death). 17. Quiz Yourself!!! Can you name three different types of Art? What was one thing about Renaissance art that made it different? Who was one important artist and what type of art did he/she make? 18. Paintings, Sculptures, and Architecture!!! Awesome answers!!! Click on the picture to go back to the quiz! 19. Humanism all the way!!! Way to go!!! Click on the picture to answer the next question! 20. Take your pick: Leonardo, Masaccio, Rapheal, or Michaelangelo ! How many did you get right? Awesome Job!!! Click on the picture to go back! 21. Lets Get Interactive! Explore the Renaissance Connection 22. Sources: www.pbs.org/teachersource www.google.com

The Renaissance Presentation Transcript

1. Renaissance Age Period of Rebirth and Achievement 2. When you hear the names Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael and Donatello you should not just think of They are the names of important people from the period called the Renaissance. 3. I. What does Renaissance mean? REBIRTH 4. II. Why does the Renaissance begin in Italy? Renaissance in Italy Rome was the center Roman History. Trade revived quickly Wealthy merchants became patrons to artists. Italy recovered quickly from the plague 5. Lorenzo Medici Influential patron from wealthy business family supported many artists like Michelangelo Florence, Italy Patron - financial supporter Michelangelo lived in his palace and met other artists 6. Humanism - emphasis on individual uniqueness and worth. Perspective was used by Renaissance artists to create dimension and depth. 1 point Perspective 2 Point Perspective IV. Important Terms 7. Leonardo Da Vinci Artist, inventor, botanist 8. Renaissance man Influenced many other artists. Dissected corpses to learn about the body (to paint realistically). 9. He designed early versions of: Helicopter, Tank, Parachute, Hang Glider, Pedometer, Submarine and many other inventions. Helicopter Tank 10. Mona Lisa 11. The Last Supper 12. Michelangelo Painter, sculptor, architect, poet Started sculpting at age 14. Studied anatomy, dissected corpses 13. FOR MORE INFO... Works: The Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel Fresco- painting on fresh plaster 14. The Creation of Adam The Sistine Chapel Michelangelo 15. The Last Judgment 16. Ever seen these angels? Michelangelo painted them on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. 17. Pieta Moses By Michelangelo 18. St. Peters Basilica in Rome The dome was designed by Michelangelo. Outside Inside Ideas were based on Roman and Greek architectural elements. 19. D. Donatello -Sculptor (Not only a Ninja Turtle) David Made of bronze Michelangelos version 20. FOR MORE INFO... Raphael - painter Blended Christian and classical styles The School of Athens 21. The Chess Game Self Portrait Sofonisba Anguissola- painter Bold, realistic portraits Court painter for Philip II of Spain 22. VI. Writers Niccolo Machiavelli Observed kings at court Wrote The Prince- a How To book to get and keep power as a ruler Baldassare Castiglione Played music, studied lit. and history Wrote The Book of the Courtier - about how to act as a noble 23. The Renaissance moves north 100 years after it began in Italy. Northern Europe recovered from the Plague more slowly. Northern Renaissance

24. called the German Leonardo. Studied in Italy and spread ideas North engravings Prints paintings Albrecht Durer - Artist 25. Hubert and Jan van Eyck- Flemish painters The Virgin of Chancellor Wedding Portrait developed oil paints and painted realistic scenes. 26. Jan Van Eyck: Arnolfini Wedding Portrait 27. The Peasant Wedding Peasant Dance Pieter Bruegel - artist influenced Flemish painters Used vibrant colors to paint peasant life. 28. Peter Paul Rubens mixed realistic style with the classical themes. 29. Erasmus - Dutch writer Humanist Wanted the Bible translated into the vernacular (every day language) and Church Reforms Wrote new edition of Bible in Greek and Latin 30. Sir Thomas More- writer Wrote Utopia (book to describe ideal society) Wanted social and economic reforms No Private Property Education For All Justice is used to end crime 31. William Shakespeare : Playwright Created 1700 new words wrote 37 players in 23 years Bedroom Lonely Generous Gloomy Heartsick Hurry Sneak Romeo and Juliet MacBeth Hamlet 32. Miguel de Cervantes- Spanish writer Don Quixote (the book Man of La Mancha is based on) Wrote the first modern novel 33. Johannes Guttenberg- German inventor Improved moveable type invented the printing press The Guttenberg Bible 34. How did the printing press impact Europe? Literacy increased Knowledge and ideas spread Books were cheaper and easier to make Schools were built to teach children how to read and write