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SZOMBATHELY ZANAT KS URNAMEZS KOR TEMETJE S A LELHELY MS S- S KZPKORI EMLKEI THE LATE URNFIELD PERIOD CEMETERY FROM SZOMBATHELY

Y ZANAT SUPPLEMENTED BY AN ASSESSMENT OF PREHISTORIC AND MEDIEVAL SETTLEMENT FEATURES

VIA KULTURLIS RKSGVDELMI KISMONOGRFIK

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VIA MONOGRAPHIA MINOR IN CULTURAL HERITAGE

Ilon Gbor
Smegi Pl, Tth Gbor, Nfrdi Katalin, Persaits Gerg, Pll Dvid Gergely, Trcsik Tnde, Nyerges va, Mihly Judith, Sndorn Kovcs Judit, Radics Andrs, Udvardi Balzs

SZOMBATHELY ZANAT KS URNAMEZS KOR TEMETJE S A LELHELY MS S- S KZPKORI EMLKEI TERMSZETTUDOMNYOS VIZSGLATOKKAL KIEGSZTETT ANYAGKZLS

Gbor Ilon
Pl Smegi, Gbor Tth, Katalin Nfrdi, Gerg Persaits, Dvid Gergely Pll, Tnde Trcsik, va Nyerges, Judith Mihly, Judit Sndor-Kovcs, Andrs Radics, Balzs Udvardi

THE LATE URNFIELD PERIOD CEMETERY FROM SZOMBATHELY ZANAT SUPPLEMENTED BY AN ASSESSMENT OF PREHISTORIC AND MEDIEVAL SETTLEMENT FEATURES AND INTERDISCIPLINARY ANALYSES

Szerkeszt: Kvassay Judit Editor: Judit Kvassay Kiad: Magyar Nemzeti Mzeum Nemzeti rksgvdelmi Kzpont Published by: Hungarian National Museum National Cultural Heritage Protection Centre

Budapest 2011

Magyar Nemzeti Mzeum Nemzeti rksgvdelmi Kzpont Hungarian National Museum National Cultural Heritage Protection Centre
Fszerkeszt: Bnffy Eszter Szerkesztbizottsg tagjai: Raczky Pl, Tth Endre, Vida Tivadar, Takcs Mikls, Smegi Pl Szakmai lektorok: Horvth Lszl s V. Szab Gbor Angol fordts: Lnrt Emese Ildik Az angol fordtst ellenrizte: Archeo-Doc Szolgltat Kft. Bortterv s tipogrfia: Artonius Stdi Senior Editor: Eszter Bnffy Editorial Board: Pl Raczky, Endre Tth, Tivadar Vida, Mikls Takcs, Pl Smegi Consultants: Lszl Horvth and Gbor V. Szab Translated by: Emese Ildik Lnrt The english text was proofread by: Archeo-Doc Ltd. Cover design and typography: Artonius Stdi

Kiad:
Magyar Nemzeti Mzeum Nemzeti rksgvdelmi Kzpont

Published by:
Hungarian National Museum National Cultural Heritage Protection Centre

Felels kiad: Hable Tibor szakmai figazgat-helyettes

Editor in chief: Tibor Hable, Archaeological vice director general

Cmlapkp: A 26 / 36. sr 1 2. sz. mellklete. Ilon Gbor terve alapjn szmtgpes graka: Gal Erika)

Cover: Grave 26 / 36, Grave goods Nos. 1 2. Computer graphics by Erika Gal based on Gbor Ilons design Typeset: Nra Romankovics, HNM NCHPC

Nyomdai elkszts: Romankovics Nra, MNM NK

Pldnyszm: 700

Number of copies: 700

ISBN: ISBN 978 963 7061 81 3 ISSN: 2061 3695

Tartalomjegyzk / Contents

1. Ilon Gbor: Bevezet Gbor Ilon: Introduction 2. Ilon Gbor: Ksznetnyilvnts Gbor Ilon: Acknowledgements 3. Ilon Gbor: Az 1999. vi feltrs srjainak lersa Gbor Ilon: Description of the graves excavated in 1999 4. Ilon Gbor: A 2008. vi feltrs srjainak s ms urnamezs kor jelensgeinek lersa Gbor Ilon: Description of the graves excavated in 2008 and other Urneld period features 4.1 A srok s a leletek lersa Description of the graves and artefacts 4.2 Urnamezs kor telepjelensgek lersa Description of settlement features from the Urneld period 5. Ilon Gbor: Az urnamezs kor temet jelensgei: a mglyk, a temet szerkezete s idrendje Gbor Ilon: Features of the Urneld period cemetery: the structure and chronology of the pyres and the cemetery 5.1 Mglyk s srcsoportok Pyres and grave groups 5.2 A srok s mellkleteik osztlyozsa, rtusok s trsadalomtrtneti kvetkeztetsek Classication of the graves and their grave goods and conclusions about rites and social development 6. Ilon Gbor: A temet keltezse Gbor Ilon: The dating of the cemetery 6.1 Kermiaednyek Ceramics 6.2 Fmtrgyak Metal objects 6.3 Csonttrgy Bone artefacts 6.4 A srok kronolgija The chronology of the graves 7. Udvardi Balzs, Radics Andrs: Restaurls kzbeni meggyelsek a zanati temet kermiin Balzs Udvardi and Andrs Radics: Observations regarding the ceramics of the Zanat cemetery upon restoration 7.1 A leletek anyaga The raw material of the nds 7.2 A leletek anyagnak rtkelse Evaluations of the material of the nds 8. Mihly Judith, Sndorn Kovcs Judit: FTIR spektroszkpiai vizsglatok a zanati temet kermiatredkeirl Judith Mihly and Judit Sndor-Kovcs: FTIR spectroscopic analyses of the ceramic fragments from the cemetery of Zanat 8.1. Mihly Judith: FTIR spektroszkpiai vizsglatok a zanati temet kermiatredkeirl I. Judith Mihly: FTIR spectroscopic analyses of the ceramic fragments from the cemetery of Zanat I. 8.2. Sndorn Kovcs Judit: FTIR spektroszkpiai vizsglatok a zanati temet kermiatredkeirl II. Judit Sndor-Kovcs: FTIR spectroscopic analyses of the ceramic fragments from the cemetery of Zanat II.

9 19 21 65 65 83

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09. Tth Gbor: A temet embertani anyaga s feldolgozsa Gbor Tth: The anthropological material and evaluation of the cemetery 9.1 Bevezets Introduction 9.2 Anyag s mdszer The material and the method 9.3 Eredmnyek Results 10. Nyerges va: A temet llatcsontjai s feldolgozsuk va Nyerges: The animal bones found in the cemetery and their evaluation

187 187 188 189 197

11. Smegi Pl, Nfrdi Katalin, Persaits Gerg, Pll Dvid Gergely, Trcsik Tnde, Ilon Gbor: A zanati lelhely s vidke krnyezetrgszeti vizsglatnak eredmnyei Pl Smegi, Katalin Nfrdi, Gerg Persaits, Dvid Gergely Pll, Tnde Trcsik, Gbor Ilon: The results of the environmental archaeological analysis of the Zanat site and its surrounding area 201 11.1 Smegi Pl, Trcsik Tnde: Bevezets Pl Smegi, Tnde Trcsik: Introduction 11.2 Smegi Pl, Nfrdi Katalin, Trcsik Tnde: Felhasznlt mdszerek Pl Smegi, Tnde Trcsik, Katalin Nfrdi: The methodology employed 11.3 Smegi Pl, Persaits Gerg, Pll Dvid Gergely: A 86-os szm ft Szombathely Vt kztti szakaszn vgzett megelz rgszeti satsok terletnek geomorfolgiai s geolgiai elemzse Pl Smegi, Gerg Persaits, Dvid Gergely Pll: The geomorphological and geological analyses of the rescue excavation sites along Main Road No. 86 between Szombathely and Vt 11.4 Smegi Pl, Persaits Gerg: Trtnelmi trkpek elemzse Pl Smegi, Gerg Persaits: Analysis of historical maps 11.5 Smegi Pl, Persaits Gerg, Pll Dvid Gergely, Trcsik Tnde: A zanati rgszeti lelhelyen s a Borz-patak allviumn vgzett vizsglatok eredmnyei Pl Smegi, Gerg Persaits, Dvid Gergely Pll, Tnde Trcsik: Results of analysis carried out on the alluvium of Borz Creek and at the Zanat archaeological site 11.6 Nfrdi Katalin, Smegi Pl, Trcsik Tnde: A zanati rgszeti lelhely objektumaibl kiemelt mintkon vgzett vizsglatok eredmnyei Katalin Nfrdi, Pl Smegi, Tnde Trcsik: Results of the analysis of samples from the features of Zanat archaeological site 11.7 Smegi Pl, Persaits Gerg, Pll Dvid Gergely, Trcsik Tnde: Nemesbd Csepregi-vlgyre-dl I II. rgszeti lelhelyen s a Surnyi-patak allviumn vgzett vizsglatok eredmnyei Pl Smegi, Gerg Persaits, Dvid Gergely Pl, Tnde Trcsik: The results of analysis carried out on the alluvium of the Surnyi Creek and at the archaeological sites of Nemesbd Csepregi-vlgyre-dl I II. 11.8 Nfrdi Katalin, Smegi Pl, Trcsik Tnde: Nemesbd hatrnak hrom rgszeti lelhelyn vgzett vizsglatok eredmnyei Katalin Nfrdi, Pl Smegi, Tnde Trcsik: The results of evaluations carried out at three archaeological sites on the outskirts of Nemesbd 11.9 Smegi Pl, Persaits Gerg, Pll Dvid Gergely, Trcsik Tnde: A Nemesbd Csepregi-vlgyre-dl I. rgszeti lelhely talajszelvnyn vgzett vizsglatok eredmnyei Pl Smegi, Gerg Persaits, Dvid Gergely Pll, Tnde Trcsik: The results of evaluations conducted on the soil section of the archaeological site at Nemesbd Csepregi-vlgyre-dl I. 11.10 Ilon Gbor, Smegi Pl, Trcsik Tnde: Temetkezsi idpont meghatrozsa a zanati urnamezs kor temetben pollenanalitikai mdszerrel Gbor Ilon, Pl Smegi, Tnde Trcsik: Determination of the time of the burials in the Urneld period cemetery of Zanat employing pollen analysis 11.11 Smegi Pl, Nfrdi Katalin, Trcsik Tnde: A vizsglt terlet krnyezettrtneti fejldse Pl Smegi, Katalin Nfrdi, Tnde Trcsik: The environmental historical development of the study area 201 203

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12. Ilon Gbor: A lelhely nem urnamezs kor jelensgeinek lersa s keltezse Gbor Ilon: Dating and description of the non Urneld period features of the site 12.1. Az 1999. vi feltrs Excavation in 1999 12.2. A 2008. vi feltrs Excavation in 2008 12.2.1 Ismeretlen kor Undetermined Age 12.2.2 Rzkor, a Baden kultra jelensgei s leletanyagaik Copper Age, the features and nds of the Baden culture 12.2.3 Bronzkori jelensg Bronze Age features 12.2.4 Rzkornl atalabb, de pontosan nem meghatrozhat kor jelensg Features younger than the Copper Age that cannot be dated accurately 12.2.5 A Hallstatt kultra emlkei Features of the Hallstatt culture 12.2.6 Kelta kori jelensgek Celtic features 12.2.7 rpd-kori s ks kzpkor / kora jkori jelensgek rpdian and Late Medieval / Early Modern features 12.2.8 Recens jelensgek Recent features 13. Ilon Gbor: sszefoglals Gbor Ilon: Summary Irodalom / References Kzremkdk / Contributors A ktet szerzi / List of authors

355 355 357 357 357 360 360 361 362 364 364 371 383 398 399

VIA 2

Bevezet
Ilon Gbor

Introduction
Gbor Ilon

A Szombathely vros Zanat teleplsrszhez tartoz Pap-fldek-dlben, a KozrBorz-patak nyugati teraszn az egykori Zanati-patak s a Kozr-Borz-patak sszefolystl dlnyugatra elterl dombhton (3. bra; a lelhely KH-azonostja: 67817) 1999. mjus jliusban vezetsemmel vgeztnk megelz feltrst a 86. sz. ft j nyomvonaln. Ekkor (Ilon 2001, 249; 2004, 69 71) kzpkori emlkek mellett egy urnamezs kor temet kelet nyugati kiterjedst ismerhettk meg, amelynek 33 srjt, tovbb kt mglyahelyet dokumentltunk (7. s 64. bra 5 6). Nhny sr leletanyagt kzltem (Ilon 2001, 249 251, Taf. X XIV; 2004, 69 71, LVIII LX. tbla), illetve e temetrszlet embertani feldolgozst (28 sr) s a temetkezsi rtussal kapcsolatos megfigyelseinket is kzztettk (Ilon s Tth 2005). A 86-os szm ft Szombathely Vt szakasza gyorsforgalmi tt trtn tptst megelz feltrst ugyanitt 2008. augusztus szeptemberben (1 7. bra) Skriba Pter vezette. A terepi kutatsba jmagam is bekapcsoldtam, majd a restaurls, leltrozs s a feldolgozs teljes folyamatt irnytottam. Az j temetrszlet az 1999-ben kutatott s a hasznlatban lv kt tsvtl szakra kerlt el (4, 6 7. bra). Ugyanakkor a most hasznlatos ttl dli irnyban trtnt bvts (j sv kialaktsa) sorn jabb srokat nem talltunk. A 2008. vi feltrson (4 7. bra) 39 srt bontottunk ki ebbl egy kelta kori (SNR 21./OBNR 31. a tovbbiakban 21/31. sr alakban) , valamint egy rzkori gdrbl (54/1) is kerltek el emberi hamvak. gy sszesen 34 esetben (ebbl 2 kettstemetkezs, egy pedig rzkori) antropolgiai

In May July 1999 we conducted a survey excavation under my direction along the new track of road No. 86. This area is the western terrace of the Kozr-Borz Creek in the Pap-fldek-dl belonging to Zanat settlement, which is part of the city of Szombathely. The site is located on the hilltop, south-west from the confluence of the former Zanati Creek and the Kozr-Borz Creek (Fig. 3; National Office of Cultural Heritage site registration No.: 67817). Here we have seen (Ilon 2001, 249; 2004, 69 71) among Medieval finds an Urnfield period cemetery spreading from the east to the west. We have documented thirty-three graves and two pyre sites (Figs. 7, 64.5 6). I have published the finds of a few graves (Ilon 2001, 249 251, Taf. X XIV; 2004, 69 71, Tables LVIII LX) and we also published the anthropological analysis of this portion of the cemetery (28 graves) and our observations regarding the burial rites (Ilon and Tth 2005). The Szombathely Vt section of Main Road No. 86 was to be rebuilt into a highway. Prior to the construction in August and September of 2008 a survey took place led by Pter Skriba (Figs. 1 7). I participated in the field work and later I led the full process of restoring, inventorying and studying the finds. The new portion of the cemetery was found north from the two road lanes in use, which were excavated in 1999 (Figs. 4, 6 7). We did not find any more graves during an extension of the road towards the south (construction of a new lane). During the excavation of 2008 (Figs. 4 7) thirty-nine graves were excavated, one of which is from the Celtic period (SU 21/ FEATURE 31, Grave 21/31 thereafter) and human calcined bones were discovered in a Copper Age pit (54/1). In thirty-four cases (two are double burials, one is Copper Age) we were

VIA 2 feldolgozsra is alkalmas mennyisg kalcintum kerlt begyjtsre. Azaz az 1999. s 2008. vi feltrsok eredmnyeknt bizonyosan llthat: az urnamezs kor temet keleti, nyugati s dli szle megvan. sszesen 71 srt ismernk, s taln csak a temet szaki szlnek nhny vagy tbb? srja hinyzik. A 206,25 m-es szintvonal jellheti ki esetleg a temet lehetsges legszakibb kiterjedst, azaz a mr megszntetett, hajdani Zanati-patak legfels teraszle (7. bra). A kt feltrsi vadbl szszesen 61 urnamezs kor sr (ebbl egy kettssr) esetben volt lehetsges az antropolgiai feldolgozst elvgezni (ld. 9. fejezet). Jelen ktetben a temet s a lelhely teljes(1999. s 2008. vi) rgszeti rz-, keltas kzpkori anyagkzlsre trekszem. Rszletesen azonban csak az urnamezs kor temet feldolgozst adom, kiegsztve azt munkatrsaim adataival s tanulmnyaival, amelyek nll fejezetekknt olvashatk. Fontos megjegyeznem, hogy a kt feltrs (1999, 2008) dokumentcija rszben eltr, amelyet jelen publikci leginkbb a srrajzok is tkrz. A temet jelentsgt, tbbek kztt, az adja, hogy Vas megye terletn ez az els, hitelesen, rgsz ltal feltrt ilyen kor szinte teljes sregyttes. Megjegyzem, a nyugat-magyarorszgi, alpokaljai rgibl hasonlt amelyet a kt vilghbor kztt stak meg Csngrl s Jnoshzrl Kemenczei Tibor (1996) publiklt, valamint a Sg-hegyi temett kell mg okvetlenl megemlteni (Patek 1968, 36 37). Az jabb vasi feltrsokbl a bucsui temetrszlet s nhny srvri sr fontos. A bucsui temetrszlet a szerz 2003. vi kzletlen satsa a 89-es szm ft j nyomvonaln; a srvri srok Farkas Csilla 2004. vi kzletlen satsa a 88-as szm ft vrost elkerl szakaszn. Minkt lelhely feldolgozsra s kzlsre tengedve Nagy Marcellnak (Savaria Mzeum, Szombathely). Zala megybl a Kisable to collect enough calcined bones, which were suitable for anthropological analysis. As a result of the excavations of 1999 and 2008 we can state with assurance that the eastern, western and southern edges of the Urnfield cemetery were found. Altogether seventy-one graves are known today, and probably only a few or more? graves are missing from the northern edge of the cemetery. The contour line of 206.25 m above sea level might mark the possible northernmost edge of the cemetery, meaning the topmost terrace rim of the former Zanati Creek (Fig. 7). Anthropological evaluation was possible for altogether sixty-one Urnfield period graves (one is a double burial) of the two excavation seasons (see Chapter 9). This book outlines the entire Copper Age, Celtic and Medieval period material (from years 1999 and 2008) of the cemetery and the site from an archaeological point of view. However, only the evaluation of the Urnfield cemetery will be discussed in detail, complemented by the data and studies of my colleagues. These are presented as individual chapters. It is important to note that the documentations of the two excavations (1999 and 2008) were partly different, and the present publication mirrors this, especially in the case of grave drawings. The significance of the cemetery is that this is the first Urnfield period cemetery in Vas County excavated by trained archaeologists, and that the cemetery is almost completely excavated. Please note that Tibor Kemenczei (1996) published similar cemeteries from Csnge and Jnoshza in western Hungary, in the foreland of the Eastern Alps, which were excavated between the two World Wars. The Sg-hegy cemetery must be mentioned as well (Patek 1968, 36 37). Amongst the newest excavations in Vas County the cemetery section of Bucsu and some graves at Srvr are important. The cemetery section of Bucsu along a new track of Main Road No. 89 was excavated in 2003 by the author and it awaits publication. The graves from Srvr along Main Road No. 88, in a road section that detours around the township, was excavated by Csilla Farkas in 2004, and it is also unpublished. The archaeological

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1. Fejezet/Chapter 1 Balaton vzrendezsi s az M7 autplya ptst megelz feltrsok sorn a Balatonmagyard hdvgpusztai (Horvth 1994, 220), a Balatonmagyard kisknyavri (Horvth 1996, 60, 66), a Garabonc falui (Horvth 1996, 66), a galamboki (Szraz 2008), Nagykanizsa-Palin Szocilis Otthon (Eke 2005, 249 250; 2007, 237) s Zalakomr Als-csalit (Kreiter 2007, 324) feltrt temetrszleteire kell felhvnom a figyelmet. Tovbb a Gyr-MosonSopron megyei Brcsrl egy a zanatinl s az emltett Zala megyeieknl szintn korbbi temetrszlet (Figler 1996, 11 12, VI. tbla 2 5, VII. tbla 1 4) emlthet meg. (A zalai temetk Ha A2-vel zrulnak, amire lektorom, Horvth Lszl hvta fel figyelmemet.) A trsgben kiss tvolabb tekintve azonban nem felejthetk el a kvetkez, pldt mutat rszletessggel feldolgozott ausztriai temetk: St. Andr (Eibner 1974), Stillfried (Strohschneider 1976; Kaus 1984) s Kalsdorf (Tiefengraber 2005). A zanati temetrszlet gyors kzlsvel ezen megltsom szerint fontos leletanyag mielbbi hozzfrhetsgt szeretnm biztostani s taln mintt is adhatok a hazai kutats szmra. A temet egy lelhelykomplexum (3. bra) rsze. Tle dlre, kb. 150 m-re, a falu belterletnek hatrn a 207,5 m-es szintvonalon helyezkedik el egy lekopott, magnyosnak tn, a krnyeztbl kb. 0,5 m-rel kiemelked halomsr. Felsznn rgszeti emlkeket nem gyjtttnk. Elkpzelhet azonban, hogy a temetnk kzssghez tartoz vezet srjt rejti. E krds megvlaszolsa egy esetleges ksbbi sats feladata. gynevezett lapos sros (Flachgrber) temetnek s tumulusnak a zanatihoz hasonl szitucijt ismerjk a korszakbl Kalsdorf esetben (Tiefengraber 2005, Abb. 7). A temettl kb. 500 m-re szakra, s a XX. szzad kzepn, vzrendezs okn megszntetett Zanati-pataktl szakra, tovbb a Kozr-Borz-patak teraszn egy nagykiterjeds, tbb korszakos kztk ks bronzmaterials from both sites were handed over for analysis and publication to Marcella Nagy (Savaria Museum, Szombathely). I would like to call attention to the following cemetery sections discovered in Zala County during the water management works of the Little Balaton and the rescue excavations of the M7 motorway: BalatonmagyardHdvgpuszta (Horvth 1994, 220), Balatonmagyard Kisknyavr (Horvth 1996, 60, 66), Garabonc falu (Horvth 1996, 66), Galambok (Szraz 2008), Nagykanizsa-Palin Szocilis Otthon (Eke 2005, 249 250; 2007, 237) and Zalakomr Als-csalit (Kreiter 2007, 324). We shall also mention a cemetery section of Brcs in Gyr-Moson-Sopron County (Figler 1996, 11 12, VI. Tbla 2 5, VII. Tbla 1 4). This one is older than the Zanat or the above-mentioned Zala County sites (The Zala cemeteries close with Ha A2 in terms of dating, as it was pointed out to me by my proof-reader Lszl Horvth). Looking farther away in the region we shall not forget the following cemeteries in Austria, which are examples of superbly detailed analysis: St. Andr (Eibner 1974), Stillfried (Strohschneider 1976; Kaus 1984) and Kalsdorf (Tiefengraber 2005). With the prompt publication of the Zanat cemetery section, I would like to ensure access to the Zanat finds, which I consider to be important, as soon as possible, maybe to provide an example for Hungarian research. The cemetery is part of a site complex (Fig. 3). Ca. 150 metres south from the cemetery,on the borders of the village municipality, on the contour line of 207.5 m above sea level, a worn, seemingly lonely tumulus can be found, elevating to about 0.5 metres from its surroundings. We did not collect archaeological evidence on its surface. It is possible, though, that it gives home to the grave of a leader of the community that used the burial ground. The answer to this question might come from a later excavation. The co-existence of a socalled flat grave cemetery (Flachgrber) and tumulus burials similar to the Zanat site is known from the same period at Kalsdorf (Tiefengraber 2005, Abb. 7). An extensive multiple period site, including

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VIA 2 kora vaskori telep tallhat. Ennek az ez ideig kutatatlan teleplsnek az sszefggse a temetvel s a halomsrral ugyancsak egy ksbbi szondz feltrssal dnthet el. Mindenesetre a holtak s az lk kztti hatrknt rtelmez a hajdani vzfolys, ami hasonlan ms eurpai esetekhez (Nebelsick 2007; Wirth 1999, 587, Abb. 15) nyilvn ldozatok bemutatsi helyszneknt is szolglhatott. Lelhelynktl keletre, a Borz-patak msik teraszn 1999-ben, az akkor ltalam vezetett feltrson egy La Tne D-re (Gl 2002) s egy rpd-korra keltezhet hz s nhny trolgdr kerlt el. 2008-ban ugyanez a terlet 10. lelhelyknt megnevezve (3. bra) kt rzkori csontvzas srt, tbb kelta s rpd-kori hzat s gdrt eredmnyezett Skriba Pter s munkatrsai satsn. Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age, can be found on the terrace of the Kozr-Borz Creek about 500 metres north from the cemetery and north from the former Zanati Creek, which ceased to exist in the middle of the 20th century due to hydrological rearrangements. This settlement has been unexplored so far. Its relationship to the cemetery and the tumulus can be established only through a future excavation. The former creek can be considered as a borderline between the living and the dead, and probably served as a place to perform rituals, similarly to other European cases (Wirth 1999, 587, Abb. 15; Nebelsick 2007). East from our site, on the other terrace of the Borz Creek, dwellings dated to the La Tne D (Gl 2002) and the rpdian period, and several storage pits were found in 1999 during the excavation I led. The same area was excavated by Pter Skriba and his colleagues in 2008. Site 10, as it is called (Fig. 3), resulted two Copper Age graves with skeletons and several Celtic and rpdian Age dwellings and pits.

1. bra. SzombathelyZanat, a 2008. vi feltrs: 1. Gpi humuszols s kzi nyess; 2. Lgi felvtel Figure 1. SzombathelyZanat, excavation in 2008: 1. Mechanical removal of the top soil and manual scraping; 2. Aerial photograph

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1. Fejezet/Chapter 1 1

2. bra. SzombathelyZanat, a 2008. vi feltrs lgi felvtele: 1. Kzeli kp az szaki rszrl; 2. Az szaki rszen feltrt objektumok rszlete Figure 2. SzombathelyZanat, aerial photograph of the excavation in 2008: 1. Close-up of the northern part; 2. Features excavated in the northern part

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14 VIA 2

3. bra. A zanati lelhelyek s a lelhelyek krnyezete 1:10.000 topogrfiai trkpen Figure 3. The topographical map of the Zanat sites and their surroundings (1:10.000) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Urnamezs temet (11. lelhely, 1999. vi feltrs)/The Urnfield cemetery (Site 11, excavation of 1999); 2. Urnamezs temet s telep (11. lelhely, 2008. vi feltrs)/The Urnfield cemetery and settlement (Site 11, excavation of 2008); 3. A 10. lelhely 2008-ban feltrt rszei/Site 10, excavated parts in 2008; 4. skori teleplsek/Prehistoric settlements; 5. Halomsr/Tumulus; 6. A krnyezetrgszeti cl frs helye/Location of the drilling cores for palaeoenvironmental reconstruction; 7. Hajdani vzfolys/Former watercourse

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1. Fejezet/Chapter 1

4. bra. A 2008. vi feltrs sszes jelensge Figure 4. Features of the excavation in 2008 Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1.Urnamezs kor/Urnfield period; 2. Baden kultra/Baden culture; 3. Bronzkor/Bronze Age; 4. Hallstatt kultra/Hallstatt culture; 5. La Tne; 6. Ks kzp- kora jkor/Late Medieval and Early Modern period; 7. Ismeretlen kor/Undetermined age

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1 2 3 4 5

5. bra. A 2008. vi feltrs badeni (1), Hallstatt (2), kelta (3), ks kzp- kora jkori (4), s ismeretlen kor (5) jelensgei Figure 5. Features of the excavation in 2008: Baden (1), Hallstatt (2), Celtic (3), Late Medieval and Early Modern (4) periods and Undetermined age (5)

1. Fejezet/Chapter 1

6. bra. A 2008. vi feltrs urnamezs kor jelensgei Figure 6. Urnfield period features of the excavation in 2008

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18 VIA 2

7. bra. A zanati urnamezs kor temet sszest trkpe 1999, 2008. vi feltrsok Figure 7. Cumulative map showing the features of the Urnfield period cemetery of Zanat in 1999 and 2008 Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. 1999. vi feltrs/The excavation in 1999; 2. 2008. vi feltrs/The excavation in 2008

VIA 2

Ksznetnyilvnts
Ilon Gbor

Acknowledgements
Gbor Ilon

Ksznm az albbi rgszek, technikusok s egyetemi hallgatk terepi helytllst, 1999: Farkas Zsuzsa, Talabr Tnde s Tth gnes (Savaria Mzeum), Gl Krisztin, Molnr Attila s Ptervry Tams (rgszhallgatk ELTE, Budapest), tovbb 2008: Basticz Zoltn s Skriba Pter (rgszek, K..SZ.), Btsh Enik, Csuti Tams, Halsz Ferenc, Hekli Hajnalka, Kolonits Lszl, Kovcs Zsanett, Knczl Laura, Mricz Eszter, Vgusz Anina, valamint Vmos Gbor (rgsztechnikusok, K..SZ.). A temet 1999. vi terepi s mtermi restaurlsi feladatait Edcs Judit, Ferencz Eszter s Kiss E. Csaba, a Savaria Mzeum munkatrsai vgeztk el. Az 1999. vi kermia anyag srlt pldnyait krsemre Udvardi Balzs 2009 tavaszn restaurlta jra. (Gyenge volt a korbban hasznlt ragasztanyag, de a temet ednyei trsfelletnek llapota ltalban sem kedvez a restaurls szempontjbl.) A 2008. vi teljes leletanyag gondozst az Archeolore Kft. (Budapest) szombathelyi munkacsoportja: Bozzayn Nmeth Judit, Bozsnyi Alz s Csiszr Alexandra Udvardi Balzs irnytsval s raktrosunk, Cscsicsn Domn Edit hathats tmogatsval ltta el. Az in situ kiemelt ednyek bontsnak oroszlnrszt, kitn rajzos s fot dokumentlst Radics Andrs rgsztechnikus vgezte el. A fmtrgyakat az Archeolore vezetje Dbrntey-David Szilvia restaurlta. A remek trgyrajzokat Mtyus Magdolna, a kitn trgyfotkat pedig Papp Gbor ksztette. A trgyfotkbl sszelltott brk kivitelezse Takcs Tibor, az 1999. s 2008. vi terepi fekete fehr s sznes felvtelek szerkesztse Brder Tams s Vmos Gbor rdeme. Az j temetrsz kzlsi jognak tengedst az sat Skriba Pternek itt is szeretnm megksznni. A kt feltrs felmrseit

I would like to thank the following archaeologists, technicians and university students for their field work in 1999: Zsuzsa Farkas, Tnde Talabr and gnes Tth (Savaria Museum), Krisztin Gl, Attila Molnr and Tams Ptervry (archaeology students ELTE, Budapest), and in 2008: Zoltn Basticz and Pter Skriba (archaeologists, F.S.C.H), Enik Btsh, Tams Csuti, Ferenc Halsz, Hajnalka Hekli, Lszl Kolonits, Zsanett Kovcs, Laura Knczl, Eszter Mricz, Anina Vgusz, and Gbor Vmos (archaeology technicians, F.S.C.H). Both the field and workshop restorations of the cemetery assemblage were completed by Judit Edcs, Eszter Ferencz and Csaba E. Kiss, employees of the Savaria Museum in 1999. The damaged ceramic finds of 1999 were restored by Balzs Udvardi on my request in the spring of 2009 (The adhesive used earlier proved to be weak, but the condition of the fractured surface of the vessels from the cemetery are not suitable for restoration at all). All the finds of 2008 were submitted to the Szombathely team of the Archeolore Ltd. (Budapest): Judit Nmeth Bozzayn, Alz Bozsnyi and Alexandra Csiszr, and the work was carried out under the instructions of Balzs Udvardi, with the unfailing support of our storekeeper Edit Domn Cscsicsn. Most of the excavation of the in situ lifted vessels was completed by Andrs Radics archaeology technician, who has also produced excellent drawings and photo documentation of the artefacts. Szilvia Dbrntey-David, acting manager of the Archeolore Ltd., restored the metal artefacts. Magdolna Mtyus produced excellent artefact drawings and Gbor Papp took outstanding photographs of the artefacts. The figures compiled of artefact photographs are the work of Tibor Takcs. Both the black-and-white and colour photographs of 1999 and 2008 were edited by Tams Brder and Gbor Vmos. I would again like to thank here

19

2. Fejezet / Chapter 2 1999: Derdk Ferenc geodta (Savaria Mzeum, Szombathely); 2008: Geomontan Kft. (Szkesfehrvr) munkja Vmos Gbor rgsztechnikus illesztette ssze. Mindezrt ksznet illeti ket is. Egyttal szeretnm hlmat kifejezni szerztrsaimnak s Nagy Marcellnak, aki nem csak, mint letem prja trelemmel s megrtssel tmogatta e knyv megszletst, de j nhny adatra hvta fel a figyelmemet, s tancsokkal segtette munkmat. Kln is szeretnm kifejezni megbecslsemet dr. Horvth Lszlnak s dr. V. Szab Gbornak hasznos lektori szrevteleikrt s tancsaikrt. Tovbb Lnrt Emese Ildik tevkenysge sem hagyhat emlts nlkl, aki a szveg angol nyelvre fordtst vgezte el. Vgezetl, de nem utols sorban dr. Virgos Gbor figazgatm s Belnyesy Kroly rgsz-igazgatm btortst ksznm, akik az els pillanattl tmogattk e feldolgozs sikerre vitelt s annak kiadst. Kszeg, 2010. mrcius 28. Pter Skriba for providing us with the right to publish the newly found section of the cemetery. The analysis of the two excavations in 1999 the work of Ferenc Derdk surveyor (Savaria Museum, Szombathely), and in 2008 the Geomontan Ltds (Szkesfehrvr) were fitted together by Gbor Vmos archaeology technician. I would like to thank them all for their work. I also would like to show my appreciation to my co-authors and to Marcella Nagy, who have been supporting the birth of this book with great patience and understanding, not only as my partner, but also by pointing out important data and providing continuous help by giving advice. I would like to say special thanks to Dr. Lszl Horvth and Dr. Gbor V. Szab for their valuable proofreading advice and comments. I must also mention the work of Emese Ildik Lnrt who has translated the text into English. Last but not least I would like to say thanks to Dr. Gbor Virgos director general and Kroly Belnyesy director of archaeology for their encouragements. They have been supporting the success of these excavations and their publication from the first moment onwards. Kszeg, 28 March, 2010

20

VIA 2

Az 1999. vi feltrs srjainak lersa


Ilon Gbor

Description of the graves excavated in 1999

Gbor Ilon

A megelz feltrsra a 83+300 83+400 km-szelvnyben kerlt sor (3, 7. bra), 1999. mjus 17. s jlius 2. kztt. A temetrszlet restaurlt leletanyaga a Savaria Mzeumban az .2001.1.1 129. leltri szmokon tallhat. (A teljes feldolgozs jogt Ptervry Tams egyetemi hallgatnak (ELTE) engedtem t, akinek tanulmnya bozsoki eladsa (2002) nyomtatott vltozataknt az skoros Kutatk III. sszejvetele konferenciaktetben (2004) jelent volna meg. Kziratt azonban nem adta le, ezrt szksgt rzem a rgebbi leletanyag teljes kzlsnek. A leltrozs az rdeme, amelyet e helytt is megksznk. Ennek sorn azonban a srok rajzokon szerepl mellkletszmozsait nem vezette t, ezzel nem kis mrtkben megneheztette munkmat. A mellkletek szmozsa azonos a lersban szereplvel. Ahol ilyen nincs, ott mellkletszm kiadsra a feltrson nem kerlt sor.) A srok s mellkleteik lersnl hasznlt rvidtsek: Szjtmr = sz; szlessg = sz; magassg = m; fenktmr = f; falvastagsg = fv; hosszsg = h; tmr = tm; vastagsg = v; sly = s; leltri szm = lsz. Az 1. sr (8. bra 1.) feltrsa mjus 20. s 26-n trtnt meg. A talajmvelsnek ksznheten csak nhny ednytredk s kevs kalcintum, valamint nagymennyisg faszn (behordott mglyamaradvny?) jelezte a helyt. Srgdre nem volt lthat, gy bonthat sem. A hamvak (5 g) srba helyezsnek eredeti mdja nem hatrozhat meg. Indiff. nem -s letkorbecsls nem adhat.
Mellklet Ednytredk. Kvl-bell vrs, kavicsos sovnyts oldaltredk. Fv: 7 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.1.

The survey took place in sections 83+300 83+400 km (Figs. 3, 7), between May 17 and July 2 of 1999. The restored artefacts of the cemetery can be found in the Savaria Museum, inventoried as .2001.1.1 129. (The right to full analysis of the finds was given to Tams Ptervry university student (ELTE). His study was to be published in the conference collection of skoros Kutatk III. sszejvetele (3rd Meeting of Prehistorian Researchers) (2004), which would have been a printed version of his presentation given in Bozsok (2002). As he did not submit his manuscript I feel I should publish the entire finds. The inventorying was his work and I would like to thank him for it. Unfortunately he did not record the numbering of the grave goods from the drawings of the graves, making my work a lot more difficult. The numbering of the grave goods are the same as in the description. If such a number is not provided, it means that no grave good number was given in the course of the excavation.) The dates in brackets in the grave descriptions refer to the excavation date. Abbreviations used for describing the graves and grave goods: Mouth diameter = md, width = wi; height = h; bottom diameter = bd; wall thickness = wt; length = l; diameter = d; thickness = th; weight = we; inventory number = Inv. No. Grave 1 (Fig. 8.1) (20th and 26th May). Due to ploughing only some vessel fragments, calcined bones and a large amount of charcoal (might be the remains of a pyre carried there) marked the grave. The contour of the grave fill was not found, and therefore the grave pit could not be excavated. The original method of placing the calcined bones (5 g) in the grave cannot be determined. Indiff. sex and age estimation cannot be assessed.
Grave goods Vessel fragment. Body fragment, red on the interior and on the exterior, tempered with pebbles. Wt: 7 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.1.

21

VIA 2 A 2. sr (8. bra 2 3) feltrsa mjus 20. s 25 26-n trtnt meg. A talajmvelsnek ksznheten csak egy edny alja benne kalcintumokkal (48 g) maradt meg. Se foltja, se srgdre nem volt lthat, gy bonthat sem. Urnasr. N 20 30 ves.
Mellklet 1. Kpos nyak (?) edny/urna alja s oldaltredkei. F: 98 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.2. (8. bra 4).

Grave 2 (Fig. 8.2 3) (20th, 25th 26th May). Due to ploughing only the bottom of a vessel remained containing calcined bones (48 g). No contour of the grave fill was found, and therefore the grave pit could not be excavated. Urn grave. Female, 20 to 30 years old.
Grave goods 1. Bottom and body fragments of a vessel/urn with a conical neck(?). Bd: 98 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.2. (Fig. 8.4).

A 3. sr (8. bra 2.) feltrsa mjus 20. s 25 26-n trtnt meg. A talajmvelsnek ksznheten alig maradt meg belle valami: nhny kermiatredk s nyomokban, menthetetlen kalcintumok. A hamvak srba helyezsnek eredeti mdja nem hatrozhat meg.
Mellkletek Kpos nyak (?) edny/urna alja- s oldaltredkei. Fv: 11 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.3. Vkonyfal edny tredkei. Fv: 4 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.4. A tredkek nem sszellthatk.

Grave 3 (Fig. 8.2) (20th, 25th 26th May). Due to ploughing not much remained: some pottery fragments and calcined bones in traces that could not be saved. The original method of placing the calcined bones in the grave cannot be determined.
Grave goods Bottom and body fragments of a vessel/urn with a conical neck (?). Wt: 11 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.3. Fragments of a thin-walled vessel. Wt: 4 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.4. The fragments cannot be fitted together.

A 4. sr (9. bra) feltrsa mjus 20. s 25 26-n trtnt meg. Gdre ovlis, szakkelet dlnyugati tjols. A kalcintumok (501 g) zmmel a nagy urnban (1), illetve kzvetlenl mellette voltak. Az urnt szinte a vllig elpuszttotta a sznts. Az urna vlla magassgban, annak hrom oldaln egy behzott perem tl (3, 4) s egy felhzott fl tl (2) llt. A behzott perem tl (3, 4) tredkei az urnbl is elkerltek. Az urnban a hamvak tetejn s kztt vastrgyak voltak: gyngy/orsgomb, karika, ellipszis alak lyukas lemez s egy ks. Urnasr. Indiff. 20 40 ves. A mellkletei alapjn gyngy/orsgomb taln n lehetett (v.. Kalsdorf 1/92. sr, amelyben orsgomb s ks is volt, az antropolgiai meghatrozs szerint n: Tiefengraber 2005, 59 60, 120).
Mellkletek 1. Kpos nyak edny/urna. Fels rsze hinyzik. Fekete, kavicsos sovnyts, vrsbarna, a vll alatt hrom (eredetileg ngy) btykkel. Jelenlegi m: 245; f: 145 mm (Ilon 2001, Taf. X. 2). Lsz.: .2001.1.5. (10. bra 1, 74. bra 1). Tovbb nem pozcionlhat tredkei, fv: 6 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.12.

Grave 4 (Fig. 9) (20th, 25th 26th May). It is oval and north-east south-west oriented. Calcined bones (501 g) were found mainly in a large urn (1) and immediately next to it. The urn was almost completely destroyed up to its shoulder by ploughing. On three sides of the urn at a height of its shoulder a bowl with an inverted rim (3, 4) and a bowl with a high swinging handle (2) were found. The fragments of the bowl with an inverted rim (3, 4) were also found in the urn. Metal artefacts were found in the urn, on top of and among the calcined bones: bead/spindle-whorl, ring, elliptical plate with a hole and a knife. Urn grave. Indiff. 20 to 40 years old. According to the grave goods bead/spindle-whorl the deceased might have been a female (see Kalsdorf Grave 1/92, in which spindle whorl and knife were found, and according to the anthropological analysis the body was female: Tiefengraber 2005, 59 60, 120).
Grave goods 1. Vessel/urn with a conical neck. Its upper part is missing black, tempered with pebbles, reddish-brown, there are three (originally 4) knobs under the shoulder. Present h: 245; bd: 145 mm (Ilon 2001, Taf. X. 2). Inv. No.: .2001.1.5. (Figs. 10.1, 74.1). There are further fragments, which cannot be positioned within the vessel, wt: 6 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.12.

22

3. Fejezet/Chapter 3
2. Tl , behzott perem, felhzott fllel. Fekete, finom sovnyts. M a fllel: 87; sz: 120; f: 66 mm (Ilon 2001, Taf. X. 3). Lsz.: .2001.1.6. (10. bra 3, 78. bra 4). 3, 4. Tl, behzott perem. Foltokban vrs s fekete szn, kavicsos sovnyts. M: 54; sz: 174; f: 76 mm (Ilon 2001, Taf. X. 1). Lsz.: .2001.1.7. (10. bra 2, 78. bra 5). Az urnban (1) voltak: 5. Vasgyngy/orsgomb. tm: 20 mm (Ilon 2001, Taf. XI. 4). Lsz.: .2001.1.8. (10. bra 4, 83. bra 2). 6. Vaskarika. tm: 27 mm (Ilon 2001, Taf. XI. 2). Lsz.: .2001.1.9. (10. bra 5, 983. bra 3). 7. Ellipszis alak lyukas vaslemez. 36 28 mm (Ilon 2001, Taf. XI. 3). Lsz.: .2001.1.10. (10. bra 6, 83. bra 4). 8. Vasks. velt ht, nyltsks. H: 108 mm (Ilon 2001, Taf. XI. 1). Lsz.: .2001.1.11. (10. bra 7, 83. bra 5). 2. Bowl with an inverted rim and a high swinging handle. Black, it has fine tempering. H including handle: 87; md: 120; bd: 66 mm (Ilon 2001, Taf. X. 3). Inv. No.: .2001.1.6. (Figs 10.3, 78.4). 3, 4. Bowl with an inverted rim. It is red and black in patches, tempered with pebbles. H: 54; md: 174; bd: 76 mm (Ilon 2001, Taf. X. 1). Inv. No.: .2001.1.7. (Figs. 10.2, 78.5). Objects found inside the urn (1): 5. Iron bead/spindle-whorl. D: 20 mm (Ilon 2001, Taf. XI. 4). Inv. No.: .2001.1.8. (Figs. 10.4, 83.2). 6. Iron ring. D: 27 mm (Ilon 2001, Taf. XI. 2). Inv. No.: .2001.1.9. (Figs. 10.5, 83.3). 7. Iron plate, elliptical with a hole, 36 28 mm (Ilon 2001, Taf. XI. 3). Inv. No.: .2001.1.10. (Figs. 10.6, 83.4). 8. Iron knife. It has an arched back and tanged handle. L: 108 mm (Ilon 2001, Taf. XI. 1). Inv. No.: .2001.1.11. (Figs. 10.7, 83.5).

Az antropolgiai vizsglat alapjn nem zrhat ki, hogy a 4./sz1. jelensg a 4. vagy az 5. sr elszntott rsze. Feltrsra jnius 2 4-n kerlt sor. Se foltja, se srgdre nem ltszott s nem volt bonthat, csak egy palaktredk, nhny kermiatredk s kalcintumok (5 g) jeleztk. Indiff. 14 x ves. A sr fent emltett leletei elkalldtak, vagy lappanganak, nem szerepelnek a Savaria Mzeum trzsgyjtemnyi leltrban. Az 5. sr (11. bra 1 2) feltrsra mjus 20. s 25 27-n kerlt sor. Foltja nem ltszott. Az emberi hamvakat tartalmaz edny teteje beomlott, illetve elszntottk, s a kalcintumok (1067 g) mellett kevs faszenet is meg lehetett figyelni. Gdr csak az edny in situ kiemelse miatt keletkezett, s a hajdani srgdrnl bizonyosan mlyebb. Urnasr . Indiff. 20 60 ves.
Mellklet 1. Kpos nyak edny/ urna . Fels rsze hinyzik. Szrksbarna, kavicsos sovnyts. Legnagyobb, jelenlegi m: 210; f: 140 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.13. (11. bra 3). Tovbbi nem pozcionlhat tredkei: Lsz.: .2001.1.14 17.

According to the anthropological analysis it is possible that Feature 4 / sz1 is actually the overploughed remains of either Grave 4 or Grave 5. It was excavated between the 2nd and 4th of June. Neither the contour of the grave fill, nor the grave pit was visible, so the grave pit could not be excavated. It was marked only by some pottery fragments and calcined bones (5 g). Indiff. 14 to x years old. The above-mentioned finds of the grave have either disappeared or they are hiding somewhere. Nevertheless, they are not in the main collection inventory of the Savaria Museum. Grave 5 (Figs. 11.1 2) (20th and 25th 27th May). The contour of the grave fill was not visible. The top of the vessel containing human calcined bones collapsed and it was also disturbed by ploughing. Besides the calcined bones (1067 g) some charcoal fragments were visible. The pit originates from the in situ excavation of the vessel and it is probably deeper now than the former grave pit was. Urn grave. Indiff. 20 to 60 years old.
Grave goods 1. Vessel/urn with a conical neck. Its upper part is missing. Greyish-brown, tempered with pebbles. Greatest present h: 210; bd: 140 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.13. (Fig. 11.3). There are further fragments that cannot be positioned within the vessel. Inv. No.: .2001.1.14 17.

A 6. sr (12. bra) mjus 20. s 25. kztt kerlt feltrsra. Gdre ovlis, nagyjbl szak dli tjols. A kalcintumok (364 g) zmmel az sszeroppant nagy urnban voltak, illetve tle dlre, ahol faszntredkek is elfordultak. Az urna keleti oldaln egy sztesett, behzott perem tl (2, 3) volt. Ebben egy jabb (4) ednyt

Grave 6 (Fig. 12) (20th 25th May). The pit is oval, roughly north south oriented. Most of the calcined bones (364 g) were in a large, collapsed urn. Some bone and charcoal fragments were also found south from the urn. On the eastern side of the urn there was a crushed bowl with an inverted rim (2, 3) in which another vessel (4) was found. A fragment of a

23

VIA 2 talltunk. Az urna vllnak dli rszre egy bronz huzaltredket (5.1), egy tt/rat (5.2), valamint egy borotvt (6) helyeztek. Urnasr. Indiff. 20 40 ves. A borotva alapjn taln inkbb frfi lehetett. A trgytpus a frfiak sajtja (v.. Bockisch-Bruer 1999, 542).
Mellkletek 1. Kpos nyak, skozott perem edny/urna. Fels rsze tredkes, nem pozcionlhat. Szrksbarna, kavicsos sovnyts. Jelenlegi m: 355; f: 132 mm. (Ilon 2001, Taf. XII. 2). Lsz.: .2001.1.18. (13. bra 1, 74. bra 2). 2, 3. Tl, behzott perem. Vilgosbarna, fekete foltos, apr kaviccsal s homokkal sovnytott. M: 61; sz: 153; f: 52 mm. (Ilon 2001, Taf. XII.1). Lsz.: .2001.1.19. (13. bra 3, 78. bra 6). 4. Gmbs test edny, bgre (?), a fels rsze hinyzik vagy nem pozcionlhat. Fv: 5 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.20. 5. Bronz huzaltredkek, kr tmetszetek. Lsz.: .2001.1.24. (13. bra 4). 5.1. Bronz huzaltredk. H: 23; tm: 2 mm. (Ilon 2001, Taf. XIII. 3). 5.2. Bronzt. H: 69; tm: 2 mm. (Ilon 2001, Taf. XIII.2). 6. Bronzborotva, kariks vgzds nylnyjtvnynyal. Pengje sraffozott hromszgekkel dsztett. S: 16 g (Ilon 2001, Taf. XIII. 1). Lsz.: .2001.1.25. (13. bra 5, 81. bra 1). A srbl szrmaz, ismeretlen helyzet ednytredkek s bronz: Jellegtelen vrsbarna szn oldaltredkek. Fv: 6 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.21. Bgre/cssze peremtredkei. Fv: 3 5 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.22. (13. bra 2). Fenktredk, omphalosos. Kvl vilgosbarna, bell fekete, vkonyfal. F: 56; fv: 3 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.23. Jellegtelen bronzmlladkok. Lsz.: .2001.1.26.

bronze wire (5.1), a needle/awl (5.2) and a razor (6) were placed at the south side of the shoulder of the urn. Urn grave. Indiff. 20 to 40 years old. Based on the razor the deceased was probably a male. This type of object usually denotes men (see BockischBruer 1999, 542).
Grave goods 1. Urn/vessel with a conical neck and facetted rim. Its upper portion is fragmented, cannot be positioned. Greyish-brown, tempered with pebbles. Present h: 355; bd: 132 mm. (Ilon 2001, Taf. XII. 2). Inv. No.: .2001.1.18. (Figs. 13.1, 74.2). 2, 3. Bowl with an inverted rim. Light brown with black patches, tempered with small pebbles and sand. H: 61; md: 153; bd: 52 mm. (Ilon 2001, Taf. XII.1). Inv. No.: .2001.1.19. (Figs. 13.3, 78.6). 4. Spherical vessel, cup (?). Its upper portion is missing, the remaining parts cannot be positioned within the vessel. Wt: 5 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.20. 5. Bronze wire fragments, circular in cross-section. Inv. No.: .2001.1.24. (Fig. 13.4). 5.1. Bronze wire fragment. L: 23; d: 2 mm. (Ilon 2001, Taf. XIII. 3). 5.2. Bronze pin. L: 69; d: 2 mm (Ilon 2001, Taf. XIII.2). 6. Bronze razor, the handle tang ends in a ring. The blade is decorated with hatched triangles. W: 16 g (Ilon 2001, Taf. XIII. 1). Inv. No.: .2001.1.25. (Figs. 13.5, 81.1). Vessel fragments and bronze of undetermined position found in the grave: Insignificant reddish-brown body fragments. Wt: 6 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.21. Mug/cup rim fragments. Wt: 3 5 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.22. (Fig. 13.2). Omphalic bottom fragment. Thin-walled, light brown on the exterior, black on the interior. Bd: 56; wt: 3 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.23. Insignificant bronze fragments. Inv. No.: .2001.1.26.

A 7. sr (11. bra 4) feltrsra mjus 20. s jnius 1. kztt kerlt sor. A sr foltja nem ltszott, szinte teljesen elszntottk, csupn nhny kermiatredk s kalcintum (9 g) maradt belle. A hamvak srba helyezsnek eredeti mdja nem hatrozhat meg. Indiff. 7 9 ves. A sr minden ednytredke azonos a leltri szmon (.2001.1.27.) lett nyilvntartsba vve.
Mellkletek Edny oldaltredkei, vrsbarna szn, fv: 19 mm. Edny nyaktredke, vrsbarna szn, kavicsos sovnyts, fv: 8 mm. Jellegtelen ednytredkek (3 db), fv: 4, 4, 6 mm.

Grave 7 (Fig. 11.4) (20th May 1st June. The contour of the grave fill was not visible; it was almost completely destroyed by ploughing. Only some pottery fragments and calcined bones (9g) remained. The original method of placing the calcined bones in the grave cannot be determined. Indiff. 7 to 9 years old. All vessel fragments found in the grave are registered under the same Inv. No. (.2001.1.27).
Grave goods Body fragments of a vessel, reddish-brown, wt: 19 mm. Neck fragment of a vessel, reddish-brown, tempered with pebbles, wt: 8 mm. insignificant vessel fragments (3 pieces), wt: 4, 4, 6 mm.

A 8. sr (14. bra 1 2) feltrsra mjus 25. s jnius 2. kztt kerlt sor. A srgdr foltja kb. 100 cm tmrj, jl lthatan jelentkezett a gpi humuszols s a kzi nyess utn. A folt felsznn

Grave 8 (Figs. 14.1 2) (25th May 2nd June). The patch of the grave was about 100 cm in diameter and became clearly visible following the mechanical removal of the top soil and manual scraping. Calcined bones

24

3. Fejezet/Chapter 3 kalcintumok (26 g) s egy vrsbarna, tredkes tl (?) volt. Metszetre bontattam, s gy egy mly gdr alakult ki. Betltsbl k, csontok s kermiatredkek kerltek el. Szrthamvas? Indiff. 14 x ves.
Mellkletek Tl, profilllt, vilgosbarna. Tbb darabbl sszeragasztva. Fv: 5 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.28. (14. bra 4). Hromszgletes tmetszet, vilgosbarna fl, taln az elbbi tlhoz tartozott. Sz: 31 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.29. (14. bra 3). Vkony fal, fekete szn edny oldaltredke szalagfl indtsval. A fl sz: 11 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.30. Nagymret, vastag fal, vilgosbarna s fekete edny/urna (?) oldaltredkei (3 db). Fv: 10 14 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.31.

(26 g) and a fragmentary reddish-brown bowl (?) were found on the surface of the patch. It was excavated in a cross-section so we ended up with a deep pit. The fill contained stone, bone and pottery fragments. Scattered cremation? Indiff. 14 to x years old.
Grave goods Bowl, profiled, light brown. Many pieces are glued together. Wt: 5 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.28 (Fig. 14.4). Light brown handle, triangular in cross-section and might have belonged to the bowl mentioned above. Wi: 31 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.29. (Fig. 14.3). Body fragments of a thin-walled, black vessel with a strap handle stub. Wi of handle: 11 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.30. Fragments of a large, thick-walled, light brown and black vessel/urn (?) (3 pieces). Wt: 10 14 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.31.

A 9. sr feltrsra mjus 27 28-n s jnius 1 3-n kerlt sor. A srgdr foltjt nem lehetett ltni. A srt ersen megbolygatta a talajmvels. Nagyobb terleten megfigyelhet kevs s apr kalcintum (9 g), valamint apr ednytredkek jeleztk. A hamvak srba helyezsnek eredeti mdja ismeretlen. Indiff. s meghatrozhatatlan letkor.
Mellkletek Kihajl perem, vrs illetve sttbarna ednyek peremtredkei (2 db). Fv: 8, 11 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.35. (15. bra 2). Vilgosbarna edny (gmbszeletalak tl) peremtredkei. Fv: 4 6 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.33 34. (15. bra 3 4). Fenktredk, omphalosos. Kvl vilgosbarna, bell szrke, vkonyfal. F: 28 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.32. (15. bra 5).

Grave 9 (27th 28th May,1st 3rd June). The contour of the grave fill was not visible. Ploughing greatly disturbed the grave. It was marked by a small amount of small calcined bones (9 g), which were scattered over an extended area, and by tiny vessel fragments. The original method of placing the calcined bones in the grave is undetermined. Indiff. and undeterminable age.
Grave goods Rim fragments of red and dark brown vessels with everted rim (2 pieces). Wt: 8, 11 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.35. (Fig. 15.2). Rim fragments of a light brown vessel (semi-spherical bowl). Wt: 4 6 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.33 34. (Fig. 15.3 4). Omphalic bottom fragment. Thin-walled, light brown on the exterior, grey on the interior. Bd: 28 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.32. (Fig. 15.5).

A 10. sr (15. bra 1) feltrsra mjus 26-n kerlt sor. A srgdr foltjt nem lehetett rzkelni. A kalcintomokat (193 g) tartalmaz, fenekn ll nagy ednyt (1) in situ emeltk ki, ahogy a tle dlre elhelyezett, fenekn ll tlat (2) is. A srgdrben, az ednyeken kvl sok szenlt fatredk (behordott mglyamaradvny?) volt. Urnasr. Indiff. 20 40 ves.
Mellkletek 1. Kpos nyak, megvastagod s kihajl perem edny/urna. Fels rsze tredkes, nem pozcionlhat. Fekete, kavicsos sovnyts. Jelenlegi legnagyobb m: 250; f: 130 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.36. (15. bra 6). 2. Tl, behzott perem, szrke s kavicsos sovnyts. M: 55; sz: 126; f: 65 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.37. (15. bra 7, 78. bra 7).

Grave 10 (Fig. 15.1) (26th May). The contour of the grave fill was not visible. A large vessel (1) containing calcined bones (193 g) was lifted out in situ together with a bowl (2) found south from it. Both vessels stood upside down. A large amount of charred wood fragments were found in the grave among the vessels (pyre remains carried there?). Urn grave. Indiff. 20 to 40 years old.
Grave goods 1. Vessel/urn with a conical neck and gradually thickening everted rim. Its upper portion is fragmented and cannot be positioned within the vessel. Black, tempered with pebbles. Greatest present h: 250; bd: 130 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.36. (Fig. 15.6). 2. Bowl with an inverted rim, grey, tempered with pebbles. H: 55; md: 126; bd: 65 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.37. (Figs 15.7, 78.7). There are fragments, which were registered among the

25

VIA 2
A sr anyaghoz van leltrozva, de pontosan nem azonosthat helyrl taln a restaurls sorn az urnbl szrmazik: Kihajl perem bgre (?) perem- s oldaltredkei (2 db), kvl vrsbarna s bell szrke szn. Fv: 6 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.129. finds of the grave but their exact positions in the grave are undetermined. They might have been found in the urn during the restoration works: Rim and body fragments (2 pieces) of a mug (?) with everted rim, reddish-brown on the exterior, grey on the interior. Wt: 6 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.129.

A 11. sr (16. bra 1) feltrsra mjus 28-n kerlt sor. A srgdr foltjt nem lehetett megfigyelni, gy kibontani sem. A kalcintumokat (49 g) tartalmaz nagy ednyt (1) in situ emeltk ki. Urnasr. Indiff. 14 40 ves.
Mellkletek 1. Kpos nyak, kihajl perem edny/urna. Fels rsze tredkes, nem pozcionlhat. Vrsbarna, kavicsos sovnyts. F: 110 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.38. (16. bra 3). Az urnbl kerltek kibontsra az albbi tredkek: Vkonyfal, szrke, gmbszeletalak tl (?) perems oldaltredkei. Fv: 4 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.39 40 (16. bra 2). Esetleg az oldaltredkek (2001.1.40.) mgsem ehhez tartoznak.

Grave 11 (Fig. 16.1) (28th May). The contour of the grave fill was not visible, and therefore the grave pit could not be excavated. A large vessel (1) containing calcined bones (49 g) was lifted out in situ. Urn grave. Indiff. 14 to 40 years old.
Grave goods 1. Vessel/urn with a conical neck and an everted rim. Its upper portion is fragmented, cannot be positioned within the vessel. Reddish-brown, tempered with pebbles. Bd: 110 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.38. (Fig. 16.3). The following fragments were lifted out from the urn: Rim and body fragments of a thin-walled, grey, semi-spherical bowl (?). Wt: 4 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1. 39 40. (Fig. 16.2). There is a possibility that the body fragments (.2001.1.40) do not belong to this bowl.

A 12. sr feltrsra jnius 2-n kerlt sor. A srgdrt nem lehetett megfigyelni. Az ednyeket meglehetsen (apr darabokra) elszntottk. A faszenes s a kalcintumos folt elklnltek, s irnyultsguk szaknyugat dlkelet. A kalcintumok llapota s mrete kiemelsket nem tette lehetv. A hamvak srba helyezsnek eredeti mdja ismeretlen.
Mellkletek Kpos nyak edny (?)/urna fenktredkei. Fv: 10 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.43. Cssze/bgre (?) peremtredke. Fv: 5 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.42. Sttszrke edny oldaltredke szalagfl indtsval. Fv: 7mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.41. Vilgosbarna edny oldaltredke benyomott btykfl/lcdsz (?) tredkvel. Fv: 7 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.44.

Grave 12 (2nd June). The grave pit was not visible. The vessels were overploughed (very small fragments). The charcoal and calcined bone patches were well-separated showing an orientation of north-west south-east. The condition and size of the calcined bones made it impossible to lift them out. The original method of placing the calcined bones in the grave is undetermined.
Grave goods Bottom fragments of a vessel with a conical neck (?)/urn. Wt: 10 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.43. Mug/cup (?) rim fragments. Wt: 5 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.42. Body fragments of a dark grey vessel with a strap handle stub. Wt: 7mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.41. Body fragments of a light brown vessel with a fragment of a pressed knob handle and an applied rib (?). Wt: 7 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.44.

A 13. sr (16. bra 5) feltrsra jnius 2-n kerlt sor. A srgdrt nem lehetett megfigyelni. Az ednyeket meglehetsen (apr darabokra) elszntottk. Kzttk faszenek s kalcintumok (49 g) ltszottak a nyesst kveten. A hamvak srba helyezsnek eredeti mdja ismeretlen. Indiff. 20 x ves.
Mellkletek Kpos nyak edny (?)/urna, kihajl perem- s oldaltredkei. Fv: 9 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.45. Szrke edny pereme alagtfllel. Fv: 10 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.47 (16. bra 4).

Grave 13 (Fig. 16.5) (2nd June). The grave pit was not visible. The vessels were overploughed (very small fragments). Following the manual scraping, charcoal and calcined bones (49 g) were visible. The original method of placing the calcined bones in the grave is undetermined. Indiff. 20 to x years old.
Grave goods Everted rim and body fragments of a vessel (?)/urn with a conical neck. Wt: 9 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.45. Rim of a grey vessel with a tunnel handle. Wt: 10 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.47. (Fig. 16.4).

26

3. Fejezet/Chapter 3
Szrke, jellegtelen oldaltredkek, amelyek kt ednyhez tartoznak (3 db). Fv: 6, 7, 9 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.46. Insignificant grey body fragments belonging to two vessels (3 pieces). Wt: 6, 7, 9 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.46.

A 14. sr (17. bra 1) feltrsra jnius 2-n kerlt sor. A srgdrt nem lehetett megfigyelni. A 2. szm edny a fenekn llt. Benne s krltte kalcintumok (35 g) s faszntredkek voltak. Urnasr. Indiff. 30 50 ves.
Mellkletek 1. Nagymret, fekete szn edny vll-oldal- (Lsz.: .2001.1.49) s nyaktredke (2001.1.50). A vllon besimts s alatta fggleges kannelrzs van. Fv: 8 mm (17. bra 3). 2. Kpos nyak edny (?)/urna. Fgglegesen kannelrzott, szalagfle a vlltl a peremig veldtt. Fekete szn, ragasztott tredkek. Jelenlegi legnagyobb m: 170; f: 80 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.48. (17. bra 2, 76. bra 5). Gmbs test edny vll-nyaktredke. Kvl vrsbarna, bell szrke, ragasztott (2 db). Fv: 9, 11 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.51. Cssze (?) kihajl peremtredke, szrke. Fv: 6 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.52. Edny kihajl peremtredke, szrke. Fv: 8 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.53. Legalbb hrom edny (szrke, vrsbarna s narancssrga) oldaltredkei. Fv: 5 11 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.54.

Grave 14 (Fig. 17.1) (2nd June). The grave pit was not visible. The second vessel stood upside down. Calcined bones (35 g) and charcoal fragments were inside the vessel and surrounding it. Urn grave. Indiff. 30 to 50 years old.
Grave goods 1. Neck (2001.1.50), shoulder and body (Inv. No.: .2001.1.49) fragments of a large black vessel. There is smoothing on the shoulder and below it is decorated with vertical channelling. Wt: 8 mm. (Fig. 17.3). 2. Vessel (?)/urn with a conical neck. It is decorated with vertical channelling; its strap handle is arched. The handle starts from the rim and sits on the shoulder. Black fragments, glued. Greatest present h: 170; bd: 80 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.48. (Figs 17.2, 76.5). Shoulder and neck fragments of a spherical vessel. Reddish-brown on the exterior, grey on the interior, glued (2 pieces). Wt: 9, 11 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.51. Fragment of an everted rim of a cup (?), grey. Wt: 6 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.52. Fragment of an everted rim of a vessel, grey. Wt: 8 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.53. Body fragments of at least three vessels (grey, reddish-brown and orange). Wt: 5 11 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.54.

A 15. sr (18. bra 1) feltrsra jnius 2-n kerlt sor. A sr gdre nem ltszott, csupn az ersen elszntott edny fenkrsze maradt a helyn kalcintumokkal (149 g). Urnasr. Indiff. 7 x ves.
Mellklet Kpos nyak edny (?)/urna als rsze, vrsbarna szn. F: 140 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.55.

Grave 15 (Fig. 18.1) (2nd June). The contour of the grave fill was not visible, only the bottom of a heavily overploughed vessel remained containing calcined bones (149 g). Urn grave. Indiff. 7 to x years old.
Grave goods Lower part of a vessel (?)/urn with a conical neck, reddish-brown. Bd: 140 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.55.

A 16. sr (18. bra 2) feltrsra jnius 3 4-n kerlt sor. A sr gdre nem ltszott, csupn sztszntott kalcintumok (5.5 g) s ednytredkek. A hamvak srba helyezsnek eredeti mdja ismeretlen. Indiff. 5 x ves.
Mellkletek Kpos nyak edny (?)/urna vrsbarna oldaltredkei (3 db). Fv. 7 10 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.57. Edny felhzott szalagfle. Sz: 18 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.56. (18. bra 3). Oldaltredkek hrom ednybl (3 db). Fv: 12, 10, 10 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.58. Edny oldaltredke, benyomott dsszel. Fv: 5 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.59.

Grave 16 (Fig. 18.2) (3rd 4th June). The contour of the grave fill was not visible, only heavily overploughed vessel fragments and calcined bones (5.5 g) remained. The original method of placing the calcined bones in the grave is undetermined. Indiff. 5 to x years old.
Grave goods Body fragments of a vessel (?)/urn with a conical neck, reddish-brown (3 pieces). Wt. 7 10 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.57. High swinging strap handle of a vessel. Wi: 18 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.56. (Fig. 18.3). Body fragments of three vessels (3 pieces). Wt: 12, 10, 10 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.58. Body fragments of a vessel with impressed decoration. Wt: 5 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.59.

A 17. sr feltrsra (19. bra 1 2) jnius 5 6-n kerlt sor. A sr gdre nem ltszott. A sztszntott (A-jel) ednytredkek mellett

Grave 17 (Figs. 19.1 2) (5th 6th June). The contour of the grave fill was not visible but besides the overploughed vessel fragments (marked A) the remains of

27

VIA 2 kt koncentrci-maradvny mutatkozott. Az egyik (1) edny tredkei kztt alig, de fokozottan a 2. szmmal jelzett (fenekn ll) tredkei alatt s kztt voltak a kalcintumok (146.5 g). Urnasr. Indiff. 14 40 ves.
Mellkletek 1. Kpos nyak edny/urna. Fekete, erteljes aljjal, kihajl peremmel. Als rszn kvl a tbbi tredke nem pozcionlhat. F: 140; fv: 10 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.60. (19. bra 3). 2. Cssze (?), enyhn benyomott fenkkel s fels rsze, amelyek nem illeszthetk ssze, tovbb oldaltredkei. Sttszrke. Kt, a vllon krbefut karcols alatt, ferdn kannelrzott. F: 55; fv: 5 6 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.61. (19. bra 4). Edny oldal- s nyaktredkei (9 db) a vlln ketts karcolt vonallal, alatta fgglegesen kannelrzott. (A kannelrk szlesebbek, mint az elz ednyen.) Fv: 6 7 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.63. Kt vagy hrom edny, a fentiekhez nem illeszthet oldaltredkei (35 db). Fv: 5 6 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.62.

two concentrations of calcined bones were visible. The calcined bones (146.5 g) were found mostly under and among the fragments of a vessel (2), which stood upside down. Among the fragments of the other vessel (1) there was only an insignificant amount of calcined bones. Urn grave. Indiff. 14 to 40 years old.
Grave goods 1. Vessel/urn with a conical neck. Black, with a heavy bottom and everted rim. Only its bottom part could be positioned, the rest of the fragments not. Bd: 140; wt: 10 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.60. (Fig. 19.3). 2. Cup (?) with a slightly pushed in bottom, and its upper part, which cannot be fitted together and body fragments. Dark grey. Below two incised lines running parallel around the shoulder oblique channelling is present. Bd: 55; wt: 5 6 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.61. (Fig. 19.4). Body and neck fragments of a vessel (9 pieces), double lines are incised on the shoulder and underneath there is vertical channelling (The channelling is wider here than on the previous vessel.). Wt: 6 7 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.63. Body fragments of two to three vessels, which cannot be fitted to the above-mentioned objects (35 pieces). Wt: 5 6 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.62.

A 18. sr (20. bra 1 3) feltrsra jnius 9 11. s 14-n kerlt sor. Srgdre enyhe ellipszis formj, szaknyugat dlkeleti irny. Bolygatatlan, ugyanakkor sszeroppant ednyeket tartalmazott. A kpos nyak ednyt/urnt (3) tllal (4) fedtk le. Az urntl dlre, kt edny/bgre (1, 2) tredkei voltak. A rosszul getett bgre (2) tredkei az urnbl s a tlbl is elkerltek. A kalcintumok (81 g) az urnn kvl is megtallhatk voltak. Urnasr. Indiff. 7 x ves.
Mellkletek 1. Bgre, szalagfl csonkjval, alja hinyzik, vrs s szrke szn. Fl sz: 22; fv: 6 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.65. (21. bra 1). 2. Bgre, szalagfl tredkvel, gyengn kigetett, vrsbarna. Fl sz: 16; fv: 4 6 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.68. (21. bra 2). 3. Kpos nyak edny/urna, kihajl peremmel, szalagfllel, a vll alatt fggleges rkolssal. Sttszrke, finoman sovnytott. F: 60; M: 126 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.64. (21. bra 3, 76. bra 6). 4. Tl, behzott perem, vilgos- s sttbarna foltos. M: 70; f: kb. 75 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.66. (21. bra 4, 79. bra 1). Az albbi tredkek pontos srbeli helyzett nem ismerjk: Edny fenk- s oldaltredkei. Ragasztottak, rossz megtartsak. Stt- s vilgosbarna. Fv: 5 6 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.67, 2001.1.70. Ednytredkek. Fv: 4 5 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.69. Gmbszeletalak tl ragasztott, vrsbarna peremtredke. Fv: 4 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.71. (21. bra 5).

Grave 18 (Figs. 20.1 3) (9th 11th, 14th June). The grave pit is slightly elliptical and north-west southeast oriented. It was found undisturbed but contained collapsed vessels. The vessel/urn with a conical neck (3) was covered with a bowl (4). Fragments of two vessels/mugs (1, 2) were found south from the urn. The fragments of the imperfectly fired mug (2) were found in both the urn and the bowl. Calcined bones (81 g) were found outside of the urn as well. Urn grave. Indiff. 7 to x years old.
Grave goods 1. Mug with a strap handle stub, its bottom is missing. Colour: red and grey. Wi of handle: 22; wt: 6 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.65. (Fig. 21.1). 2. Mug with a fragment of a strap handle, poorly fired, reddish-brown. Wi of handle: 16; wt: 4 6 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.68; (Fig. 21.2). 3. Vessel / urn with a conical neck and everted rim, with a strap handle and decorated with vertical incisions. Dark grey, fine tempered. Bd: 60; d: 126 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.64. (Figs. 21.3, 76.6). 4. Bowl with an inverted rim, with light and dark brown patches. H: 70; bd: approximately 75 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.66. (Figs. 21.4, 79.1). The exact position inside the grave is not known in the case of the following fragments: Bottom and body fragments of a vessel. Glued, poorly preserved. Dark and light brown. Wt: 5 6 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.67, 2001.1.70. Vessel fragments. Wt: 4 5 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.69. Reddish-brown, glued rim fragment of a semi-spherical bowl. Wt: 4 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.71. (Fig. 21.5).

28

3. Fejezet/Chapter 3 A 19. sr feltrsra jnius 7-n kerlt sor. Ha sr is volt, szinte nyom nlkl elpusztult. Csupn nhny, valsznleg egy ednyhez tartoz tredk jelezte. Ezek vilgosbarna sznek, kt darab durva sovnyts fenktredk (Fv: 7 mm) s egy fltredk (18. bra 4). Utbbi sz: 23 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.72 73. Hamvakat nem talltunk, gy azok srba helyezsi mdja ismeretlen. A 20. sr (22. bra 1) feltrsra jnius 10-n kerlt sor. Srgdre ellipszis alak, nyugat keleti tjols. Az ersen sztszntott ednytredkeket a feltrskor is egy ednynek, de annak kls s bels oldalval lthatnak vltk (ezrt A, B jel). Hamvakat nem talltunk, gy azok srba helyezsi mdja ismeretlen.
Mellklet Kpos nyak edny, szrke, ragasztott oldaltredkei (7 db). Fv: 5 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.74a.

Grave 19 (7th June). Even if it was a grave it was almost completely destroyed. Only a few pottery fragments marked its place, probably belonging to one vessel. These are light brown, two rough tempered bottom fragments (Wt: 7 mm) and a handle fragment (Fig. 18.4). Wi of the latter: 23 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.72 73. There were no calcined bones found, and therefore the method of placing them in the grave is undetermined. Grave 20 (Fig. 22.1) (10th June). The grave pit is elliptical, west east oriented. Heavily overploughed vessel fragments were found. Since the excavation of the grave the fragments have been considered as belonging to one vessel, one lying on its exterior, the other its interior (thus marked A, B). There were no calcined bones found, and therefore the method of placing them in the grave is undetermined.
Grave goods Body fragments of a vessel with conical neck, glued, grey (7 pieces). Wt: 5 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.74a.

A 21. sr (22. bra 2) feltrsa jnius 10 15. kztt trtnt meg. Srgdre szablytalan, enyhn laptott kr alaprajz, szaknyugat dlkeleti tjols. Mellkleteit ersen megszntottk, kalcintum csak nyomokban volt megfigyelhet a gdrben, gy azok srba helyezsi mdja ismeretlen.
Mellklet Cssze (eredetileg fllel?), tredkes, a vll alatt ferdn kannelrzott, vrsbarna. Fv: 4 6 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.74b (a leltroz Ptervry Tams elvtette a szmozst s az elz sr leltri szmt ismt kiadta) (22. bra 3).

Grave 21 (Fig. 22.2) (10th 15th June). The grave pit is irregular and looks more like a slightly flattened circle, north-west south-east oriented. The grave goods were heavily disturbed by ploughing, only traces of calcined bones were found in the pit. Thus, the method of placing them in the grave is undetermined.
Grave goods Cup (originally with a handle?), fragmented, there is oblique channelling below the shoulder, reddish-brown. Wt: 4 6 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.74b (Tams Ptervry who registered the artefacts made a mistake and assigned the number of the previous grave again) (Fig. 22.3).

A 22. sr (23. bra 1 2) jnius 18 20-n kerlt feltrsra. Srgdre ellipszis alaprajz, szak dli tjols. A kalcintumokat (34 g) tartalmaz urna (5) a srgdr szaknyugati rszn volt. Ennek nyugati oldaln egy tl (4) llt. Ettl dlre, de kzvetlenl az urna mellett s attl tvolabb egy msik csoportban egy fles edny darabjai (2 3) voltak. Egy fenekre lltott tlat (1) a kt ednycsoportosuls kztt trtunk fel. Urnasr. Indiff. 5 10 ves.
Mellkletek 1. Tl, behzott perem, sttbarna szn. M: 73; sz: 150 160; f: 75 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.77. (24. bra 3, 79. bra 3).

Grave 22 (Figs. 23.1 2) (18th 20th June). The grave pit is elliptical, north south oriented. The urn (5), containing the calcined bones (34 g), was found in the north-western part of the grave. A bowl (4) was discovered west from it. South from it, but immediately next to the urn, and farther away in another group there were pieces of a vessel with a handle (2 and 3). A bowl standing upside down (1) was found between the two groups of vessels. Urn grave. Indiff. 5 to 10 years old.
Grave goods 1. Bowl with inverted rim, dark brown. H: 73; md: 150 160; bd: 75 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.77. (Figs. 24.3, 79.3).

29

VIA 2
2 3. Kt edny vll- (fv: 7 8 mm) s fenk tredkei (fv: 5 6 mm), vrsbarna. Lsz.: .2001.1.80a b. 4. Tl, gmbszelet alak, szrksbarna. M: 65; sz: 145 157; f: 40 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.76. (24. bra 2, 79. bra 2). 5. Kpos nyak, barna szn edny/urna, hinyz fels rsszel. A vll alatt fgglegesen kannelrzott, a fl indtsa alatt flkrves besimtsok. F: 100 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.75. (24. bra 1). Fazk (?) fenk- s oldaltredkei (19 db), vrsbarna szn, kavicsos sovnyts. Fv: 6 7 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.79. Cssze (?) fgglegesen kannelrzott, vrsbarna oldaltredkei (2 db) szalagfllel. Fv: 5 6; fl sz: 14 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.78. (24. bra 4). 2 3. Two vessels: shoulder (wt: 7 8 mm) and bottom (wt: 5 6 mm) fragments, reddish-brown. Inv. No.: .2001.1.80a b. 4. Bowl, semi-spherical, greyish-brown. H: 65; md: 145 157; bd: 40 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.76. (Figs. 24.2, 79.2). 5. Brown vessel/urn with a conical neck, its upper part is missing. The vessel is decorated with vertical channelling below the shoulder and smoothed semi-circles beneath the handle. Bd: 100 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.75. (Fig. 24.1). Bottom and body fragments (19 pieces) of a pot (?), reddish-brown, tempered with pebbles. Wt: 6 7 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.79. Reddish-brown body fragments (2 pieces) of a cup (?) with vertical channelling and strap handle. Wt: 5 6; handle wi: 14 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.78. (Fig. 24.4).

A 23. sr (25. bra 1 2, 26. bra 1) jnius 15 17. kztt kerlt feltrsra. Srgdre kr alaprajz, amelyet a hajdani humusz als szintjbe stak. A kalcintumokat (4 g) tartalmaz nagy edny/urna (1) tetejt az jkori sznts megbolygatta, ahogy azt a sztszntott peremtredkek igazoljk. Egy skozott peremtredk (3) a srgdrtl nyugatra hevert a gpi humuszols utn megnyesett felsznen, ami korbban a szntsnak ksznheten kerlhetett oda. Az urna als rszt in situ emeltk ki. Az urna dlkeleti oldaln tl (2), illetve az urntl nyugatra s keletre egy-egy sszegett bronztrgy (4, 5) volt a srgdrben. Urnasr . Indiff. neme s letkora nem meghatrozhat.
Mellkletek 1, 3. Kpos nyak edny/urna, skozott perem, vrsbarna. F: 130; jelenlegi m: 305 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.84. (26. bra 3, 74. bra 3). 2. Tl, gmbszelet alak, szalagfles, szrke. Fle hinyzik. M: 77; f: 65; sz: 130 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.86.1. (26. bra 2, 79. bra 4). 4. Bronzolvadk, alaktalan. Slya: 10,9 g. Lsz.: .2001.1.85. 5. Bordzott (?) bronzkarperec (?).sszegett, alaktalan. S: 1,36 g. Lsz.: .2001.1.86. Ptervry Tams a kt bronzot helytelenl azonostva leltrozta. A sr betltsbl, pontosan nem meghatrozhat helyrl szrmaznak: Oldaltredkek, vrsbarna (3 db) s vrsbarna/szrke (2 db) ragasztott. Fv: 7 8 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.81. Oldaltredkek, szrke, ragasztott. Fv: 6 7 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.82. Peremtredkek (2 db), kihajl, vrsbarna, fv: 10 12 mm. Tovbb gmbszelet vagy hengeres szj edny, fv: 6 10 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.83. (26. bra 4).

Grave 23 (Figs. 25.1 2, 26.1) (15th 17th June). The grave pit is circular and situated in the lower layer of the former topsoil. Recent ploughing had disturbed the topmost part of a large vessel/urn (1), which contained the calcined bones (4 g). It is clearly shown that the rim fragments were scattered by ploughing. One facetted rim fragment (3) was found west from the grave pit on the soil surface following the mechanical removal of the topsoil. It must have been deposited there due to earlier ploughing. The bottom part of the urn was lifted out in situ. A bowl (2) was found in the grave pit at the south-eastern side of the urn. West and east from the urn there were charred bronze artefacts (4, 5) in the grave pit. Urn grave. Indiff., sex and age undeterminable.
Grave goods 1, 3. Vessel/urn with a conical neck and facetted rim, reddishbrown. Bd: 130; present h: 305 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.84. (Figs. 26.3, 74.3). 2. Semi-spherical bowl with a strap handle, grey. Its handle is missing. H: 77; wt: 65; md: 130 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.86.1. (Figs 26.2, 79.4). 4. Melted bronze, amorphous. We: 10.9 g. Inv. No.: .2001.1.85. 5. Ribbed (?) bronze bracelet (?). Charred, amorphous. We: 1.36 g. Inv. No.: .2001.1.86. Tams Ptervry registered the two bronze artefacts incorrectly. The following were found in the fill of the grave from undetermined locations: Body fragments, reddish-brown (3 pieces) and reddishbrown/grey (2 pieces), glued. Wt: 7 8 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.81. Body fragments, grey, glued. Wt: 6 7 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.82. Rim fragments (2 pieces), everted, reddish-brown, wt: 10 12 mm. Further fragments belong to a spherical or cylindricalmouthed vessel, wt: 6 10 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.83. (Fig. 26.4).

30

3. Fejezet/Chapter 3 A 24. sr (27. bra 1 2) jnius 17 20-n kerlt feltrsra. Srgdre ellipszis alaprajz, szaknyugat dlkeleti tjols. Az sszeroppant nagy ednyben (1) voltak a kalcintumok (516 g) s kevs faszntredk. Kzvetlenl mellette, dlre egy bgre (2) volt s alatta egy bronzkarperec tredke (3). Urnasr. Valsznleg n, 20 60 ves.
Mellkletek 1. Fazk/urna, vrsbarna. M: 340; f: 135 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.87. (27. bra 3, 78. bra 1). 2. Bgre, szrksbarna, egy fllel. M: 92; sz: 95; f: 48 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.88. (27. bra 4, 77. bra 1). 3. Bronzkarperec/rd (?) tredke, ovlis tmetszet. Sz: 10 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.89. (27. bra 5, 81. bra 2). A sr betltsbl, pontosan nem meghatrozhat helyrl szrmaznak: Bgre (?) s cssze (?) vrsbarna szn peremtredke. Fv: 5 6 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.90. Nagyobb edny fenkoldalnak tredkei (2 db), vrsbarna, kavicsos sovnyts. Fv: 11 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.91, 92. Oldaltredk, szrke szn. Fv: 5 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.92. Bgre (?) vll-oldaltredkei (2 db), szrke, ragasztott. Fv: 6 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.93.

Grave 24 (Figs. 27.1 2) (17th 20th June). The grave pit is elliptical, north-west south-east oriented. The calcined bones (516 g) and some charcoal fragments were found in a crushed, large vessel (1). Immediately next to it, towards the south, was a mug (2) and underneath a fragment of a bronze bracelet (3). Urn grave. Probably female, 20 to 60 years old.
Grave goods 1. Pot/urn, reddish-brown. H: 340; bd: 135 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.87. (Figs. 27.3, 78.1). 2. Greyish-brown mug with one handle. H: 92; md: 95; bd: 48 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.88. (Figs. 27.4, 77.1). 3. Fragment of a bronze bracelet/rod (?), its cross-section is oval. Wi: 10 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.89. (Figs. 27.5, 81.2). The following were found in the fill of the grave from undetermined locations: Reddish-brown body fragments of a mug (?) and a cup (?). Wt: 5 6 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.90. Bottom fragments (2 pieces) of a large vessel, reddishbrown, tempered with pebbles. Wt: 11 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.91, 92. Grey body fragment. Wt: 5 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.92. Body fragments of a mug (?) shoulder, glued, grey (2 pieces). Wt: 6 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.93.

A 25. sr (28. bra 1 2) jnius 20-n kerlt feltrsra. Srgdre szilvamag-alak, de inkbb a bonts sorn keletkezett. A szntfldi mvels megbolygatta. Egy nagy ednyben (1) voltak a kalcintumok (54 g), amelytl dlre egy bgrt (2) helyeztek el. Urnasr . Indiff. 18 x ves.
Mellkletek 1. Kpos nyak edny/urna, vrsbarna, kavicsos sovnyts. Fels rsze hinyzik. Jelenlegi m: 280; f: 120 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.94, 96. (28. bra 3). 2. Bgre, hromszgletes tmetszet fllel, szrke. M: 90; f: 45; sz: 100 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.95. (28. bra 4, 77. bra 2).

Grave 25 (Figs. 28.1 2) (20th June). The grave pit is plum stone-shaped, but this shape mostly originates from the method of excavation. The grave was disturbed by ploughing. The calcined bones (54 g) were found in a large vessel (1), south from which there was a mug (2). Urn grave. Indiff. 18 to x years old.
Grave goods 1. Vessel/urn with a conical neck, reddish-brown, tempered with pebbles. Its upper part is missing. Present h: 280; bd: 120 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.94, 96. (Fig. 28.3). 2. Mug with a triangular cross-sectioned handle, grey. H: 90; bd: 45; md: 100 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.95. (Figs. 28.4, 77.2).

A 26. sr (29. bra 1) jnius 18 19-n kerlt feltrsra. Szinte teljesen elpuszttotta a sznts. Kalcintumokat nem talltunk, gy azok srba helyezsi mdja ismeretlen.
Mellkletek Legalbb kt edny tredkei: Kpos nyak (?) edny/urna, fekete szn edny vlltredke. Fv: 10 14 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.97. Oldaltredk, narancssrga (2 db). Fv: 6 7 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.98. Oldaltredk, vrsbarna (9 db). Fv: 6 9 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.99.

Grave 26 (Fig. 29.1) (18th 19th June). It was almost completely destroyed by ploughing. There were no calcined bones found, and therefore the method of placing them in the grave is undetermined.
Grave goods Fragments of at least two vessels: Shoulder fragments of a vessel/urn with a conical neck (?), black. Wt: 10 14 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.97. Body fragments, orange (2 pieces). Wt: 6 7 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.98. Body fragments, reddish-brown (9 pieces). Wt: 6 9 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.99.

31

VIA 2
Egy vkonyfal, szrke szn edny ragasztott tredkei (3 db). Lsz.: .2001.1.100. Glued fragments (3 pieces) of a thin-walled, grey vessel. Inv. No.: .2001.1.100.

A 27. sr (29. bra 3 5) jnius 28-n kerlt feltrsra. Srgdre nem volt szrevehet, s inkbb a bonts sorn alakult ki. Csak egy nagymret edny (1) volt a srgdrben, kalcintumokkal (1520 g), amit in situ emeltnk ki. Urnasr. Valsznleg n, 18 30 ves.
Mellklet 1. Kpos nyak, skozott perem edny/urna. A vll alatt fgglegesen kannelrzott, a vllon 3 fllel, fekete szn. M: 320; f: 110; sz: kb. 265 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.101. (29. bra 6, 74. bra 4).

Grave 27 (Figs. 29.3 5) (28th June). The grave pit was not identified; it was created while it was excavated. Only a large vessel (1) containing calcined bones (1520 g) was in the grave. It was lifted out in situ. Urn grave. Probably female, 18 to 30 years old.
Grave goods 1. Urn/vessel with a conical neck and facetted rim. It has vertical channelling below the shoulder; three handles on the shoulder, black. H: 320; bd: 110; md: approximately 265 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.101. (Figs. 29.6, 74.4).

A 28. sr (30. bra 1 2) jnius 28-n kerlt feltrsra. Srgdre ovlis, nyugat keleti irny. A srt a talajmvels (az 1. edny szaki rszt), s mi is a gp iszapol kanalval (az 1. edny dli rszt) megbolygattuk. A kalcintumok (212 g) a nagy ednyben/urnban (1) voltak, s e krl a mglya behordott maradvnyaira utaltak a faszntredkek. A kalcintumok kiszedst kveten nem csak az 1, de a 2. s 3. szm ednyeket is a helysznen plextoloztuk s in situ emeltk ki. Urnasr. Valsznleg frfi, 20 40 ves.
Mellkletek 1. Kpos nyak edny/urna als rsze. Sttszrke. F: 120 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.102. (30. bra 3). 2. Gmbs test edny alja s oldaltredke, fekete szn. F: kb. 60 65 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.103. 30. bra 4). 3. Edny omphalosos feneknek s oldalnak tredkei (4 db), barna. Fv: 3 4 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.104.

Grave 28 (Figs. 30.1 2) (28th June). The grave pit was elliptical west east oriented. The grave was disturbed by ploughing (northern part of vessel No. 1) and by mechanically removing the soil (southern part of vessel No. 1). The calcined bones (212 g) were in the large vessel/urn (1). Around the vessel charcoal fragments suggested the remains of a pyre carried there. Vessels 1, 2 and 3 were treated with plextol at the site and lifted out in situ following the removal of the calcined bones. Urn grave. Probably male, 20 to 40 years old.
Grave goods 1. Lower part of a vessel/urn with a conical neck. Dark grey. Bd: 120 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.102. (Fig. 30.3). 2. Bottom and body fragments of a spherical vessel, black. Bd: approximately 60 65 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.103. (Fig. 30.4). 3. Bottom and body fragments (4 pieces) of a vessel with an omphalic bottom, brown. Wt: 3 4 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.104.

A 29. sr (31. bra 1 2) jnius 19-n kerlt feltrsra. Srgdre ovlis, szak dli irny. A kalcintumok (136 g) az egyik nagy ednyben (2) voltak. A hamvakat tartalmaz ednytl dlre, egyms mellett kt edny volt. Az egyik urnaszer (1), a msik egy tl (3). Az ednyektl szaknyugatra, a srgdr szlben egy ersen meggett bronz (4) kerlt el. Urnasr. Indiff. 1 3 ves.
Mellkletek 1. Kpos nyak edny/cssze, a vll alatt ferdn kannelrzott, szalagfles, feneke enyhn benyomott, fekete. Peremrsze hinyzik. M: 130; f: 60 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.105. (31. bra 3, 74. bra 5). 2. Kpos nyak edny/urna, a vll alatt ngy vzszintes

Grave 29 (Figs. 31.1 2) (19th June). The grave pit is elliptical, north south oriented. The calcined bones (136 g) were found in a large vessel (2). South from the vessel containing the calcined bones two further vessels were found. One of them was similar to an urn (1), the other one was a bowl (2). A heavily burnt bronze (4) object was found north-west from the vessels, at the side of the grave pit. Urn grave. Indiff. 1 to 3 years old.
Grave goods 1. Vessel/cup with a conical neck, with oblique channelling below the shoulder, with a strap handle, its bottom is slightly pressed in, black. Its rim is missing. H: 130; bd: 60 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.105. (Figs. 31.3, 74.5). 2. Vessel/urn with a conical neck, and there are four hori-

32

3. Fejezet/Chapter 3
rkolssal, s alatta szakaszosan benyomott pontsorok dsztik, feneke enyhn benyomott, szne: barna s fekete. Peremrsze hinyzik. Jelenlegi m: 170; f: 76 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.108. (31. bra 6, 74. bra 6). 3. Tl, gmbszeletalak, omphalosos, fekete. M: 50; f: 40 45; sz: 145 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.109. (31. bra 5, 79. bra 5). 4. Bronzkarika, egyik vge elkalaplt, lapos. (A nyilvntartsban helytelenl tknt van lerva.) tm: 39; huzal v: 4 mm. Restaurlatlan. S: 4,92 g. Lsz.: .2001.1.106. (31. bra 4, 81. bra 3). Salakosra tgett 7 mm hossz bronztredk. Lsz.: .2001.1.107. zontal incisions below the shoulder and beneath it repeatedly impressed dot lines decorate it. Its bottom is slightly pressed inward, black and brown. Its rim is missing. Present h: 170; bd: 76 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.108. (Figs. 31.6, 74.6). 3. Bowl, semi-spherical with an omphalic bottom, black. H: 50; bd: 40 45; md: 145 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.109; (Figs. 31.5, 79.5). 4. Flat bronze ring, hammered flat on one end (It is inventoried incorrectly, listed as a pin.). D: 39; wire th: 4 mm. It is not restored. W: 4.92 g. Inv. No.: .2001.1.106. (Figs. 31.4, 81.3). Vitrified bronze fragment, 7 mm long. Inv. No.: .2001.1.107.

A 30. sr (32. bra 1 2) jnius 27-n kerlt feltrsra. Srgdre ovlisnak tnik, ha egyltaln azt bontottuk ki. A kalcintumok (171 g) egy nagymret edny megmaradt als rszben voltak, amelynek fels rszt a korbbi mezgazdasgi mvels s a gpi humuszols is krostott. Az ednymaradvnyt in situ emeltk ki. Urnasr. Valsznleg n, 20 60 ves.
Mellkletek 1. Kpos nyak edny/urna als rsze, vrsbarna szn. F: 124 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.110. (32. bra 3). Nagymret edny oldaltredke btyk lenyomatval, vilgosbarna. Fv: 10 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.111.

Grave 30 (Figs. 32.1 2) (27th June). The grave pit appears to be oval, if it was the grave that we excavated at all. Calcined bones (171 g) were found in the lower part of a large vessel. Its upper part was damaged by ploughing and by mechanical removal of the topsoil. The vessel remains were lifted out in situ. Urn grave. Probably female, 20 to 60 years old.
Grave goods 1. Vessel/urn with a conical neck, reddish-brown. Bd: 124 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.110. (Fig. 32.3). Body fragments of a large vessel with an impression of a broken off knob, light brown. Wt: 10 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.111.

A 31. sr (33. bra 1 2) jnius 26-n kerlt feltrsra. Srgdre kerekded. Az apr kalcintumokbl csak keveset (6 g) sikerlt kiemelni. Ezeket egy szjval lefel fordtott kis tllal (1) fedtk s a tl krl voltak. A tltl keletre, kzvetlenl mellette kt bronz huzaltredk (2 3) volt. Szrthamvas (?) sr. Indiff. 1 2 ves.
Mellkletek 1. Tl, gmbszelet alak, oldaln btykfl vagy felhzott fl (?) csonkja, szrke. Az alja kiegsztett. M: 50 53; sz: 100 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.112. (33. bra 4, 79. bra 6). 2. Bronzkarika/karperec/nyakperec (?), amelynek egyik vge ellaptott, bepdrtt. 4 darabban, restaurlatlan. Huzal v: 3 4,5; elkalaplt vge sz: 8; a deformlt trgy tm: 100 mm; s: 6,7 g. Lsz.: .2001.1.113. (33. bra 3, 81. bra 4). 3. Bronz huzaltredk, enyhn S-formj. H: 13; v: 2 mm; s: 0,24 g. Lsz.: .2001.1.113.1.

Grave 31 (Figs. 33.1 2) (26th June). The grave pit is almost circular. Only a small amount of tiny calcined bones (6 g) were lifted out. These were covered with a turned-down bowl (1) and were scattered around the bowl. Immediately east from the bowl remains of two bronze wires (2 3) were found. Scattered cremation (?). Indiff. 1 to 2 years old.
Grave goods 1. Bowl, semi-spherical, there is a remain of a knob or a high swinging handle (?) on its side, grey. Its bottom is completed. H: 50 53; md: 100 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.112. (Figs. 33.4, 79.6). 2. Bronze ring/bracelet/neckring (?), flattened on one end, twisted. It is in four pieces, not restored. Wire th: 3 4.5; flattened end wi: 8; d of the deformed artefact: 100 mm; we: 6.7 g. Inv. No.: .2001.1.113. (Figs. 33.3, 81.4). 3. Bronze wire fragment, slightly S-shaped. L: 13; wi: 2 mm; we: 0.24 g. Inv. No.: .2001.1.113.1.

A 32. srt (34. bra 1 2, 35. bra 1 2) jlius 28 30. kztt trtuk fel. Gdre ovlis, nagyjbl szaknyugat dlkeleti tjols. A kalcintumok (503 g) az urnaknt felhasznlt

Grave 32 (Figs. 34.1 2, 35.1 2) (28th 30th July). The pit is oval, roughly north-west south-east oriented. The calcined bones (503 g) were in a so-called Proto-Kalenderberg bowl that was used as an urn

33

VIA 2 protokalenderbergi tpus tlban (1) voltak, amelyet egy tllal (2) fedtek le, amit normlis helyzetben helyeztek r. Mg legalbb t edny tredkeit (3, 4, 5, 8, 9. szm: S-profil fazk, kors, stb.) talltuk meg a tl krl. A protokalenderbergi tpus tlban a hamvak kztt egy bunks, dsztett fej (Keulenkopfnadel) bronzt (6) s egy velt ht, nyltsks (Griffdornmesser) bronzks (7) lvel felfel volt elhelyezve. Urnasr. Indiff. 20 30 ves.
Mellkletek 1. Tl, rtett dsztssel, a fln is bordadszes, vrsbarna. M: 146; sz: 230; f: 100 mm (Ilon 2001, Taf. XV. 1). Lsz.: .2001.1.114. (35. bra 10, 79. bra 7). 2. Tl, behzott perem, tfrt btykfles, fekete. M: 56; sz: 138; f: 45 mm. (Ilon 2001, Taf. XV. 2) Lsz.: .2001.1.115. (35. bra 5, 79. bra 8). 3. Fazk, S-pofil perem- s oldaltredke, szrke. Fv: 5 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.116. (35. bra 6). 4. Kors-szer edny fels rsznek darabjai, valamint fenk- s oldaltredke. Skozott perem, finom, homokos sovnyts, vrsbarna szn. Fv: 3 5 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.117. (35. bra 7). 5. Felhzott, fazettlt fl mertedny fltredke. Fl sz a peremnl: 30 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.122. (35. bra 8, 80. bra 7). 6. Bronzt, feje dsztett. H: kb. 126; fej tm: 5 mm; s: 7,7 g (Ilon 2001, Taf. XIV. 3). Lsz.: .2001.1.124. (35. bra 9, 81. bra 6). 7. Bronzks, nyltsks. H: 128 mm; s: 23,7 g (Ilon 2001, Taf. XIV. 4). Lsz.: .2001.1.123. (35. bra 3, 81. bra 5). 8. Hromszgletes tmetszet, vilgosbarna fltredk (3 db-ban). Fl sz: 26 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.118. (35. bra 4). 9. Nagymret edny fenk- s oldaltredke, szrke, kavicsos sovnyts. Fv: 9 12 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.119. Valsznleg a 9. szmmal jelzett tredkek kzl s bonts kzben kerltek el: Kihajl peremtredkek (2 db). Kt ednyhez (vrsbarna s szrke) tartoznak. Fv: 6 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.120. Gmbs test edny oldaltredke, finom homokkal sovnytott, kvl fekete, bell szrke. Fv: 5 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.121.

(1). It was covered with a bowl (2), placed on it in a regular way. Around the bowl the fragments of at least five other vessels were found (3, 4, 5, 8, 9: pot with an S-profile, jug, etc.). Among the calcined bones within the Proto-Kalenderberg type bowl there was a bronze pin (6) with a decorated bludgeon head (Keulenkopfnadel) and an arched-backed bronze knife (7) with tanged handle (Griffdornmesser). It was placed in the grave with its edge pointing upward. Urn grave. Indiff. 20 to 30 years old.
Grave goods 1. Bowl with an applied decoration, even its strap handle is ribbed, reddish-brown. H: 146; md: 230; bd: 100 mm (Ilon 2001, Taf. XV. 1). Inv. No.: .2001.1.114. (Figs. 35.10, 79.7). 2. Bowl with an inverted rim and pierced knob handle, black. H: 56; md: 138; bd: 45 mm. (Ilon 2001, Taf. XV. 2) Inv. No.: .2001.1.115. (Figs. 35.5, 79.8). 3. S-profiled rim and body fragments of a pot, grey. Wt: 5 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.116. (Fig. 35.6). 4. Fragments of the upper part of a jug-like vessel and its bottom and wall sherds. Facetted rim, fine tempered with sand, reddish-brown. Wt: 3 5 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.117. (Fig. 35.7). 5. High swinging and facetted handle fragment of a scoop. Width of handle at the rim: 30 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.122. (Figs. 35.8, 80.7). 6. Bronze pin with an ornamented head. L: approximately 126; d: 5 mm; we: 7.7 g (Ilon 2001, Taf. XIV. 3). Inv. No.: .2001.1.124. (Figs. 35.9, 81.6). 7. Bronze knife with a tanged handle. L: 128 mm; w: 23.7 g (Ilon 2001, Taf. XIV. 4). Inv. No.: .2001.1.123. (Figs 35.3, 81.5). 8. Strap handle fragment with triangular cross-section (in 3 pieces), light brown. Wi of handle: 26 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.118. (Fig. 35.4). 9. Bottom fragment of a large vessel, grey, tempered with pebbles. Wt: 9 12 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.119. Fragments found during the excavation and probably mixed in with those of vessel No. 9: Everted rim fragments (2 pieces). They belong to two vessels (reddish-brown and grey). Wt: 6 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.120. Body fragment of a spherical vessel tempered with fine sand, black on the exterior, grey on the interior. Wt: 5 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.121.

A 33. sr (36. bra 1 2) jlius 1-n kerlt feltrsra a temet keleti szln. Srgdre enyhn ovlis, szak dli irny. A szntfldi mvels az ednyt (1) a nyaknl rszben vgta, de az mr korbban sszeomlott. Ezrt in situ emeltnk ki. A sztnyomdott edny fldje apr kalcintumaibl csak kevs (1 g) volt megmenthet. Egy bronz trgyat (2) az

Grave 33 (Figs. 36.1 2) (1st July) was excavated in the eastern section of the cemetery. The grave pit is slightly elliptical, north south oriented. Ploughing cut the neck of the vessel partially (1) but it had collapsed prior to ploughing. For this reason its remains were lifted out in situ. Only an insignificant amount (1 g) of calcined bones could be saved from the fill of the vessel. One bronze artefact (2) was lifted out

34

3. Fejezet/Chapter 3 ednybl mg a helysznen emeltnk ki. A mhelyben, az edny bontsa kzben kerlt el a bronzgyr (4) s a vaskarikk (3). Urnasr . Indiff. 3 20 ves.
Mellkletek 1. Kpos nyak edny/urna. A nyakon 3, a vllon 2 btykkel, fekete szn, pereme hinyzik. Jelenlegi m: 145; f: 57 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.125, 127. (36. bra 3, 75. bra 1). 2. Bronztrgy: stilizlt vzimadr, pontosabban felfel veld csr gulipn miniatrizlt pldnya. Hajdani felerstsnek minden nyoma nlkl. M: 12 mm; s: 1,84 g. Lsz.: .2001.1.128.1. (36. bra 5, 81. bra 8). Az ednyben voltak elhelyezve: Vaskarikk, 5 (vagy 6) darab. Nagyon tredkesek, restaurlatlanok. tm: 55 58 mm. Lsz.: .2001.1.126. (36. bra 6, 83. bra 6). Bronzgyr. tm: 22; a huzal v: 2 mm; s: 1,32 g. Lsz.: .2001.1.128. (36. bra 4, 81. bra 7).

from the vessel at the site. A bronze ring (4) and iron rings (3) were found in the workshop during the opening of the vessel. Urn grave. Indiff. 3 to 20 years old.
Grave goods 1. Vessel/urn with a conical neck. There are three knobs on the neck and two on the shoulder, the vessel is black and its rim is missing. Present h: 145; wt: 57 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.125, 127. (Figs. 36.3, 75.1). 2. Bronze artefact: stylized water bird, to be more precise it is a miniaturized scooper with an up-curving beak. There was no trace of how it was fixed to anything in the past. H: 12 mm; we: 1.84 g. Inv. No.: .2001.1.128.1. (Figs. 36.5, 81.8). Content of the vessel: Iron rings, five (or six) pieces. Heavily fragmented, not restored. D: 55 58 mm. Inv. No.: .2001.1.126. (Figs. 36.6, 83.6). Bronze ring. D: 22; wire wi: 2 mm, we: 1.32 g. Inv. No.: .2001.1.128. (Figs 36.4, 81.7).

Szrvnyknt jnius 18-n a 26. s a 29. sr kztt egy bronzt tredkt talltuk meg. S: 0,52 g, Lsz.: .2001.1.100.1. (29. bra 2).

A fragment of a bronze pin was discovered on the 18th of June as a stray find between Graves 26 and 29. We: 0.52 g. Inv. No.: .2001.1.100.1. (Fig. 29.2).

35

VIA 2

2/A

2/B

2/A 206.52

2/B

1m

1 cm

8. bra. 1 3. sr: 1. 1. sr feltrs kzben; 2. 2 3. sr feltrs kzben; 3. 2. sr alap- s metszetrajz; 4. 2. sr urna (1. sz. mellklet, Lsz.: .2001.1.2) Figure 8. Graves 1 3: 1. Excavation of Grave 1; Excavation of Graves 2 3; 3. Outline and section drawing of Grave 2; 4. Urn of Grave 2 (Grave good No. 1, Inv. No.: .2001.1.2) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Urna /Urn; 2. Kalcintum/Calcined bones

36

3. Fejezet/Chapter 3

4
9. bra. 4. sr: 1 2. Feltrs kzben; 3. Fellnzeti fot; 4. Alap- s metszetrajz Figure 9. Grave 4: 1 2. The grave during excavation; 3. Photo of the grave; 4. Outline and section drawing of the grave Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Urna/Urn (Lsz./Inv. No.: .2001.1.5); 2. Tl/Bowl (Lsz./Inv. No.: .2001.1.6); 3 4. Tlak/Bowls (Lsz./Inv. No.: .2001.1.7); 5. Vasgyngy/Iron bead (Lsz./Inv. No.: .2001.1.8); 6. Vaskarika/Iron ring (Lsz./Inv. No.: .2001.1.9); 7. Vaslemez/Iron plate (Lsz./Inv. No.: .2001.1.10); 8. Vasks/Iron knife (Lsz./Inv. No.: .2001.1.11); 9. Kavics/Pebble; 10. Kalcintum/Calcined bones

37

VIA 2

4 5 6

7
10. bra. 4. sr mellkletei: 1. Urna (1. sz. mellklet, Lsz.: .2001.1.5); 2. Tl (3 4. sz. mellklet, Lsz.: .2001.1.7.); 3. Tl (2. sz. mellklet, Lsz.: .2001.1.6); 4. Vasgyngy (5. sz. mellklet, Lsz.: .2001.1.8), 5. Vaskarika (6. sz. mellklet, Lsz.: .2001.1.9) 6. Vaslemez (7. sz. mellklet, Lsz.: .2001.1.10), 7. Vasks (8. sz. mellklet, Lsz.: .2001.1.11) Figure 10. Grave goods of Grave 4: 1. Urn (Grave good No. 1, Inv. No.: .2001.1.5); 2. Bowl (Grave goods Nos. 3 4, Inv. No. .2001.1.7.); 3. Bowl (Grave good No. 2, Inv. No.: .2001.1.6); 4. Iron bead (Grave good No. 5, Inv. No.: .2001.1.8), 5. Iron ring (Grave good No. 6, Inv. No.: .2001.1.9) 6. Iron plate (Grave good No. 7, Inv. No.: .2001.1.10), 7. Iron knife (Grave good No. 8, Inv. No. .2001.1.11)

38

3. Fejezet/Chapter 3

1 2

5/A

5/B

5/A 206.55

5/B

2 3

1m 0 4 cm

4
11. bra. 5. s 7. sr: 1. 5. sr feltrs kzben; 2. 5. sr alap- s metszetrajz; 3. 5. sr urna (1. sz. mellklet, Lsz.: .2001.1.13); 4. 7. sr feltrs kzben Figure 11. Graves 5 and 7: 1. Excavation of Grave 5; 2. Outline and section drawing of Grave 5; 3. Urn of Grave 5 (Grave good No. 1, Inv. No.: .2001.1.13); 4. Excavation of Grave 7 Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Urna/Urn (Lsz./Inv. No.: .2001.1.13.); 2. Kalcintum/Calcined bones; 3. Faszn/Charcoal

39

VIA 2

5/B 6/A 6/B

6/A 206.65

6/B

1m

12. bra. 6. sr: 1 2. Feltrs kzben; 3. Alap- s metszetrajz Figure 12. Grave 6: 1 2. Photos during the excavation; 3. Outline and section drawing of the grave Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Urna/Urn; 2 3. Tl/Bowls; 4. Bgre/Mug; 5.1. Bronzhuzal/Bronze wire; 5.2. Bronzt/Bronze pin; 6. Bronzborotva/Bronze razor; 7. Kalcintum/Calcined bones; 8. Faszn/Charcoal

40

3. Fejezet/Chapter 3

13. bra. 6. sr mellkletei: 1. Edny/urna. (Lsz.: .2001.1.18); 2. Bgre/cssze peremtredkei (Lsz.: .2001.1.22); 3. Tl (Lsz.: .2001.1.19); 4. Bronzhuzal-tredkek. (Lsz.: .2001.1.24); 5. Bronzborotva (Lsz.: .2001.1.25) Figure 13. Grave goods of Grave 6: 1. Urn/vessel (Inv. No.: .2001.1.18); 2. Mug/cup rim fragments (Inv. No.: .2001.1.22); 3. Bowl (Inv. No.: .2001.1.19); 4. Bronze wire fragments (Inv. No.: .2001.1.24); 5. Bronze razor (Inv. No.: .2001.1.25)

41

VIA 2

8/B 8/A 8/C

3
8/B

8/A 206.46

8/C 8/D

4 cm

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

1m

14. bra. 8. sr: 1. Feltrs kzben; 2. Alap- s metszetrajz; 3. Fltredk (Lsz.: .2001.1.29); 4. Tl (Lsz.: .2001.1.28) Figure 14. Grave 8: 1. Photo during the excavation; 2. Outline and section drawing of the grave; 3. Handle fragment (Inv. No.: .2001.1.29); 4. Bowl (Inv. No.: .2001.1.28) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Kermia/Vessel fragments; 2. Kalcintum/Calcined bones; 3. K/Stone; 4. Stt humuszos rteg/Dark humiferous layer; 5. Barna betlts/Brown grave fill; 6. Srga altalaj/Yellow subsoil

42

3. Fejezet/Chapter 3

10/A

10/B

2 cm

10/A 206.46

10/B

2 cm

1m

2 cm

2 cm

0 0 8 cm

4 cm

15. bra. 9 10. sr: 1. 10. sr alap- s metszetrajz; 2 5. 9. sr mellkletei: 2 4. Peremtredkek (Lsz.: .2001.1.33 35); 5. Aljtredk (Lsz.: .2001.1.32); 6 7. 10. sr mellkletei: 6. Edny/urna. (Lsz.: .2001.1.36); 7. Tl (Lsz.: .2001.1.37) Figure 15. Graves 9 10: 1. Outline and section drawing of Grave 10; 2 5. Grave goods of Grave 9: 2 4. Rim fragments (Inv. Nos.: .2001.1.33 35); 5. Bottom fragment (Inv. No.: .2001.1.32); 6 7. Grave goods of Grave 10: 6. Vessel/urn (Inv. No.: .2001.1.36); 7. Bowl (Inv. No.: .2001.1.37) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Urna/Urn; 2. Kalcintum/Calcined bones; 3. Srgsbarna humuszos altalaj/Brownish-yellow humiferous subsoil

43

VIA 2

11/A

11/B

11/A 206.51

11/B

4 3

5
16. bra. 11. s 13. sr: 1. 11. sr alap- s metszetrajz; 2. 11. sr tltredk (Lsz.: . 2001.1.39); 3. 11. sr edny/urna (Lsz.: . 2001.1.38); 4. 13. sr edny (Lsz.: . 2001.1.47); 5. 13. sr feltrs kzben Figure 16. Graves 11 and 13: 1. Outline and section drawing of Grave 11; 2. Bowl fragment of Grave 11 (Inv. No.: . 2001.1.39); 3. Vessel/urn of Grave 11 (Inv. No.: . 2001.1.38); 4. Vessel of Grave 13 (Inv. No.: . 2001.1.47); 5. Excavation of Grave 13 Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Urna/Urn

44

3. Fejezet/Chapter 3

3
17. bra. 14. sr: 1. Feltrs kzben; 2. Edny/urna (Lsz.: . 2001.1.48); 3. Ednytredk (Lsz.: . 2001.1.49) Figure 17. Grave 14: 1. Photo during the excavation; 2. Vessel/urn (Inv. No.: . 2001.1.48); 3. Vessel fragment (Inv. No.: . 2001.1.49)

45

VIA 2

18. bra. 15 16. s 19. sr: 1. 15. sr feltrs kzben; 2. 16. sr fellnzeti fot; 3. 16. sr fltredk (Lsz.: .2001.1.56); 4. 19. sr fltredk (Lsz.: .2001.1.73) Figure 18. Graves 15 16 and 19: 1. Grave 15 during excavation; 2. Photo of Grave 16; 3. Handle fragment of Grave 16 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.56); 4. Handle fragment of Grave 19 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.73)

46

3. Fejezet/Chapter 3

19. bra. 17 sr: 1. Fellnzeti fot; 2. Alap- s metszetrajz; 3. Edny/urna (Lsz.: .2001.1.60); 4. Cssze (Lsz.: .2001.1.61) Figure 19. Grave 17: 1. Photo of the grave; 2. Outline and section drawing of the grave; 3. Vessel/urn (Inv. No.: .2001.1.60); 4. Cup (Inv. No.: .2001.1.61) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Urna/Urn; 2. Cssze/Cup; 3. Kalcintum/Calcined bones; 4. Szrvny kermia/Scattered vessel fragment

47

VIA 2

18/A

18/C

18/D

18/C

18/B

18/D

18/A 206.97

18/B

5 20. bra. 18. sr: 1. Fellnzeti fot; 2. Rszletfelvtel; 3. Alap- s metszetrajz Figure 20. Grave 18: 1. Photo of the grave; 2. Detail photo; 3. Outline and section drawing Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1 2. Bgre/Mug; 3. Urna/Urn; 4. Tl/Bowl; 5. Kalcintum/Calcined bones

48

3. Fejezet/Chapter 3

21. bra. 18. sr mellkletei: 1 2. Bgre (Lsz.: .2001.1.65, 68); 3. Edny/urna (Lsz.: .2001.1.64); 4. Tl (Lsz.: .2001.1.66); 5. Tltredk (Lsz.: .2001.1.71) Figure 21. Grave goods of Grave 18: 1 2. Mugs (Inv. Nos.: .2001.1.65, 68); 3. Vessel/urn (Inv. No.: .2001.1.64); 4. Bowl (Inv. No.: .2001.1.66); 5. Bowl fragment (Inv. No.: .2001.1.71)

49

VIA 2

17/A

21/D

21/A

21/B

21/C 21/A 206.85 21/B

21/C

21/D

2 22. bra. 20 21 sr: 1. 20. sr fellnzeti fot; 2. 21. sr alap- s metszetrajz; 3. 21. sr cssze (Lsz.: .2001.1.74b) Figure 22. Graves 20 21: 1. Photo of Grave 20; 2. Outline and section drawing of Grave 21; 3. Cup of Grave 21 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.74b) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Cssze/Cup; 2. Kalcintum/Calcined bones

50

3. Fejezet/Chapter 3

22/A

22/B

22/A 206.82

22/B

2
23. bra. 22 sr: 1. Feltrs kzben; 2. Alap- s metszetrajz Figure 23. Grave 22: 1. Photo during the excavation; 2. Outline and section drawing Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Tl/Bowl; 2 3. Ednytredkek (kt edny)/Fragments of vessels (two vessels); 4. Tl/Bowl; 5. Urna/Urn; 6. Kalcintum/Calcined bones

51

VIA 2

24. bra. 22. sr mellkletei: 1. Edny/urna (Lsz.: .2001.1.75); 2 3. Tl (Lsz.: .2001.1.76 77); 4. Cssze (Lsz.: .2001.1.78) Figure 24. Grave goods of Grave 22: 1. Vessel/urn (Inv. No.: .2001.1.75); 2 3. Bowls (Inv. Nos.: .2001.1.76 77); 4. Cup (Inv. No.: .2001.1.78)

52

3. Fejezet/Chapter 3

2
25. bra. 23. sr: 1. Feltrs kzben; 2. Metszetfot Figure 25. Grave 23: 1. Photo during the excavation; 2. Section photo

53

VIA 2

23/A

23/B

23/A 206.68

23/B

6 7 8

26. bra. 23. sr: 1. Alap- s metszetrajz; 2. Tl (Lsz.: .2001.1.86.1); 3. Edny/urna (Lsz.: .2001.1.84) 4. Peremtredkek (Lsz.: . 2001.1.83) Figure 26. Grave 23: 1. Outline and section drawing; 2. Bowl (Inv. No.: .2001.1.86.1); 3. Vessel/urn (Inv. No.: .2001.1.84) 4. Rim fragments (Inv. No.: . 2001.1.83) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1, 3. Urna/Urn; 2. Tl/Bowl; 4. Bronzolvadk/Melted bronze; 5. Bronzkarperec/Bronze bracelet; 6. Kalcintum/Calcined bones; 7. Humuszos talaj/Humic soil; 8. Srga altalaj/Yellow subsoil

54

3. Fejezet/Chapter 3

24/A

24/B

24/A 206.68

24/B

27. bra. 24. sr: 1. Feltrs kzben; 2. Alap- s metszetrajz; 3. Fazk/urna (Lsz.: .2001.1.87); 4. Bgre (Lsz.: .2001.1.88); 5. Bronzkarperec-tredk (Lsz.: .2001.1.89) Figure 27. Grave 24: 1. Photo during the excavation; 2. Outline and section drawing; 3. Pot/urn (Inv. No.: .2001.1.87); 4. Mug (Inv. No.: .2001.1.88); 5. Fragment of bronze bracelet (Inv. No.: .2001.1.89) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Fazk/Pot; 2. Bgre/Mug; 3. Bronzkarperec/Bronze bracelet; 4. Kalcintum/Calcined bones

55

VIA 2

25/A

25/B

25/A 206.70

25/B

28. bra. 25. sr: 1. Feltrs kzben; 2. Alap- s metszetrajz; 3. Edny/urna (Lsz.: .2001.1.94, 96); 4. Bgre (Lsz.: .2001.1.95) Figure 28. Grave 25: 1. Photo during the excavation; 2. Outline and section drawing; 3. Vessel/urn (Inv. No.: .2001.1.94, 96); 4. Mug (Inv. No.: .2001.1.95) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Urna/Urn; 2. Bgre/Mug; 3. Kalcintum/Calcined bones

56

3. Fejezet/Chapter 3

2 cm

27/A

27/B

27/A

27/B

1m 0 8 cm

29. bra. 26 27. sr: 1. 26. sr feltrs kzben; 2. 26. s a 29. sr kztt bronzt (Lsz.: .2001.1.100.1); 3 4. 27. sr feltrs kzben; 5. 27. sr alap- s metszetrajz; 6. 27. sr edny/urna (Lsz.: .2001.1.101) Figure 29. Graves 26 27: 1. Grave 26 during excavation; 2. Bronze pin discovered as a stray find between Graves 26 and 29 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.100.1); 3 4. Grave 27 during excavation; 5. Outline and section drawing of Grave 27; 6. Vessel/urn of Grave 27 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.101) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1 Urna/Urn; 2. Kalcintum/Calcined bones

57

VIA 2

28/A

28/B

28/A 206.28

28/B

30. bra. 28. sr: 1. Feltrs kzben; 2. Alap- s metszetrajz; 3. Edny/urna (Lsz.: .2001.1.102); 4. Ednytredk (Lsz.: .2001.1.103) Figure 30. Grave 28: 1. Photo during the excavation; 2. Outline and section drawing; 3. Vessel/urn (Inv. No.: .2001.1.102); 4. Vessel fragment (Inv. No.: .2001.1.103) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Urna/Urn; 2 3. Ednytredk/Vessel fragments; 4. Faszn/Charcoal; 5. Kalcintum/Calcined bones

58

3. Fejezet/Chapter 3

31. bra. 29. sr: 1. Feltrs kzben; 2. Alap- s metszetrajz; 3. Edny/cssze (Lsz.: .2001.1.105); 4. Bronzkarika (Lsz.: .2001.1.106); 5. Tl (Lsz.: .2001.1.109); 6. Edny/urna (Lsz.: .2001.1.108) Figure 31. Grave 29: 1. Photo during the excavation; 2. Outline and section drawing; 3. Vessel/cup (Inv. No.: .2001.1.105); 4. Bronze ring (Inv. No.: .2001.1.106); 5. Bowl (Inv. No.: .2001.1.109); 6. Vessel/urn (Inv. No.: .2001.1.108) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Edny/Vessel; 2. Urna/Urn; 3. Tl/Bowl; 4. Bronzkarika/Bronze ring; 5. Kalcintum/Calcined bones

59

VIA 2

30/A

30/B

30/A 207.04

30/B

3
32. bra. 30. sr: 1. Feltrs kzben; 2. Alap- s metszetrajz; 3. Edny/urna (Lsz.: .2001.1.110) Figure 32. Grave 30: 1. Photo during the excavation; 2. Outline and section drawing; 3. Vessel/urn (Inv. No.: .2001.1.110) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1 Urna/Urn; 2. Kalcintum/Calcined bones

60

3. Fejezet/Chapter 3

31/A

31/B

4
33. bra. 31. sr: 1. Feltrs kzben; 2. Alap- s metszetrajz; 3. Bronzkarika (Lsz.: .2001.1.113); 4. Tl (Lsz.: .2001.1.112) Figure 33. Grave 31: 1. Photo during the excavation; 2. Outline and section drawing; 3. Bronze ring (Inv. No.: .2001.1.113); 4. Bowl (Inv. No.: .2001.1.112) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Tl/Bowl; 2. Bronzkarika/Bronze ring; 3. Bronzhuzal/Bronze wire fragment; 4. Kalcintum/Calcined bones

61

VIA 2

34. bra. 32. sr: 1. Feltrs kzben; 2. Rszletfelvtel Figure 34. Grave 32: 1. Photo of the grave; 2. Detail photo

62

3. Fejezet/Chapter 3

32/A

32/B

7 8
32/A 32/B

10

35. bra. 32. sr: 1. Alap- s metszetrajz; 2. Bonts kzbeni rszletrajz; 3. Bronzks (Lsz.: .2001.1.123); 4. Fltredk (Lsz.: .2001.1.118); 5, 10. Tl (Lsz.: . 2001.1.115, 114); 6 7. Ednytredkek (Lsz. .2001.1.116 117, 8. Mertedny fltredke (Lsz.: .2001.1.122); 9. Bronzt (Lsz.: . 2001.1.124) Figure 35. Grave 32: 1. Outline and section drawing; 2. Detail drawing; 3. Bronze knife (Inv. No.: .2001.1.123); 4. Handle fragment (Inv. No.: .2001.1.118); 5, 10. Bowls (Inv. Nos.: . 2001.1.115, 114); 6 7. Vessel fragments (Inv. Nos. .2001.1.116 117; 8. Handle fragment of a scoop (Inv. No.: .2001.1.122); 9. Bronze pin (Inv. No.: . 2001.1.124) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1 2. Tl/Bowls; 3, 9. Ednytredk/Vessel fragments; 4. Kors/Jug; 5, 8. Fltredk/Handle fragments; 6. Bronzt/Bronze pin; 7. Bronzks/Bronze knife; 10. Kalcintum/Calcined bones

63

VIA 2

33/A

33/B

33/B

33/A

36. bra. 33. sr: 1. Feltrs kzben; 2. Alap- s metszetrajz; 3. Edny/urna (Lsz.: .2001.1.125, 127); 4. Bronzgyr (Lsz.: .2001.1.128); 5. Bronztrgy: vzimadr, azaz gulipn (Lsz.: .2001.1.128.1); 6. Vaskarikk (Lsz.: .2001.1.126) Figure 36. Grave 33: 1. Photo during the excavation; 2. Outline and section drawing; 3. Vessel/urn (Inv. No.: .2001.1.125, 127); 4. Bronze ring (Inv. No.: .2001.1.128); 5. Bronze artefact: stylized water bird, a scooper (Inv. No.: .2001.1.128.1); 6. Iron rings (Inv. No.: .2001.1.126) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1 3. Urna/urn; 4. Bronze water bird; 5. Kalcintum/Calcined bones

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VIA 2

A 2008. vi feltrs srjainak s ms urnamezs kor jelensgeinek lersa


Ilon Gbor 4.1 Srok s a leletek lersa

Description of the graves excavated in 2008 and other Urnfield period features

Gbor Ilon 4.1 Description of the graves and artefacts


The finds of the newly found portion of the cemetery were handed over to the Savaria Museum. Therefore, the entire artefact collection can be studied at the same location at Szombathely. The identification numbers of the artefacts of a given grave are listed under the description of the relevant grave. The numbering of the grave goods is the same as in the description. If such a number is not provided, it means that no grave good number was given in the course of the excavation. The dates in brackets in the grave descriptions refer to the excavation date. The survey took place in the 82+700 83+020 km section of the road (Figs. 1 4). The km section calculation and assignment was different in the two investment periods. This problem was successfully solved by Gbor Vmos, and therefore our cemetery map is accurate and useful. The work in 2008 took place on the northern and southern sides of the existing road. One new lane on each side is already under construction in 2010. In this phase of the excavation seventy-seven archaeological features (stratigraphical unit = SU) were discovered, excavated and documented (Fig. 4). Of these twelve are of undetermined age, four are recent, which were deleted, one is a ploughed soil layer containing archaeological pottery fragments (SU 1). Remains of many periods were collected from this layer: one is of the 17th 18th centuries; one is a Bronze Age stray find; eight are Late Copper Age, the remains of the Baden culture; four are from the Celtic period. All of them are settlement features except for a Celtic and a Copper Age burial (?). The largest and most important unit, from our point of view, contains thirty-eight features. It is a Late Bronze Age Urnfield period cemetery, and fur-

Az j temetrszlet leletanyaga tadsra kerlt a Savaria Mzeumnak. gy a teljes te metanyag egy helyen, Szombathelyen ta nulmnyozhat. Az egyes srok leleteinek nyilvntartsi szmait az adott sr lersnl kzljk. A mellkletek szmozsa azonos a lersban szereplvel. Ahol ilyen nincs, ott mellkletszm kiadsra a feltrson nem kerlt sor. A megelz feltrs a 82+700 83+020 kmszelvnyben trtnt (1 4. bra). A km-szelvny szmts s kioszts eltrt a kt beruhzsi peridusban. Ezt a problmt azonban Vmos Gbornak sikerlt megoldania, gy temettrkpnk hasznlhat s pontos. A trgyvi munka a meglv t szaki s dli oldalra terjedt ki, ahol egy-egy jabb sv ptse 2010ben mr folyik. A kutatsnak ebben a szakaszban 77 rgszeti alapjelensg (stratigrfiai egysg = SE) feltrsa s dokumentlsa trtnt meg (4. bra). Ezekbl 12 ismeretlen kor, 4 recens, amelyek trlsre kerltek, egy a rgszeti kermiatredkeket tartalmaz szntott talajrteg (SE 1), amelybl tbb korszak emlkeit gyjtttk be. Egy kzpkor-kora jkori, egy bronzkori szrvny, 8 a ks rzkori Baden kultra emlke, 4 kelta kori. Egy kelta s egy rzkori temetkezs (?) kivtelvel mindegyik telepjelensg. A szempontunkbl legfontosabb s legnagyobb szm egysget, a 38 jelensget produkl ks bronzkori urnamezs idszak temetje s 7 tovbbi ilyen kor jelensg (c-

65

VIA 2 lplyuk, gdr, szrvny) kpezi (6. bra). A temet jelensgeit csak az t szaki, j svjban talltuk meg. A srok s leletanyaguk (a KSZ Nyilvntartsi Protokollja szerinti nyilvntartsi szmokon) kerltek tadsra a Savaria Mzeumnak. A srok s mellkleteik lersnl hasznlt rvidtsek: Szjtmr = sz; szlessg = sz; magassg = m; fenktmr = f; falvastagsg = fv; hosszsg = h; tmr = tm; vastagsg = v; sly = s; nyilvntartsi szm = nysz. A 3/15. sr (37. bra 1) kb. 40 cm tmrj foltja s maradvnyai augusztus 27 29-n az IJ-17 feltrsi mezben, 35 40 cm mlyen, a sznts ltal bolygatva jelentkeztek. Az ednybl (1), amelyet in situ emeltnk ki, a kalcintumok (262 + 14 g) kzl egy bronzhuzal (2) rossz megtarts maradvnyai is elkerltek. Urnasr. Indiff. 15 30 s indiff. 2 4 ves.
Mellkletek 1. Kpos nyak edny/urna als rsze, tovbb vlla, besimtssal hangslyozott. A vll alatt btyk csonkja. Apr kaviccsal s homokkal sovnytott, szrke. F: 80; fv: 5 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.3.1. (37. bra 2). 2. Bronzhuzal tredkei (3 db) rgett kalcintumokkal. H: 20; v: 2 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.3.3. Tl, barna, gmbszelet alak, peremtredke. Fv: 8 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.3.2. (37. bra 3).

ther seven features from the same period (postholes, pits, stray finds) (Fig. 6). The cemetery was discovered only in the new, northern lane of the road. The finds of the graves were submitted to the Savaria Museum (numbered according to the Field Service for Cultural Heritage Registration Protocol). Abbreviations used for describing the graves and grave goods: Mouth diameter = md, width = wi; height = h; bottom diameter = bd; wall thickness = wt; length = l; diameter = d; thickness = th; weight = we; identification number = Id. No. The patch, approximately 40 cm in diameter, and remains of Grave 3/15 (Fig. 37.1) (27th 29th August) were discovered in excavation unit IJ-17, 35 to 40 cm below the surface, disturbed by ploughing. A poorly preserved bronze wire (2) was mixed with the calcined bones (262 + 14 g) and was found in a vessel (1), which was lifted out in situ. Urn grave. Indiff. 15 to 30 year old and indiff. 2 to 4 years old.
Grave goods 1. Lower part of a vessel/urn with a conical neck and its shoulder, emphasized by smoothing. Under the shoulder a knob remain is visible. Tempered with pebbles and sand, grey. Bd: 80; wt: 5 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.3.1. (Fig. 37.2). 2. Fragments of a bronze wire (3 pieces) with calcined bones burnt on them. L: 20; wi: 2 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.3.3. Rim fragment of a semi-spherical bowl, brown. Wt: 8 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.3.2. (Fig. 37.3).

A 7/16. sr (37. bra 4), amelynek foltja nem ltszott s az emberi kalcintumok augusztus 27-n jelentkeztek bronzok maradvnyaival egy kb. 8 cm tmrj foltban az IJ-13 feltrsi mezben. Ednyeit ha voltak a korbbi fldmvelssel elszntottk. Csak a hamvak s a bronz mellkletek (1a b) egy rsze maradt meg a gdr aljn. A hamvak (6 g) srba helyezsnek eredeti mdja nem hatrozhat meg. Indiff. 10 x ves.
Mellkletek 1a. Bronzkarika. A huzal vgei elvkonyodnak. tm: 42; v: 4 mm; s: 8,2 g. Nysz.: 48.67817.7.1. (37. bra 5, 82. bra 2). 1b. Bronzmlladk/korrzi, apr kalcintumokkal kiemelt fldrgben. Nysz.: 48.67817.7.2.

No patch was visible for Grave 7/16 (Fig. 37.4) (27th August). Calcined human bones came to light in excavation unit IJ-13, together with bronze remains, in a patch about 8 cm in diameter. If there had been any vessels in the grave they would have been overploughed in the past. Only some calcined bones and bronze grave goods (1a b) remained in the bottom of the pit. The original method of placing the calcined bones (6 g) in the grave cannot be determined. Indiff. 10 to x years old.
Grave goods 1a. Bronze ring. The ends of the wire are thinned. D: 42; wi: 4 mm; we: 8.2 g. Id. No.: 48.67817.7.1. (Figs. 37.5, 82.2). 1b. Bronze detritus/corrosion in a lump of soil with small calcined bones. Id. No.: 48.67817.7.2.

A 8/17. sr (38. bra 1 2), amelynek ednytredkei 8060 cm-es foltban augusztus 27 29n kerltek el, de a srgdr foltja nem ltszott

Grave 8/17 (Figs. 38.12) (27th 29th August). Vessel remains were discovered in an 8060 cm large patch, but the contour of the grave fill was not visible

66

4. Fejezet/Chapter 4 az IJ-13 feltrsi mezben. Az 6050 cm-es srgdr szak fel bonthat volt, de dl fel, amerre az eke a cserepeket is elhzta, nem volt jl rzkelhet. Tbb ednyt in situ emeltnk ki. A kalcintumokat (66 g) egy urna (1) tartalmazta. Urnasr. Indiff. 15 25 ves.
Mellkletek 1. Kpos nyak edny/urna, a vll alatt fgglegesen kannelrzott. Homokkal s kaviccsal sovnytott, szrke s barna foltos. M: 200; sz: 200; f: 98 mm. Benne volt a 3. szm mellkletknt felszedett tl tredke. Nysz.: 48.67817.8.1. (38. bra 3 4, 39. bra 1, 75. bra 2). 2. Cssze, a has ferde kannelrzssal dsztett, szalagfles. Homokkal s kaviccsal sovnytott, vrsbarna. Az urna mellett dlnyugatra 1. szm mellkletknt csomagolva s in situ lett kiemelve. M: 70; sz: 92; f: 30 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.8.2. (39. bra 2, 77. bra 3). 3. Fazk, S-profil, a perem alatt eredetileg ngy, szimmetrikusan elhelyezett kettsbtykkel. Homokkal s kaviccsal sovnytott, vrsre gett. Sz: 190 mm. Az urna dli oldaln, s tovbbi tredkei az eke ltal elmozdtva a sr dli rszn 2. szm mellkletknt dokumentlva. Nysz.: 48.67817.8.4. (39. bra 4). 4. Tl, behzott perem, homokkal, kaviccsal s kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott, vrsbarna szn. Az urna nyugati oldalnl volt. 3. szm mellkletknt dokumentltuk s in situ emeltk ki. Msik tredke az urnban volt, azaz annak lezrsra hasznltk. M: 68; sz: 163; f: 56 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.8.3. (39. bra 5, 80. bra 1). 5. Cssze. A vll alatt ferdn kannelrzott, omphalosos fenek, eredetileg szalagfllel rendelkezett. Homokkal s kaviccsal sovnytott, szrke s barna foltos. 4. szm mellkletknt in situ lett kiemelve a 2. szm mellklet all. F: 26; fv: 3 4 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.8.5. (39. bra 3). A sr els napi bontsakor (augusztus 27.) azaz a srmaradvny tetejn elkerlt ednytredkek: Edny oldaltredke. Homokkal s kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott, barna. Fv: 6 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.8.6. Tl, gmbszeletalak, perem- s oldaltredkei (3 db). Homokkal s kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott, barna. Fv: 4 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.8.7.

in excavation unit IJ-13. The grave pit, 6050 cm, was excavated towards the north but to the south it was not detectable. The plough pulled the fragments towards the south. Several vessels were lifted out in situ. The calcined bones (66 g) were in an urn (1). Urn grave. Indiff. 15 to 25 years old.
Grave goods 1. Vessel/urn with a conical neck, there is vertical channelling below the shoulder, tempered with sand and pebbles, grey and brown patches. H: 200; md: 200; bd: 98 mm. It contained the fragment of a bowl marked as Grave good 3. Id. No.: 48.67817.8.1. (Figs. 38. 3 4, 39.1, 75.2). 2. Cup with oblique channelling on its belly and a strap handle. It is tempered with sand and pebbles, reddishbrown. It was marked as Grave good 1, lifted out in situ, and was found south-west from the urn. H: 70; md: 92; bd: 30 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.8.2. (Figs. 39.2, 77.3). 3. Pot with an S-profile, originally with four symmetrically placed double knobs under the rim. It is tempered with sand and pebbles, red burnt. Md: 190 mm. The fragments were at the southern side of the urn and further fragments, moved by ploughing, situated in the southern part of the grave. The fragments were documented as Grave goods 2. Id. No.: 48.67817.8.4. (Fig. 39.4). 4. Bowl with inverted rim, tempered with sand, pebbles and grog, reddish-brown. It was found west from the urn. It was lifted out in situ and documented as Grave good 3. Its other fragment was in the urn, meaning that it was used to close its mouth. H: 68; md: 163; bd: 56 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.8.3. (Figs. 39.5, 80.1). 5. Cup. It is decorated with oblique channelling below the shoulder, it has an omphalic bottom, originally it had a strap handle. It is tempered with sand and pebbles, grey and brown patches. It was lifted out in situ as Grave good 4 and it was found under Grave good 2. Bd: 26; wt: 3 4 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.8.5. (Fig. 39.3). Vessel fragments discovered on the first day of opening the grave (27th of August), thus found on top of the grave remains: Body fragment of a vessel. It is tempered with sand and grog, brown. Wt: 6 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.8.6. Rim and body fragments (3 pieces) of a semi-spherical bowl. The vessel is tempered with sand and grog, brown. Wt: 4 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.8.7.

A 9/18. sr (40. bra) maradvnyai az IJ-19 feltrsi mezben, az jonnan humuszolt terlet dli legszln, a mai felszntl 40 45 cm mlysgben helyezkedtek el. Rszben szntssal, rszben a gpi humuszolssal megbolygatott 8574 cm-es terleten talltuk meg a srjelensget. A srgdrt a humuszban nem lehetett megfigyelni. Augusztus 19-n kerlt sor bontsra, dokumentlsra s felszedsre. Utbbi esetben plextolt s gzt alkalmaztunk, azaz in situ

Grave 9/18 (Fig. 40) (19 th August) was found in excavation unit IJ-19, on the southernmost edge of the newly scraped site, about 40-45 cm deep from the present surface. The grave, 8574 cm, was disturbed in the past by both ploughing and mechanical removal of the topsoil. The grave pit was not visible in the soil. In this case gauze and plextol were used in order to lift some vessels out in situ . Urn grave. Altogether 160 g of cal-

67

VIA 2 emeltnk ki nhny ednyt. Urnasr. Az sszesen 160 g kalcintum indiff. 20 x ves egyed.
Mellkletek 1. Urna, a srgdr szaki rszn homo kalcintumokkal. Fels rszt a sznts, illetve a humuszol gp kanala elpuszttotta, restaurlskor nem volt sszellthat. Fenkrsze hangslyozott, oldala a fenekhez kpest ersen szlesed. Finom s durva kaviccsal, valamint csillmpalval sovnytott. Kvl szrke, fekete bevonatos, belseje vrsesbarnra gett. F: 165 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.9.1. (41. bra 3). Bevonatnak vizsglatrl a 8. fejezetben esik sz. 2. Fles cssze (kantharos?) az urna keleti oldaln. Als rsze maradt meg. Fggleges csoportokban rkolt. Az egyik vlltredken szalagfl indtsa maradt meg, pereme enyhn kihajl. Finom kaviccsal s kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott. Szrkre gett. F: 42 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.9.2. (41. bra 5). sszelltsa a trsfelletek llapota miatt nem volt lehetsges. 3. Egy kisebb urnaszer edny az 1. szm urntl dlkeletre. A vll alatt szles, fggleges rkolssal. Fv: 6 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.9.3. (41. bra 7). sszelltsa a trsfelletek llapota miatt nem volt lehetsges. 4. Tl, kihajl perem, omphalosos. Csillmos homokkal, finom kaviccsal s kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott. Foltosan szrkre s barnra gett. M: 41; f: 28; fv: 4 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.9.4. (41. bra 6). 5, 10. Cssze, enyhn kihajl perem, szalagfles, mly. Darabjai a sr kt terletn voltak. Finom s durva kaviccsal, valamint kermiarlemnnyel s csillmpalval sovnytott. Foltosan vrsre s szrkre getett. M: kb. 130; f: 64; fl sz: 25 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.9.5. (41. bra 9). 6. Bronzedny. Kevs homo kalcintummal s llatcsontokkal, in situ emeltk ki. Fels rsze valsznleg a gpi humuszolskor megsrlt. Egy lemezbl, kalaplssal hztk fel. Omphalosos. Oldaln ketts, trbelt vonaldsz fut krbe. F: 32; fv: 1 mm. Japn paprral s epoxi gyantval megerstett, amelyek a trgy slyt s falvastagsgt befolysoljk. S: 31,34 g. Nysz.: 48.67817.9.12. (41. bra 8, 83. bra 1). 7. Bronzmlladkok, amelyeket dokumentltunk, de felszedni s megrizni nem sikerlt. 8. Tl, behzott, szles turbntekercs dszes peremmel. Finom s durva kaviccsal, valamint kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott. Sttbarnra gett. F: 75; sz: 180; m: 66 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.9.6. (41. bra 1, 80. bra 2). 9. Bronzks. A markolattske ngyzet, majd a vge fel tglalap tmetszet, lein a nyl stabil rgztsre szolgl poncolssal durvtott. A nyltske s a penge tallkozsnl, a szerves anyag markolat pengre trtn rcsszst megakadlyoz gyr van. A penge mindkt oldala eredetileg dsztett (fggleges vonalcsoportok kztt tbb, n. homokra-motvum) volt, amelyeknek csak maradvnyai ltszanak. Teljes h: 190; penge h: 155; penge sz: 21; markolat h: 27 mm; s: 51,1 g. Nysz.: 48.67817.9.13. (41. bra 4, 82. bra 1).

cined bones indiff. belonging to a person 20 to x years old .


Grave goods 1. Urn in the northern part of the grave with human calcined bones. Its upper part was destroyed by ploughing and the machinery used for mechanical removal of the topsoil. It was impossible to restore the vessel during conservation. Its bottom is emphasized; its body strongly widens compared to the bottom. It is tempered with fine and rough pebbles and mica. The vessel is grey on the exterior with a black coat; the interior is burnt to reddishbrown. Bd: 165 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.9.1. (Fig. 41.3). The examination of the covering coat is detailed in Chapter 8. 2. Cup with a handle (cantharus?) east from the urn. Only the lower part remained. Below the shoulder there are wide vertical channels. The stub of a strap handle is seen on one of the shoulder fragments. The rim is slightly everted. It is tempered with fine pebbles and grog. It was burnt to grey. Bd: 42 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.9.2. (Fig. 41.5). It was not possible to glue the vessel fragments together due to the condition of the breaking surfaces. 3. Smaller urn-like vessel south-east from urn No. 1. There is a wide vertical channel under the shoulder. Wt: 6 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.9.3. (Fig. 41.7). It was not possible to glue the vessel fragments together due to the condition of the breaking surfaces. 4. Bowl with an everted rim and an omphalic bottom. It is tempered with fine pebbles, grog and micaceous sand. It was burnt to grey and brown in patches. H: 41; bd: 28; wt: 4 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.9.4. (Fig. 41.6). 5, 10. Deep cup with a strap handle, its rim is slightly everted. Its fragments were found at two different locations in the grave. It is tempered with fine and rough pebbles, mica and grog. It was burnt to red and grey in patches. H: approximately 130; bd: 64; wi of handle: 25 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.9.5. (Fig. 41.9). 6. Bronze vessel. The vessel remains were lifted out in situ containing a small amount of human calcined bones and animal bones. Its upper part was damaged, probably due to mechanical removal of the topsoil. It was made of a single bronze plate by hammering. It has an omphalic bottom. Double embossed line ornament runs around on its side. Bd: 32; wt: 1 mm. During its restoration it was strengthened with Japanese paper and epoxy resin, which effects the weight and wall thickness of the artefact. We: 31.34 g. Id. No.: 48.67817.9.12. (Figs. 41.8, 83.1). 7. Bronze detritus, which was documented, but it was impossible to lift out and save the fragments. 8. Bowl, its inverted rim is decorated with wide oblique channelling. It is tempered with fine and rough pebbles and grog. It was burnt to dark-brown. Bd: 75; md: 180; h: 66 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.9.6. (Figs. 41.1, 80.2). 9. Bronze knife. The cross-section of the handle stub is square, gradually becoming oblong. The edges are roughened by chasing for the stable attachment of the handle. There is a ring at the point where the blade joins to the handle to prevent the handle from sliding towards the blade. The handle was made of organic material. Originally both sides of the blade were decorated (amongst vertical groups of lines there was a so-called hourglass motif) but only its remains are visible now. Full l: 190; blade l: 155; blade wi: 21; handle l: 27 mm; we: 51.1 g. Id. No.: 48.67817.9.13. (Figs. 41.4, 82.1).

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4. Fejezet/Chapter 4
Pontosan nem azonosthat helyrl: - Tl, mly, peremtredke. Finom kaviccsal s kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott, szrke. Fv: 2 4 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.9.7. (41. bra 2). - Jellegtelen, szrke ednyoldal-tredk, fv: 5 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.9.8. - Jellegtelen, vrsbarna ednyoldal-tredkek, fv: 5 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.9.9. - Cssze (?) kt ssze nem ill, szrke oldaltredke kannelra-dsszel, fv: 5 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.9.10. Fragments with unknown position: - Rim fragment of a deep bowl. It is tempered with fine pebbles and grog, grey. Wt: 2 4 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.9.7. (Fig. 65.5). - Insignificant vessel fragment, grey, wt: 5 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.9.8. - Insignificant vessel fragments, reddish-brown, wt: 5 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.9.9. - Two body fragments of a cup (?), which cannot be fitted together, decorated with channelling, grey, wt: 5 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.9.10.

A 10/19. sr (42. bra) maradvnyait augusztus 27 29-n trtuk fel. Srfolt nem ltszott, csak az jkori talajmvelssel megbolygatott ednytredkek szrdsa 60 cm-es krben jelezte az IJ-14 feltrsi mezben az urnasr urnjt. A homo kalcintumok (8 g) az ednytredkek szintjben s a tredkek kztt voltak. Indiff. 2 10 ves.
Mellkletek 1. Kpos nyak edny/urna alja, oldaltredkei s egy darab kihajl peremtredke. Homokkal, kaviccsal s kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott, vrsbarna szn. F: 150; fv: 5 7 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.10.1. - Cssze/tl (?) omphalosos fenkoldal- s oldaltredkei, az egyiken alagtfl indtsa. Homokkal, kavicscsal s kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott, vrsbarna s sttszrke szn. Fl sz: 13; fv: 2 5 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.10.2. - Gmbs test, hangslyozott vll, homokkal, kaviccsal s kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott, vrsbarna szn edny oldaltredkei (3 db). Fv: 6 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.10.3.

Grave 10/19 (Fig. 42) (27th 29th August). No grave pit was visible; the urn of the urn grave was detected only due to scattered vessel fragments in a circle about 60 cm in diameter, in excavation unit IJ-14. The vessel fragments were scattered because of recent ploughing. Human calcined bones (8 g) were found amongst and at the level of the fragments. Indiff. 2 to 10 years old.
Grave goods 1. Bottom and body fragments of a vessel/urn with a conical neck, and one everted rim fragment. The vessel is tempered with sand, pebbles and grog, reddishbrown. Bd: 150; wt: 5 7 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.10.1. - Omphalic bottom and body fragments of a cup/bowl (?) with a stub of a tunnel handle on one fragment. The vessel is tempered with sand, pebbles and grog, reddish-brown and dark grey. Wi of handle: 13; wt: 2 5 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.10.2. - Body fragments (3 pieces) of a spherical vessel with an emphasized shoulder. The vessel is tempered with sand, pebbles and grog, reddish-brown. Wt: 6 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.10.3.

A 11/20. sr (43. bra 1) maradvnyait augusztus 19-n trtuk fel. A srgdr foltjt nem lehetett rzkelni, csak az jkori talajmvelssel megbolygatott ednytredkek jelentkeztek az IJ-14 feltrsi mezben egy 21 cm-es tmrj folton. Urnasr. Az edny belsejben voltak a nem meghatrozhat nem s korcsoport homo kalcintumok (4 g).
Mellklet 1. Urnaknt hasznlt edny alja. Homokkal, kaviccsal s kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott, sttszrke szn. F: 120 125 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.11.1.

Grave 11/20 (Fig. 43.1) (19th August). No grave pit was visible; it was detected only due to the scattered vessel fragments in a circle about 21 cm in diameter in excavation unit IJ-14. The vessel fragments were scattered because of recent ploughing. Urn grave. Human calcined bones (4 g) of indeterminable sex and age were found in the vessel.
Grave goods 1. Bottom of a vessel used as an urn. It is tempered with sand, pebbles and grog, dark grey. Bd: 120 125 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.11.1.

A 12/21. sr (44. bra 1,4) maradvnyait augusztus 25-n trtuk fel. A srgdr foltjt nem lehetett rzkelni, csak az jkori talajmvelssel megbolygatott kermiatredkek jelentkeztek az IJ-19 feltrsi mezben egy 46 cm-es tmrj

Grave 12/21 (Figs. 44.1,4) (25th August). No grave pit was visible; it was detected only due to the scattered vessel fragments in a circle about 46 cm in diameter in excavation unit IJ-14. The vessel fragments were scattered because of recent

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VIA 2 folton. Urnasr. Az ednyt (1) in situ emeltk ki s a mhelyben trtuk fel a belsejt. Benne voltak: a homo kalcintumok, 4 darab csontgyngy s egy bgre (ebben kalcintumok s az 5. szm csontgyngy). Smegi Pl vizsglata szerint a csontgyngyk anyaga nem mollusca, hanem tgett csont. Nyerges va viszont kis mretk miatt a fajmeghatrozst nem tudta elvgezni. Az sszesen 354 g kalcintum egy indiff. 10 20 ves egyed.
Mellkletek 1. Kpos nyak edny/urna alja s oldaltredkei. Homokkal s kaviccsal sovnytott, vrsbarna szn. Jelenlegi m: 180; f: 110 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.12.1, 3. (44. bra 2). - Bgre, szalagfllel, m: 105; sz: 113; f: 50 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.12.2. (44. bra 3, 77. bra 4). - Bgre (?) perem- s oldaltredkei, homokkal s kaviccsal sovnytva, vilgosbarna szn. Fv: 3 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.12.4. - llatcsontbl gyngyk, hengeres formjak (5 db). H: 9 14; tm: 8 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.12.5 9. (44. bra 5 9, 83. bra 7 8).

ploughing. Urn grave. The vessel (1) was lifted out in situ and it was opened in the laboratory. Inside it were found: human calcined bones, four bone beads and a mug (calcined bones were inside it and the fifth bone bead). According to the results of Pl Smegi, their material is not mollusc but charred bone. va Nyerges could not carry out the species identification due to the small size of the fragments. Altogether 354 g of calcined bones indiff. belonging to a person 10 to 20 years old.
Grave goods 1. Bottom and body fragments of a vessel/urn with a conical neck. The vessel is tempered with sand and pebbles, reddish-brown. Present h: 180; bd: 110 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.12.1, 3. (Fig. 44.2). - Mug with a strap handle. H: 105; md: 113; bd: 50 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.12.2. (Figs. 44.3, 77.4). - Mug (?) rim and body fragments, tempered with sand and pebbles, light brown. Wt: 3 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.12.4. - Beads, made of animal bone, cylindrical (5 pieces). L: 9 14; d: 8 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.12.5 9. (Figs. 44.5 9, 83.7 8).

A 13/22. sr maradvnyait augusztus 19-n trtuk fel. A srgdr foltjt nem lehetett rzkelni, csak az jkori talajmvelssel megbolygatott edny fenktredkei jelentkeztek az IJ-14 feltrsi mezben egy 10 cm-es tmrj folton. Mg kalcintumok sem voltak rzkelhetk. A hamvak srba helyezsnek eredeti mdja nem hatrozhat meg.
Mellklet - Edny/urna (?) aljnak tredkei (5 db). Homokkal, kaviccsal s kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott, vrsbarna szn. Fv: 13 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.13.1.

No grave pit was visible for Grave 13/22 (19th August). It was detected only due to the scattered vessel fragments in a circle about 10 cm in diameter in excavation unit IJ-14. The vessel fragments were scattered because of recent ploughing. Not even calcined bones were detected. The original method of placing the calcined bones in the grave cannot be determined.
Grave goods - Bottom fragments (5 pieces) of a vessel/urn (?). The vessel is tempered with sand, pebbles and grog, reddish-brown. Wt: 13 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.13.1.

A 14/23. sr (43. bra 2 3) maradvnyait augusztus 19-n trtuk fel. A srgdr foltjt nem lehetett rzkelni, csak az sszenyomdott s az jkori talajmvelssel megbolygatott ednyek tredkeit s kztk a kalcintumokat (26 g) az IJ14 feltrsi mezben, egy 33 cm-es tmrj folton. Urnasr. Indiff. 10 30 ves.
Mellkletek (Nem voltak sszellthatk. llapotuk s mretk miatt nem rajzolhatk.) - Gmbs test edny/urna, perem-, nyak- s oldaltredkei (21 db). Homokkal s kaviccsal sovnytott, vrsbarna szn. Fv: 7 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.14.1. - Edny perem- s oldaltredkei (18 db). Homokkal

No grave pit was visible for Grave 14/23 (Figs. 43.2 3) (19th August). It was detected only due to the scattered and crushed vessel fragments and calcined bones (26 g) in an area of about 33 cm in diameter in excavation unit IJ-14. The vessel fragments were scattered because of recent ploughing. Urn grave. Indiff. 10 to 30 years old.
Grave goods (Not possible to glue them together. Not possible to draw them due to their condition and size.) - Rim, neck and body fragments (21 pieces) of a sphericalshaped vessel/urn. The vessel is tempered with sand and pebbles, reddish-brown. Wt: 7 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.14.1. - Rim and body fragments of a vessel (18 pieces). The

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4. Fejezet/Chapter 4
s kaviccsal sovnytott, vrsbarna szn. Fv: 6 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.14.2. - Oldaltredk. Homokkal sovnytott, vrsbarna szn. Fv: 8 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.14.3. vessel is tempered with sand and pebbles, reddishbrown. Wt: 6 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.14.2. - Body fragment. It is tempered with sand, reddishbrown. Wt: 8 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.14.3.

A 15/24. sr (45. bra 1) maradvnyait augusztus 19-n trtuk fel. A srgdr foltjt nem lehetett rzkelni, csak az IJ-14 feltrsi mezben egy 4334 cm-es folton jelentkez ednytredkeket. Kalcintumok nem voltak, gy azok srba helyezsnek eredeti mdja nem hatrozhat meg.
Mellkletek - Kpos nyak edny/urna ragasztott fenk- s oldaltredke. Homokkal s kaviccsal sovnytott, fekete. Fv: 11 18 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.15.1. - Cssze/bgre (?) oldaltredke, vrsessrga. Fv: 5 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.15.2.

No grave pit was visible for Grave 15/24 (Fig. 45.1) (19th August). It was detected only due to vessel fragments in a patch of 4334 cm in excavation unit IJ-14. There were no calcined bones, and for this reason the original method of placing the calcined bones in the grave cannot be determined.
Grave goods - Glued bottom fragment of a vessel/urn with a conical neck. It is tempered with sand and pebbles, black. Wt: 11 18 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.15.1. - Body fragment of a cup/mug (?), reddish-yellow. Wt: 5 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.15.2.

A 16/25. sr (46. bra 1 3) maradvnyait augusztus 19-n trtuk fel. A srgdr egy fasznszemcss, 12384 cm-es foltknt jelentkezett az IJ-14 feltrsi mezben, ednytredkekkel. A homo kalcintumoknak (6 g) sem a neme, sem a korcsoportja nem volt meghatrozhat. A szntssal erteljesen megbolygatott temetkezs srgdrnek dlkeleti szlt vgta a 46/26. gdr. Urnasr.
Mellkletek 1. Tlszer fazk/urna, kalcintumokkal. Homokkal s kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott, vrsbarna szn. M: 185; f: 100 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.16.1. (46. bra 4). 2. Bgre vll- s oldaltredkei az urna keleti oldaln. Homokkal s apr kaviccsal sovnytott, szrke szn. Fv: 3 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.16.2. 3. Kpos nyak edny/urna, perem- (1 db) s oldaltredkei (15 db) a sr dli rszn. A vll alatt 3 besimtott kannelra hegyes btykkel kombinlva. Homokkal s kaviccsal sovnytott, sttszrke szn. Fv: 10 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.16.3. (167. bra 3). Az ednytredkek a 46/26. gdr egyik ednynek (167. bra 4 5) tredkei. Azaz egy ksbbi bolygats/bess eredmnyeknt kerltek ide, nem ehhez a srhoz tartoznak. Bonts kzben, nem pontosthat helyrl kiemelt tredkek: - Edny perem- s oldaltredkei (3 db). Homokkal s kaviccsal sovnytott, vrsbarna szn. Fv: 5 7 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.16.4. - Kihajl peremtredk, vrsbarna, fv: 8 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.16.5. - Kihajl peremtredk, szrke, fv: 6 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.16.6. - Kihajl peremtredk, szrke, fv: 4 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.16.7.

Grave 16/25 (Figs. 46.1 3) (19th August) appeared in excavation unit IJ-14 as a 12384 cm large patch with charcoal and vessel fragments. Neither the sex nor the age of the human calcined bones (6 g) could be determined. Pit 46/26 cut the south-eastern side of the grave pit, which was also strongly disturbed by ploughing. Urn grave.
Grave goods 1. Bowl-like pot/urn with calcined bones. It is tempered with sand and grog, reddish-brown. H: 185; bd: 100 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.16.1. (Fig. 46.4). 2. Shoulder and body fragments of a mug at the eastern side of the urn. The vessel is tempered with sand and small pebbles, it is grey. Wt: 3 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.16.2. 3. Rim (1 piece) and body fragments (15 pieces) of a vessel/urn with a conical neck, found in the southern part of the grave. It is decorated with three channellings below the shoulder combined with a pointed knob. It is tempered with sand and pebbles, dark grey. Wt: 10 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.16.3. (Fig. 167.3). The vessel fragments belong to a vessel found in Pit 46/26 (Figs. 167.4 5). This implies that they were carried there by a disturbance/digging, but originally they were not part of the grave. Fragments lifted out during the excavation but their exact locations are unknown: - Rim and body fragments of a vessel (3 pieces). The vessel is tempered with sand and pebbles, reddishbrown. Wt: 5 7 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.16.4. - Fragment of an everted rim, reddish-brown, wt: 8 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.16.5. - Fragment of an everted rim, grey, wt: 6 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.16.6. - Fragment of an everted rim, grey, wt: 4 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.16.7.

A 17/27. sr (45. bra 2) maradvnyait augusztus 18 19-n trtuk fel az IJ-15 mezben. A sr-

Grave 17/27 (Fig. 45.2) (18th 19th August) were excavated in excavation unit IJ-15. The grave pit

71

VIA 2 gdr egy szrksbarna, 3325 cm-es foltknt jelentkezett az urna tredkeivel, s abban a kevs (6 g) kalcintummal. Az urnasrt ersen megbolygatta a sznts. Indiff. 1 10 ves.
Mellklet 1. Edny/urna als rsznek tredkei (8 db). Homokkal s kaviccsal sovnytott, szrke szn. F: kb. 60; fv: 5 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.17.1.

appeared as a 3325 cm large patch, containing the fragments of an urn with a small amount of calcined bones (6 g) in it. The urn grave was heavily disturbed by ploughing. Indiff. 1 to 10 years old.
Grave goods 1. Lower part fragments of a vessel/urn (8 pieces). The vessel is tempered with sand and pebbles, grey. Bd: approximately 60; wt: 5 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.17.1.

A 18/28. sr (45. bra 3) maradvnyait augusztus 18-n trtuk fel az IJ-15 mezben. A srgdr egy 5040 cm-es, lazbb, feketsbarns betlts foltknt jelentkezett. A folt dlnyugati rszn egy vastagfal edny tredkei voltak. Kalcintumok a bontskor sem kerltek el, gy a hamvak srba helyezsnek eredeti mdja nem hatrozhat meg.
Mellkletek 1. Edny (bgre?), les hasvonal als rsze. Homokkal s kaviccsal sovnytott, vrs s szrke foltos. F: 45 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.18.1. (45. bra 4). - Kpos nyak edny/ urna oldaltredkei (2 db) ferde kannelrzssal. Homokkal s kaviccsal sovnytott, vilgosbarna szn. Fv: 6 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.18.2.

Grave 18/28 (Fig. 45.3) (18th August) was excavated in excavation unit IJ-15. The grave pit appeared as a 5040 cm large loose soil patch, blackish-brownish in colour. The fragments of a thick-walled vessel were found at the south-western part of the patch. No calcined bones were discovered during the excavation, and for this reason the original method of placing the calcined bones in the grave cannot be determined.
Grave goods 1. Bottom part of a vessel (mug?) with a heavily emphasized belly. It is tempered with sand and pebbles, red and grey in patches. Bd: 45 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.18.1. (Fig. 45.4). - Body fragments (2 pieces) of a vessel/urn with a conical neck and with oblique channelling. The vessel is tempered with sand and pebbles, light brown in colour. Wt: 6 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.18.2.

A 19/29. sr (47. bra 1 3) maradvnyait augusztus 18 19-n trtuk fel az IJ-15 mezben. A srgdr 7070 cm-es, lazbb, humuszos betltsknt jelentkezett. A folton hrom edny tredkeit lehetett elklnteni. szaknyugat fel kb. 80 cm-es hosszsg svban tovbbi ednytredkek ltszottak. A bonts sorn az utbbi terleten az SNR 45. srt bontottuk ki. A talajmvels alig bolygatta. Az urnt (1) s a bgrt (2) in situ emeltk ki s a restaurtor mhelyben bontottuk ki. Az urnban nagymret kalcintumok (1234 g) voltak. Urnasr. Frfi, 30 45 ves.
Mellkletek 1. Kpos nyak edny/urna kalcintumokkal. A vll felett 3 vzszintes besimts, alatta fgglegesen kannelrzott. Finom kaviccsal s kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott, szrke. Egy helyen az edny fala kitrve, lleklyukas. M: 340; sz: 272; f: 118 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.19.1. (47. bra 6, 75. bra 3). 2. Bgre az urna mellett szaknyugatra. Finom kavicscsal s kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott, foltosan vrsbarna s szrke. M: 79; sz: 83; f: 38 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.19.2. (47. bra 4, 77. bra 5)

Grave 19/29 (Figs. 47.1 3) (18th 19th August) was excavated in excavation unit IJ-15. The grave pit was a loose soil patch in a spot of 7070 cm. The remains of three vessels were found on the patch. Further vessel fragments were visible in an approximately 80 cm long strip towards north-west. Grave SNR 45 was found in this section during the excavation. It was only slightly disturbed by ploughing. The urn (1) and the mug (2) were lifted out in situ and opened in the restoration workshop. Large calcined bones (1234 g) were found in the urn. Urn grave. Male, 30 to 45 years old.
Grave goods 1. Vessel/urn with a conical neck containing calcined bones. It is decorated with three horizontal smoothings above the shoulder, beneath it with vertical channelling. It is tempered with fine pebbles and grog, grey. The side of the vessel is punctured; it has a soul hole. H: 340; md: 272; wt: 118 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.19.1. (Figs. 47.6, 75.3). 2. North-west from the urn a mug was found. It is tempered with fine pebbles and grog, reddish-brown and grey in patches. H: 79; md: 83; bd: 38 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.19.2. (Figs. 47.4, 77.5).

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4. Fejezet/Chapter 4
3. Bgre, az alja hinyzik, az urna mellett nyugatra. Szalagfles, finom homokkal, kaviccsal s rlt kermival sovnytott, szrke. Sz: 96 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.19.3. (47. bra 5, 77. bra 6). A srgdrtl szaknyugatra felszedett tredkek: - Tbb (22 db) ragasztott s nem pozicionlhat oldaltredk. Homokkal s kaviccsal sovnytott, barnszszrke sznek. Fv: 8 10 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.19.4. - 1 db ednytredk, benyomott btyk rszletvel? Homokkal s kaviccsal sovnytott, vilgosbarna szn. Fv: 5 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.19.5. 3. Mug, its bottom is missing, it was found west from the urn. It has a strap handle, is tempered with fine sand, pebbles and grog, grey. Md: 96 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.19.3. (Figs. 47.5, 77.6). Fragments collected north-west from the grave pit: - Several (22 pieces) body fragments, glued, cannot be positioned within the vessel. They are tempered with sand and pebbles, brownish-black in colour. Wt: 8 10 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.19.4. - Fragment of a vessel (1 piece) with a remain of an impressed knob (?). It is tempered with sand and pebbles, light brown in colour. Wt: 5 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.19.5.

A 20/30. sr (48. bra) maradvnyait augusztus 19-n trtuk fel az IJ-15 mezben. A srgdrt egy kb. 110100 cm-es terleten szaknyugat dlkeleti irnyban szrd ednytredkek s kalcintumok jeleztk. Az urnt (1), a fazekat (2) s tlat (4) in situ emeltk ki s a restaurtor mhelyben bontottuk. Az urnban (1) nagymret kalcintumok is voltak. Urnasr. Az sszesen 158 g kalcintum indiff. 10 20 ves egyed.
Mellkletek 1. Kpos nyak edny/urna. Szemben elhelyezett kt-kt ketts s szimpla btykkel. Kaviccsal s kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott, barna. M: 310; sz: 240; f: 114 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.20.1. (49. bra 5, 75. bra 4). 2. Fazk, benyomkodott perem s lcdszes, az urna mellett, dlkeletre, fenekvel felfel volt. Kaviccsal s kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott, vrs s szrksbarna foltos. M: 165; sz: 206; f: 103 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.20.3. (49. bra 3, 78. bra 2). 3. Edny, a 2. szm mellklettl keletre. Kvl-bell szrke, fv: 8 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.20.7. 4. Tl, behzott perem, turbntekercses. Kaviccsal s kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott, srgsvrs s szrke foltos. Egy rsze az urnbl (1), msik rsze az urna melll. Lleklyukas. M: 80; sz: 157; f: 66 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.20.2. (49. bra 8, 80. bra 3). 5a. Cssze, a vll alatt ferde kannelrzs. 5. mellkletknt kerlt feltrsra. Homokkal s kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott, bell szrke, kvl vrsbarna. Sz: kb. 160 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.20.4. (49. bra 2). 5b. Cssze, az oldaln ferde kannelrzs, szalagfllel. 5. mellkletknt kerlt feltrsra. Sz: kb. 125 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.20.5. (49. bra 1). 5c. Cssze (?), a vll alatt fggleges kannelrzssal. 5. mellkletknt kerlt feltrsra. F: 90 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.20.6. (49. bra 4). 5d. Cssze (?) oldaltredke ferde kannelrzssal, fv: 3 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.20.11. 5e. Oldaltredkek (2 db). 5. mellkletknt kerlt feltrsra. Vrsbarna, fv: 6 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.20.10. 6. Edny oldaltredk a 2. szm mellklet mellett/fltt. Sttbarna, fv: 6 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.20.9. 7. Bronz spirlgyngy, laptott huzalbl. A 4. szm mellklet all kerlt el a feltrson. H: 20 mm; s: 1,6

Grave 20/30 (Fig. 48) (19th August) was excavated in excavation unit IJ-15. Vessel fragments and calcined bones were scattered from northwest to south-east in a patch of about 110100 cm, which marked the grave pit. An urn (1), a pot (2) and a bowl (3) were lifted out in situ and opened in the restoration workshop. Inside the urn (1) large calcined bones were found. Urn grave. Altogether 158 g of calcined bones indiff. belonging to a person 10 to 20 years old.
Grave goods 1. Vessel/urn with a conical neck. It is decorated with two double and two individual knobs, placed on the opposite sides. It is tempered with fine pebbles and grog, brown. H: 310; md: 240; wt: 114 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.20.1. (Figs. 49.5, 75.4). 2. Pot, found south-east from the urn. It has an inverted rim and applied rib ornaments. It was upside down. It is tempered with pebbles and grog, red and greyish-brown in patches. H: 165; md: 206; bd: 103 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.20.3. (Figs. 49.3, 78.2). 3. Vessel, east from Grave good 2. Both its interior and exterior are grey, wt: 8 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.20.7. 4. Bowl with inverted rim and oblique channelling. It is tempered with pebbles and grog, yellowish-red with grey spots. A part of it was found in the urn (1), another fragment beside it. It has a soul hole. H: 80; md: 157; wt: 66 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.20.2. (Figs. 49.8, 80.3). 5a. Cup with oblique channelling below the shoulder. It is listed as Grave good 5. It is tempered with sand and grog, grey on the interior, reddish-brown on the exterior. Md: approximately 160 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.20.4. (Fig. 49.2). 5b. Cup with oblique channelling on the side and it has a strap handle. It is listed as Grave good 5. Md: approximately 125 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.20.5. (Fig. 49.1). 5c. Cup (?) with vertical channelling below the shoulder. Listed as Grave good 5. Bd: 90 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.20.6. (Fig. 49.4). 5d. Body fragment of a cup (?) with oblique channelling, wt: 3 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.20.11. 5e. Body fragments (2 pieces). Listed as Grave good 5. Reddish-brown, wt: 6 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.20.10. 6. Vessel body fragments above and beside Grave good 2. Dark brown, wt: 6 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.20.9. 7. Bronze spiral bead made of a flattened wire. It was found under Grave good 4. L: 20 mm, we: 1.6 g. Id.

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VIA 2
g. Nysz.: 48.67817.20.12. (49. bra 6, 82. bra 3). - Fed, kt lyukkal. Homokkal s kaviccsal sovnytott, vrses szrke. tm: 65 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.20.8. (49. bra 7) No.: 48.67817.20.12. (Figs. 49.6, 82.3). - Lid with two holes. It is tempered with sand and pebbles, reddish-grey. D: 65 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.20.8. (Fig. 49.7).

A 22/32. sr (50. bra 1 2) maradvnyait augusztus 18 19-n trtuk fel az IJ-15 mezben. A sr szablytalan szrks-barna, paticsszemcss s apr kalcintumos, alig elklnl foltja 9580 30 35 cm volt. Ezen jelentkezett az urna (1), benne kalcintumokkal (212 g). Talajmvelssel bolygattk. A srgdr kibontva 10883 cm. Urnasr. Indiff. 30 40 ves.
Mellkletek 1. Kpos nyak edny/urna, amelynek szj- s fenkrsze hinyzik. A vll alatt 2-2 kettsbtyk, s a btykk alatt azt keretez, vel besimtsok. Kaviccsal, homokkal s kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott, sttbarna. Fv: 7 8 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.22.1. (50. bra 8, 75. bra 6). 2. Tl, gmbszeletalak, szrke, peremtredke, fv: 8 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.22.2. 3. Fazk (?) oldaltredke btykkel, barna, fv: 10 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.22.3. (50. bra 3). 4. Bgre perem-vlltredke, szrke, fv: 4 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.22.4. (50. bra 4). Az 1. szm mellkletbl, azaz az in situ kiemelt urnbl a mhelybeni kibontskor kerltek el az albbi trgyak: - Bronz huzalkarika. tm: 27 34; huzal v: 2 mm; s: 1,94 g. Nysz.: 48.67817.22.5. (50. bra 6, 82. bra 4). - Bronz huzalkarika tredke. Huzal v: 2 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.22.6. (50. bra 7). - Bronzks hegye. H: 60 mm; s: 4,2 g. Nysz.:

Grave 22/32 (Figs. 50.1 2) (18th 19th August) was excavated in excavation unit IJ-15. The grave was an amorphous greyish-brown patch, hardly visible, 9580-30-35 cm, containing daub fragments and small calcined bones. An urn (1) was found containing calcined bones (212 g). It was disturbed by ploughing. The size of the grave pit is 10883 cm. Urn grave. Indiff. 30 to 40 years old.
Grave goods 1. Vessel/urn with a conical neck, its rim and bottom are missing. It is decorated with two double knobs below the shoulder, and beneath each double knob there is arched smoothing, which framed the knobs. It is tempered with pebbles, sand and grog, dark brown. Wt: 7 8 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.22.1. (Figs. 50.8, 75.6). 2. Rim fragment of a semi-spherical bowl, grey. Wt: 8 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.22.2. 3. Body fragment of pot (?) with a knob, brown. Wt: 10 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.22.3. (Fig. 50.3). 4. Rim and shoulder fragment of a mug, grey. Wt: 4 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.22.4. (Fig. 50.4). Grave good 1, which is the urn, was lifted out in situ. Upon opening it in the workshop the following objects were found: - Bronze wire ring. D: 27 34; wire th: 2 mm; we: 1.94 g. Id. No.: 48.67817.22.5. (Figs. 50.6, 82.4). - Fragment of a bronze wire ring. Wire th: 2 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.22.6. (Fig. 50.7). - Tip of bronze knife. L: 60 mm; we: 4.2 g. Id. No.: 48.67817.22.7. (Fig. 50.5).

48.67817.22.7. (50. bra 5). A 24/34. srt (51. bra 1) az IJ-15 mezben augusztus 18-n trtuk fel. Az 5545 cm-es srgdr barna, humuszos, faszenes betltsben ednytredkek voltak a talajmvelssel ersen bolygatva. Kalcintumok a bontskor sem kerltek el, gy a hamvak srba helyezsnek eredeti mdja nem hatrozhat meg.
Mellklet 1. Gmbs test edny (?)/urna kihajl perem- s oldaltredkei. Utbbiakon fggleges, seprdsztshez hasonl mly, sr barzdk, egy btyk- vagy szalagfl tredkvel. Homokkal s kaviccsal sovnytott, vrsbarna. Fv: 6 9 mm. Nem volt sszellthat. Nysz.: 48.67817.24.1.

Grave 24/34 (Fig. 51.1) (18th August) was excavated in excavation unit IJ-15. The grave pit was 5545 cm large, its brown soil and charcoal fill contained vessel fragments, which were heavily disturbed by ploughing. No calcined bones were discovered during the excavation, and for this reason the original method of placing the calcined bones in the grave cannot be determined.
Grave goods 1. Everted rim and body fragments of a spherical-shaped vessel (?)/urn. On the body fragments there are vertical, dense and deep grooves very close to each other, similar to brushing. A knob or a strap handle remain is also visible. The vessel is tempered with sand and pebbles, reddishbrown. Wt: 6 9 mm. It was not possible to fit the fragments together. Id. No.: 48.67817.24.1.

A 25/35. srt (52. bra 1 3) a JJ-15 mezben augusztus 18 19-n trtuk fel. A 7055 cm-es srgdr foltja barna, kttt betlts, alig lt-

Grave 25/35 (Figs. 52.1 3) (18th 19th August) was excavated in excavation unit JJ-15. The patch of the grave pit was 70x55 cm large, brown, with a solid fill,

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4. Fejezet/Chapter 4 hat. Dlnyugati rszn sszenyomdott s sznts ltal bolygatott edny tredkei jelentkeznek kalcintumokkal (86 g). Az urnt (1) in situ emeltk ki s a mhelyben bontottuk. Urnasr. Indiff. 2 5 ves.
Mellkletek 1. Kpos nyak edny/urna, a vll alatt hrmas, hromnegyed koncentrikus krkkel dsztve. Kaviccsal s kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott, barna. Jelenlegi m: 195; f: 110 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.25.1. (52. bra 6, 76. bra 1). A srbl, nem pontosthat helyrl: - Tl, behzott perem, tredkes. Homokkal s kaviccsal sovnytott, fnyezett, sttvrs szn. F: 60 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.25.2. (52. bra 5). Az urna mhelybeni bontsakor az albbi trgy kerlt el: - Bronzkarika/karperec, kr tmetszet, vgei elvkonyodnak, lekerektettek s vonalcsoportokkal dsztett. A dszts a korrzi miatt alig lthat. tm: 51 mm; s: 29,28 g Nysz.: 48.67817.25.3. (52. bra 4, 82. bra 5). - Kihajl peremtredk, barna, fv: 7 mm. Az urna behullott tredke? Nysz.: 48.67817.25.4.

and hardly visible. In its south-western part crushed vessel fragments were found with calcined bones (86 g), which were previously disturbed by ploughing. The urn (1) was lifted out in situ and opened in the restoration workshop. Urn grave. Indiff. 2 to 5 years old.
Grave goods 1. Vessel/urn with a conical neck, decorated with triple concentric circles, from which three-quarters have remained. The vessel is tempered with fine pebbles and grog, brown. Present h: 195; bd: 110 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.25.1. (Figs. 52.6, 76.1). Artefacts also found in the grave but their precise location within the grave is unknown: - Bowl with an inverted rim, fragmented. It is tempered with sand and pebbles, polished, dark red in colour. Bd: 60 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.25.2. (Fig. 52.5). During the opening of the urn in the workshop the following artefacts were found: - Bronze ring/bracelet with circular cross-section, its ends become thin and rounded, decorated with groups of lines. The ornaments are hardly visible due to corrosion. D: 51 mm; we: 28.28 g. Id. No.: 48.67817.25.3. (Figs. 52.4, 82.5). - Everted rim fragment, brown, wt: 7 mm. Fragment of the collapsed urn? Id. No.: 48.67817.25.4.

A 26/36. srt (53. bra) az IJ-17 mezben egy 56 cm-es tmrj, kerekded, a humuszolst kveten szrks foltknt kirajzold gdrcskben talltuk meg. A feltrskor megmaradt urnaaljnak, illetve azt lefed tlknt rtelmeztk a jelensget. A sr kibontsa s in situ felszedse augusztus 27. s 29-n trtnt. A restaurtor mhelyben trtnt bonts sorn kiderlt, hogy egy fles csszvel (1) egy msik fles csszt (2) fedtek le (54. bra 4 5). Urnasr. Az sszesen 16 g kalcintum 3 5 ves indiff. nem egyedtl szrmazik.
Mellkletek 1. Cssze, gmbszelet alak, szalagfles. Finom s durva kaviccsal, csillmpalval, valamint kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott. Foltosan srgsvrsre s szrkre gett. Oldaln lleklyuk. A lleklyukat az edny belseje fell egy hatrozott tssel trtk ki, ezrt alakja amorf. M: 70; sz: 170; f: 60 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.26.1. (54. bra 2, 4 5 fels, 80. bra 4 fels). 2. Cssze, a vll alatt ferdn rkolt, eredetileg szalagfles, amelybe a homo kalcintumokat helyeztk. Finom s durva kaviccsal sovnytott, foltosan barnra s sttszrkre gett. M: 110; sz: 150 165; f: 75 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.26.2. (54. bra 3, 4 5 als, 92. bra 4 als). 3. Bonts kzben tovbbi jellegtelen oldaltredkek kerltek begyjtsre. Nysz.: 48.67817.26.3 5.

Grave 26/36 (Fig. 53) (27th 29th August) was found in excavation unit IJ-17 in a round pit, appearing as a greyish patch following the mechanical removal of the topsoil. Its diameter was 56 cm. It appeared to contain the bottom of an urn, and a bowl, which was used to cover it. The grave was lifted out in situ. It was discovered during the opening works in the workshop (Fig. 54.1) that a cup with a handle (1) covered another cup with a handle (2) (Fig. 54.4 5). Urn grave. The calcined bones (16 g) belong to a child 3 to 5 years old, indiff. sex.
Grave goods 1. Semi-spherical cup with a strap handle. It is tempered with fine and rough pebbles, grog and mica. The vessel was burnt to yellowish-red and grey in patches. Soul hole is visible on the side. The soul hole was created by a strong punch from the inside, thus the hole is amorphous. H: 70; md: 170; bd: 60 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.26.1. (Figs. 54.2, 4 5 upper part, 80.4 upper part). 2. Cup with oblique channelling below the shoulder, originally it had a strap handle. It contained human calcined bones. It is tempered with fine and rough pebbles, burnt to brown and dark grey in patches. H: 110; md: 150165; bd: 75 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.26.2. (Figs. 54.3, 4 5 lower part, 92.4 lower part). 3. During the excavation further insignificant body fragments were discovered. Id. No.: 48.67817.26.3 5.

A 28/37. sr (55. bra) a JJ-11 mezben augusztus 26-n kerlt feltrsra. A humusz aljn

Grave 28/37 (Fig. 55) (26th August) was excavated in excavation unit JJ-11. The grave was marked in

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VIA 2 sztszntott kermiatredkek s kalcintomok (8 g) jeleztk a temetkezst. Gdre 4430 cm-es volt. A hamvak srba helyezsnek eredeti mdja nem hatrozhat meg. Indiff. 5 15 ves.
Mellkletek (llapotuk s mretk miatt nem rajzolhatk.) 1. Kpos nyak edny/urna oldaltredkei. Homokkal s kaviccsal sovnytott, vrsbarna. Fv: 8 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.28.1. - Bgre oldaltredkei. Homokkal sovnytott, sttszrke. Fv: 3 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.28.2.

the lower layer of the soil by vessel fragments and calcined bones (8 g) scattered by ploughing. The grave pit was 4430 cm large. The original method of placing the calcined bones in the grave cannot be determined. Indiff. 5 to 15 years old.
Grave goods (Not possible to draw them due to their condition and size.) 1. Body fragments of a vessel/urn with a conical neck. The vessel is tempered with sand and pebbles, reddish-brown. Wt: 8 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.28.1. - Body fragments of a mug. Dark grey, tempered with sand. Wt: 3 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.28.2.

A 30/39. sr (51. bra 2 3) a JJ-11 mezben augusztus 25-n kerlt kibontsra. Talajmvelssel bolygatott ednytredkek s kalcintumok (68 g) jeleztk. Az urna als rsze in situ lett kiemelve. Urnasr. Indiff. 10 x ves.
Mellkletek (llapotuk s mretk miatt nem rajzolhatk.) 1. Kpos nyak edny/urna in situ felszedett, oldal (27 db)-, fogbtyks (1 db)- s fenktredkei (7 db). Homokkal, kaviccsal s kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott, vrsbarna. Fv: 6 9 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.30.3. - Fazk (?) nem pozicionlhat tredkei (39 db). Homokkal s kaviccsal sovnytott, vrsbarna. Fv: 5 7 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.30.1. - Bgre oldal- (4 db) s fenktredkei (1 db). Homokkal s kaviccsal sovnytott, vrsbarna. Fv: 2 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.30.2.

Grave 30/39 (Figs. 51.2 3) (25th August) was excavated in excavation unit JJ-11. It was marked by vessel fragments disturbed by ploughing and calcined bones (68 g). The bottom part of an urn was lifted out in situ. Urn grave. Indiff. 10 to x years old.
Grave goods (Not possible to draw them due to their condition and size.) 1. Body (27 pieces), handle stub (1 piece) and bottom fragments (7 pieces) of a vessel/urn with a conical neck, lifted out in situ. The vessel is tempered with sand, pebbles and grog, reddish-brown. Wt: 6 9 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.30.3. - Fragments of a pot (?), which cannot be positioned and glued together (39 pieces). The vessel is tempered with sand and pebbles, reddish-brown. Wt: 5 7 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.30.1. - Body (4 pieces) and a bottom fragment (1 piece) of a mug. The vessel is tempered with sand and pebbles, reddish-brown. Wt: 2 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.30.2.

A 31/40. srt (56. bra 1 3) a JJ-11 mezben augusztus 26-n trtuk fel. Talajmvelssel ersen bolygatott ednytredkek (urna) jeleztk. A srgdr bontskor nem igazn volt megfoghat. A 32 cm-es tmrj gdr az in situ kiemelt urna miatt keletkezett. Az urnban voltak a kalcintumok (374 g). Urnasr. N (?) 35 45 ves.
Mellkletek 1. Kpos nyak edny/urna, vllon besimts, hason 2-2 szemben elhelyezett ferde kannelrakteg. Kaviccsal s kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott, bell vrsbarna, kvl vrs, barna s szrke foltos. Jelenlegi m: 240; f: 116 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.31.1. (56. bra 5, 76. bra 2). Bevonatnak vizsglatrl a 8. fejezetben esik sz. - Edny omphalosos fenk- s oldaltredke. Kavicscsal s kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott. Foltosan vrs s szrke. F: 100 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.31.2. (56. bra 4) - Cssze (?) kihajl peremtredkei (5 db). Homokkal s kaviccsal sovnytott, vrs. Fv: 4 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.31.3.

Grave 31/40 (Figs. 56.1 3) (26th August) was excavated in excavation unit JJ-11. It was marked by vessel fragments (urn) heavily disturbed by ploughing. The grave pit was not really visible during the excavation. A pit, 32 cm in diameter, was created by lifting out the urn in situ. Calcined bones (374 g) were found in the urn. Urn grave. Female (?) 35 to 45 years old.
Grave goods 1. Vessel/urn with a conical neck, decorated with two groups of oblique channelling situated on the opposite sides of the belly. It is tempered with pebbles and grog, the interior is reddish-brown, the exterior is red, brown with grey spots. Present h: 240; wt: 116 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.31.1. (Figs. 56.5, 76.2). The examination of the coating of the vessel is detailed in Chapter 8. - Omphalic bottom and body fragments of a vessel. The vessel is tempered with fine pebbles and grog. Red and grey in patches. Bd: 100 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.31.2. (Fig. 56.4). - Everted rim fragments (5 pieces) of a cup (?).The vessel is tempered with sand and pebbles, red. Wt: 4 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.31.3.

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4. Fejezet/Chapter 4 A 32/41. srt (57. bra 1) a JJ-11 mezben augusztus 26-n trtuk fel. Talajmvelssel ersen bolygatott ednytredkek s kalcintumok (26 g) jeleztk maradvnyait. A tredkek felszedst kveten egy 43 cm-es tmrj gdr keletkezett. A hamvak srba helyezsnek eredeti mdja nem hatrozhat meg. Indiff. 20 30 ves.
Mellkletek (llapotuk s mretk miatt nem rajzolhatk.) 1. Edny/urna (?) sszeragasztott oldaltredke. Kavicsos sovnyts, vrsbarna, fv: 7 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.32.1. 2. Ednytredkek szalagfllel, vrsbarna. Utbbi sz: 18; fv: 8 9 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.32.2.

Grave 32/41 (Fig. 57.1) (26th August) was excavated in excavation unit JJ-11. Its remains were shown by vessel fragments heavily disturbed by ploughing, and by calcined bones (26 g). As a result of lifting out the fragments a pit of 43 cm in diameter was created. The original method of placing the calcined bones in the grave cannot be determined. Indiff. 20 to 30 years old.
Grave goods (Not possible to draw them due to their condition and size.) 1. Body fragment of a vessel/urn (?) glued together. It is tempered with pebbles, reddish-brown, wt: 7 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.32.1. 2. Vessel fragments with a strap handle, reddish-brown. Wi of the latter: 18; wt: 8 9 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.32.2.

A 33/42. srt az IJ-15 mezben augusztus 26n trtuk fel. Talajmvelssel ersen bolygatott ednytredkek s apr kalcintumok jeleztk maradvnyait. A tredkek felszedst kveten egy 2615 cm-es gdr keletkezett. A hamvak srba helyezsnek eredeti mdja nem hatrozhat meg. A kalcintumok a nems kormeghatrozshoz elgtelenek voltak. A homo kalcintumok kztt llatcsont is volt.
Mellkletek (llapotuk s mretk miatt nem rajzolhatk.) - Edny oldaltredkei (6 db). Kaviccsal sovnytott, szrke, fv: 8 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.33.1. - Edny nyaktredk, kt darabbl ragasztott. Kavicsos sovnyts, fv: 6 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.33.2. - Edny oldaltredkei (2 db), vrsbarna, fv: 9 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.33.3. - Edny oldaltredke, vrsbarna, fv: 10 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.33.4.

Grave 33/42 (26th August) was excavated in excavation unit IJ-15. Its remains were shown by vessel fragments heavily disturbed by ploughing, and by small calcined bones. As a result of lifting out the fragments a pit of 26x15 cm was created. The original method of placing the calcined bones in the grave cannot be determined. The calcined bones were not adequate for sex and age determination. Among the human calcined bones animal bones were found as well.
Grave goods (Not possible to draw them due to their condition and size.) - Body fragments of a vessel (6 pieces). The vessel is tempered with pebbles, grey, wt: 8 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.33.1. - Neck fragment of a vessel, two pieces glued together. It is tempered with pebbles, wt: 6 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.33.2. - Body fragments of a vessel (2 pieces), reddishbrown, wt: 9 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.33.3. - Body fragments of a vessel, reddish-brown, wt: 10 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.33.4.

A 34/43. sr, amelyet augusztus 29-n gdrknt (57. bra 2) dokumentltak a JJ-8 kutatsi mezben. A kibontst kveten a srgdr tmrje 70, relatv mlysge 19 cm volt. Az llatcsontknt begyjttt maradvnyokrl (21 g) kiderlt, hogy indiff. 10 x ves emberhez tartoznak, de azok srba helyezsnek eredeti mdjt nem rgztettk.
Mellklet - lesen megtrt hasvonal edny fenk- s oldaltredkei. Sttszrke, f: 150; fv: 6 9 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.34.1. (57. bra 3).

Grave 34/43 (29th August) was documented as a pit (Fig. 57.2) in excavation unit JJ-8. Following the excavation the diameter of the grave was 70 cm and its relative depth was 19 cm. The remains collected as animal bones (21 g) turned out to be human bones belonging to indiff. 10 to x year old person but there is no record of the original method of placing them into the grave.
Grave goods - Bottom and body fragments of a vessel with a sharply broken belly line. Dark grey, bd: 150; wt: 6 9 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.34.1. (Fig. 57.3).

A 35/44. srt (57. bra 4 5) az IJ-15 mezben augusztus 25-n trtuk fel. Talajmvelssel er-

Grave 35/44 (Figs. 57.4 5) (25th August) was excavated in excavation unit IJ-15. There were vessel

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VIA 2 sen bolygatott terlet ednytredkekkel s kalcintumokkal. Az urna als rszben is kalcintumok (428 g), valamint bronztredkek voltak. A kibonts utn 56 cm tmrj gdr keletkezett. Urnasr. Indiff. 30 40 ves.
Mellkletek 1. Kpos nyak edny/urna als rsze. Kvl szrke, bell vrsbarna, f: 170; fv: 7 9 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.35.1. (57. bra 6). 2a. Ismeretlen rendeltets trgy tredke: meghajlott bronzlemez, restaurlatlan. Sz: 20; v: 2 mm; s: 3,8 g. Nysz.: 48.67817.35.2. 2b-c. Bronz huzaltredk (2 db). H: 4 s 8; v: 2 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.35.3.

fragments heavily disturbed by ploughing and calcined bones. Calcined bones (428 g) and bronze fragments were found in the bottom part of the urn. The excavation of the grave created a pit of 56 cm in diameter. Urn grave. Indiff. 30 to 40 years old.
Grave goods 1. Lower part of a vessel/urn with a conical neck. Grey on the exterior, reddish-brown on the interior, bd: 170; wt: 7 9 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.35.1. (Fig. 57.6). 2a. Fragment of an artefact used for unknown purposes: bent bronze plate, not restored. Wi: 20; th: 2 mm; we: 3.8 g. Id. No.: 48.67817.35.2. 2b-c. Bronze wire fragments (2 pieces). L: 4 and 8; th: 2 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.35.3.

A 36/45. srt (58. bra 1 2) az IJ-14 mezben augusztus 25 26-n trtuk fel. Talajmvelssel ersen bolygatott terlet ednytredkekkel s kalcintumokkal. Az urna kalcintumokkal (516 g) in situ kerlt kiemelsre. 76 cm tmrj gdr keletkezett a leletek felszedst kveten. Urnasr. N, 20 30 ves.
Mellkletek 1. Kpos nyak edny/urna, vllon kis btykdsszel, a has kzpvonalig fgglegesen kannelrzott, szrke. Perem- s fenkrsze hinyzik. Fv: 6 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.36.1. (58. bra 4, 76. bra 3). 2. Gmbstest edny perem- s oldaltredkei, vrsbarna, fv: 8 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.36.2. Az urna aljn a mhelybeni bontsakor az albbiak kerltek el: - Bronzhuzal. H: 60; v: 3 mm; s: 1,84 g. Nysz.: 48.67817.36.3. (58. bra 3). - Oldaltredk. Kavicsos sovnyts, kvl szrksbarna, bell szrke, fv: 11 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.36.4.

Grave 36/45 (Figs. 58.1 2) (25th 26th August) was excavated in excavation unit IJ-14. There were vessel fragments heavily disturbed by ploughing and calcined bones. The urn containing the calcined bones (516 g) was lifted out in situ. The opening of the grave and removal of the finds created a pit of 76 cm in diameter. Urn grave. Female, 20 to 30 years old.
Grave goods 1. Vessel/urn with a conical neck. There is a small knob on the shoulder and vertical channelling reaching the middle of the body, grey. Its rim and bottom part are missing. Wt: 6 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.36.1. (Figs. 58.4, 76.3). 2. Rim and body fragments of a spherical-shaped vessel, reddish-brown, wt: 8 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.36.2. During the opening of the urn in the workshop the following artefacts were found: - Bronze wire. L: 60; wi: 3 mm, we: 1.84 g. Id. No.: 48.67817.36.3. (Fig. 58.3). - Body fragment. It is tempered with pebbles, greyishbrown on the exterior, grey on the interior, wt: 11 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.36.4.

A 37/46. srt (58. bra 5) az IJ-13 mezben augusztus 27-n trtuk fel. A talajmvelssel szinte megsemmistett sr foltja nem ltszott. 4045 cm-es terleten jelentkeztek az ednytredkek. A hamvak srba helyezsnek eredeti mdja nem hatrozhat meg.
Mellklet - Fazk (?)/urna, benyomkodott perem, lcdszes (?) vrsbarna, nem pozcionlhat oldaltredkei (46 db). Fv: 7 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.37.1. (58. bra 6).

Grave 37/46 (Fig. 58.5) (27th August) was excavated in excavation unit IJ-13. The contour of the grave fill was not visible since it was completely destroyed by ploughing. Vessel fragments were discovered on a patch of 4045 cm. The original method of placing the calcined bones in the grave cannot be determined.
Grave goods - Body fragments of a pot(?)/urn with inverted rim and applied rib ornaments (?). It is reddish-brown, the fragments cannot be positioned and glued together (46 pieces). Wt: 7 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.37.1. (Fig. 58.6).

A 38/47. srt (59. bra 1 2) az IJ-13 mezben augusztus 26-n trtuk fel. A talajmvelssel a kalcintumokat tartalmaz edny peremt rtk el. Az urna kalcintumokkal (478 g) in situ

Grave 38/47 (Figs. 59.1 2) (26th August) was excavated in excavation unit IJ-13. The ploughing reached the rim of the vessel, which contained the calcined bones. The urn containing the calcined

78

4. Fejezet/Chapter 4 kerlt kiemelsre. Kibontott gdre 53 cm tmrj. Urnasr. Frfi (?), 20 30 ves s egy 3 5 ves gyermek.
Mellklet 1. Kpos nyak edny/urna, kihajl perem, vrsbarna. F: 123 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.38.1. (59. bra 3).

bones (478 g) was lifted out in situ. The grave pit was 58 cm in diameter after excavation. Urn grave. Male (?), 20 to 30 years old, and a child 3 to 5 years old.
Grave goods 1. Vessel/urn with a conical neck and everted rim, reddishbrown. Bd: 123 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.38.1. (Fig. 59.3).

A 39/48. srt (60. bra 1 2) az IJ-13 mezben augusztus 27 29-n trtuk fel. A talajmvelssel enyhn megbolygattk, illetve a fld slya sszenyomta, hiszen az urna (1a) peremrsze berogyott. A sr foltja nem ltszott, terlett csak az ednytredkek jeleztk. A kibontst kveten kialakul gdr tmrje 60 cm. in situ emeltk ki az urnt (1a) kalcintumokkal (136 g), benne/rajta egy tllal (3) s a palackot (2) is. Az urnt teht a tllal fedtk le. Urnasr. Indiff. 20 x ves.
Mellkletek 1. Gmbstest edny/urna, rvid, hengeres nyakkal. Szrke, fekete foltos. F: kb. 100 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.39.3. (60. bra 5). 2. Palack-szer edny az urntl szaknyugatra. Vlln t vzszintes besimts. Foltokban vrsbarna s szrke. M: 180; f: 60; sz: 101 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.39.1. (60. bra 3, 78. bra 3). 3. Tl, fels rsze restaurlt. Foltokban vrsbarna s szrke. Sz: 166 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.39.2. (60. bra 4). Bonts kzben, pontosan nem azonosthat helyrl szrmaznak: - Tl, gmbszeletalak, vilgosbarna peremtredke. Fv: 4 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.39.4. - Edny vrsbarna oldaltredkei (2 db). Fv: 6 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.39.5.

Grave 39/48 (Figs. 60.1 2) (27th 29th August) was excavated in excavation unit IJ-13. It was partly disturbed by ploughing and was partly crushed by the weight of the soil since the rim of the urn (1a) collapsed. The contour of the grave fill was not visible; it was denoted only by vessel fragments. Following the excavation the grave became 60 cm in diameter. The urn (1a), containing the calcined bones (136 g), was lifted out in situ. On top of it/in it was a bowl (3) and a bottle (2). Thus, the urn was covered with the bowl. Urn grave. Indiff. 20 to x years old.
Grave goods 1. Spherical shaped vessel/urn with a short, cylindrical neck. There are grey and black spots on the vessel. Bd: approximately 100 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.39.3. (Fig. 60.5). 2. Bottle-like vessel north-west from the urn. There are five horizontal smoothings on its shoulder. Reddishbrown and grey in patches. H: 180; bd: 60; md: 101 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.39.1. (Figs. 60.3, 78.3). 3. Bowl, its upper part is restored. Reddish-brown and grey in patches. Md: 166 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.39.2. (Fig. 60.4). Artefacts found in the grave but their exact position is unknown: - Light brown rim fragment of a semi-spherical bowl. Wt: 4 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.39.4. - Reddish-brown body fragments (2 pieces) of a vessel. Wt: 6 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.39.5.

A 40/49. srt (59. bra 4 5) az IJ-13 mezben augusztus 26 27-n trtuk fel. A talajmvelssel ersen megbolygattk, helyt csak a kermiatredkek s kalcintumok (28 g) jeleztk. A kibontst kveten egy edny als rsznek maradvnyai trultak fel, kalcintumokkal. Urnasr. A kalcintumokat tartalmaz edny 10 cm-re volt a 49/59. srtl. Az is elkpzelhet, hogy a jelensg akr egy egyed temetkezseknt rtelmezhet. Indiff. 10 20 ves.
Mellkletek 1. Kpos nyak edny (?)/urna als rsze. Barnsszrke, f: 111 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.40.1. (59. bra 6). - Ednytredkek (2 db). Vrsbarna, fv: 6 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.40.2.

Grave 40/49 (Figs. 59.4 5) (26th 27th August) was excavated in excavation unit IJ-13. Its remains were denoted by vessel fragments heavily disturbed by ploughing, and by calcined bones (28 g). Upon opening the grave remains of a lower part of a vessel were found containing calcined bones. Urn grave. The vessel containing the calcined bones was found at a distance of 10 cm from Grave 49/59. It is possible that it belonged to the burial of the same person. Indiff. 10 to 20 years old.
Grave goods 1. Lower part of a vessel (?)/urn with a conical neck. Brownish-grey, bd: 111 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.40.1. (Fig. 59.6). - Vessel fragments (2 pieces). Reddish-brown, wt: 6 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.40.2.

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VIA 2
- Oldaltredk, kvl vrsbarna, bell fekete. Fv: 8 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.40.3. - Body fragments, reddish-brown on the exterior, black on the interior. Wt: 8 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.40.3.

A 41/50. srt (61. bra 1) az IJ-13 mezben augusztus 26 27. s 29-n trtuk fel. A talajmvelssel megbolygattk. Helyt csak a kermiatredkek jeleztk. A bonts sorn egy urna fenkrsze (1) kerlt el kalcintumokkal (48 g), illetve egy 40 cm tmrj gdr keletkezett. Urnasr. Indiff. 7 12 ves.
Mellkletek 1. Kpos nyak edny (?)/urna als rsze. Kvl szrke, bell vrsbarna, kavicsos sovnyts. F: 70 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.41.1. 2. Bgre tredkei. Sttszrke, fv: 4 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.41.2.

Grave 41/50 (Fig. 61.1) (26th 27th, 29th August) was excavated in excavation unit IJ-13. It was disturbed by ploughing. Only vessel fragments marked its location. In the grave a bottom part of an urn (1) was found with calcined bones (48 g), and a pit of 40 cm in diameter was created. Urn grave. Indiff. 7 to 12 years old.
Grave goods 1. Lower part of a vessel (?)/urn with a conical neck. Grey on the exterior, reddish-brown on the interior, tempered with pebbles. Bd: 70 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.41.1. 2. Fragments of a mug. Dark grey, wt: 4 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.41.2.

A 45/54. srt (61. bra 2 3) az IJ-15 mezben szeptember 1-n trtuk fel. A talajmvelssel megbolygattk. A gpi humuszolst s a nyesst kveten csak a kermiatredkek jeleztk a helyt. A bontskor egy bgrt (1), a fenekvel felfel (?) fordtva talltunk. Ez az urna felett volt. A hamvakat (4 g) tartalmaz urnt (2) a 40 45 cm tmrj, bizonytalan szl srgdrben dokumentltuk. Urnasr . Indiff. 4 10 ves.
Mellkletek (Nem voltak sszellthatk. llapotuk s mretk miatt nem rajzolhatk.) 1. Bgre (?) homokkal s kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott, szrks-vrses perem-, oldal- s fenktredkei. Fv: 3 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.45.2. 2. Kpos nyak edny/urna, kzzel formlt, homokkal s kaviccsal sovnytott, vrses sznre getett, perem (1 db)- s oldaltredkei (3 db). Fv: 6 10 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.45.1.

Grave 45/54 (Figs. 61.2 3) (1st September) was excavated in excavation unit IJ-15. It was disturbed by ploughing. Following the mechanical removal of the topsoil and scraping, only vessel fragments marked its location. During the excavation one mug (1) was found turned upside down (?). It was above the urn. The urn (2), containing the calcined bones (4 g), was documented in the grave pit, which was 40 45 cm in diameter but its sides were indefinite. Urn grave. Indiff. 4 to 10 years old.
Grave goods (Not possible to glue them together. Not possible to draw them due to their condition and size.) 1. Greyish-reddish rim, body and bottom fragments of a mug (?), tempered with sand and grog. Wt: 3 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.45.2. 2. Rim (1 piece) and body fragments (3 pieces) of a vessel/urn with a conical neck, handmade, burnt to red, tempered with sand and pebbles. Wt: 6 10 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.45.1.

A 47/55. sr (61. bra 4) az IJ-15 mezben augusztus 25-n lett feltrva. A gpi humuszols szintjnek mlytsekor kerlt el, a korbbi talajmvels a tetejt megbolygatta. Az ovlis srgdr 3540 cm-es mret, s a humuszolt szinttl mg 15 25 cm-t mlyed az altalajba. Innen in situ emeltk ki a hamvakat (240 g) tartalmaz edny als rsznek maradkt. Urnasr. Frfi (?), 20 30 ves.
Mellklet 1. Kpos nyak edny (?)/urna fenk- s oldaltredkei. Homokkal, kaviccsal s kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott, kvl fekete, bell szrke. F: 145 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.47.1. (61. bra 5).

The remains of Grave 47/55 (Fig. 61.4) (25th August) was excavated in excavation unit IJ-15. It was discovered while removing a thicker layer of the topsoil using machinery. Earlier ploughing disturbed its upper part. The grave pit is oval in shape, 3540 cm in size and from the surface of the excavation it deepened to a further 15 25 cm. The remains of the lower part of the vessel containing the calcined bones (240 g) were lifted out in situ. Urn grave. Male (?), 20 to 30 years old.
Grave goods 1. Bottom and body fragments of a vessel (?)/urn with a conical neck. The vessel is tempered with sand, pebbles and grog, black on the exterior, grey on the interior. Bd: 145 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.47.1. (Fig. 61.5).

80

4. Fejezet/Chapter 4 A 48/56. sr (62. bra 1 4) az IJ-14 mezben augusztus 28-n lett feltrva. Az SNR 46. gdr bontsakor jelentkezett. A 90 cm tmrj srgdr a srga altalajtl jl elvlt, a 46/26. gdr azonban vgta s megbolygatta a kalcintumokat (494 g) tartalmaz urna dli rszt. Ezrt nhny ednytredke s a kalcintumok kisebb rsze abbl is elkerlt. Az urnt in situ szedtk fel. Urnasr. Frfi (?), 30 40 ves.
Mellkletek 1. Kpos nyak edny/urna, finom s durva kavicscsal s kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott, barna. Bell, az oldaln gyants javts nyomaival. M: 365; sz: 220; f: 120 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.48.1. (62. bra 5, 76. bra 4). Bevonatnak vizsglatrl a 8. fejezetben esik sz. - Gmbs test edny homokkal s kaviccsal sovnytott, vrses szrke fenk-, oldal- s kihajl peremnek tredkei. Fv: 7 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.48.2. - Oldaltredk, homokkal s kaviccsal sovnytott, kvl sttszrke, bell sttbarna. Fv: 9 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.48.3. - Oldaltredk, homokkal s kaviccsal sovnytott, szrke. Fv: 9 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.48.4. - Vastredk, ersen oxidldott. H: 76; sz: 25 mm; s: 56 g. Nysz.: 48.67817.48.5.

Grave 48/56 (Figs. 62.1 4) (28th August) was excavated in excavation unit IJ-14. It appeared during the excavation of Pit SU 46. The grave pit was 90 cm in diameter and was well-distinguished from the yellow subsoil, but Pit 46/26 cut into the southern part of the urn, which contained the calcined bones (494 g) and subsequently disturbed it. Therefore some of the vessel fragments and calcined bones were lifted out from the pit. The urn was lifted out in situ. Urn grave. Male (?), 30 to 40 years old.
Grave goods 1. Vessel/urn with a conical neck, tempered with fine and rough pebbles and grog, brown. On its interior traces of resin are visible, which was used for mending the fragments. H: 365; md: 220; bd: 120 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.48.1. (Figs. 62.5, 76.4). The analysis of the mending material is detailed in Chapter 8. - Bottom and everted rim fragments of a sphericalshaped vessel, tempered with sand and pebbles, reddish-grey. Wt: 7 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.48.2. - Body fragment, tempered with sand and pebbles, dark grey on the exterior, dark brown on the interior. Wt: 9 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.48.3. - Body fragment, tempered with sand and pebbles, grey. Wt: 9 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.48.4. - Iron fragment, heavily oxidized. L: 76; wi: 25 mm; we: 56 g. Id. No.: 48.67817.48.5.

A 49/57. srt (59. bra 4 5) az IJ-13 mezben augusztus 26 27. s 29-n trtuk fel. A talajmvelssel ersen megbolygattk, helyt csak a kermiatredkek s kalcintumok jeleztk. A kibontst kveten egy edny als rsznek maradvnyai trultak fel, kalcintumokkal (26 g), s mindezeket in situ emeltk ki. Urnasr. A kalcintumokat tartalmaz edny 10 cm-re volt a 40/59. srtl. Az is elkpzelhet, hogy a jelensg akr egy egyed temetkezseknt rtelmezhet. Indiff. 15 25 ves.
Mellkletek 1. Kpos nyak edny (?)/urna als rsze. Kaviccsal s kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott, sttszrke. F: 116 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.49.1. (59. bra 7). - Oldaltredk. Homokkal s kaviccsal sovnytott, sttszrke s vrs szn. Fv: 6 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.49.2.

Grave 49/57 (Figs. 59.4 5) (26th 27th, 29th August ) was excavated in excavation unit IJ-13. It was heavily disturbed by ploughing; only vessel fragments and calcined bones denoted its location. Upon opening the grave the remains of a lower part of a vessel were found containing calcined bones (26 g). They were lifted out in situ. Urn grave. The vessel, containing the calcined bones, was found at a distance of 10 cm from Grave 40/59. It is possible that this burial belongs to the same person. Indiff. 15 to 25 years old.
Grave goods 1. Lower part of a vessel (?)/urn with a conical neck. It is tempered with pebbles and grog, dark grey. Bd: 116 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.49.1. (Fig. 59.7). - Body fragment. It is tempered with sand and pebbles, dark grey and red in colour. Wt: 6 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.49.2.

A 65/60. srt (63. bra 1 2) az IJ-15 mezben szeptember 1 3. kztt trtuk fel. A talajmvelssel ersen bolygatott sr foltja nem ltszott, csak ednytredkek s kalcintumok jelentkez-

Grave 65/60 (Figs. 63.1 2) (1st 3rd September) was excavated in excavation unit IJ-15. The contour of the grave fill was not visible, only vessel fragments heavily disturbed by ploughing, and calcined bones marked

81

VIA 2 tek. A kibonts vgre jl ltszott: az ednytredkek s a kalcintumok (105 g) teljesen rendszertelenl vannak. 170100 cm-es sekly gdr keletkezett a kibonts vgre, ami valsznleg nem azonos a srgdrrel. A hamvak srba helyezsnek eredeti mdja nem hatrozhat meg. Indiff. 20 30 ves.
Mellkletek - Tl, gmbszeletalak. Kavicsos s homokos sovnyts, szrke. Sz: 103 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.65.1. (63. bra 5). - Peremtredk. Kavicsos s homokos sovnyts, barna. Fv: 4 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.65.2. - Tl, behzott perem. Kavicsos s homokos sovnyts, szrksbarna. Fv: 4 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.65.3. - Cssze (?) peremtredke. Homokos sovnyts, szrksbarna. Fv: 4 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.65.4. - Peremtredk. Kavicsos sovnyts, vrs. Fv: 7 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.65.5. - Peremtredk. Homokos sovnyts, fekete. Fv: 8 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.65.6. - Gmbs test edny nyak-, oldal-, alagtfl- s fenktredke (14 db). Kavicsos s homokos sovnyts, barna. Fv: 6 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.65.7. - Omphalosos fenek edny tredkei. Kavicsos s homokos sovnyts, szrke (5 db). Fv: 5 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.65.8. - Bgre tredkei, szalagfl indtsval. Kavicsos s homokos sovnyts, szrke. Fv: 5 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.65.9. - Cssze (?) fenkoldal s oldaltredkei, a vll alatt skozott. Kavicsos s homokos sovnyts, szrksbarna. Fv: 6 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.65.10. (63. bra 4). - Oldaltredk. Kavicsos s homokos sovnyts, vrsbarna. Fv: 4 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.65.11. - Oldaltredk. Kavicsos s homokos sovnyts, vrsbarna. Fv: 6 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.65.12. - Oldaltredk. Kavicsos s homokos sovnyts, fekete. Fv: 10 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.65.13. - Oldaltredk. Homokos sovnyts, tglavrs. Fv: 4 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.65.14. - Nyaktredk. Homokos sovnyts, vrsbarna. Fv: 6 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.65.15. - Fenk- s oldaltredk. Kavicsos s homokos sovnyts, szrksbarna. Fv: 4 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.65.16. - Hromszgletes tmetszet fl, csapolssal. Homokos sovnyts, szrke. Fv: 7 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.65.17. (63. bra 3)

its location. By the end of the excavation it became clear that the vessel fragments and calcined bones (105 g) were heavily disturbed. A shallow, 170100 cm large pit was created during the excavation but it is probably not the grave pit itself. The original method of placing the calcined bones in the grave cannot be determined. Indiff. 20 to 30 years old.
Grave goods - Semi-spherical bowl. It is tempered with pebbles and sand, grey. Md: 103 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.65.1. (Fig. 63.5). - Rim fragment. It is tempered with pebbles and sand, brown. Wt: 4 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.65.2. Bowl with an inverted rim. It is tempered with pebbles and sand, greyish-brown. Wt: 4 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.65.3. - Body fragment of a cup (?). It is tempered with sand, greyish-brown. Wt: 4 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.65.4. - Rim fragment. It is tempered with pebbles, red. Wt: 7 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.65.5. - Rim fragment. It is tempered with sand, black. Wt: 8 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.65.6. - Neck, body, tunnel handle and bottom fragments (14 pieces) of a spherical-shaped vessel. The vessel is tempered with pebbles and sand, brown. Wt: 6 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.65.7. - Fragments of an omphalic-bottomed vessel. The vessel is tempered with pebbles and sand, grey (5 pieces). Wt: 5 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.65.8. - Fragments of a mug with a strap handle stub. The vessel is tempered with pebbles and sand, grey. Wt: 5 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.65.9. - Bottom and body fragments of a cup (?), facetted below the shoulder. The vessel is tempered with pebbles and sand, greyish-brown. Wt: 6 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.65.10. (Fig. 63.4). - Body fragment. It is tempered with pebbles and sand, reddish-brown. Wt: 4 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.65.11. - Body fragment. It is tempered with pebbles and sand, reddish-brown. Wt: 6 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.65.12. - Body fragment. It is tempered with pebbles and sand, black. Wt: 10 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.65.13. - Body fragment. It is tempered with sand, brick red. Wt: 4 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.65.14. - Neck fragment. It is tempered with sand, reddishbrown. Wt: 6 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.65.15. - Bottom fragment. It is tempered with pebbles and sand, greyish-brown. Wt: 4 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.65.16. - Handle with a triangular cross-section with morticeand-tenon joint. It is tempered with sand, grey. Wt: 7 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.65.17. (Fig. 63.3).

A 66/61. srt (64. bra 1 2) az IJ-15 mezben szept. 1 2-n trtuk fel. A talajmvelssel ersen bolygatott sr foltja nem, csak ednytredkek (120120 cm-es folton) s kevs kalcintum (26 g) jelentkezett. A hamvak srba helyezsnek eredeti mdja nem hatrozhat meg. Indiff. 15 20 ves.

Grave 66/61 (Figs. 64.1 2) (1st 2nd September) was excavated in excavation unit IJ-15. The contour of the grave fill was not visible as it was heavily disturbed by ploughing. Vessel fragments (in a patch of 120120 cm) and calcined bones (26 g) marked its location. The original method of placing the calcined bones in the grave cannot be determined. Indiff. 15 to 20 years old.

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4. Fejezet/Chapter 4
Mellkletek - Tl, behzott perem, perem- s oldaltredkei. Homokkal s kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott, szrksbarna. Fv: 5 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.66.1. (64. bra 3). - Tl, behzott perem, perem- s oldaltredkei. Homokkal sovnytott, vrs szn. Fv: 6 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.66.2. (64. bra 4). - Oldaltredk. Kavicsos s homokos sovnyts, vrsbarna. Fv: 8. Nysz.: 48.67817.66.3. - Oldaltredk, jellegtelen, barna. Fv: 5 mm. Nysz.: 48.6781.66.4. - Kpos nyak edny oldaltredke. 3 besimtssal dsztett. Kavicsos s homokos sovnyts, szrke. Fv: 8 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.66.5. - Oldaltredk. Kavicsos s homokos sovnyts, vrsbarna. Fv: 6 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.66.6. - Fenk- s oldaltredk (9 db). Kavicsos s homokos sovnyts, vrsbarna. Fv: 8 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.66.7. - Fenk- s oldaltredk (3 db). Csillmmal sovnytott, fekete. Fv: 8 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.66.8. Grave goods - Rim and body fragments of a bowl with an inverted rim. The vessel was tempered with sand and grog, greyishbrown. Wt: 5 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.66.1. (Fig. 64.3). - Rim and body fragments of a bowl with an inverted rim. The vessel was tempered with sand, red in colour. Wt: 6 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.66.2. (Fig. 64.4). - Body fragment. It is tempered with pebbles and sand, reddish-brown. Wt: 8 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.66.3. - Insignificant body fragment, brown. Wt: 5 mm. Id. No.: 48.6781.66.4. - Body fragment of a vessel with a conical neck. It is decorated with three smoothings. It is tempered with pebbles and sand, grey. Wt: 8 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.66.5. - Body fragment. It is tempered with pebbles and sand, reddish-brown. Wt: 6 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.66.6. - Bottom and body fragments (9 pieces). They are tempered with pebbles and sand, reddish-brown. Wt: 8 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.66.7. - Bottom and body fragments (3 pieces). They are tempered with mica, black. Wt: 8 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.66.8.

4.2 Urnamezs kor telepjelensgek lersa


2/14. gdr az IJ-17 kutatsi mezben. Kibonts utn 6070 cm-es tmrj, relatv mlysge 19 cm.
Leletanyaga: jellegtelen perem- s oldaltredkek (3 db). Nysz.: 48.67817.2.1.

4.2 Description of settlement features from the Urnfield period


Pit 2/14 is situated in excavation unit IJ-17. It is 6070 cm in diameter following its opening, its relative depth is 19 cm.
Finds: insignificant rim and body fragments (3 pieces). Id. No.: 48.67817.2.1.

4-5-6/8. kemenck s hamuzgdrk az IJ-13 kutatsi mezben jelentkeztek. A humuszols szintjtl mrt relatv mlysgk 10 15 cm. A helyesebben inkbb alig tgett fellet tzelhelyek tmrje 60 s 70 cm. A hamuz/munkagdr mrete: 230160 cm.
Leletanyaga: 1 db jellegtelen oldaltredk, Nysz.: 48.67817.6.1.

Ovens 4-5-6/8 and their ash pits were found in excavation unit IJ-13. Their relative depth from the level of the soil removal is 10 15 cm. The size of the firing places, as we can refer to them more correctly since their surface is hardly burnt through, is 60 to 70 cm in diameter. The size of the ash/work pit is: 230x160 cm.
Finds: one piece of insignificant body fragment. Id. No.: 48.67817.6.1.

23/33. clplyuk az IJ-15 kutatsi mezben. tm: 41; relatv mlysge 18 cm.
Leletanyaga: jellegtelen oldaltredk (2 db). Nysz.: 48.67817.23.1.

Posthole 23/33 is situated in excavation unit IJ15. D: 41; its relative depth is 18 cm.
Finds: insignificant body fragments (2 pieces). Id. No.: 48.67817.23.1.

43/52. gdr az IJ-12 kutatsi mezben. 128x100 cm-es nagysg, relatv mlysge 20 30 cm.
Leletanyaga: - Bgre (?), omphalosos. Kvl vrsbarna, bell fekete. F: 50 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.43.1. (65. bra 2). - Gmbstest edny szalagfllel. Kavicsos sovnyts, vilgosszrke. F: 50; fl sz: 42 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.43.2. (65. bra 1). - Cssze, szalagfle. Kavicsos sovnyts, szrke s barna foltos. Fl sz: 31 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.43.3. (65. bra 7).

Pit 43/52 is situated in excavation unit IJ-12. Size: 128100; relative depth: 20 30 cm.
Finds: - Mug(?) with an omphalic bottom. Reddish-brown on the exterior, black on the interior. Bd: 50 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.43.1. (Fig. 65.2). - Spherical-shaped vessel with a strap handle. It is tempered with pebbles, light grey. Bd: 50; Wi of handle: 42 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.43.2. (Fig. 65.1). - Strap handle of a cup. It is tempered with pebbles,

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- Cssze perem- fenk- s oldaltredke, szrke, fv: 3 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.43.4. (65. bra 9). - Cssze. Szrke s barna foltos. Fv: 6 8 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.43.6. (65. bra 10). - Tl, behzott perem, kvl skozott. Barna, szrke foltokkal. Fv: 5 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.43.5. (65. bra 3). - Tl, behzott perem, kvl skozott. Apr kaviccsal sovnytott, kvl barna, bell szrke. Fv: 5 6 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.43.8. (65. bra 4). - Tl, behzott perem, kvl skozott. Kvl szrke s barna foltos, bell szrke. Fv: 4 5 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.43.9. (65. bra 5). - Peremtredk btykkel, szrke, fv: 7 mm. Nysz.: 48.67817.43.10. (65. bra 8). grey and brown in spots. Wi of handle: 31 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.43.3. (Fig. 65.7). -Rim and bottom fragments of a cup, grey, wt: 3 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.43.4. (Fig. 65.9). - Cup. Grey and brown in spots. Wt: 6 8 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.43.6. (Fig. 65.10). - Bowl with an inverted rim, facetted on the exterior. Brown with grey spots. Wt: 5 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.43.5. (Fig. 65.3). - Bowl with an inverted rim, smoothed on the exterior. It is tempered with small pebbles, brown on the exterior, grey on the interior. Wt: 5 6 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.43.8. (Fig. 65.4). - Bowl with an inverted rim, facetted on the exterior. Grey and brown in patches on the exterior, grey on the interior. Wt: 4 5 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.43.9. (Fig. 65.5). - Rim fragment with a knob, grey, wt: 7 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.43.10. (Fig. 65.8).

Szrvnyknt, SNR 71. jelzssel a JJ-12 kutatsi egysgben szeptember 2-n az altalajba gyazdva egy hromszgletes tmetszet, hegyesed, velt, nttt bronzkarika vagy karperec vgnek tredkt talltuk meg. H: 31; sz: 5 mm; s: 1,1 g. Nysz.: 48.67817.71.1. (65. bra 6).

Stray finds, SU 71: end fragment of a bronze bracelet or cast ring was found in excavation unit JJ-12 on the 2nd of September, its cross-section is triangular, and the object itself is tipped and arched. It was found in the subsoil. L: 31; wi: 5 mm; we: 1.1 g. Id. No.: 48.67817.71.1. (Fig. 65.6).

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4
3 4

37. bra. 3/15. s 7/16. sr: 13. 3/15. sr: 1. Alap- s metszetrajz; 2. Urna (1. sz. mellklet; Nysz.: 48.67817.3.1); 3. Tltredk (Nysz.: 48.67817.3.2); 45. 7/16. sr: 4. Alaprajz; 5. Bronzkarika (1. sz. mellklet; Nysz.: 48.67817.7.1) Figure 37. Graves 3/15 and 7/16: 13. Grave 3/15: 1. Outline and section drawing; 2. Urn (Grave good No. 1; Id. No.: 48.67817.3.1); 3. Bowl fragment (Id. No.: 48.67817.3.2); 45. Grave 7/16: 4. Outline drawing; 5. Bronze ring (Grave good No. 1; Id. No.: 48.67817.7.1) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Urna/Urn; 2. Bronztrgy/Bronze artefact; 3. Kalcintum/Calcined bones; 4. Srgsbarna, humuszos-agyagos talaj/Brownish-yellow humiferous and clayey soil

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38. bra. 8/17. sr: 1. Feltrs kzben; 2. Alap- s metszetrajz; 34. In situ edny a restaurtor mhelyben Figure 38. Grave 8/17: 1. Excavation of the Grave; 2. Outline and section drawing of the Grave; 34. In situ vessel in the restoration workshop Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Urna/Urn; 2, 5. Cssze/Cup; 3. Fazk/Pot; 4. Tl/Bowl; 6. Srgsbarna, humuszos-agyagos talaj/Brownish-yellow humiferous and clayey soil

86

4. Fejezet/Chapter 4

5
39. bra. 8/17. sr mellkletei: 1. Edny/urna (Nysz.: 48.67817.8.1;) 23. Cssze (Nysz.: 48.67817.8.2, 5); 4. Fazk (Nysz.: 48.67817.8.4); 5. Tl (Nysz.: 48.67817.8.3) Figure 39. Grave goods of Grave 8/17: 1. Vessel/urn (Id. No.: 48.67817.8.1;) 23. Cups (Id. Nos.: 48.67817.8.2, 5); 4. Pot (Id. No.: 48.67817.8.4); 5. Bowl (Id. No.: 48.67817.8.3)

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VIA 2

40. bra. 9/18. sr: 12. Feltrs kzben; 3. Alap- s metszetrajz; 45. Rszletfot Figure 40. Grave 9/18: 12. Photos during the excavation; 3. Outline and section drawing of the Grave; 45. Detail photos Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Urna/Urn; 2, 5, 10. Cssze/Cup; 3. Edny/Vessel; 4, 8. Tl/Bowl; 6. Bronz edny/Bronze vessel; 7. Bronz/Bronze detritus; 9. Bronzks/Bronze knife; 11. Kalcintum/Calcined bones

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41. bra. 9/18. sr mellkletei: 12, 6. Tl (Nysz.: 48.67817.9.67, 4); 3. Urna (Nysz.: 48.67817.9.1); 4. Bronzks (Nysz.: 48.67817.9.13); 5, 9. Cssze (Nysz.: 48.67817.9.2, 5);7. Edny (Nysz.: 48.67817.9.3); 8. Bronzedny (Nysz.: 48.67817.9.12) Figure 41. Grave goods of Grave 9/18: 12, 6. Bowls (Id. Nos.: 48.67817.9.67, 4); 3. Urn (Id. No.: 48.67817.9.1); 4. Bronze knife (Id. No.: 48.67817.9.13); 5, 9. Cups (Id. Nos.: 48.67817.9.2, 5); 7. Vessel (Nysz.: 48.67817.9.3); 8. Bronze vessel (Nysz.: 48.67817.9.12)

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VIA 2

42. bra. 10/19. sr: 1. Feltrs kzben; 2. Alap- s metszetrajz Figure 42. Grave 10/19: 1. Excavation of the Grave; 2. Outline and section drawing of the Grave Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Urna/Urn; 2. Kalcintum/Calcined bones; 3. Srgsbarna humuszos talaj/Brownish-yellow humiferous soil

90

4. Fejezet/Chapter 4

43. bra. 11/20. s 14/23. sr: 1. 11/20. sr alaprajz; 2. 14/23. sr feltrs kzben; 3. 14/23. sr alaprajz Figure 43. Graves 11/20 and 14/23: 1. Outline of Grave 11/20; 2. Excavation of Grave 14/23; 3. Outline of Grave 14/23 Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Urna/Urn; 2. Ednytredk/Vessel fragment; 3. Kalcintum/Calcined bones

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VIA 2

44. bra. 12/21. sr: 1. Alap- s metszetrajz; 2. Edny/urna (Nysz.: 48.67817.12.1,3); 3. Bgre (Nysz.: 48.67817.12.2); 4. Edny a restaurtormhelyben; 59. llatcsontbl gyngyk (Nysz.: 48.67817.12.59) Figure 44. Grave 12/21: 1. Outline and section drawing of the Grave; 2. Vessel/urn (Id. No.: 48.67817.12.1,3); 3. Mug (Id. No.: 48.67817.12.2); 4. Vessel in the restoration workshop; 59. Beads, made of animal bone (Id. Nos.: 48.67817.12.59) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Urna/Urn; 2. Srgsbarna, humuszos-agyagos talaj/Brownish-yellow humiferous and clayey soil

92

4. Fejezet/Chapter 4

45. bra. 15 / 24, 17 / 27. s 18 / 28. sr: 1. 15 / 24. sr alap- s metszetrajz; 2. 17 / 27. sr alap- s metszetrajz; 3. 18 / 28. sr alap- s metszetrajz; 4. 18 / 28. sr edny (Nysz.: 48.67817.18.1) Figure 45. Graves 15 / 24, 17 / 27. and 18 / 28: 1. Outline and section drawing of Grave 15 / 24; 2. Outline and section drawing of Grave 17 / 27; 3. Outline and section drawing of Grave 18 / 28; 4. Vessel of Grave 18 / 28 (Id. No.: 48.67817.18.1) Jelmagyarzat / Legend: 1. Ednytredk / Vessel fragment; 2. Urna / Urn; 3. Bgre / Mug; 4. Edny / urna oldaltredkei / Body fragments of a vessel / urn (Nysz / Id. No.: 48.67817.18.2); 5. Kalcintum / Calcined bones; 6. Faszn / Charcoal; 7. Srgsbarna, humuszos-agyagos talaj / Brownish-yellow humiferous and clayey soil

93

VIA 2

46. bra. 16/25. sr s 46/26. gdr: 12. A sr s a gdr feltrs kzben; 3. 16/25. sr alap- s metszetrajz; 4. 16/25. sr tlszer fazk/urna (Nysz.: 48.67817.16.1) Figure 46. Grave 16/25 and pit 46/26: 12. Excavation of the Grave and the Pit; 3. Outline and section drawing of Grave 16/25; 4. Bowl-like pot/urn of Grave 16/25 (Id. No.: 48.67817.16.1) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Urna/Urn; 2. Bgre/Mug; 3. Edny/Vessel; 4. Kalcintum/Calcined bones; 5. Pit 46/26; 6. Brownish-yellow humic clay soil

94

4. Fejezet/Chapter 4

47. bra. 19/29. sr: 1. Metszetfot; 2. Teljesen feltrt; 3. Alap- s metszetrajz; 45. Bgre (Nysz.: 48.67817.19.2, 3); 6. Edny/urna (Nysz.: 48.67817.19.1) Figure 47. Grave 19/29: 1. Section photo; 2. Photo of the excavated Grave; 3. Outline and section drawing of the Grave; 45. Mugs (Id. Nos.: 48.67817.19.2, 3); 6. Vessel/urn (Id. No.: 48.67817.19.1) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Urna/Urn; 23. Bgre/Mugs; 4. Kalcintum/Calcined bones; 5. Srgsbarna, humuszos-agyagos talaj/Brownish-yellow humiferous and clayey soil

95

VIA 2

48. bra. 20/30. sr: 1. Feltrs kzben; 2. Metszetfot; 3. Teljesen feltrt; 4. Alap- s metszetrajz Figure 48. Grave 20/30: 1. Excavation of the Grave; 2. Section photo; 3. Photo of the excavated Grave; 4. Outline and section drawing of the Grave Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Urna/Urn; 2. Fazk/Pot; 3, 6. Ednytredk/Vessel fragments; 4. Tl/Bowl; 5. Cssze/Cup; 7. Bronz/Bronze ; 8. Kalcintum/Calcined bones; 9. Srgsbarna, humuszos-agyagos talaj/Brownish-yellow humiferous and clayey soil

96

4. Fejezet/Chapter 4

49. bra. 20/30. sr mellkletei: 12, 4. Cssze (Nysz.: 48.67817.20.46); 3. Fazk (Nysz.: 48.67817.20.3); 5. Edny/urna (Nysz.: 48.67817.20.1) 6. Bronz spirlgyngy (Nysz.: 48.67817.20.12); 7. Fed (Nysz.: 48.67817.20.8); 8. Tl (Nysz.: 48.67817.20.2) Figure 49. Grave goods of Grave 20/30: 12, 4. Cups (Id. Nos.: 48.67817.20.46); 3. Pot (Id. No.: 48.67817.20.3); 5. Vessel/urn (Id. No.: 48.67817.20.1) 6. Bronze spiral bead (Id. No.: 48.67817.20.12); 7. Lid (Id. No.: 48.67817.20.8); 8. Bowl (Id. No.: 48.67817.20.2)

97

VIA 2

50. bra. 22/32. sr: 1. Feltrs kzben; 2. Alap- s metszetrajz; 3. Fazk (Nysz.: 48.67817.22.3); 4. Bgretredk (Nysz.: 48.67817.22.4); 5. Bronz kshegy (Nysz.: 48.67817.22.7); 67. Bronz huzalkarika (Nysz.: 48.67817.22.5, 6); 8. Edny/urna (Nysz.: 48.67817.22.1) Figure 50. Grave 22/32: 1. Excavation of the Grave; 2. Outline and section drawing of the Grave; 3. Pot (Id. No.: 48.67817.22.3); 4. Fragment of a mug (Id. No.: 48.67817.22.4); 5. Tip of bronze knife (Id. No.: 48.67817.22.7); 67. Bronze wire rings (Id. Nos.: 48.67817.22.5, 6); 8. Vessel/urn (Id. No.: 48.67817.22.1) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Urna/Urn; 2. Ednytredk/Vessel fragment; 3. Kalcintum/Calcined bones; 4. Srgsbarna, humuszos-agyagos talaj/Brownish-yellow humiferous and clayey soil

98

4. Fejezet/Chapter 4

51. bra. 24/34. s 30/39. sr: 1. 24/34. sr alap- s metszetrajz; 2. 30/39. sr feltrs kzben; 3. 30/39. sr alap- s metszetrajz Figure 51. Graves 24/34 and 30/39: 1. Outline and section drawing of Grave 30/39; 2. Excavation of Grave 30/39; 3. Outline and section drawing of Grave 30/39 Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Urna/Urn; 2. Kalcintum/Calcined bones; 3. Faszn/Charcoal; 4. Srgsbarna, humuszos-agyagos talaj/Brownish-yellow humiferous and clayey soil

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VIA 2

52. bra. 25/35. sr: 1. Metszetfot; 2. A sr ednye a restaurtor mhelyben; 3. Alap- s metszetrajz; 4. Bronzkarika/karperec (Nysz.: 48.67817.25.3); 5. Tl (Nysz.: 48.67817.25.2); 6. Edny/urna (Nysz.: 48.67817.25.1) Figure 52. Grave 25/35: 1. Section photo; 2. The vessel of the grave in the restoration workshop; 3. Outline and section drawing of the Grave; 4. Bronze ring/bracelet (Id. No.: 48.67817.25.3); 5. Bowl (Id. No.: 48.67817.25.2); 6. Vessel/urn (Id. No.: 48.67817.25.1) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Urna/Urn; 2. Kalcintum/Calcined bones; 3. Srgsbarna, humuszos-agyagos talaj/Brownish-yellow humiferous and clayey soil

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4. Fejezet/Chapter 4

53. bra. 26/36. sr: 1. Feltrs kzben; 2. Alap- s metszetrajz Figure 53. Grave 26/36: 1. Photo during the excavation; 2. Outline and section drawing Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 12. Cssze/Cups; 3. Ednytredk/Vessel fragment; 4. Kalcintum/Calcined bones; 5. Srgsbarna, humuszos-agyagos talaj/Brownish-yellow humiferous and clayey soil

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VIA 2

54. bra. 26/36. sr mellkletei: 1. Cssze bontsa; 23. Cssze (Nysz.: 48.67817.26.1, 2); 45. A kt cssze rekonstrult helyzete Figure 54. Grave goods of Grave 26/36: 1. Cup during restoration; 23. Cups (Id. Nos.: 48.67817.26.12); 45. Reconstruction of the cups' position

102

4. Fejezet/Chapter 4

A 206.04

B 206.02

50 cm 2

55. bra. 28/37. sr: 1. Feltrs kzben; 2. Alap- s metszetrajz Fibure 55. Grave 28/37: 1. Photo during the excavation; 2. Outline and section drawing Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Urna/Urn; 2. Kalcintum/Calcined bones; 3. Srgsbarna, humuszos-agyagos talaj/Brownish-yellow humiferous and clayey soil

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VIA 2

56. bra. 31/40. sr: 1. Feltrs kzben; 2. Az in situ dny a restaurtormhelyben; 3. Alap- s metszetrajz; 4. Edny (Nysz.: 48.67817.31.2); 5. Edny/urna (Nysz.: 48.67817.31.1) Figure 56. Grave 31/40: 1. Excavation of the Grave; 2. The in situ vessel in the restoration workshop; 3. Outline and section drawing of the Grave; 4. Vessel (Id. No.: 48.67817.31.2); 5. Vessel/urn (Id. No.: 48.67817.31.1) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Urna/Urn; 2. Kalcintum/Calcined bones; 3. Srgsbarna, humuszos-agyagos talaj/Brownish-yellow humiferous and clayey soil

104

4. Fejezet/Chapter 4

57. bra. 32/41, 34/43. s 35/44. sr: 1. 32/41. sr alaprajz; 2. 34/43. sr metszetfot; 3. 34/43. sr ednytredk (Nysz.: 48.67817.34.1); 46. 35/44. sr: 4. Feltrs kzben; 5. Alaprajz; 6. Edny/urna (Nysz.: 48.67817.35.1) Figure 57. Graves 32/41, 34/43 and 35/44: 1. Outline drawing of Grave 32/41; 2. Section photo of Grave 34/43; 3. Vessel fragment of Grave 34/43 (Id. No.: 48.67817.34.1); 46. Grave 35/44: 4. The grave during excavation; 5. Outline drawing; 6. Vessel/urn (Id. No.: 48.67817.35.1) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Urna/Urn; 2. Ednytredk/Vessel fragment; 3. Bronz/Bronze; 4. Kalcintum/Calcined bones; 5. Faszn/Charcoal

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VIA 2

58. bra. 36/45. s 37/46. sr: 14. 36/45. sr: 1. Feltrs kzben; 2. Alap- s metszetrajz; 3. Bronzhuzal (Nysz.: 48.67817.36.3); 4. Edny/urna (Nysz.: 48.67817.36.1); 56. 37/46. sr: 5. Feltrs kzben; 6. Fazk/urna (Nysz.: 48.67817.37.1) Figure 58. Graves 36/45 and 37/46: 14. Grave 36/45: 1. Excavation of the Grave; 2. Outline and section drawing of the Grave; 3. Bronze wire (Id. No.: 48.67817.36.3); 4. Vessel/urn (Id. No.: 48.67817.36.1); 56. Grave 37/46: 5. Excavation of the Grave; 6. Pot/urn (Id. No.: 48.67817.37.1) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Urna/Urn; 2. Edny/Vessel; 3. Kalcintum/Calcined bones; 4. Srgsbarna, humuszos-agyagos talaj/Brownish-yellow humiferous and clayey soil

106

4. Fejezet/Chapter 4

59. bra. 38/47, 40/49. s 49/57. sr: 13. 38/47. sr: 1. Metszetfot; 2. Alap- s metszetrajz; 3. Edny/urna (Nysz.: 48.67817.38.1); 47. 40/49. s 49/57. sr: 4. Feltrs kzben; 5. Alaprajz; 67. Edny/urna (Nysz.: 48.67817.40.1, 49.1) Figure 59. Graves 38/47, 40/49 and 49/57: 13. Grave 38/47: 1. Section photo; 2. Outline and section drawing of the Grave; 3. Vessel/urn (Id. No.: 48.67817.38.1); 47. Graves 40/49 and 49/57: 4. Excavation of the Graves; 5. Outline of the graves; 67. Vessels/urns (Id. Nos.: 48.67817.40.1, 49.1) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Urna/Urn; 2. 40/49. sr/Grave 40/49; 3. 49/57. sr/Grave 49/57; 4. Kalcintum/Calcined bones; 5. Srgsbarna, humuszosagyagos talaj/Brownish-yellow humiferous and clayey soil

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VIA 2

60. bra. 39/48. sr: 1. Feltrs kzben; 2. Alap- s metszetrajz; 3. Palack (Nysz.:48.67817.39.1); 4. Tl (Nysz.:48.67817.39.2); 5. Edny/urna (Nysz.:48.67817.39.3) Figure 60. Grave 39/48: 1. Excavation of the Grave; 2. Outline and section drawing of the Grave; 3. Bottle (Id. No.: 48.67817.39.1); 4. Bowl (Id. No.: 48.67817.39.2); 5. Vessel/urn (Id. No.:48.67817.39.3) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Urna/Urn; 2. Palack/Bottle; 3. Tl/Bowl; 4. Kalcintum/Calcined bones; 5. Srgsbarna, humuszos-agyagos talaj/Brownish-yellow humiferous and clayey soil

108

4. Fejezet/Chapter 4

61. bra. 41/50, 45/54. s 47/55. sr: 1. 41/50. sr alaprajz; 2. 45/54. sr feltrs kzben; 3. 45/54. sr alap- s metszetrajz; 4. 47/55. sr alaprajz; 5. 47/55. sr edny/urna (Nysz.: 48.67817.47.1) Figure 61. Graves 41/50, 45/54 and 47/55: 1. Outline of Grave 41/50; 2. Excavation of Grave 45/54; 3. Outline and section drawing of Grave 45/54; 4. Outline of Grave 47/55; 5. Vessel/urn of Grave 47/55 (Id. No.: 48.67817.47.1) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Urna/Urn; 2. Ednytredkek/Vessel fragments; 3. Bgre/Mug; 4. Kalcintum/Calcined bones; 5. Srgsbarna, humuszos-agyagos talaj/Brownish-yellow humiferous and clayey soil

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VIA 2

3
1 A + B +

A + 206.31

B + 206.29

50 cm

62. bra. 48/56. sr s 46/26. kora vaskori gdr: 13. Feltrs kzben; 4. Alap- s metszetrajz; 5. Edny/urna (Nysz.: 48.67817.48.1) Figure 62. Grave 48/56 and Early Iron Age Pit 46/26: 13. Excavation of the features; 4. Outline and section drawing of the features; 5. Vessel/urn (Id. No.: 48.67817.48.1) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. 46/26. kora vaskori gdr/Early Iron Age Pit 46/26; 2. 48/56. sr/Grave 48/56; 3. Urna/Urn; 4. Kalcintum/Calcined bones; 5. Srgsbarna, humuszos-agyagos talaj/Brownish-yellow humiferous and clayey soil

110

4. Fejezet/Chapter 4

63. bra. 65/60. sr: 1. Feltrs kzben; 2. Alaprajz; 3. Fltredk (Nysz. 48.67817.65.17); 4. Csszetredk (Nysz. 48.67817.65.10); 5. Tl (Nysz. 48.67817.65.1) Figure 63. Grave 65/60: 1. Excavation of the Grave; 2. Outline of the Grave; 3. Handle fragment (Id. No.: 48.67817.65.17); 4. Cup fragment (Id. No. 48.67817.65.10); 5. Bowl (Id. No. 48.67817.65.1) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Kalcintum/Calcined bones; 2. Ednytredk/Vessel fragment

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VIA 2

64. bra. 66/61. sr, M1 s M2 mglyahely: 14. 66/61. sr: 1. Teljesen feltrt; 2. Alaprajz; 34. Tltredkek (Nysz.: 48.67817.66.12); 5. M1 mglyahely feltrs kzben; 6. M2 mglyahely feltrs kzben Figure 64. Grave 66/61, M1 and M2 pyre remains: 14. Grave 66/61: 1. Completely excavated; 2. Outline of the grave; 34. Fragments of a bowl (Id. Nos.: 48.67817.66.12); 5. M1 pyre remains during excavation; 6. M2 pyre remains during excavation Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Ednytredk/Vessel fragment; 2. Kalcintum/Calcined bones

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4. Fejezet/Chapter 4

65. bra. Urnamezs kori leletek: 15, 710. 43/52. gdr leletei; 6. Szrvny az satsi felsznrl (SNR 71). 1. Gmbstest edny szalagfllel (Nysz.: 48.67817.43.2); 2. Bgre (Nysz.: 48.67817.43.1); 35. Tltredkek (Nysz.: 48.67817.43.5, 89); 6. Bronzkarika/karperec (Nysz.: 48.67817.71.1); 7. Fltredk (Nysz.: 48.67817.43.3); 8. Peremtredk btykkel (Nysz.: 48.67817.43.10); 910. Csszetredk (Nysz.: 48.67817.43.4, 6) Figure 65. Urnfield period finds: 15, 710. finds of Pit 43/52; 6. Stray find found on the excavation surface (SNR 71). 1. Spherical-shaped vessel with a strap handle (Id. No.: 48.67817.43.2); 2. Mug (Id. No.: 48.67817.43.1); 35. Bowl fragments (Id. Nos.: 48.67817.43.5, 89); 6. Bronze ring/bracelet (Id. No.: 48.67817.71.1); 7. Handle fragment (Id. No.: 48.67817.43.3); 8. Rim fragment with a knob (Id. No.: 48.67817.43.10); 910. Cup fragments (Id. Nos.: 48.67817.43.4, 6)

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VIA 2

Az urnamezs kor temet jelensgei: a mglyk, a temet szerkezete s idrendje


Ilon Gbor 5.1 Mglyk s srcsoportok
Az 1999-ben feltrt 30. sr mellett, attl dlkeletre, nhny mterre talltuk meg az M1-jel mglyahelyet (7, 64. bra 5). Amorf foltja a felszntl kb. 30 cm mlyen jelentkezett s kb. 2,8 m tmrj volt. A faszenes rteg vastagsga 5 30 cm a sekly gdrben. Az elz mglyahelyhez hasonl mlysgben, a 15. srtl nyugatra, nhny mterrel tvolabb talltuk meg az M2-jel mglyt (7, 64. bra 6). Amorf foltjnak tmrje 4 m krli. A fasznrteg 20 cm mlysg gdrben jelentkezett. Nhny apr ednytredkeken kvl azonban mg kalcintumokat sem lehetett a mglyahelyekbl gyjteni. A mglykat (vagy torhelyeket?) a temetvel egykornak tartjuk s a halottak elgetsre hasznlt get helynek (vagy a halotti tor tzrak helyeinek?) gondoljuk. Franzhausen Kokoron nyugati, fiatalabb srcsoportjban egy nagy, kzponti gethelyknt rtelmezett terletet (Lochner 1994, 223; Neugebauer 1996, Abb. 5) dokumentltak. A srok csoportokba rendezettnek tnnek, br St. Andr (Eibner 1974, Abb. 7) s Stillfried (Kaus 1984, Plan 1) temetjhez hasonlan nem klnlnek el olyan vilgosan, mint Kalsdorf temetjben. Az utbbiban kt, jl elhatrolt srcsoport ltszik, amelyeket egy idben nyitottak s prhuzamosan hasznltak (Tiefengraber 2005, Abb. 7, 40). Temetnkben az 1999. vi fellet kzponti, sr sr tmbjhez (I.) lazn kapcsoldni ltszik egy keleti (Ia) s egy nyugati (Ib) srsor, tovbb egy lazbb, szrtabb szerkezet (Ic) csoport. A 2008. vi felleten vljk felfedezni a II. temetkezsi tmbt, amelyet szintn egy keleti (IIa) s

Features of the Urnfield period cemetery: the structure and chronology of the pyres and the cemetery

Gbor Ilon 5.1 Pyres and grave groups


Pyre remains marked M1 (Figs. 7, 64.5) were found a few metres south-east from Grave 30, which was excavated in 1999. The patch was amorphous and became visible at about 30 cm under the surface, and was approximately 2.8 m in diameter. There was a charcoal layer 5 to 30 cm thick in the shallow pit. Pyre M2 was discovered at a similar depth (Figs. 7, 64.6) west from Grave 15, a few metres away. Its patch is amorphous and about 4 m in diameter. The charcoal layer appeared in a 20 cm deep pit. It was not possible to collect anything from the pyre remains, not even calcined bones, except for some small vessel fragments. The pyres (or burial feast locations?) are considered to be the same age as the cemetery, and we think they served as places for cremating the dead (or firing places for the burial feasts?). A large area, interpreted as a central cremation site (Lochner 1994, 223; Neugebauer 1996, Abb. 5) was documented in the western, younger grave group of Franzhausen Kokoron. The graves appear to be grouped, but just like in the cemeteries of St. Andr (Eibner 1974, Abb. 7) and Stillfried (Kaus 1984, Plan 1), they are not as clearly distinguished as in the cemetery of Kalsdorf. There are two well-distinguished grave groups in the latter, which were established and in use at the same time (Tiefengraber 2005, Abb. 7, 40). In our cemetery there is a central, dense grave group discovered in 1999 (I), which seems to be loosely joined by an eastern (Ia) and a western (Ib) line of graves, and another, loose structured and more scattered group (Ic). We seem locate Burial block II at the area excavated in 2008. It can also be separated into

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VIA 2 egy nyugati (IIb) alegysgre bonthatunk. A keletihez sorolhat az 1999. vi fellet kt temetkezse (28, 31. sr) is. Periferikus helyzetben vannak a 2008-ban feltrt 3/15, 26/36. s 34/43. srok, valamint az 1999-ben dokumentlt kt mglya-/torhely s a 30. sr. Lehetsges-e helyzetkre rtelmes magyarzatot adni? Csak az albbiak esetben btorkodom hipotetikus magyarzatra. A 3/15. sr esetben az anya-gyermek letben bekvetkez tragikus esemnyt felttelezek. A 26/36. sr kapcsn a gyermek klnleges egszsgi (beteg?) s/vagy trsadalmi llapotra/helyzetre (kirekesztett?) gyanakszom a lleklyukas edny miatt. A temetkezsi csoportok teht rszletezve az albbiak (7. bra): - A) A dli, azaz I. f srcsoport: 3, 2, 4, 5, 16, 12, 22, 7, 10, 9, 11, 6, 23, 25, 24, 29, 26, 27. sr s ennek keleti, Ia srsora: 32, 8, 1. s 33. sr, valamint nyugati, Ib srsora: 15, 14, 13. sr, tovbb az Ic csoport: 18, 19, 20, 21. s 17. sr. - B) Az szaki, azaz II. srcsoport az albbi alcsoportokbl ll: A keleti, azaz IIa csoportosuls: 31, 28, 25, 30, 24, 47, 28, 31, 32, 20, 66, 22, 33, 45, 19, 65, 35, 12, 13, 17, 18, 15, 16, 11, 14. s 48. sr. A nyugati, azaz IIb csoportosuls: 10/19, 8, 37, 38, 39, 7, 49, 40. s 41. sr. A IIa s IIb csoport kztt kztes helyzetet foglal el a 9/18. s a 36/45. temetkezs. A zanati temet 69 srja urns s csak kt esetben (8, 31) felttelezhet a szrthamvas rtus. Mindssze kt (3/15. sr: 6, 37. bra, valamint 38/47. sr: 25, 59. bra) kettstemetkezs (felntt/n?/ + gyermek) kerlt el. Ez sszhangban van az ltalnos urnamezs kori kppel, hiszen a kettstemetkezs meglehetsen ritka (2 10 %) jelensg a korabeli temetkben (Sperber 1999, 627. s 37. jegyzet). Singen 37 antropolgiailag meghatrozott srjbl 3 ketts- s 1 hrmastemetkezs volt (Brestrich 1998, 242, 253, Tab. 5). Klentnice 97 sros temetjben csak egy ketts elfldelsre volt plda (hovsk 1965, 32 33). Bischofshofen 271 antropolgiailag feldolgozott eastern (IIa) and western (IIb) subgroups. Two of the graves found in 1999 (Graves 28 and 31) seem to belong to the eastern subgroup. Graves 3/15, 26/36 and 34/43, excavated in 2008, and the two pyre/burial feast sites documented in 1999, and Grave 30 are all on the periphery of the cemetery. Is it possible to provide a sensible explanation for their situation? I attempt to give a hypothetic explanation only in the following cases: In case of Grave 3/15 there probably was a tragic event in the life of a mother and her child. In case of Grave 26/36 the child seemed to have a special health problem (illness?) and/or sociological situation/condition (outcast?), signified by the spirit-holed vessel. Consequently, the burial groups are the following in detail (Fig. 7): - A) The southern, main grave group I: Graves 3, 2, 4, 5, 16, 12, 22, 7, 10, 9, 11, 6, 23, 25, 24, 29, 26, 27 and its eastern, Ia line of graves: Graves 32, 8, 1, and 33 and its western Ib line of graves: Graves 15, 14, 13 and Ic group: Graves 18, 19, 20, 21 and 17. - B) The northern, grave group II, which consists of the following subgroups: The eastern, so-called IIa group: Graves 31, 28, 25, 30, 24, 47, 28, 31, 32, 20, 66, 22, 33, 45, 19, 65, 35, 12, 13, 17, 18, 15, 16, 11, 14 and 48. The western, so-called IIb group: Graves 10/19, 8, 37, 38, 39, 7, 49, 40 and 41. Burials 9/18 and 36/45 are considered to be between the IIa and IIb groups. Sixty-nine burials of the cemetery of Zanat are urn graves and only in two cases (8, 31) can we suppose a rite of scattered cremation in the grave pit. Altogether only two double burials were discovered (Grave 3/15: Figs. 6, 37, and Grave 38/47: Figs. 25, 59 both are adults/female?/ + child). This observation is in line with the general view of the Urnfield period since double burials are actually not very frequent (2 10 %) in contemporary cemeteries (Sperber 1999, 627, and n. 37). Out of the thirty-seven graves of Singen, which were analysed anthropologically, only three were double burials, and one was a triple burial (Brestrich 1998, 242, 253, Tab. 5). In the cemetery of Klentnice from the ninety-seven graves there was only one double burial (hovsk 1965, 32 33). Out of the two hundred seventy-one anthropologically

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5. Fejezet/Chapter 5 srjbl 35 ketts- s 6 tbbes temetkezst hatroztak meg (Renhart 1996, 417 419, Tab. 1 2). Kalsdorf 41 sros temetjnek, 16 esetben antropolgiai adattal rendelkez srjbl 1 (vagy 2) ketts, illetve 2 hrom egyed maradvnyait tartalmaz temetkezs volt (Tiefengraber 2005, 31, 33 35). Kln vizsgland, hogy pl. a Kis-Balaton terletn feltrt, a zanatinl korbbi temetkben mivel magyarzhat a szrthamvas rtus magasabb, nmelyik temetben az urnasrokhoz viszonytva az egyharmadot is elr mennyisge (lsd errl Horvth 1996, 68). analysed graves of Bischofshofen thirty-five were double burials and in six cases more than two people were buried in the same grave (Renhart, 1996, 417 419, Tab. 1 2). In the cemetery of Kalsdorf, out of its forty-one graves sixteen cases were anthropologically analysed, and one (or 2) was a double burial, and in two cases three people were buried in the grave (Tiefengraber 2005, 31, 33 35). It should be examined separately that in the cemeteries, discovered for example in the area of the Little Balaton, which are earlier than the one at Zanat, why is the number of scattered cremation rites higher, even exceeding one-third of the urn graves in certain burial grounds (see Horvth 1996, 68).

5.2 A srok s mellkleteik osztlyozsa, rtusok s trsadalomtrtneti kvetkeztetsek


A srgdrk formjt s tjolst a korbbi publikcinkban rottak (Ilon sTth 2005, 136) ellenre a zanati temet esetben vizsglatra alkalmatlannak tartom, ugyanis a gdrk tbbsge a bonts sorn keletkez, mestersges kpzdmnynek tekinthet. J nhny sr metszetre trtn bontsa igazolta ezt, mert ltszott (pl. 22. sr: 23. bra 1, 23. sr: 26. bra 2, 20/30. sr: 48. bra 2), hogy a gdrket hajdan nem mlytettk az altalajba, hanem az akkori humuszba, annak aljig stk csak le. Hogy e megllaptsomnak van itt ltjogosultsga, azt a korbbi kutats mr egyrtelmen igazolta (Pittioni 1954, Abb. 346. fell; Eibner 1974, Abb. 20 21). Ezrt a srgdrk tbbsgnek esetben a betlts elsznezdst nem lehetett megfigyelni, sem a gpi- sem a kzi nyess sorn. Aprlkos gpeket mellz, csak kzi bontsukra pedig az tptsek kzismerten szoros hatrideje miatt nem volt lehetsg. Ugyanakkor kivteles pldt szolgltatott a 8. sr (14. bra 1 2) bontsa. Ez nem csak a msodmagban (31. sr) ll szrthamvas rtusa, de srgdre mlysge miatt is klnleges az egsz temett tekintve. Az ltalam ismert

5.2 Classification of the graves and their grave goods and conclusions about rites and social development
Despite the assumptions stated in our earlier publication (Ilon and Tth 2005, 136) in case of the cemetery of Zanat I consider the shape and orientation of the grave pits unsuitable for evaluation since most of the grave pits came into being during the excavation and as such they are artificial formations. This was proven by excavating some of the graves in sections, since it was visible that (for example Grave 22: Fig. 23.1, Grave 23: Fig. 26.2, Grave 20/30: Fig. 48.2) the pits were not deepened into the subsoil but were only dug into the former topsoil. Earlier research clearly proved that such a statement is founded (Pittioni 1954, Abb. 346 upper part; Eibner 1974, Ab. 20 21). For this reason it was not possible to observe the colour of the fill of the grave pits neither during mechanical, nor manual scraping. Unfortunately, due to the well-known tight deadlines of road constructions there simply was no time to perform a detailed, manual scraping without employing machinery. At the same time the excavation of Grave 8 (Fig. 14.1 2) provided a very rare example. It is a rarity not only due to the depth of the grave pit but also because of its scattered cremation rite and its position with another grave (Grave 31). There are two

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VIA 2 kt tvoli analgia (Singen 131. sr: Brestrich 1998, 330 333, Abb. 65; Dampierre-sur-leDoubs 32. sr: Primas 2008, 71, Abb. 3.8) termszetesen semmilyen kvetkeztetsre nem ad okot. A hamvaszts a legtbb esetben meglehetsen tkletesre sikeredett, azaz a feltrt csontmaradvnyok aprk. Ezt a ksrletek (Szab 2004, 452, 21. kp) tansga szerint gy rhettk el, hogy a mg izz csontokra folyadkot (vizet, vagy bort) ntttek, amelyek ennek hatsra sztrobbantak. A mglya temetnk nyugati perifrijn: 7, 64. bra 5 6 gst gyorsthattk az ldozatknt felhasznlt (Ilisz XXIII. 151 176) llattetemek is. Erre bizonytkot azonban itt nem talltunk. Az emberi hamvak sron belli helyzett vizsglva egyrtelmen megllapthat az intenzv talajmvels s a gpi humuszols (1. bra 1) sorn ersen megbolygatott szitucik ellenre , hogy az itt temetkez npessg halottainak maradvnyait szinte kizrlagosan ednybe, azaz urnba vagy urnaknt hasznlt ms ednytpusba helyezte. Msknt: az urns temetkezsi md (biztosan 46 esetben llapthat meg) tekinthet egyrtelmen a preferltnak. Ez a kt varici a korban egybknt nagy terleten standardizlt: a hamvakat az urnba vagy ritkbban a gdr egy meghatrozott rszre koncentrltk s azonos tpus trgyakat helyeztek be. Ezeket a megoldsokat a Dunakanyarban, Als-Ausztriban, a Salzburgi-medencben s Svjcban (Kalicz-Schreiber 1991, Abb. 2 8; Neugebauer 1996, 382, Abb. 4 5; Moosleitner 1996, 316, Abb. 3; Moinat s David-Elbiali 2003, 176 191, Fig. 114, 125), de a fentebb mr emltett ausztriai s csehorszgi temetkben is megfigyeltk. Trgyakat az albbi srokban helyeztek ednybe (68, 70. bra), a hamvak kz: 4. sr (vastrgyak), 32. sr (bronztrgyak), 33. sr (vastrgyak s bronztrgy), 3/15. sr (bronzhuzal), 12/21. sr (csontgyngyk), 22/32. sr (bronztrgyak), 25/35. sr (bronztrgy), 35/44. distant analogies for this practice that I am aware of (Singen, Grave 131: Brestrich 1998, 330 333, Abb. 65; Dampierre-sur-le-Doubs, Grave 32: Primas 2008, 71, Abb. 3.8) and, of course, they do not provide any grounds for further deductions. The incineration was quite successful most of the time as the bone remains found are all very small. According to experiments (Szab 2004, 452, Kp 21) this was the result of pouring liquids (water or wine) on the red-hot incandescing bones, which then exploded into small fragments. The burning of the pyre on the western edge of the cemetery: Figures 7 and 64.5 6 might have been speeded up by animal carcasses used for sacrifice (Iliad XXIII. 151 176). However, no proof was found here for this practice. Despite the heavily disturbed formations due to frequent ploughing and mechanical removal of the topsoil (Fig. 1.1) it is still clear, by evaluating the situation of the human calcined bones in the graves, that the people using the burial ground in almost all cases put the calcined bones in vessels. The vessel could have been an urn or another type of vessel functioning as an urn. In short, the method of using urns for the burials was clearly preferred (proven in 46 cases here). These two variations can be taken as a standard of the period: the calcined bones were placed in either the urn or, in some cases, a certain location in the pit, but similar objects were placed in the graves for both rites. These practices were already observed in the Danube Bend, Lower Austria, Salzburg Basin and in Switzerland (Kalicz-Schreiber 1991, Abb. 2 8; Neugebauer 1996, 382, Abb. 4 5; Moosleitner 1996, 316, Abb. 3; Moinat and David-Elbiali 2003, 176 191, Figs. 114, 125), and also in the above-mentioned Austrian and Czech cemeteries. Objects were placed in vessels in the following graves (Figs. 68, 70) among the calcined bones: Grave 4 (iron objects), Grave 32 (bronze objects), Grave 33 (iron objects and a bronze object), Grave 3/15 (bronze wire), Grave 12/21 (bone beads), Grave 22/32 (bronze objects), Grave

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5. Fejezet/Chapter 5 sr (bronzhuzal s lemez), 36/45. sr (bronzhuzal). A fmek az albbi srokban voltak ednybe (70. bra) helyezve: 8 edny + bronz (ks + t): 32. sr, indiff. 20 30 ves, 4 edny + bronz (kstredk + karika 2 db): 22/32. sr, indiff. 30 40 ves, 3 edny + bronz (huzal): 36/45. sr, n 20 30 ves, 2 edny + bronz (huzal): 3/15. sr, indiff. 15 30 ves, indiff. 2 4 ves, 2 edny + bronz (karika): 25/35. sr, indiff. 2 5 ves, 1 edny + bronz (huzal + lemez): 35/44. sr, indiff. 30 40 ves, 3 edny + vas (ks + karika + gyngy + lemez): 4. sr, n (?) 20 40 ves, 2 edny + vas (karikk: 5/6 db) + bronz (gyr): 33. sr, indiff. 3 20 ves. A fmek az albbi srokban voltak a hamvakat tartalmaz ednyen kvl, a srgdrben (99. bra): 10 edny + bronz (spirlgyngy): 20/30. sr, indiff. 10 20 ves, 6 edny + bronz (karperec + ?): 23. sr, nincs adat, 6 edny + bronz (edny + ks): 9/18. sr, indiff. 20 x ves, 5 edny + bronz (borotva + t + huzalok): 6. sr, frfi (?) 20 40 ves, 5 edny + bronz (karperec?): 24. sr, n (?) 20 60 ves, 4 edny + vas (ismeretlen trgy?): 48/56. sr, frfi (?) 30 40 ves, 3 edny + bronz (karika + ?): 29. sr, indiff. 1 3 ves, 1 edny + bronz (karika + huzal): 31. sr, indiff. 1 2 ves, ? edny + bronz huzal s korrzi: 7/16. sr, indiff. 10 x ves. sszegezve megllapthat, hogy: 1. a klnleges (fm- s csont)trgyak, valamint eszkzk szinte azonos gyakorisggal kerltek ednyben (8 eset) a srba, vagy azon kvl (9 eset) pusztn 25/35 (bronze object), Grave 35/44 (bronze wire and plate), Grave 36/45 (bronze wire). The following graves contained metal objects in vessels (Fig. 70): 8 vessels + bronze (knife + pin) Grave 32, indiff. 20 to 30 years old, 4 vessels + bronze (knife fragment + 2 rings): Grave 22/32, indiff. 30 to 40 years old, 3 vessels + bronze (wire): Grave 36/45, female, 20 to 30 years old, 2 vessels + bronze (wire): Grave 3/15, indiff. 15 to 30 years old, indiff. 2 to 4 years old, 2 vessels + bronze (ring): Grave 25/35, indiff. 2 to 5 years old, 1 vessel + bronze (wire + plate): Grave 35/44, indiff. 30 to 40 years old, 3 vessels + iron (knife + ring + bead + plate): Grave 4, female (?) 20 to 40 years old, 2 vessels + iron (rings: 5/6 pieces) + bronze (ring): Grave 33, indiff. 3 to 20 years old. There were metal objects outside the vessels, which contained the calcined bones (Fig. 99) in the following grave pits: 10 vessels + bronze (spiral bead): Grave 20/30, indiff. 10 to 20 years old, 6 vessels + bronze (bracelet + ?): Grave 23, no data, 6 vessels + bronze (vessel + knife): Grave 9/18, indiff. 20 to x years old, 5 vessels + bronze (razor + pin + wires): Grave 6, male (?) 20 to 40 years old, 5 vessels + bronze (bracelet ?): Grave 24, female (?) 20 to 60 years old, 4 vessels + iron (undetermined object?): Grave 48/56, male (?) 30 to 40 years old, 3 vessels + bronze (ring + ?): Grave 29, indiff. 1 to 3 years old, 1 vessel + bronze (ring + wire): Grave 31, indiff. 1 to 2 years old, ? vessel + bronze wire and corrosion: Grave 7/16, indiff. 10 to x years old. In summary: 1. these special objects (made of metal or bone) and tools were placed either in a vessel (8 cases) or directly in the pit (9 cases) with almost the same frequency. 2. There is no signifi-

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VIA 2 a srgdrbe. 2. Nincs szignifikns sszefggs a fmtrgy elhelyezse (ednybe vagy azon kvl) s az eltemetett letkora kztt. Msknt: brmely letkorban helyeztk az ednybe s azon kvl is a fmtrgyakat. 3. Megllapthat, hogy rdemleges (edny, ks, borotva) fmtrgyat csak rett korak (20 v felett) kaptak a kzssgben. 4. A temetnek az I, de a II. srcsoportjban is vannak olyan srok (4-4), amelyekben a bronz mellklet az ednyen kvl (70. bra) volt elhelyezve. De amg ezek az I. csoportban egy tmbben, addig a II. csoportban szrtan helyezkednek el. Ugyanakkor a bronzmellklet ednybe helyezse eltr gyakorisg a kt srcsoportban. Az I. csoportbl egy eset ll szemben a II. srcsoport ngy esetvel. Azaz a II. csoportban ez a rtuselem jval gyakoribb s jellemzbb. A kalcintumokat tartalmaz (kpos nyak ednyben, gmbs test ednyben, tlban) s azon kvl a srba helyezett ednyek szma nagy valsznsggel sszesen 49 esetben (68, 69. bra) llapthat meg. A statisztikailag feldolgozhat srok szmt az intenzv talajmvels s a gpi humuszols ronglsai eleve korltoztk, de a rtus ilyen aspektusnak tendencijt mgiscsak rzkelhetnek s tanulmnyozhatnak vlem. sszegzsknt kijelenthet, hogy az emberi maradvnyokat tartalmaz edny mell a gyakorisgi sorrend cskkense szerint 2 (sszesen 3) ednyt 16, illetve 1 (sszesen 2) ednyt 14 esetben helyeztek. Minden ms megolds ahol egyltaln ez a krds temetnkben elemezhet sszesen 18 esetben tapasztalhat. Rszletezve ez gy nz ki: Urna + 1 edny: 3, 11, 25, 30, 3/15, 15, 16, 18, 25, 28, 41, 45, 49. s urna hinyban, de sszesen kt edny volt a 26/36. srban is. szszesen: 14 eset. (Urnaknt tbbnyire kpos nyak ednyt hasznltak, de elfordul ms edny (pl. tl) ilyen cl alkalmazsa is.) Urna + 2 edny: 4, 7, 10, 12, 28, 29, 10/19, 12, 14, 30, 31, 36, 40, 66. s urna hinyban, de cant relationship between the location of the metal objects (in the vessel or outside it) and the age of the person buried in the grave. In other words, the persons age was not relevant; the metal objects were placed either in the vessels or outside them, with no connection to the age of the dead. 3. We can state that significant metal objects (vessel, knife, razor) were only given to the dead of a mature age (over 20 years old) in this community. 4. In both grave groups I and II there are graves (4 each) where the bronze grave goods were placed outside the vessels (Fig. 70). These graves form a subgroup in group I, but are scattered in group II. At the same time the frequency of placing bronze grave goods in vessels is different in the two groups of graves. There is only one case in group I, as opposed to four cases in grave group II. It means that this rite element is much more frequent in group II. The number of vessels containing the calcined bones (vessels with a conical neck, vessels with a spherical shape, or bowls) and the number of all vessels placed in the grave can be determined in forty-nine cases (Figs. 68, 69). The number of graves to be processed statistically is strongly limited due to intensive ploughing and the damage done by mechanical removal of the topsoil but I still consider the tendency of these aspects of the rite to be suitable for observation and evaluation. Let me summarize it this way: besides the vessel containing the human calcined bones, in order of decreasing frequency, two additional vessels (altogether 3) were placed in the grave in sixteen cases, one additional vessel (altogether 2) was placed in the grave in fourteen cases. All other types of practices, as far as it can be analyzed in this cemetery, can be observed in eighteen cases. In details: Urn + 1 vessel: Graves 3, 11, 25, 30, 3/15, 15, 16, 18, 25, 28, 41, 45, 49, and there was no urn but two vessels in Grave 26/36. Altogether: fourteen cases. (Usually a vessel with a conical neck was used as an urn, but other type of vessels (for example a bowl) might have been used as well.) Urn + 2 vessels: Graves 4, 7, 10, 28, 12, 29, 10/19, 12, 14, 30, 31, 36, 40, 66, and there was no urn

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5. Fejezet/Chapter 5 sszesen hrom edny volt a 8. szrthamvas s a 9. srban is. sszesen: 16 eset. Urna + 3 edny: 13, 26, 22/32, 48. srban. szszesen: 4 eset. Urna + 4 edny: 6, 17, 24, 19/29, 39. srban. sszesen: 5 eset. Urna + 5 edny: 16, 18, 23. srban. sszesen: 3 eset. Urna + 6 edny: 22. s 8/17. srban. sszesen: 2 eset. Urna + 7 edny: a 14. srban s az urna funkcij tllal, de sszesen nyolc edny volt a 32. srban is. sszesen: 2 eset. Urna + 8 edny: 9/18. sr. sszesen: 1 eset. Urna + 9 edny: 20/30. sr. sszesen: 1 eset. Urna + 11 edny: 65/60. sr. sszesen: 1 eset. A hrom ednyre pl mellklet-kombinci szak-Bajororszgban a Ha A1 B1 idszakban jellemz (Bockisch-Bruer 1999, 548 549). Klentnice 81 srjban voltak ednyek. Itt ngy ednyt 9, hrom ednyt 22, kt ednyt 15 temetkezsben trtak fel (hovsk 1965, Abb. 11). A temetnkben teht leggyakoribb (16 alkalom) megolds sszesen hrom edny a srban Klentnice adataival sszecseng s a Stillfried-csoport tlagval (Kaus 1984, 20) is azonos. Ezrt taln felttelezhet: a kzp-eurpai rgi keleti rszn, az urnamezs idszak msodik felben s vgn a ngy s kt edny srba helyezse mellett a hrom edny mellkelse a standard megolds. Ez teht a trsadalom als rtegre jellemz (Bockisch-Bruer 1999, 549), ltalnos mellklet egyttes. Sajnos a fenti eredmnyek nem vethetk ssze a kvetkez, ltalnost megllaptsokkal, miszerint: 1 9 mellklet volt a tkli srokban (Patek 1958, 391), ltalban 2 3 edny volt az rdi temet srjaiban s csak ritkn bronz trgyak (Ottomnyi 2008, 48). A hamvakat tartalmaz urnn kvl a srok tbbsgnl 8 10 edny volt s sok esetben nem meggett bronz trgyak a Solymr Auchan ruhz megelz feltrsn (Marti s Kecsks 2008, but three vessels in Grave 8 with scattered calcined bones and in Grave 9. Altogether: 16 cases. Urn + 3 vessels: Graves 13, 26, 22/32, 48. Altogether: 4 cases. Urn + 4 vessels: Graves 6, 17, 24, 19/29, 39. Altogether: 5 cases. Urn + 5 vessels: Graves 16, 18, 23. Altogether: 3 cases. Urn + 6 vessels: Grave 22 and 8/17. Altogether: 2 cases. Urn + 7 vessels: in Grave 14 and with a bowl functioning as an urn, but altogether 8 vessels were found in Grave 32 as well. Altogether: 2 cases. Urn + 8 vessels: Grave 9/18. Altogether: 1 case. Urn + 9 vessels: Grave 20/30. Altogether: 1 case. Urn + 11 vessels: Grave 65/60. Altogether: 1 case. The grave goods combination of three vessels is characteristic of the Ha A1 B1 period of northern Bavaria (Bockisch-Bruer 1999, 548 549). There were vessels in eighty-one graves of Klentnice. In nine cases there were four vessels, in twenty-two cases there were three vessels, in fifteen cases there were two vessels (hovsk 1965, Abb. 11). The most frequently used practice in our cemetery (in sixteen cases), meaning three vessels in the grave altogether, is in line with the Klentnice data and with the most characteristic practice of the Stillfried group (Kaus 1984, 20). Therefore, we can suppose that in the eastern part of the Central European region, in the second half and at the end of the Urnfield period, the standard practice was to place three vessels in the grave, besides the practice of putting two or four vessels in it. This is characteristic of lower social groups, which are the general grave goods group (BockischBruer 1999, 549). Unfortunately the above-mentioned results cannot be matched against the following general statements: in the graves of Tkl there were one to nine grave goods (Patek 1958, 391); usually two to three vessels were found in the graves of rd, but bronze objects were found very rarely (Ottomnyi 2008, 48). In the case of most of the graves there were eight to ten vessels beside the urn containing the calcined bones, and in many cases there were unburnt bronze objects found in the ar-

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VIA 2 49, 2 3. kp). Ezek s ms temetk rszletez kzlse teht igen fontos lenne. Az szak-bajororszgi Regnitz Rednitzvidk 303 Bz D Ha B kor srjbl 87 antropolgiailag meghatrozott. Ezt a nem tl nagy mintt s a mellkletek sszefggst vizsgltk. Nk esetben maximum 11, frfiaknl maximum 5 edny kerlt a temetkezsekbe. Az ednyek s kszerek mennyisgi arnyai nem rulnak el semmit az eltemetett nemrl (Bockisch-Bruer 1999, 537 539, 542, Abb. 3, 7). A zanati temet esetben a nemekre alapozott vizsgldsnak nincs rtelme, hiszen alig nhny srrl ll rendelkezsnkre ez az adat. A korcsoportok s a leletkombincik, valamint a temet idrendi fzisainak sszefggsei azonban mr vezethetnek nmi eredmnyre. Fentebb lttuk: fm trgyat brmely letkorban kaphatott az eltemetett, de rdemlegeset csak rett kor. Ha megvizsgljuk az ltalam pontosabban keltezhetnek vlt srokat [I. fzis: 5 sr, II. fzis 12 sr (az ide tartoz 21. srbl nincs rtkelhet antropolgiai adat), III. fzis: 7 sr] (66, 72. bra), akkor azt tapasztaljuk, hogy a kevs:sok: kevs kifejezsekkel s a 3.6:6.3:2.8 darab edny/sr tlag arnyszmokkal jellemezheten vltozik fzisonknt a mellkletknt bekerl ednyek szma (73. bra). Ugyanez a tendencia figyelhet meg Singen temetjben (Brestrich 1998, Tab. 13.) Az letkor nvekedsbl pedig nem kvetkezik automatikusan az ednymellkletek gyarapodsa. lltsom valsznsge leginkbb a II. fzis nagyobb mintjval igazolhat. Itt ugyanis gyereksrban van 2 (26/36. sr) s 7 (22. sr), Juvenisnl 5 (17. sr), 7 (8/17. sr) s 10 (20/30. sr), Adult esetben pedig 4 (22/32. sr), 5 (6. sr), 8 (32. sr) s 9 (9/18. sr) edny. Ugyanakkor a fmek taln klnleges trsadalmi sttust is jelz hangslyos szerepe megmarad (68, 70, 71. bra). J plda erre a temet II. idrendi fzisnak legrangosabb temetkezse (9/18. bronz ednyes sr) s a III. fzis kiemelked fmmellkletekkel (bronz guchaeological survey of Solymr-Auchan (Marti and Kecsks 2008, 49, Kpek 2 3). Therefore, it would be very important to have a detailed publication of this and other cemeteries as well. Of the 303 Bz D Ha B age graves of the Regnitz Rednitz region of northern Bavaria, eighty-seven are anthropologically analysed. These data, which are not very abundant, and their relationships to grave goods were analysed. In the case of females a maximum of eleven, in the case of males a maximum of five vessels were placed in the graves. The ratio of vessels and jewellery does not provide sufficient information about the sex of the dead (Bockisch-Bruer 1999, 537 539, 542, Abb. 3, 7). There is no point in performing evaluations based on sex in the case of the Zanat cemetery since such data are available in the case of only a few graves. The age groups, combination of the finds and the chronological phases of the cemetery, however, might provide some results. As we have seen earlier, the dead could have metal objects regardless of their age, but significant objects were reserved only for the mature ones. If we examine the graves that are more accurately dated [phase I: 5 graves, phase II 12 graves (there is no estimable data of Grave 21 belonging to this group), phase III: 7 graves] (Figs. 66, 72) we see that the number of the vessels set as grave goods (Fig. 73) changed in each phase, which can be characterized by the less:lot:less words and the 3.6:6.3:2.8 average vessels/grave proportion. The same tendency can be observed in the cemetery of Singen (Brestrich 1998, Tab. 13). The number of vessels as grave goods does not increase correspondingly with the increase of the age of the deceased. My statement might be best proven by larger data of phase II. Here in the child graves there are two (Grave 26/36) and seven (Grave 22) vessels, in juvenile graves there are five (Grave 17), seven (Grave 8/17), and ten (Grave 20/30) vessels. In the case of adults there are four (Grave 22/32), five (Grave 6), eight (Grave 32) and nine (Grave 9/18) vessels. At the same time the emphasized role of metals, which might signal a special status in society, remains the same (Figs. 68, 70, 71). A good example is the highest-ranked burial of phase II (Grave 9/18 with a bronze vessel) and in phase III the leader buried with

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5. Fejezet/Chapter 5 lipn + gyr + vaskarikk) eltemetett vezetje (33. sr). Figyelemre mlt, hogy mindkt sr perifrikus helyzetben van s a temet eltr (II. illetve I.) fcsoportjban. A kalcintumokat tartalmaz urna s a hamvakat nem tartalmaz ednyek viszonya kapcsn csak egyetlen megjegyzst tennk: a hamvakat nem tartalmaz ll, vagy eldlt, a fld slytl tbbnyire sszeroppant ednyek valsznleg tel- s/vagy italldozatot tartalmazhattak. Az ednyek sron belli rendjre (tudatos elhelyezsre) vonatkozan jl elemzett pldkat kzltek Vrdite temetjnek 10. s 11. srja feldolgozsa rgyn (Mller 2007b, 638 640, Abb. 9). A trol- s ivkszlet (azaz tel s ital), a leletkombincik a srban krdskrvel az utbbi idben rszletesen s rdemben a mr idzett Mller, valamint Bockisch-Bruer (1999) s Nebelsick (1997) foglalkoztak. Ilyen szempontbl a temet II. fzisban legrangosabb, 9/18. srjt (40, 41. bra) tartom elemzsre rdemesnek. A 10. szmmal jelzett ednytredkek a 3. szm tredkei (urnaszer edny: 41. bra 7) kztt/alatt kerltek el, ugyanakkor az 5. s a 10. szm darabok egy fles csszt (41. bra 9) alkotnak. Azaz ez a cssze kt darabban kerlt a srba. Az egyik darabbal (10) a 3. szm edny szjt fedtk le, a msikat (5) dlnyugatra, tbb mint fl mterre, klnllan helyeztk a srba. Nem kizrt, hogy darabjval eredetileg a 4. szm tlat fedtk le. Teht ez a ketttrt cssze semmit sem tartalmazhatott, egyszeren fedknt funkcionlt. Az elhunyt felntt hamvait a nagy urnba (41. bra 3) raktk, bronz ednybe pedig egy fiatal sertst helyeztek travalul (lsd a 10. fejezetet). gy logikusan az kvetkezik (40. bra 3), hogy a 3. szm urnaszer ednybe, a 2. szm csszbe s kt tlba (4. s 8. szm) csontot nem tartalmaz telt s italt adtak az lk. A ks elhelyezsnek jelentsgre s sszefggsre a hstellel mr Clemens Eibner (1974, 69) felhvta a figyelmet. Az tel elsignificant metal grave goods (bronze scooper + ring + iron rings) (Grave 33). It must be noted that both graves are situated on the periphery and are in the two different main groups of the cemetery (II and I). I have only one comment to make with regards to the relationship between the urn containing the calcined bones and the vessels not containing the calcined bones: all vessels not containing calcined bones, either stood upside down or collapsed, and mostly crushed by the weight of the soil, have probably contained food or drink offerings. In connection with Graves 10 and 11 of the cemetery of Vrdite, well-analyzed examples were published with regards to the order of the vessels inside the graves (prearranged settings) (Mller 2007b, 638 640, Abb. 9). There were excellently detailed publications recently by Mller mentioned above and Bockisch-Bruer (1999), and Nebelsick (1997) discussing the storage and drinking sets (food and drink) and their combinations with finds in the graves. From this point of view I consider Grave 9/18 to be the highest-ranked grave of phase II (Figs. 40, 41) in the cemetery to be suitable for analysis. Vessel fragments marked as No. 10 were found beneath/among the fragments of vessel No. 3 (urn-like vessel: Fig. 41.7). At the same time pieces Nos. 5 and 10 formed a cup with a handle (Fig. 41.9). It means that the cup ended up in the grave already in two pieces. One of the pieces (No. 10) was used to cover the mouth of the vessel No. 3. The other one (No. 5) was placed more than half a metre away towards the south-west. Thus it was placed in the grave separately. It might have been used to cover bowl No. 4. Therefore, this cup, split in two, could not hold anything; its function was simply to cover. The calcined bones of the deceased adult were placed in the large urn (Fig. 41.3), and in the bronze vessel a young pig was placed as provisions (see Chapter 10). Therefore, it is a logical conclusion that (Fig. 40.3) in the urn-like vessel No. 3, in cup No. 2 and in the two bowls (Nos. 4 and 8) food and drink was provided by the living, which did not contain bones. The significance and connection between the position of the knife and meat was already pointed

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VIA 2 osztsra kzssgben betlttt megklnbztetett szerepre (?) teht a bronz kssel (Tomedi 1999, 681) trtnt utals. A jelensget keletebbre, a Kyjatice kultra temetjben Radzovcn (Ragyolc) is megfigyeltk (Furmnek 1990, 93). Vizsglatra rdemesnek tnik mg a ks, az eltemetett neme s letkornak kapcsolata. E krdskr alapadatai az albbiak: 8 edny + bronz (edny + ks): 9/18. sr, indiff. 20 x ves, 8 edny + bronz (ks + t): 32. sr, indiff. 20 30 ves, 4 edny + bronz (kstredk + karika 2 db): 22/32. sr, indiff. 30 40 ves, 3 edny + vas (ks + karika + gyngy + lemez): 4. sr, n (?) 20 40 ves. Ezek szerint a ks a felntt (Adultus) korak kizrlagos mellkleteknt jelentkezik temetnkben (67, 71. bra), de sajnos csak egy esetben llapthat meg bizonytalanul, nknt annak neme. S j, ha tudjuk, hogy az igen alaposan elemzett Singen (Brestrich 1998, 263, 320, 369) s St. Andr temetjben is mindkt nem srjaiban elfordult ks (Eibner 1974, 95), igaz az utbbi esetben tbbsgben ni temetkezsekben. Kalsdorf 6/94. srja sem visz kzelebb a megoldshoz, hiszen ez tbbes (frfi, n s kisgyermek) temetkezs, igaz a felnttek Adultus korak. A vasks tredkei itt egy tlban voltak (Tiefengraber 2005, 67 68, Abb. 29). A Barcs pusztabarcsi, sajnos csak rszlegesen publiklt (Honti 1993, 155, Abb. 6. lenn) s antropolgiailag nem feldolgozott 1985/II. srban ugyan orsgomb s vasks egyttest talltk (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, 718 720, Katalogabb. 29), de ez nem visz kzelebb a vgs megoldshoz. Temetnk mindkt f srcsoportjban 2-2 kst talltunk. A fmkarika jelentheti-e gyermek temetkezst? A temetbl az albbi adatokkal (68, 71. bra) rendelkeznk e krds megvlaszolshoz: 3 edny + bronz (karika + ?): 29. sr, idiff. 1 3 ves, 1 edny + bronz (karika + huzal): 31. sr, indiff. 1 2 ves, out by Clemens Eibner (1974, 69). The bronze knife is in connection with the portioning of the food, and maybe has a special role in the community (?) (Tomedi 1990, 93). This practice was observed eastward as well in the cemetery of the Kyjatice culture, in Radzovce (Ragyolc) (Furmnek 1990, 93). It is also worth examining the relationship between the knife, the sex and the age of the deceased. The basic data of this topic are the following: 8 vessels + bronze (vessel + knife): Grave 9/18, indiff. 20 to x years old, 8 vessels + bronze (knife + pin): Grave 32, indiff. 20 to 30 years old, 4 vessels + bronze (knife fragment and 2 rings): Grave 22/32, indiff. 30 to 40 years old, 3 vessels + iron (knife + ring + bead + plate): Grave 4, female (?) 20 to 40 years old. According to these finds knives appear as grave goods strictly reserved for adults in this cemetery (Figs. 67, 71), but their sex could only be determined in one case, which with uncertainty was a female. It is good to remember that in the case of the well-analysed cemeteries of Singen (Brestrich 1998, 263, 320, 369) and St. Andr (Eibner 1974, 95) graves of both sex contained knives, and in the latter cemetery they were found mostly in the graves of females. Grave 6/94 of Kalsdorf does not take us any closer to the solution since it is a group burial (male, female and child) even though the adults are mature in age. Fragments of an iron knife were found in a bowl (Tiefengraber 2005, 67-68, Abb. 29). In Grave 1985/II of Barcs Pusztabarcs, unfortunately published only partly (Honti 1993, 155, Abb. 6 below) and not analysed anthropologically, an iron knife was found together with a spindle-whorl (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, 718 720, Katalogabb. 29) but it still does not take us closer to the final solution. Two knives were found in each main grave group of our cemetery. Could the metal ring mean a child burial? To answer this question we have the following data available (Figs. 68, 71): 3 vessels + bronze (ring + ?): Grave 29, indiff. 1 to 3 years old,

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5. Fejezet/Chapter 5 2 edny + vas (karikk: 5/6 db) + bronz (gyr): 33. sr, indiff. 3 20 ves. gy vlem, a kismret bronz (haj?)karikk, vaskarikk s a bronzgyr nagy valsznsggel megklnbztetett trsadalmi sttus gyermek s juvenis korak kizrlagos mellklete lehetett. E hipotzis bizonytsa azonban tbb temet szisztematikus ilyen szempont feldolgozst ignyli. Az urna vagy ms, a hamvakat tartalmaz ednytpus lefedst egy msik ednnyel (pl. cssze, tl), vagy ednytredkkel a 4, 6, 11, 18, 32. valamint 20/30, 26/36. s 39/48. srok esetben figyeltk meg. Ez az eljrs nem fgg ssze az eltemetett letkorval, hiszen 3 x vesig alkalmaztk. A hamvak ilyen mdon trtn vdelme gyakori megolds az urnamezs kor eltt s ksbb is. Most azonban csak skori pldkat idzek. A Kostolac kultrbl: Balatonboglr 959. s 960. srjban a hamvakat tartalmaz tlat tllal bortottk be (Honti, Nmeth s Siklsi 2007, 171, 156. kp). A Vatya kultrban ugyancsak npszer ez a megolds, ahogy azt Szigetszentmikls rgehegyi (Vicze 2008, 43, 5. kp) s Csepel vzmi (Endrdi 2005, 33) jabban feltrt temetjkben is dokumentltk. A kelta kori Ecser 2. lelhelyen egy urnt pajzsdudorral fedtek le (Rcz 2006, 15). A szoks az urnamezs krben annak egsz ideje alatt s nagy terleten elterjedt, de most csak nhny, trben kzelebbi pldt hozok. Balatonmagyard Hdvgpuszta tbb Bz D Ha A1 kor srjainl (Horvth 1994, 10 14. kp) tallkozunk ezzel a megoldssal. Waldviertel temetiben az egsz urnamezs idszakban (Lochner 1991, 338 339), Gusen 2/1943. vi (Trnka 1992, 75, Abb. 29), St. Andr 38. (Eibner 1974, 264, Abb. 23), Kalsdorf 6/79. (Tiefengraber 2005, 51, Abb. 16), de Drljanovac 4, 5. s 6. srjaiban (Majnari-Pandi 1988, T. II IV), valamint Doroslovo urnamezs kori temet rszletben (pl. 49. sr, II. kermia-horizont, Ha B3: Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, 196, Abb. 23) is ezt a megoldst tapasztaltk. 1 vessel + bronze (ring + wire): Grave 31, indiff. 1 to 2 years old, 2 vessels + iron (rings: 5/6 pieces) + bronze (ring): Grave 33, indiff. 3 to 20 years old. I think the small bronze (hair?) rings, iron rings and the bronze finger ring were probably the sign of children and juveniles of special social status. This hypothesis will be proven only by evaluating more cemeteries systematically from this point of view. In the case of Graves 4, 6, 11, 18, 32, and 20/30, 26/36 and 39/48 the urn or other vessels containing the calcined bones were covered by another vessel (for example a cup or a bowl) or by a vessel fragment. This has no connection to the age of the deceased since it was applied between three and x years of age. Such a way of protecting the calcined bones is very frequent prior to and after the Urnfield period. Now let us see prehistoric examples only: Kostolac culture: In Graves 959 and 960 of Balatonboglr the bowl containing the calcined bones was covered by another bowl (Honti, Nmeth and Siklsi 2007, 171, Kp 156). It is also very popular in the Vatya culture, as it is documented in the cemeteries recently excavated at Szigetszentmikls rgehegy (Vicze 2008, 43, Kp 5) and Csepel-Vzm (Endrdi 2005, 33). One urn was covered by a shield knob from the Celtic period at Ecser 2 site (Rcz 2006, 15). This custom was widely spread in the Urnfield horizon, in the whole period and the whole of its area, but let me bring only some examples, which are closer to the examined site geographically. This practice was used in many cases in the graves of Balatonmagyard Hdvgpuszta dated between Bz D and Ha A1 (Horvth 1994, Kp 10 14). It was also observed in the cemeteries of Waldviertel during the entire Urnfield period (Lochner 1991, 338 339) and the graves at Gusen 2/1943 (Trnka 1992, 75, Abb. 29), St. Andr 38 (Eibner 1974, 264, Abb. 23) and Kalsdorf 6/79 (Tiefengraber 2005, 51, Abb. 16). Moreover, similar practice was also observed in the Urnfield period cemeteries at Drljanovac in Graves 4, 5 and 6 (Majnari-Pandi 1988, T. II IV) and in the cemetery part of Doroslovo (for example Grave 49, II. pottery horizon, Ha B3: Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, 196, Abb. 23). The urns containing the cal-

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VIA 2 A Budapestet vez M0 autplyapts Magld 1. lelhelyn tbb sr esetben (pl. 93. objektum: Rcz 2006, 36, 38) a hamvakat tartalmaz urnt tllal fedtk le, ahogy ezt szmos esetben a Budars kamaraerdei-dli (Ottomnyi 2008, 45. s 2. kp) s az rdi temetben (Ottomnyi 2008, 48) is megfigyeltk. Ugyanakkor meglehetsen ritkn megfigyelt jelensg, hogy az elszrt emberi hamvakra (esetnkben 8. s 31. sr) ednyt fordtottak szjval lefel. Az utbbi megolds arra a szles krben elterjedt s- (Makkay 1963, 1992. Fig. 1.4, 6) s a kzpkorban (Sgi 1967, 59 60) is megfigyelt megoldsra utal, amely taln az eltemetett hasra fektetse korhasztsos vltozatnak (Tettamanti 1975, 101) megfeleljeknt a halott visszajrst akadlyozta meg. A 19/29. sr adultus frfi temetkezse urnjn (47. bra 6, 75. bra 3), a 20/30. juvenis srja turbntekercses perem tljn (49. bra 8) s a 26/36. gyermek srja csszjn lthat (54. bra 2) gynevezett lleklyuk krdskrvel, annak vallstrtneti httervel e helytt csak rintlegesen ll szndkomban foglalkozni. A tma nll tanulmnyt ignyelne. Csak jelezni szeretnm, hogy esetnkben felntt, juvenis s gyermek temetkezsnl (67, 68, 71. bra) is alkalmazott eljrs, azaz a kis esetszm ellenre nem tnik letkorral sszefggsbe hozhat rtuselemnek. Figyelemre mlt azonban, hogy ezt a szokst a temet II. s III. idrendi fzisban s csak a II. sr fcsoportban alkalmaztk (71. bra). A gyermektemetkezs perifrikus helyzetbl sem hajtok messzemen kvetkeztetst levonni. (Pldul a kzssgen belli megklnbztetett, esetleg negatv helyzet.) Vgezetl megjegyzem, hogy a vizsglt idszakban (Budapest Bksmegyer 27. s ms srjbl: Nagy 1979, 50. bra; Kalicz-Schreiber 1991, 175, Abb. 10.6), valamint a Ha B1 2 fzisra datlt Velika Gorica II/1910. srjbl s szrvnyknt (VinskiGasparini 1973, 221, Taf. 104/7, 106/A/2), de ksbb (pl. kelta kor: Keszthely Fenkpuszta: Havasi s Horvth 2009, Abb. 16; Keszthely Fecined bones were covered by bowls as this practice was observed in many cases during the construction of M0 motorway around Budapest: several graves at the Magld 1 site (for example feature 93: Rcz 2006, 36, 38). This practice was also observed at Budars Kamaraerdei-dl (Ottomnyi 2008, Kp. 45, 2) and rd (Ottomnyi 2008, 48). However, it is a very rare practice that scattered human calcined bones (in our case Graves 8 and 31) are covered by a vessel, turned upside down. This practice was widely used in prehistory (Makkay 1963, 1992, Figs. 1.4, 6) and in the Medieval period (Sgi 1967, 59 60). This practice might be a variance of an inhumation, in which the deceased is positioned face down in the grave (Tettamanti 1975, 101) in order to prevent the dead from returning. The question of the so-called spirit hole and its religious background will not be discussed here in detail. Such spirit hole was found in the urn of Grave 19/29, adult male (Figs. 47.6, 75.3); in the bowl, the rim of which is decorated with oblique channelling, of Grave 20/30, juvenile (Fig. 49.8); and in the cup of a childs Grave 26/36 (Fig. 54.2). This subject deserves an entire separate study. I want to note that the practice is used in all three cases, adult, juvenile and child (Figs. 67, 68, 71), and therefore, despite the rare occurrences, it does not appear to have any connection whatsoever with the age of the deceased. It is important to note that this custom was applied only in chronological phases II and III of the cemetery, and only in the main grave group II (Fig. 71). I do not wish to draw any conclusions from the peripheral situation of the child burial (For example the child might have had a special, maybe negative status within the community.). Finally, it must be noted that in the examined period (Budapest Bksmegyer 27 and from other graves: Nagy 1979, 50; Kalicz-Schreiber 1991, 175, Abb. 10.6), and from Ha B1 2 of Velika Gorica from Grave II/1910 and also as a scattered find (VinskiGasparini 1973, 221, Taf. 104/7, 106/A/2); and later this practice was also used (for example unpublished Hallstatt C2 grave at Keszthely Fenkpuszta: Havasi and Horvth 2009, 114 115, Abb. 16; Celtic period:

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5. Fejezet/Chapter 5 nkpuszta 3. sr, fazk: Horvth 1987, 82, Fig. 18, kora rmai kor: Solymr temetje szmos srja urnjnak alja kilyukasztott: Kocztur 1998, 84) is alkalmaztk ezt a rtuselemet. Minden, gy az eddig lert jellemzk esetben is vatosan kell azonban bnnunk a kvetkeztetsekkel, mindg szem eltt tartva: a temet srjai nem csak kisszmak, de ersen bolygatottak, szt- s elszntottak voltak, s az ptkezs srget hatrideje miatt sem volt alkalom a tervsatsokon megszokott mdszerek alkalmazsra. Mindezek utn s ellenre taln mgis megkockztathatom azt a kijelentst: a zanati temetkezsek helyt hajdan srhantok, taln kismret halmok jelezhettk, amelyeket az vszzadok sorn elsznthattak. A srok pusztn gdrk voltak, nem helyeztek egy nagy ednybe csak ritkn, pl. 12/21. sr egy vagy tbb kisebbet, nem bleltk a srt kvel, lefedskre kpakolst vagy klapot nem alkalmaztak (Furmnek 1990, Obr. 58, 61; Moinat s David-Elbiali 2003, Fig. 114), de az ednyeket ms kkonstrukcival (pl. kr, krv) sem jelltk mint ahogy azt ms temetkben (pl. Klentnice: hovsk 1965, Taf. XXXII. 2; Furmnek 1990, Obr. 59; Singen: Brestrich 1998, Abb. 97) megfigyeltk , ugyanis kvek a szntott rtegbl sem kerltek el. Keszthely Fenkpuszta a pot from Grave No. 3: Horvth 1987, 82, Fig. 18; Early Roman period: a number of urns in the graves of the cemetery of Solymr also have a hole in their bottom: Kocztur 1998, 84). Despite all the characteristics listed above one should still be careful about drawing conclusions, as it has to be kept in mind that the graves of the cemetery are not only few in number but also heavily disturbed by ploughing, and due to road construction the deadline was tight, and we had no time to apply the methodology used in pre-planned excavations. Still, I risk stating that once upon a time the graves of Zanat may have been marked by small mounds, which were destroyed due to ploughing during the centuries. As no rocks were found in the soil, even in the ploughed layer, we assume that the graves were simple pits. There were no small vessels placed into larger vessels, except in rare cases like Grave 12/21. The graves were not lined with stones, they were not covered with rock piles or stone slabs (Furmnek 1990, Obr. 58, 61; Moinat and David-Elbiali 2003, Fig. 114), and the vessels were not marked by any other stone formation either (for example circle) as it was observed in other cemeteries (for example at Klentnice: hovsk 1965, Taf. XXXII. 2; Furmnek 1990, Obr. 59; Singen: Brestrich 1998, Abb. 97).

66. bra. A temet kronolgiai helyzete Figure 66. Chronological sequence of the cemetery

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67. bra. letkor - a temet sszest trkpe Figure 67. Age the cumulative map of the cemetery Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. 1999. vi feltrs/The excavation in 1999; 2. 2008. vi feltrs/The excavation in 2008; 3. Gyermek/Child (0 14); 4. Juvenis/Juvenile (14 18); 5. Felntt/Adult; 6. Felntt+Gyermek (ketts temetkezs)/Adult+Child (double burial); 7. Meghatrozhatatlan kor/Indiff. year; Kdjel nlkl: nem volt rtkelhet antropolgiai minta/If there is no code provided next to the grave number it implies that the anthropological sample was not suitable for analysis

5. Fejezet/Chapter 5

68. bra. A temet sszest adatai Figure 68. Cumulative data of the cemetery

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69. bra. Rtus 1: Ednyek szma a srokban Figure 69. Rite 1: The number of vessels in the graves Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. 1999. vi feltrs/The excavation in 1999; 2. 2008. vi feltrs/The excavation in 2008; 3. 2 edny a srban/2 vessels in the grave (14); 4. 3 edny a srban/3 vessels in the grave(16); 5. 4 edny a srban/4 vessels in the grave (4); 6. 5 edny a srban/5 vessels in the grave(5); 7. 6 edny a srban/6 vessels in the grave (3); 8. 7 edny a srban/7 vessels in the grave (2); 9. 8 edny a srban/8 vessels in the grave (2); 10. 9 edny a srban/9 vessels in the grave (1); 11. 10 edny a srban/10 vessels in the grave (1); 12. 12 edny a srban/12 vessels in the grave (1)

5. Fejezet/Chapter 5

70. bra. Rtus 2: Fmek s csontkszer a temetben Figure 70. Rite 2: Metal and bone jewellery in the cemetery Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. 1999. vi feltrs/The excavation in 1999; 2. 2008. vi feltrs/The excavation in 2008; 3. Bronzedny/Bronze vessel; 4. Bronz az ednyben/Bronze artefact in the vessel; 5. Bronz az ednyen kvl/Bronze artefact outside the vessel; 6. Vas az ednyben/Iron artefact in the vessel; 7. Vas az ednyen kvl/Iron artefact outside the vessel; 8. Bronz s vas a srban/Bronze and iron artefacts in the grave; 9. Csontgyngyk az ednyben/Bone beads in the vessel

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71. bra. Rtus 3: Ks, karika s lleklyuk a temetben Figure 71. Rite 3: Knife, ring and vessels with soul hole in the cemetery Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. 1999. vi feltrs/The excavation in 1999; 2. 2008. vi feltrs/The excavation in 2008; 3. Ks/Knife; 4. Karika/Ring 5. Lleklyuk/Soul hole

5. Fejezet/Chapter 5

72. bra. A temet idrendje Figure 72. Chronology of the cemetery Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. 1999. vi feltrs/The excavation in 1999; 2. 2008. vi feltrs/The excavation in 2008; 3. I. fzis/Phase I; 4. II. fzis/Phase II; 5. III. fzis/Phase III

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Hamvak ednye/ Vessel with calcined bones Egyb ednyek/Other vessels Fmtrgyak (Bronz*/Vas**)/Metal objects (Bronze*/Iron**)

Srszm/ letkor/ Grave No. Age

VIA 2

I.

II.

III.

73. bra. A temet idrendi fzisai s sregyttesei Figure 73. Chronological phases and grave groups of the cemetery

VIA 2

A temet keltezse
Ilon Gbor 6.1 Kermiaednyek
Itt csak azokat a darabokat osztlyozom a lelhelyrl, ahol a forma egyrtelmen meghatrozhat. 6.1.1 Kpos nyak edny (Kegelhalsgef) / urna Kijelenthet, hogy a zanati temetben ennek az ednytpusnak (a magasabb s a tmzsibb vltozatoknak is) ltalnos jellegzetessge, hogy a vll hangslyozott s a has a vll alatt a legszlesebb. Carola Metzner-Nebelsick (2002, 97, Abb. 24.2) ednytpusai kzl ez a 2, nagyon inhomogn vltozatokkal azonos. Ezek nmelyike a Mezcst csoportbl dl-pannoniai (MetznerNebelsick 2002, 101 102) kzvettssel kerlt az Alpokaljra. A mi szempontunkbl a kzeli Csnge temetjt kell megemltenem (Kemenczei 1996, Abb. 13.1, 14.1, 8, 17.6, 18.1), tovbb a jl elemzett Kalsdorf-i temet IV, V. tpusa s Wien Groenzersdor 11. srjnak (Hetzer s Willvonseder 1952, Abb. 13.6) ednye ll tpusunkhoz a legkzelebb. Mrpedig ezeket a publikl a Ha B2 Ha C1a idszakra keltezte s helyesen vette szre a Mezcst csoport terletn feltn pldnyokat (Tiefengraber 2005, 90 92, Abb. 39). Megfigyelst tovbb gondolva gy vlem, hogy ez a profillltsg, szgletessg keleti hats eredmnye. 6.1.1a Egyszer forma, dszts nlkl Karcsbb, de tmzsibb vltozatai is megtallhatk a temetben az 5. (11. bra 3), a 6. (13. bra 1, 74. bra 2), a 10. (15. bra 6), a 11. (16. bra 3), a 23. (26. bra 3, 74. bra 3) s a 25. (28. bra 3), valamint a 48/56. (62. bra 5, 76. bra 4) srokban. A legkzelebbi s nagyszm hasonl pldnyokat a csngei temetbl (1, 2, 5, 16. sr) kzltk (Kemenczei 1996, Abb. 13.1, 5, Abb. 14.8, Abb. 15.7). A Stillfried-i temet ilyen ednyei ltalban s tbbsgkben tmzsibbek s dsz-

The dating of the cemetery

Gbor Ilon 6.1 Ceramics


Only those vessels will be classified from the site where the form can be determined univocally. 6.1.1 Vessel with a conical neck (Kegelhalsgef)/urn It can be stated that the general characteristic of this vessel type (both the taller and the more stocky versions too) found in the cemetery of Zanat is the heavily emphasized shoulder, and the body is the widest right below the shoulder. Of the vessel types published by Carola Metzner-Nebelsick (2002, 97, Abb. 24.2) these two are similar to very inhomogeneous versions. Some of these came to the foreland of the Eastern Alps from the Mezcst group through south Pannonia (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, 101 102). From our point of view the nearby cemetery of Csnge must be mentioned (Kemenczei 1996, Abb. 13.1, 14.1, 8, 17.6, 18.1). Vessel types IV and V of the well-analysed cemetery of Kalsdorf and Grave 11 of Wien Groenzersdor (Hetzer and Willvonseder 1952, Abb. 13.6) are the closest to our pottery type. The publication dates these to the period of Ha B2 Ha C1a, and correctly notices the similar ones in the area of the Mezcst group (Tiefengraber 2005, 90 92, Abb. 39). Taking all these into consideration I think this profile, squareness is the result of eastern influence. 6.1.1a Simple forms with no ornaments Both stockier and slimmer versions of the type can be found in the cemetery in the following graves: 5 (Fig. 11.3), 6 (Figs. 13.1, 74.2), 10 (Fig. 15.6), 11 (Fig. 16.3), 23 (Figs. 26.3, 74.3) and 25 (Fig. 28.3) and also in Grave 48/56 (Figs. 62.5, 76.4). Similar finds closest to these and great in number were reported from the cemetery of Csnge (Graves 1, 2, 5, 16) (Kemenczei 1996, Abb. 13.1, 5, Abb. 14.8, Abb. 15.7). Such vessels of the cemetery of Stillfried are generally stockier and more ornamented. We shall mention here the

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VIA 2 tettek. Innen a 6, 14, 29, 45. srbl szrmazkat kell megemlteni, amelyeket a Ha B3 idszakra kelteztek (Kaus 1984, 39, Taf. 8. 6a, Taf. 10. 6y, Taf. 15. 14a, Taf. 28. 29a, Taf. 45. 45a). A Waldviertel terletn a B/1-2-tpus darabjai alig hangslyozott vllal sorolhatk ide (Lochner 1991, 72 73, 74, 77, 80, 262, 271, 299, Taf. 51.6), amelyeket Haindorf/1.4. lelhelyen a korai urnamezs, Hadersdorf temetje esetben Stillfried-tpusakknt nevezett meg. A vli temet ilyen formj ednyeit is a Ha B peridusra kelteztk (Petres 1960, 23, Abb. 1). Azaz az ednytpus az urnamezs idszak msodik felben npszerbb. 6.1.1b Sima, de vllon btykk 6.1.1b.1 A btyk ritmikusan, egyszeren elhelyezve: 4. (10. bra 1, 74. bra 1) s a 20/30. (49. bra 5, 75. bra 4) srbl. Hasonlt a neszmlyi temet fiatalabb peridusra keltezett 153. srjbl (Patek 1961, 80, Taf. XIX.4) s a csngei temet 15. srjbl ismernk (Kemenczei 1996, 107, Abb. 18.1). Dalj temetjben megtallhat ez a forma (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 57/1 2, 61/11, 81/5) s Wien Groenzersdor 4. srjnak urnjra (Hetzer s Willvonseder 1952, 61, Abb. 9.3) is okvetlenl fel kell hvnom a figyelmet. Ez a megolds a preszkta thrkkimmer leletanyagbl is ismert, gy Maa 22. srjban is (Romsauer 1999, Abb. 3.4). Btyk nlkli, de formailag igen j prhuzama Sopron Burgstall 177. tumulusnak temetkezsbl szrmazik (Patek 1991b, Abb. 5.3). 6.1.1b.2 A btyk besimtssal keretezve: a 22/32. srbl (50. bra 8, 75. bra 6). Hallstatt-koriak s inkbb rkoltak a 16/25. srban (167. bra 3) msodlagos helyzetben s a 46/26. gdrbl (167. bra 2, 4 5, 10) kibontott pldnyok. Nem tallhatk ilyen dszts ednyek sem Csnge (Kemenczei 1996), sem Kalsdor (Tiefengraber 2005), sem a Waldviertel (Lochner 1991), de Stillfried (Strohschneider 1976, Kaus 1984) jl feldolgozott temetiben sem. Van viszont egy pldny Wien Groenzersdor 11. srjban (Hetzer s Willvonseder ones found in graves 6, 14, 29 and 45, dated to the Ha B3 period (Kaus 1984, Taf. 8. 6a, Taf. 10. 6y, Taf. 15. 14a, Taf. 28. 29a, Taf. 45. 45a). In the area of Waldviertel B/1 2 type vessels can be categorised by their hardly emphasized shoulders (Lochner 1991, 72 73, 74, 77, 80, 262, 271, 299, Taf. 51.6). These, in the case of Haindorf/1.4 site, are named as early Urnfield finds, in the case of the cemetery of Hadersdorf they are called Stillfried types. Vessels with similar shape of the cemetery of Vl are dated to the Ha B period (Petres 1960, 23, Abb. 1). This implies that this vessel type is more popular in the second half of the Urnfield period. 6.1.1b Undecorated with knobs on the shoulder 6.1.1b.1 Knobs, placed in a simple rhythmic pattern appear in Graves 4 (Figs. 10.1, 74.1) and 20/30 (Figs. 49.5, 75.4). Similar ones were found in Grave 153 of the cemetery of Neszmly, dated to the younger period of the burial ground (Patek 1961, 80, Taf. XIX.4), and in Grave 15 of the cemetery of Csnge (Kemenczei 1996, 107, Abb. 18.1). This practice can be found in the cemetery of Dalj (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 57/1 2, 61/11, 81/5) and I must point out the urn of Grave 4 of Wien Groenzersdor (Hetzer and Willvonseder 1952, 61, Ab. 9.3). This approach is familiar from the finds of the Pre-Scythians Thracians Cimmerians so it can be found in the grave of Maa 22 (Romsauer 1999, Abb. 3.4). A very close resemblance, but without knobs, comes from Tumulus 177 of Sopron Burgstall (Patek 1991b, Abb. 5.3). 6.1.1b.2 A knob framed by smoothing from Grave 22/32 (Figs. 50.8, 75.6). Knobs from the Hallstatt period, which are channelled rather than smoothed were found in Grave 16/25 (Fig. 167.3) in a secondary position, and from Pit 46/26 (Figs. 167.2,4 5,10). Vessels with such decoration cannot be found in the cemetery of Csnge (Kemenczei 1996), Kalsdorf (Tiefengraber 2005) and Waldwiertel (Lochner 1991). Not even in the well-processed cemeteries of Stillfried (Strohschneider 1976, Kaus 1984); but there is one such vessel in Grave 11 of Wien Groenzersdor (Hetzer and Willvonseder 1952, Abb. 13.2). This

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6. Fejezet/Chapter 6 1952, Abb. 13.2). Csak egyetlen ms ednytpuson (kantharos), de ott sem tl gyakran lthat ez a megolds: Batina (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 22/4, 23/11), Lengyel (Patek 1968, LXXVI. 9) s Pcs Makrhegy (Patek 1968, XCVIII.7) lelhelyei emlthetk. Utbbiakat Kszegi Frigyes (1988, 54, 79, 13. tbla B, D) az beosztsa szerinti V. urnamezs fzisra datlta. Fontos megjegyezni azonban, hogy a btyk ilyen keretezse ksbbi, Ha C jelleg s a rvid, kpos nyakkal rendelkez nagy ednyeken tnik fel (pl. Kaptol II/1. halom: MetznerNebelsick 2002, Abb. 40.3). 6.1.1c Vll alatt kannelrzott 6.1.1c.1 Vll alatt kannelrzott, nylnk vltozat Ilyen a 19/29. srbl (47. bra 6, 75. bra 3). J prhuzamt ismerjk: Wien Leopoldsberg 22. (Kerchler 1962, Taf. III.7) s Wien Groenzersdor 7. srjbl (Hetzer s Willvonseder 1952, Abb. 11.1). Az ednyforma Stillfried 6. srjbl (s tovbbi prhuzamai ugyanitt) kerlt mg el, amelyet a Ha B3 peridusra kelteztek (Kaus 1984, 39. Taf. 8. 6a). Tmzsibb, de vll alatt kannelrzott ugyanott a 9. sr ednye (Kaus 1984, Taf. 12. 9a). Rszleteiben a vllon vzszintes rkols s a vlla alatt fggleges kannelrzs is szinte azonos kivitelezs a 38. sr ednye (Kaus, 1984, 39. Taf. 38. 38f). Ezt a dsztsmdot az ednyeken a Ha B2 s Ha B3 idszakban is megtalljuk (Kaus 1984, 39). Remek formai prhuzamt kzltk a franzhauseni 722. srbl (Neugebauer 1996, 382, Abb. 6.1), azzal a klnbsggel, hogy az a vll alatt nem kannelrzott. A srt a Jeniovicei-tpus bronz ednyke rvn a Ha B1 (Klentnice II. fzis) kelteztk. 6.1.1c.2 Vll alatt kannelrzott, tmzsi vltozat 6.1.1c.2a Folyamatos kannelrval: a 8/17. srbl (39. bra 1, 75. bra 2). Legjobb prhuzama a csngei temet 6. srjbl (Kemenczei 1996, 107, Abb. 16.5) ismeretes. Hasonlrl tudunk a Sopron burgstalli 83/1971. sz. srbl, a temet II. idrendi fzisbl (Patek 1993, practice can be found on one vessel type (cantharus) only, but it is not frequent on this vessel type either: Batina (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 22/4, 23/11), Lengyel (Patek 1968, LXXVI. 9) and Pcs Makrhegy (Patek 1968, XCVIII.7) sites should be mentioned. The last ones were dated by Frigyes Kszegi (1988, 54, 79, 13, Tblk B, D), according to his own classification, as representing Urnfield phase V. It is important to note that such framing around the knob is characteristic of the later Ha C period, and it appears in the case of large vessels with a short, conical neck (for example Kaptol II/Mound 1: MetznerNebelsick 2002, Abb. 40.3). 6.1.1c Channelling below the shoulder 6.1.1c.1 Channelling below the shoulder, tall variation Found in Grave 19/29 (Figs. 47.6, 75.3). Well-known analogies are: Wien Leopoldsberg 22 (Kerchler 1962, Taf. III.7) and from Grave 7 of Wien Groenzersdor (Hetzer and Willvonseder 1952, Abb. 11.1). This shape was found in Grave 6 of Stillfried (with two further analogies at the same location) and is dated to the Ha B3 period (Kaus 1984, 39. Taf. 8. 6a). The vessel from Grave 9 is stockier but has channelling below the shoulder at the exact same location as in the case of Stillfried (Kaus 1984, Taf. 12. 9a). In its details the vessel from Grave 38 looks almost similar. That is, it shows horizontal channels on the shoulder and vertical channelling below it (Kaus, 1984, 39. Taf. 38, 38f). Such decoration style is present on vessels from both the Ha B2 and Ha B3 periods (Kaus 1984, 39). A very close resemblance was documented from Grave 722 of Franzhausen (Neugebauer 1996, 382, Abb. 6.1), the only difference being the lack of channelling below the shoulder. The grave was dated to Ha B1 (Klentnice II. phase) due to the Jeniovice type small bronze vessel. 6.1.1c.2 Channelling below the shoulder, stocky version 6.1.1c.2a This type shows continuous channelling and was found in Grave 8/17 (Figs. 39.1, 75.2). Its best analogy is known from Grave 6 of the cemetery of Csnge (Kemenczei 1996, 107, Abb. 16.5). Similar ones are known from Grave 83/1971 of Sopron Burgstall, from the 2nd chronological

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VIA 2 Abb. 36), valamint a kposnyak ednyek (Kegelhalsgef) III. tpust kell megemltenem Kalsdorf temetjbl (Tiefengraber 2005, 90, Abb. 33). 6.1.1c.2b Csoportos kannelrval: a 31/40. srbl (56. bra 5, 76. bra 2). Ez a dsztsmd nem tl gyakori. A kzeli Velemrl Miske Klmn (1908, Taf. LXI/10) kzlt egy ilyen dszts bgrt. A kelet-magyarorszgi Mezcst csoport temetinek nagy ednyein (Mezcst Hrcsgs 19, 53, 90, 94: Metzner-Nebelsick 1998, Abb. 9) megtallhat, ugyanakkor a Mhlbachl bei Matrei Bz D2 Ha B1 temetjnek 31. srjbl (ZemmerPlank 1995, 297, Abb. 15) ismeretes, ahogy St. Andr tbb (pl. 5, 8, 11.) srjbl is (Eibner 1974, Taf. 4. 5a, Taf. 8a, Taf. 11a). 6.1.1d Vll alatt kannelrzott s a vllon btyk A 36/45. srbl (58. bra 4, 76. bra 3). Az ilyen ednyek hinyoznak Kalsdorf (Tiefengraber 2005, Abb. 33), Stillfried (Strohschneider 1976, Kaus 1984), de a Waldviertel (Lochner 1991, 271 272) jl feldolgozott temetibl is. Ugyanakkor megvan a tkli temet Ha B peridusra keltezett srjaiban (Patek 1958, 416, 418, 12. kp 3, 17. kp 8). Gyakori Dalj Weinberg temetjben (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, 103, Taf. 57/1, 60/8, 61/4, 78/6, 79/5, 80/4, 85/2, 96/3), ahol ksi urnamezs csszvel, de kora Hallstatt-i krnyzetben is elkerlt. 6.1.1e Vll alatt kannelrzott s a vllon fllel / flekkel 6.1.1e.1 A vllon egy fllel: 18. sr (21. bra 3, 76. bra 6) s a 27. sr ugyanott hrom fllel (29. bra 6 , 74. bra 4) rendelkez s a vll alatt fgglegesen kannelrzott ednynek kiss nylnkabb s szkebb szj, de ferdn kannelrzott vltozata (Mller-Karpe 1959, 141A/16; Mozsolics 2000, Taf. 19. 11) rejtette a Celldmlk Sghegyi III. kincs (Ha B2) bronzait. A vllra helyezett kt (!) fles megoldst a csngei 4. sr igaz dsztetlen urnjn (Kemenczei 1996, 107, Abb. phase of the cemetery (Patek 1993, Abb. 36), and we shall mention vessel type III with a conical neck (Kegelhalsgef) from the cemetery of Kalsdorf (Tiefengraber 2005, 90, Abb. 33). 6.1.1c.2b This type shows groups of channelling and was found in Grave 31/40 (Figs. 56.5, 76.2). This method of decoration is not very frequent. A mug with a similar motif was reported from Velem by Klmn Miske (1908, Taf. LXI/10). It can also be found on the large vessels in the cemetery of the Mezcst group in eastern Hungary (Mezcst Hrcsgs 19, 53, 90, 94: Metzner-Nebelsick 1998, Abb. 9), and also from Grave 31 in Mhlbachl bei Matrei Bz D2 Ha B1 cemetery (Zemmer-Plank 1995, 297, Abb. 15), and from a number of graves (for example 5, 8, 11) at St. Andr (Eibner 1974, Taf. 4. 5a, Taf. 8a, Taf. 11a). 6.1.1d Channelling under the shoulder and knob on the shoulder Found in Grave 36/45 (Figs. 58.4, 76.3). Such vessels are not present in either the cemeteries of Kalsdorf (Tiefengraber 2005, Abb. 33), Stillfried (Strohschneider 1976, Kaus 1984) or Waldviertel (Lochner 1991, 271 272), even though these are well-documented. At the same time it can be found in the graves dated to the Ha B period of the Tkl cemetery (Patek 1958, 416, Kpek 12.3, 17.8). It is very frequent in the cemetery of DaljWeinberg (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, 103, Taf. 57/1, 60/8, 61/4, 78/6, 79/5, 80/4, 85/2, 96/3), where it was found together with a Late Urnfield cup but it has also appeared in the Early Hallstatt period. 6.1.1e Channelling under the shoulder and handle(s) on the shoulder 6.1.1e.1 The vessel in Grave 18 (Figs. 21.3, 76.6) has one handle on its shoulder. The one in Grave 27 has three handles (Figs. 29.6, 74.4) and vertical channelling below its shoulder. A vessel similar to the latter one but slightly taller with a smaller mouth and oblique channelling (Mller-Karpe 1959, 141A/16; Mozsolics 2000, Taf. 19. 11) hid the 3rd bronze depot (Ha B2) at Celldmlk Sg-hegy. In Grave 4 at Csnge there was an urn, undecorated, which also has two handles (!) on the shoulder (Kemenczei 1996, 107, Abb. 14.1).

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6. Fejezet/Chapter 6 14.1) is viszont ltjuk. A kt fles, de a vllon rkolt darabokat Michaela Lochner (1991, 272) a rendszere szerinti Typ D/Var.a1-2-be sorolta. Megszlalsig hasonl, de szisztematikusan csak egy fllel elltott Dalj urninak egy rsze, de Erdut (Erdd) s Vukovar (Vukovr) urni kztt szintn elfordulnak ilyen pldnyok (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 91/3, 106/12, 111/12). Ez C. MetznerNebelsick (2002, 98 99, 120 122, Abb. 24. 3) 3. ednytpusa (Kegelhalshenkelgef), amelyet a felosztsa szerinti V. kincshorizontra, a 9. szzadra (Ha B3) datl s a dl-pannoniai rgi vezrtpusnak, tovbb az szak-itliai kapcsolat bizonysgnak tart. Elterjedsi terlett (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Abb. 45) sznezi a 27. sr ednye. A Wien Groenzersdorf-i Ha B2 idszakra keltezett (akkori terminolgival Stillfried csoport/tpus) temet egyik, sajnos szrvny pldnya (a vlln kt fllel) idzhet mg (Hetzer s Willvonseder 1952, 59, 71 72, Abb. 7.1). Ugyanakkor az ilyen darabok megtallhatk a Ha C1 peridusra (8. szzad eleje: Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, 122), de korbbra is (!) datlt (Kemenczei 2005, 1. tblzat) Pcs Jakab-hegy 10, 15. tumulusnak mellkletei kztt (Marz 1979, 90 91, 14. kp 3, 15. kp 1), amelyek dsztse az urnamezs idszakot, ugyanakkor formja a Hallstatt kultrval trtn tvzdst tkrzi. Helyi dunntli elzmnynek (Ha A) tekinthetk esetleg a neszmlyi temetbl ismert darabok (Patek, 1961, 66, Abb. 19/3). Ugyanakkor trben legkzelebbi, legkorbbi urnamezs kori formai elzmnynek tartom a velemi Szt. Vid 1978/a gdrbl kzlt pldnyt (Bndi s Fekete 1977 78, 106, 10. kp 4). A fl vllra helyezsre j pldkat (Sirok Akasztmly 3, 4. sr: Patek 1991a, 21. tbla 5, 7) tallunk a kelet-magyarorszgi Mezcst csoport leletanyagban is. Az idzett temetkezseket a Fzesabony Mezcst I. fzisra, a 9. szzadra kelteztk (Metzner-Nebelsick 1998, 381). Az ilyen tpus fl elhelyezsre a Basarab kultra oldneti 3. srja egyik hasonl ednyt (Kauba 2007, Abb. 3/B) is megemlthetem. Michaela Lochner (1991, 272) classified the artefacts with two handles and channels on the shoulder as type D/Var.a1 2. Some of the urns of Dalj are very similar to these but consistently have only one handle. Such vessels are found among the urns of Erdut (Erdd) and Vukovar (Vukovr) as well (MetznerNebelsick 2002, Taf. 91/3, 106/12, 111/12). This is vessel type No. 3 of Carola Metzner-Nebelsick (2002, 98 99, 120 122, Abb. 24. 3). According to her classification it is dated to the 5th treasure horizon, 9th century BC (Ha B3), and is considered to be the leading type of the south Pannonian region, and it provides proof for a connection with northern Italy. The vessel from Grave 27 denotes how widespread this type was (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Abb. 45). We shall also mention one vessel (with two handles on the shoulder), which is a stray find, of Wien Groenzersdorf, dated to Ha B2 (Stillfried group/type according to a former terminology) (Hetzer and Willvonseder 1952, 59, 71 72, Abb. 7.1). Similar pieces can be found in the Ha C1 period (beginning of the 8th century BC: Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, 122), and some are dated even earlier (!) (Kemenczei 2005, Tab. 1) among the grave goods of Tumuli 10 and 15 of Pcs Jakab-hegy (Marz 1979, 90 91, Kpek 14.3, 15.1).The ornamenting of the pieces from the tumuli represent the Urnfield period but their shapes reflect strong effects of the Hallstatt culture. We might consider the vessels from the cemetery of Neszmly as local antecedents (Ha A) from the Transdanubian region (Patek, 1961, 66, Abb. 19/3). At the same time its closest spatial analogy, and also its earliest Urnfield antecedent is the vessel from Velem Szt. Vid from Pit 1978/a (Bndi and Fekete 1977 78, 106, Kp 10.4). There are excellent examples of fitting handles on the shoulder among the finds of the Mezcst group in eastern Hungary (Sirok Akasztmly, Graves 3 and 4: Patek 1991a, Tblk 21.5, 21.7). The above-mentioned burials are dated to the 9th century BC, to phase I of Fzesabony Mezcst (Metzner-Nebelsick 1998, 381). A similarly positioned handle might be mentioned as an example found in Grave 3 at oldneti representing the Basarab culture (Kauba 2007, Abb. 3/B).

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VIA 2 18. srunk pldnynak (21. bra 3) egyszerbb s taln kiss korbbi, mbr a Ha B peridusra datlt s a Stillfried-i idszakra trtn utalssal kzlt vltozatait pl. a vli temet anyagban vljk felfedezni (Petres 1960, 20 21, 28, 42, Taf. XV. 1, Taf. XX. 5). Szmos de kisebb rszletekben eltr hasonl darabot Batina (MetznerNebelsick 2002, Taf. 1/7-8, 6/3-5, 12/1, 16/3, 6, 34/2, 48/8), Dalj (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 61/5, 84/4) s Vukovar (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 111/1, 3) temetibl tettek kzz. Carola Metzner-Nebelsick (2002, 172 174, 179, Abb. 90) a szinte tkletesen megegyez Pcs Jakab-hegy 26. halomsrjbl szrmaz pldnyt az ltala kidolgozott IIIb kermia-horizontra, azaz az idsebb Hallstatt-korra (Ha C1) keltezte. 6.1.1e.2 A fl velt, flkr alak besimts-kteggel keretezve 6.1.1e.2a Szalagfl: 22. sr (24. bra 1). Batina temetjnek tbb kantharos ednyn (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 22/4, 23/11) a fl s a btyk alatt is ilyen besimtott dsz van. A Thunau/4 lelhelyrl kzltek egy btykfles ednytredket, amelyet a ks urnamezs Hallstatt kultra tmeneti idszakra kelteztek (Lochner 1991, 158 161, Taf. 106. 6). A msik alapvet eltrs, hogy a mi ednynk a vll alatt mg fgglegesen kannelrzott is, az pedig nem. 6.1.1e.2b Btykfl: a 16/25. (167. bra 3 Hallstatt-kori, itt msodlagos helyzetben van) s a 22/32. srbl szrmazval (50. bra 8, 75. bra 6) szinte megegyezt s ugyanolyan tpus ednyen Vukovarrl (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 112/2), Wien Groenzersdor-i 11. srbl (Hetzer s Willfonseder 1952, Abb. 13.2) s Thunau/4 lelhelyrl kzltek (Lochner 1991, 158 161, Taf. 106.6). Ugyanakkor a 46/26. gdr betltsbl szrmaz tredken (167. bra 4) az idzett Thunau-i prhuzammal megegyez, azaz a vllon vzszintes kannelra alatti btykt keretez flkrves rkolst ltunk, de egy a vzszintes kannelrt mellz, ugyanilyen darab (167. bra 10) is elkerlt. We assume that the vessel found in Grave 18 (Fig. 21.3) has simpler and a bit earlier versions among the finds of the cemetery of Vl, dated to the Ha B period and referenced among the Stillfried period finds (Petres 1960, 20 21, 28, 42, Taf. XV. 1, Taf. XX. 5). Many similar vessels, distinct in small details only, were published from the cemeteries of Batina (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 1/7 8, 6/3 5, 12/1, 16/3, 6, 34/2, 48/8), Dalj (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 61/5, 84/4) and Vukovar (MetznerNebelsick 2002, Taf. 111/1, 3). A vessel, almost completely similar to these ones, originating from Tumulus 26 of Pcs Jakab-hegy was dated by Carola Metzner-Nebelsick (2002, 172 174, 179, Abb. 90) to the IIIb pottery horizon, that is to the Late Hallstatt period (Ha C1). 6.1.1e.2 Handle framed by arched semicircular smoothing 6.1.1e.2a Strap handle: Grave 22 (Fig. 24.1). This motif, the smoothing below the handle and the knob, can be found on many of the canthari of the cemetery of Batina (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 22/4, 23/11). A vessel fragment with a knob handle was recorded at Thunau/4, dated to the transitional period between the Late Urnfield and Hallstatt cultures (Lochner 1991, 158 161, Taf. 106. 6). Another basic difference is that our vessel has vertical channelling below the shoulder but the other vessels have not. 6.1.1e.2b Knob handles on the same type of vessels, which were found in Grave 16/25 (Fig. 167.3 Hallstatt period, here in secondary position) and Grave 22/32 (Figs. 50.8, 75.6) were reported from Vukovar (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 112/2), from Grave 11 of Wien Groenzersdor (Hetzer and Willvonseder 1952, Abb. 13.2) and from site Thunau/4 (Lochner 1991, 158 161, Taf. 106.6). There is a semicircular channel framing the knob below the horizontal channelling on the shoulder, which is similar to the one mentioned from Thunau, on the fragment from the fill of Pit 46/26 (Fig. 167.4). We also found a similar one but without the horizontal channelling (Fig. 167.10).

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6. Fejezet/Chapter 6 6.1.1f A vllbl indul fl a perem alatt csatlakozik, a vll alatt kannelrzott A fgglegesen kannelrzott, a 14. srunkbl (17. bra 2) szrmazhoz Pcs Jakab-hegy 10. tumulusbl (Marz 1979, 90 91, 14. kp 3), a ferdn kannelrzott, a 29. srbl (31. bra 3, 74. bra 5) elkerlthz Pcs Jakab-hegy 15. tumulusbl (Marz 1979, 90 91, 15. kp 4) idzhet j prhuzam, amelyeket a Ha C1 peridusra datltak. 6.1.1g A vllon besimtsok (rkols), alatta szakaszosan benyomott lencse-dszts A 29. sr ednyvel (31. bra 6, 74. bra 6) teljesen azonos dszts szrvny kerlt el Haindorfban (C-tpus: Lochner 1991, 271, Taf. 55. 1). A lencse-dsz ilyen ednytpusokon, de ms mdon elhelyezve Stillfried rgebben feltrt srjaibl (Strohschneider 1976, 45 46, Taf. 16/1, 5, 17/4, 6) ismert. Ms ednytpuson s kombinciban az Oberravelsbach-i ednydepbl (Ha A/B: Lochner 1986, 297, 306, Taf. 1. 5; 1991, 124, Taf. 80. 1), illetve Wien Leopoldsberg szrvnyai kztt egy fazekacskaknt meghatrozott ednyen (Kerchler 1962, Taf. V. 5) is elfordul. A Klentnice 24. srjbl (hovsk 1965, Taf. VII. 24/h) szrmaz hasonl pldnyt a publikl pontosan nem keltezte. Ugyanakkor megtallhat ms dsztssel kombinlva a Dalj temetjben (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 89/1) s a kelet-magyarorszgi Mezcst csoport temetiben (pl. Fzesabony Ketts-halom 10. sr: Patek 1991a, 4. tbla 5; Metzner-Nebelsick 1998, Abb. 18.1) is. Az idzett temetkezst a Fzesabony Mezcst I. fzisra, a 9. szzadra kelteztk (Metzner-Nebelsick 1998, 381). A finoman kivitelezett vzszintes besimts az urnamezs idszak Podol-Stillfried tpusra jellemz (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, 100). 6.1.1h A vll alatt ritmikusan ismtld flkr alak besimts-kteggel, ami nem kpez girland-dszt 25/35. srbl (52. bra 6, 76. bra 1). Hasonl dsztsi megolds edny tallhat a Budapest bksmegyeri VIII. (Kalicz-Schreiber 1991, Abb. 6.1.1f Handle begins from the shoulder and is attached under the rim, there is channelling on the shoulder There are good analogies, dated to the Ha C1 period, for the vessel with vertical channelling from Grave 14 (Fig. 17.2) from Tumulus 10 at Pcs Jakab-hegy (Marz 1979, 90 91, Kp 14.3); to the vessel with oblique channelling from Grave 29 (Figs. 31.3, 74.5) from Tumulus 15 at Pcs Jakab-hegy (Marz 1979, 90 91, Kp 15.4). 6.1.1g Smoothings on the shoulder (channels), below pressed lentil-shaped ornament in sections A stray find was found in Haindorf (Type C: Lochner 1991, 271, Taf. 55. 1) with exactly the same decoration as the one found in Grave 29 (Figs. 31.6, 74.6). Such lentil-shaped ornamentation, positioned differently, is known from similar vessel types that were found in the graves of Stillfried from a previous excavation (Strohschneider 1976, 45 46, Taf. 16/1, 5, 17/4, 6). The motif is present on other vessel types and other combinations in the vessel depot of Oberravelsbach (Ha A/B: Lochner 1986, 297, 306, Taf. 1. 5; 1991, 124, Taf. 80. 1), and among the stray finds of Wien-Leopoldsberg on a small pot (Kerchler 1962, Taf. V. 5). A similar vessel was found in Grave 24 of Klentnice (hovsk 1965, Taf. VII. 24/h) but the publication did not date it exactly. The motif can be found, combined with other ornaments, in the cemetery of Dalj (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 89/1) and in the northern Hungarian Mezcst group (for example Fzesabony Ketts-halom Grave 10: Patek 1991a, Tblk 4, 5; Metzner-Nebelsick 1998, Abb. 18.1). The above-mentioned burials are dated to the 9th century BC, phase I of Fzesabony Mezcst (MetznerNebelsick 1998, 381). Such refined horizontal smoothing is characteristic of the Podol-Stillfried type of the Urnfield period (Metzner-Nebesick 2002, 100). 6.1.1h Grouped semi-circular smoothing regularly positioned below the shoulder but not forming a garland Found in Grave 25/35 (Figs. 52.6, 76.1). Similarly ornamented vessels can be found in Grave VIII at Budapest-Bksmegyer (Kalicz-Schreiber 1991, Abb.

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VIA 2 11.1) s a burgenlandi Marz 117. srjban. Utbbit a Hallstatt kultra kzps fzisra (Ha C2) kelteztk (Nebelsick et al. 1997, 80, Abb. 31). Vukovar egyik ednyt (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 112/2) s Sopron Burgstall Ha C1-re keltezett 177. tumulusnak ednyt (Patek 1991b, Abb. 7.4) mindenkppen meg kell emltenem. Ugyan btykkel kombinlt s bordadszes megolds Franzhausen 1094. csontvzas, csont nylhegyes, a Hallstatt kultrhoz sorolt keleti eredet beszivrg? srjnak ednye (Nebelsick et al. 1997, 175, 180, Abb. 73/4), amelyik sszhatsa miatt azonban taln mgis figyelembe veend, de bizonyosan fiatalabb a mi pldnyunknl. 6.1.1i A nyakon s a has kzpvonaln btykk A 33. sr ednye (36. bra 3, 75. bra 1). Ebben a formban nem gyakori ednytpus. A btykk szmt s elhelyezst tekintve eltr, de egybknt j prhuzamt kzlte Kszegi Frigyes (1988, 55 56, 52. tbla 2) Budapest XXI. Csepel-Szabadkikt felttelezett srjbl, amelyet az urnamezs fejlds V. (preszkta) fzisba sorolt. S ugyanilyen megfontolsbl btykk kialaktsa s elhelyezsnek mdja utalnom kell a Tamsi Vrhegy-Frhwirth szlk egyik srjnak ednyre (Kszegi 1988, 189; Patek 1968, 153 154, Taf. LXXXVIII.9). Erre az urnamezs idszakra jellemz a hevenyszett ednyforma, gyakori a deformltsg (Kszegi 1988, 56). Mindezeknek a kritriumoknak ednynk megfelel. Az edny formailag is j hasonmsait azaz ketts-kpos alapforma, rvid nyak s kihajl perem ismerjk a velemi Szt. Vid rgi anyagbl (Miske 1908, Taf. LXVI.6) s Daljbl, de ott a btykk elhelyezse ms (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 55/6, 66/9, 67/4, 69/1). Daljbl is csak egy olyan pldnyt kzltek, amely a teljesen egyszer, btyk nlkli alapforma (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 84/3). Ezt az ednyforma Carola Metzner-Nebelsick (2002, 114 118, Abb. 24.4, Abb. 42) 4. ednytpusa (Doppelkonisches Grogef), amelyet a korai Hallstatt kultrtl a szktk leletanyagig megtallunk. Ennek taln 11.1) and Grave 117 of Burgenland Marz. The latter was dated to the middle phase (Ha C2) of the Hallstatt culture (Nebelsick et al. 1997, 80, Abb. 31). Two further occurrences must also be mentioned: a vessel from Vukovar (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 112/2) and Tumulus 117 of Sopron Burgstall, dated to Ha C1 (Patek 1991b, Abb. 7.4). A vessel with a knob and an applied rib decoration, found in the inhumation Grave 1094 of Franzhausen with a bone arrowhead, is part of the Hallstatt culture, but it might be the result of an eastern infiltration (Nebelsick et al. 1997, 175, 180, Abb. 73/4). This vessel could be taken into consideration due to its overall impression but it is definitely younger than our vessel. 6.1.1i Knobs on the neck and on the middle of the belly Found on a vessel from Grave 33 (Figs. 36.3, 75.1). In this form this is a rare vessel type. A good analogy was published by Frigyes Kszegi (1988, 55 56, Tbla 52.2) originating from the supposed grave of Budapest XXI-Csepel Szabadkikt. The knobs on the vessel are different in number and position, and the vessel is characterised as phase V (Pre-Scythian) of the Urnfield development. For the same reason, in considering the position and formation of the knobs, the vessels from a grave of Tamsi Vrhegy-Frhwirth szlk (Patek 1968, 153 154, Taf. LXXXVIII.9; Kszegi 1988, 189) must also be mentioned. This period of the Urnfield development is characterized by rough shapes, deformed vessels are common (Kszegi 1988, 56). Our vessel lives up to all these criteria. Good resemblances of the vessel, meaning the biconical basic shape, short neck and everted rim, are known from the old finds of Velem Szt. Vid (Miske 1908, Taf. LXVI.6) and Dalj, but the position of the knobs is different (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 55/6, 66/9, 67/4, 69/1). Only one vessel was reported from Dalj, which is a basic shape without knobs (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 84/3). This shape is Type 4 (Doppelkonisches Grogef) of Carola Metzner-Nebelsick (2002, 114 118, Abb. 24.4, Abb. 42), which was present from the Early Hallstatt culture to the Scythian period. The vessel in question might be the local precedent of this one.

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6. Fejezet/Chapter 6 helyi elzmnye a krdses edny. Megjegyezve azt is, hogy a mi pldnyunk a fenti alapformnak jcskn kisebb vltozata. Tovbb a nyugat-szlovkiai Vrdite temetjnek Ib fzisra keltezett 10. srjra rdemes felhvnom a figyelmet, amelyben egy meglehetsen ksi, a Ha D-re keltezett (Mller 2007b, 626, 629 630, 638, Abb. 1.27, Abb. 6, Abb. 9/1) pldny van. A megolds azaz kt sorban, de lejjebb elhelyezett btykk, kannelrzott ednyen Klentnice temetjben a Ha B2 peridusban tnnek fel (hovsk 1965, Abb. 14). Ugyanakkor a kelet-magyarorszgi Mezcst csoport leletanyagra is rdemes kitekinteni. gy pldul Tiszakeszi s rokt ednyeire (Metzner-Nebelsick 1998, Abb. 16.1, 9), de csak a btykk kt sorban trtn elhelyzse miatt. Tovbb a nagy ednyen kt sorban elhelyezett btykkre a Basarab kultra oldneti 3. srjbl emlthet mg egy, br ms formj edny (Kauba 2007, Abb. 3/B). 6.1.2 Gmbs test edny/gallros perem edny (Kragenrandgef) A 39/48. srbl (60. bra 5). A Sg-hegyi szrvny anyagbl ismert egy tmzsibb vltozat (Patek 1968, Taf. XII. 13). Sopron Burgstall tumulusaibl npszer ednyformaknt a Ha B3 Ha D idszakbl (Patek 1993, 51 52, Abb. 36) jl ismert. A rvid nyak s a test hasonlsga miatt megemlthet a Wien Leopoldsberg 28. sr (Kerchler 1962, Taf. IV. 1), de mg inkbb a Stillfried 2. srja (Ha B2) ednye, amely azonban kannelradszes (Kaus 1984, 30, Taf. 3.2a). Kicsit hosszabb nyakkal rendelkez pldnyt Schiltern Burgstallrl kzltk (Trnka 1983, 146, Abb. 9A) s a Ha B C peridusra kelteztk. Kiss fiatalabb az idsebb kora vaskor vgre keltezett vltozatait Kuar teleplsnek B hzban trtk fel (Dular et al. 1995, 39 45, 62 63, Taf. 24/2 6, 25/1, 26/7). A formatpus mg fiatalabb pldnyait a Stina Novo mesto 1 2 horizontbl (Ha C2 Ha D1) ismerjk (Dular 1982, 177, Abb. 3, Taf. 6/45). It must be noted that our vessel is a much smaller version of the above-mentioned basic shape. I also have to point out one vessel from Grave 10 of the cemetery of a western Slovakian Vrdite, Ib phase of the cemetery, from a relatively late period, dated to Ha D (Mller 2007b, 626, 629 630, 638, Abb. 1.27, Abb. 6, Abb. 9/1). This practice, the knobs arranged in two lines but in a lower position on a vessel with channelling, first appeared in the cemetery of Klentnice in the Ha B2 period (hovsk 1965, Abb. 14). At the same time it is worth to take a quick view of the finds of the northern Hungarian Mezcst group. For example, there are the vessels of Tiszakeszi and rokt (Metzner-Nebelsick 1998, Abb. 16.1, 9) but they are important from this point of view only because of the knobs arranged in two lines. Another vessel, although different in shape, can be mentioned as an example of knobs arranged in two lines on a large vessel from Grave 3 of oldneti in the Basarab culture (Kauba 2007, Abb. 3/B). 6.1.2 Spherical-shaped/collared vessel(Kragenrandgef) Found in Grave 39/48 (Fig. 60.5). A stockier version is known from the stray finds of Sghegy (Patek 1968, Taf. XII. 13). It is well-known as a popular vessel shape from the tumuli of Sopron Burgstall, dated to Ha B3 Ha D (Patek 1993, 51 52, Abb. 36). Due to similarities, like the short neck and the body shape, we shall mention the vessels from Grave 28 of Wien Leopoldsberg (Kerchler 1962, Taf. IV. 1) and from Grave 2 of Stillfried (Ha B2). This latter has channelling (Kaus 1984, 30, Taf. 3.2a). A vessel with a longer neck was published from Schiltern-Burgstall (Trnka 1983, 146, Abb. 9A), dated to the Ha B C period. A bit younger versions, dated to the end of the older Early Iron Age, were found in House B of Kuar settlement (Dular et al. 1995, 39 45, 62 63, Taf. 24/2 6, 25/1, 26/7). Still younger versions of the same shape are known from Stina Novo mesto 1 2 horizon, dated to Ha C2 Ha D1 (Dular 1982, 177, Abb. 3, Taf. 6/45).

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VIA 2 6.1.3 Fazk A fazk peremnek ujjbenyomkodssal trtn dsztse (37/46. sr: 58. bra 6) a ks urnamezs idszak jellegzetessge Horvtorszg terletn (Pavii 2001, 170, Taf. 2) s Ausztriban. Divatja a Hallstatt kultrban is tovbbl (Tiefengraber 2005, 114, Taf. 21/2). 6.1.3a S-profil, nylnk: A 24. srbl (27. bra 3 s 78. bra 1). Korbbi vltozata megtallhat: a velemi Szt. Vid 27. hza padljn (Bndi s Fekete 1977 78, 116, 15. kp) s a neszmlyi temet 81. srjban (Patek 1961, Taf. XII. 5). Ismert a kelet-magyarorszgi trako-kimmer temetk anyagbl (pl. Fzesabony Ketts-halom 42. sr: Patek 1991a, 11. tbla 15; Metzner-Nebelsick 1998, 381, Abb. 18.17), amelyet a Fzesabony Mezcst III / szkta idszakra, a 8. szzad utols negyede utnra datltak. 6.1.3b S-profil, fogbtykkkel: 8/17. sr (39. bra 4). J prhuzama, de eltrssel ugyanis peremn hullmosan benyomkodott Wien Leopoldsberg 32. srjbl (Kerchler 1962, Taf. II. 5) van. Pereme alatt lcdszes a Klentnice I. peridusra (Ha A2 Ha B1) keltezett 46. sr ednye (hovsk 1965, Abb. 14, Taf. XLII.1). A 22/32. sr fazeka (50. bra 3) Kalsdorf temtje ilyen ednyeinek II. csoportjba sorolhat, ahol a 8/94. srbl ismert (Tiefengraber 2005, Taf. 22/4). 6.1.3c S-profil, tmzsi, benyomkodott peremmel s bordadsszel: 20/30. sr (49. bra 3, 78. bra 2). Meglehetsen ritka ednytpus a korabeli temetkben, de j prhuzamt kzltk Daljbl (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 87/5) s Kalsdorf 2/87. srjbl (Tiefengraber 2005, Taf. 14/1). A peremn egy benyomkodott lcdsszel rendelkez tredket az urnamezs/Hallstatt idszakra datltk (Trnka 1983, 147, Abb. 10/alul), amely azonban a publikl szerint pontosabb kronolgiai besorolsra nem alkalmas. ltalnosan elterjedt a ksi urnamezs idszak teleplsein, de 6.1.3 Pot Decorating the rim of a pot with finger impressions (Grave 37/46: Fig. 58.6) was characteristic of the Late Urnfield period in Austria and Croatia (Pavii 2001, 170, Taf. 2). This trend survives into the Hallstatt culture (Tiefengraber 2005, 114, Taf. 21/2). 6.1.3a Tall with an S-profile: From Grave 24 (Figs. 27.3, 78.1). Earlier versions found on the floor of House 27 at Velem Szt. Vid (Bndi and Fekete 1977 78, 116, Kp 15) and in Grave 81 of the cemetery at Neszmly (Patek 1961, Taf. XII. 5). It is also familiar in the finds of Thracian Cimmerian cemeteries of eastern Hungary (for example Fzesabony Ketts-halom Grave 42: Patek 1991a, Tablk 11, 15; Metzner-Nebelsick 1998, 381, Abb. 18.17), dated to the Fzesabony Mezcst III/Scythian period, after the last quarter of the 8th century BC. 6.1.3b S-profiled with a knob handle: Grave 8/17 (Fig. 39.4). A good analogy is the vessel from Grave 32 of Wien-Leopoldsberg (Kerchler 1962, Taf. II. 5), with a slight difference, that is that one has impressions on its rim. The vessel from Grave 46 is dated to Klentnice I period (Ha A2 Ha B1 and has applied rib ornaments below the rim (hovsk 1965, Abb. 14, Taf. XLII.1). The pot from Grave 23/32 (Fig. 50.3) can be grouped into group II vessels of Kalsdorf cemetery, where it was found in Grave 8/94 (Tiefengraber 2005, Taf. 22/4). 6.1.3c S-profiled, stocky and shows an impressed rim and applied rib decoration: Grave 20/30 (Figs. 49.3, 78.2). In contemporary cemeteries it is a quite rare type of vessel but good analogies were published from Dalj (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 87/5) and from Grave 2/87 of Kalsdorf (Tiefengraber 2005, Taf. 14/1). A fragment with an impressed rib ornament on the rim was dated to the Urnfield/Hallstatt period (Trnka 1983, 147, Abb. 10/below) but according to the publication it is not suitable for more precise chronological classification. It is very widespread among the settlements of the Late Urnfield period and also very popular in the

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6. Fejezet/Chapter 6 az urnamezs idszak zr peridusban s a Hallstatt kultra kezdetn is igen npszer (Tiefengraber 2005, 118). Kt lcdszes a Basarab kultra oldneti 3. srja igen hasonl, de a mienknl nylnkabb ednye (Kauba 2007, Abb. 3/B). 6.1.4 Kors/Palack-szer edny (60. bra 3, 78. bra 3) Vlln vzszintes besimtsok, nyaka szk s ersen kihajl perem pldnya a 39/48. srbl. Ezt a dsztsmdot a Ha B2 s Ha B3 idszakban is megtalljuk (Trnka 1983, 146, Abb. 8, Abb. 9A; Kaus 1984, 39). J prhuzama kerlt el Wien Groenzersdor 11. srjbl (Hetzer s Willvonseder 1952, Abb. 13.5). Jellegben hasonlk, de arnyaikban eltrek (tmzsibbek) St. Andr 12, 37AB srjaibl (Eibner 1974, 186, Abb. 12.12b c s 260, Abb. 41.37f) szrmaz ednyek. A 12. srt Eibner (1974, 55, Abb. 5) a temet III. fzisra (Ha B3) keltezte. Jellegben s arnyaiban vele megegyez, de vllra helyezett fleivel s fggleges kannelrzottsgban eltr tle a temet I. fzisra datlt 41. sr ednye (Eibner 1974, 43, 271, Taf. 43. 41b, Abb. 5). A hasonl, de jval nylnkabb s szkebb nyak szinte mr palack-szer Stillfried 25. srjnak ednye, amelyet a Ha B2 (Kaus 1984, 39, Taf. 23.25c), a 21. sr tmzsibb formjt pedig a Ha B3 peridusra kelteztk (Kaus 1984, 40, Taf. 20.21a). Arnyaiban is legjobb vltozatt Klentnice 57. de a vllon kt fllel elltott s 106. srjaibl ez viszont a vll alatt fgglegesen kannelrzott , azaz a temet II, Ha B1-re datlt idrendi fzisbl kzltk (hovsk 1965, Abb. 14, Taf. XLIII. 7, LI. 14). Hasonl, de dsztetlen vltozatt a csngei 2. srbl (Kemenczei 1996, 107, Abb. 13.2), s a vllon azonos mdon dsztett, de a nyakon s a hason is dsztett vltozatt a 19. srbl trtk fel (Kemenczei 1996, Abb. 15.9). Feltn, de csak a formai hasonlsg a Basarab kultra oldneti 3. srja ednyeivel (Kauba 2007, Abb. 3/B). Megjelenskben hasonlak, de a dszts helyt illeten eltrek end of the Urnfield period and in the beginning of the Hallstatt culture (Tiefengraber 2005, 118). There is another, similar vessel, but taller and has two applied rib ornaments, and was found in Grave 3 at oldneti representing the Basarab culture (Kauba 2007, Abb. 3/B). 6.1.4 Jug/Bottle-like vessel (Figs. 60.3, 78.3) It was found in Grave 39/48. It has a horizontal smoothing on its shoulder, a tight neck and a strongly everted rim. Such decoration is widespread in both the Ha B2 and Ha B3 periods (Trnka 1983, 146, Abb. 8, Abb. 9A; Kaus 1984, 39). A good analogy was found in Grave 11 of Wien Groenzersdor (Hetzer and Willvonseder 1952, Abb. 13.5). The vessels found in Grave 12 and 37AB of St. Andr (Eibner 1974, 186, Abb. 12.12b c, 260, Abb. 41.37f) are similar in overall type but different in their proportions (stockier). Grave 12 was dated by Eibner (1974, 55, Abb. 5) to phase III (Ha B3) of the cemetery. A vessel found in Grave 41, dated to phase I of the cemetery, is similar in type and proportions but is different in that its handles located on the shoulder and that it has a vertical channelling (Eibner 1974, 43, 271, Taf. 43. 41b, Abb. 5). The vessel of Grave 25 of Stillfried is similar but much taller and has a narrower neck, almost like a bottle, and was dated to Ha B2 (Kaus 1984, 39, Taf. 23.25c). The stockier shape of the vessel of Grave 21 was dated to Ha B3 (Kaus 1984, 40, Taf. 20.21a). This vessel type, best in its proportions, was found in Klentnice, dated to phase II of the cemetery, to Ha B1. The vessel in Klentnice from Grave 57 has two handles on the shoulder, and the one from Grave 106 has vertical channelling below the shoulder (hovsk 1965, Abb. 14, Taf. XLIII. 7, LI. 14). A similar but unornamented version was found in Grave 2 of Csnge (Kemenczei 1996, 107, Abb. 13.2). A vessel from Grave 19 was similarly decorated to the previous one on its shoulder but it is also decorated on the neck and the belly (Kemenczei 1996, Abb. 15.9). The similarity is striking, but only in terms of shape, to the vessels of Grave 3 in oldneti representing the Basarab culture (Kauba 2007, Abb. 3/B). The vessels from the graves, dated to Ha C2 D1, from Stina and Magdalenska gora are similar but there are

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VIA 2 a nyakon vzszintes, a vll alatt hromszgletes kannelrzs a Stina s Magdalenska gora Ha C2 D1 srjaibl (Typ I: Dular 1982, 181, Abb. 3, Taf. 10/90 92) szrmazk. 6.1.5 Cssze 6.1.5a A 9/18. srbl val, valsznleg fles cssze als rsze, amely fggleges csoportokban rkolt. Az egyik vlltredken szalagfl indtsa (41. bra 5), meglehetsen ritka dsztsi megolds a trsg leletanyagban. Ugyanakkor szmos hasonl pldnyt Batina s Vukovar (Vukovr) temetjbl (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 3/3, 30/12, 109/4, 6) ismernk. A vll alatt ilyen dszts az Oberravelsbach-i fiatalabb urnamezs kori (Ha A/B tmenete) teleprl is van (Lochner 1991, 124, Taf. 80. 6). Ms ednytpuson is alkalmaztk, ami szrvnyknt (Lochner 1991, 80, Taf. 53.6) kerlt el a Haindorf-i temet terletrl. Sajnos a csngei temet megmaradt anyagban nem tallunk ilyet. 6.1.5b A 17. (19. bra 4), 21. (22. bra 3) s a 8/17. (39. bra 2 3, 77. bra 3), 20/30. (49. bra 1 2), 26/36. (54. bra 3) srok: a vll alatt ferdn rkolt fles vagy fl nlkli csszinek keltezse Michael Lochner (1991, 278-279, 300 301) tipolgiai besorolsa szerint a Typ C/Var.b s F6 keverke a kora- s kzps urnamezs idszakra, de ennl pontosan nem datlhat, azaz a srok kronolgiai helyzetnek meghatrozsa nehzsgekbe tkzik. A csngei temet megmaradt anyagban ez a tpus nem tallhat meg. St, a ferde kannelrzs ltalban is ritka, mindssze a 19. sr egy tlkjn (Kemenczei 1996, Abb. 15.8) fordul el. Honti Szilvia (1993, 149, Abb. 3.8) Vrs B temetjben a ferdn rkolt ednyeket a Baierdorf idszakra keltezi. Kszegi Frigyes (1988, 27 29, 67) szerint a ferde rkols az urnamezs kultra II. (Baierdorf) fzistl jelentkezik, majd differences in terms of the location of the ornaments, which are horizontal channelling on the neck, and triangular ones below the shoulder (Typ I: Dular 1982, 181, Abb. 3, Taf. 10/90 92). 6.1.5 Cup 6.1.5a Bottom part of a cup, originally it probably had a handle. It was found in Grave 9/18. It is channelled in vertical groups. Strap handle stub is seen on one of the shoulders (Fig. 41.5). Its decoration is a very rare motif type among the finds of the region. At the same time a number of similar vessels were found in the cemeteries of Batina and Vukovar (MetznerNebelsick 2002, Taf. 3/3, 30/12, 109/4, 6). A vessel with such decoration below the shoulder is also known from Oberravelsbach from a younger Urnfield cemetery (Ha A/B transitional period) (Lochner 1991, 124, Taf. 80. 6). The motif was also used on other vessel type found as a stray find at the cemetery of Hainford (Lochner 1991, 80, Taf. 53.6). This type is not detected in the remaining finds of the cemetery of Csnge. 6.1.5b Graves 17 (Fig. 19.4), 21 (Fig. 22.3), 8/17 (Figs. 39.2 3, 77.3), 20/30 (Figs. 49.1 2), 26/36 (Fig. 54.3): dating the cups with or without handle, with oblique channelling under the shoulder, and determining the chronological situation of the graves is not easy. The cups could not be dated more exactly than according to Michaela Lochner's (1991, 278 279, 300 301) typological classification, which classifies them as the mixture of Typ C/Var. b and F6 and dates them to the Early and Middle Urnfield period. This cup type is not detected in the remaining finds of the cemetery of Csnge. Oblique channelling is rare there, found only on a small bowl from Grave 19 (Kemenczei 1996, Abb. 15.8). Szilvia Honti (1993, 149, Abb. 3.8) dated the vessels with oblique channelling found in the cemetery of Vrs B as originating from the Baierdorf period. According to Frigyes Kszegi (1988, 27 29, 67) oblique channelling first appeared in phase II of the Urnfield

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6. Fejezet/Chapter 6 hasznlata egyre inkbb cskken s jl lthat, hogy az V. fzisban mr csak bizonyos ednytpusokon (pl. kantharos) tallhat meg. 6.1.6 Bgre 6.1.6.1 Felhzott fl (47. bra 5, 77. bra 6) 19/29. sr. Prhuzama St. Andr 1. srjbl kerlt el, amelyet Eibner a temet I. fzisra keltezett (Eibner 1974, 161, Taf.1.1a, Abb. 5). 6.1.6.2 Skozott, felhzott fl (35. bra 8 s 80. bra 7) A 32. srbl. A fl ilyen kialaktsa a Baierdorfidszaktl (Ha A1) divatos, gy Okov (Ocsk) halomsrjban szmos ilyen fllel elltott edny (Novotn 1995, 378, Abb. 2) kerlt el. J prhuzama Budapest Bksmegyer 48. srjbl szrmazik, amelyet Jeviovice-tpus bronz ednye alapjn a Ha B1 peridusra kelteztek (Kalicz-Schreiber 1991, 195, Abb. 15.2, 19). Ugyanitt a 21. srbl is ismeretes a fl ilyen kivitelezse (Kalicz-Schreiber 1991, Abb. 12.7), amelyet a Fels am Wagram-tpus t alapjn a fiatalabb urnamezs idszakra (Ha B2) datltak a romndi kincs segtsgvel (hovsk, 1983, 39). Ismerjk azonban a fl ilyen kidolgozst a Pcs jakab-hegyi 1. tumulusbl is, amelyet az Urnamezs- s a Hallstatt kultra tmenete j, 8. szzadi pldjaknt idznek (Metzner-Nebelsick 1998, 391 393, Abb. 26.15), s mg a fmeket a pontusz-kaukzusi anyagi kultra, addig a sr kermijt a helyi fazekassg emlkeknt rtkelik. A fl ilyetn megoldsra Batina temetjben (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 13/8) is tallunk pldt. 6.1.6.3 Gmbs / nyomott gmbs test, hengeres vagy tlcsres nyakkal A 18. srbl (szalagfles: 21. bra 1), a 24. srbl (szalagfles: 27. bra 4, 77. bra 1), a 25. srbl (hromszgletes tmetszet fllel: 28. bra 4, 77. bra 2), 9/18. srbl (dsz nlkli, egyszer fles csszje: 41. bra 9), 19/29. srbl (D-tmetszet fllel: 47. bra 5). Korbbi vltozatai jl ismertek a ks halomsros-/korai culture (Baierdorf), and its application decreased gradually. In phase V only some vessel types were decorated with the motif (for example cantharus). 6.1.6 Mug 6.1.6.1 With high swinging handle (Figs. 47.5, 77.6) It was found in Grave 19/29. Its analogy was found in Grave 1 of St. Andr, and it was dated by Eibner to phase I of the cemetery (Eibner 1974, 161, Taf.1.1a, Abb. 5). 6.1.6.2 Facetted, with high swinging handle (Figs. 35.8, 80.7). It was found in Grave 32. This shape of handle is popular from the beginning of the Baierdorf period (Ha A1), therefore many vessels with such handle were found in the tumulus of Okov (Ocsk) (Novotn 1995, 378, Abb. 2). A good analogy is from Grave 48 of Budapest-Bksmegyer. Based on the Jeviovice type bronze vessel it was dated to the Ha B1 period (Kalicz-Schreiber 1991, 195, Abb. 15.2, 19). Similarly shaped handle is also known from Grave 21 of the same site (Kalicz-Schreiber 1991, Abb. 12.7). Based on the Fels am Wagram type pin it was dated to the younger Urnfield period (Ha B2) with the aid of the treasure of Romnd (hovsk, 1983, 39). Similarly shaped handle was also found in Tumulus 1 of Pcs Jakab-hegy, which is referred to as representing the transitional period between the Urnfield and the Hallstatt cultures in the 8th century BC (MetznerNebelsick 1998, 391 393, Abb. 26.15). The ceramics of the grave are considered to be locally made while the metals are seen as objects from the Pontus Caucasian area. The same kind of handle is also known from the cemetery of Batina (MetznerNebelsick 2002, Taf. 13/8). 6.1.6.3 Spherical / squat-shaped vessel, with a cylindrical or funnel neck This type was found in the following graves: Grave 18 (Fig. 21.1, strap handle Grave 24 (Figs. 27.4, 77.1, strap handle), Grave 25 (handle with triangular crosssection, Figs. 28.4, 77.2), Grave 9/18 (no decoration, a simple cup with no handle: Fig. 41.9), Grave 19/29 (handle with a D-shaped cross-section: Fig. 47.5). Its earlier versions are well-known from the Late Tumu-

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VIA 2 urnamezs idszak Jnoshza Farkasgyep/Bakony-vidki csoportja temetkezseibl (Ugod: Mithay 1988, 4. bra 2; Farkasgyep: Jankovits 1992, 21, 41, Abb. 12.2, Abb. 31.3; Jnoshza: Fekete 2004, 161, 14. kp 1 2) s a nmetbnyai teleplsrl (Ilon 1996, VII VIII. tbla). A Ha A1 2 idszakok jellegzetessge a hromszgletes tmetszet fl (Trnka 1983, 146). A hromszgletes tmetszet fl az UK I. fzistl ltalnos, magasra felhzott fl pedig a II. fzistl j elem a fazekassgban (Kszegi 1988, 29). A 18. sr s a 9/18. sr a fiatalabb urnamezs peridusra keltezhet a kzeli osztrk pldk alapjn (Lochner 1991, 155-156, 278: Typ E/Var.a1 2, 301). A Wien Groenzersdor 7. srja (Hetzer s Willvonseder 1952, Abb. 11.2) ilyen ednyt rdemes kln kiemelni. A csngei temet anyagban nem tallhat meg ez a tpus. 6.1.6.4 les hasvonal (45. bra 4) A 18/28. srbl. Figyelemre mlt prhuzamnak gondolom a Tamsi Vrhegy-Frhwirth szlk temetje egyik srjnak ilyen ednyt (Patek 1968, 153 154, Taf. LXXXXVIII. 5), amelyet Kszegi Frigyes (1988, 56, 189, 13. tbla A/5) az urnamezs idszak legksbbi, ltala V. fzisknt megnevezett peridusba sorolt. 6.1.7 Tl 6.1.7.1 Gmbszeletalak 6.1.7.1a Egyszer (63. bra 5) A 65/60. srbl. Keltezsre nem igazn alkalmas, ltalnos forma. 6.1.7.1b Gmbszeletalak, omphalosos A 29. sr tlacskjval (31. bra 5, 79. bra 5) teljesen megegyez, de belsdszes a Wien Leopoldsberg 22. sr (Kerchler 1962, Taf. III. 8) ednye, de Sopron Burgstall temetjnek legkorbbi fzisban (Ha B3), a 81. tumulusban is megtallhat (Patek 1982, Abb. 17.9; Patek 1993, 51, Abb. 36). Ilyen, de tbbsgklus/Early Urnfield period burials of Jnoshza-Farkasgyep/Bakony region group (Ugod: Mithay 1988, 4.2 bra; Farkasgyep: Jankovits 1992, 21, 41, Abb. 12.2, Abb. 31.3; Jnoshza: Fekete 2004, 161, 14.1 2 kpek) and from the settlement of Nmetbnya (Ilon 1996, Tafel VII VIII). The handles with triangular cross-sections are characteristic of the Ha A1 2 period (Trnka 1983, 146). Handles with triangular crosssections are generally used in the beginning of phase I of the Urnfield culture, and the high swinging handle is a new element in pottery, starting in phase II (Kszegi 1988, 29). Based on close Austrian examples Graves 18 and 9/18 are dated to the younger Urnfield period (Lochner 1991, 155 156, 278: Typ E/Var.a1 2, 301). It is worth pointing out that a similar vessel was found in Grave 7 of Wien Groenzersdor (Hetzer and Willvonseder1952, Abb. 11.2). This type is not detected in the remaining finds of the cemetery of Csnge. 6.1.6.4 Strongly emphasized belly (Fig. 45.4) It was found in Grave 18/28. I consider a vessel from one of the graves of the cemetery of Tamsi Vrhegy-Frhwirth szlk (Patek 1968, 153 154, Taf. LXXXXVIII. 5) as a considerable analogy. It was dated by Frigyes Kszegi (1988, 56, 189, Tbla 13.A/5). According to his relative chronology it is from phase V, which is the latest phase of the Urnfield period. 6.1.7 Bowl 6.1.7.1 Semi-spherical 6.1.7.1a Simple (Fig. 63.5) It was found in Grave 65/60. It is a common shape, not very suitable for dating. 6.1.7.1b Semi-spherical, omphalic bottom A bowl, found in Grave 22 of Wien Leopoldsberg (Kerchler 1962, Taf. III. 8) is fundamentally similar to the small bowl of Grave 29 (Figs. 31.5, 79.5) but the first one has decorations on its interior. Such vessels can also be found in the earliest period of the cemetery of Sopron Burgstall (Ha B3), in Tumulus 81 (Patek 1982, Abb. 17. 9; 1993, 51, Abb. 36). Similar

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6. Fejezet/Chapter 6 ben fllel elltott ednyek Batina temetjbl (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 4/9-10, 12, 33/5, 45/14) kerltek el. 6.1.7.2 Behzottperem 6.1.7.2a1 Egyszer A 22. (24. bra 3, 79. bra 3) s a 39/48. srokbl (60. bra 4). A csngei temet 5, 6, 10, 17. srjbl (Kemenczei 1996, 107, Abb. 14.2, 5, Abb. 15.3 4, Abb. 18.3) maradtak meg ilyenek, amelyek a 22. srban tallthoz hasonltanak. Az urnamezs idszakban ltalnos (pl. Kszegi 1988, 13. tbla; Lochner 1991, Typ B/Var.a, Typ C/Var.a; Pare 1998, Abb. 46/A) forma, pontos keltezsre nem alkalmas. 6.1.7.2a2 Kis fogbtykkel vagy alagtfllel kombinlt: a 31, 32. srbl (33. bra 4, 35. bra 5, 79. bra 6, 8). Fl nlkli formja Kalsdorf temetjnek XVI. ednytpusa (Tiefengraber 2005, 108, Abb. 36). 6.1.7.2b Felhzott fles (10. bra 3, 78. bra 4) A 4. srbl. Hasonlt igaz flkikpzst nem ismerek Velem (Miske 1908, Taf. LXII/6) s Batina (Kiskszeg) rgi anyagbl (Kszegi 1988, 58. tbla 1). De temetnktl nyugatra s dlre nem tudok ilyen darabrl. A temetnkhz kapcsold terleteken s idszakban az ilyen ednyek pereme kevsb behzott, tmrjk kisebb s magasabbak. 6.1.7.3 Turbntekercses, behzottperem A 9/18. (41. bra 1, 80. bra 2) s 20/30. srbl (49. bra 8, 80. bra 3) kiemelt tlak ltalban nem igazn brnak keltez ervel, tipikusak ugyanis az egsz urnamezs terleten a Ha A2 idszaktl s a Hallstatt kultrban is (Patek 1958, 417; Trnka 1979, 145; Pavii 2001, 170. Taf. 5/7 8; Tiefengraber 2005, 103). J prhuzamai ismertek a Krpt-medencben Koronc Bbotrl, Budapest Bksmegyerrl (Kszegi 1988, 5. tbla A/11, G/33), de a fiatalabb urnamezs korbl pl. Gr Kpolnadombrl (Ilon 2001. Taf. VI.2), valamint a fiatalabb, Stillfried Podol II. (Ha B3) perivessels, with handles, were found in large numbers in the cemetery of Batina (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 4/9 10, 12, 33/5, 45/14). 6.1.7.2 With inverted rim 6.1.7.2a1 Simple This type was found in Graves 22 (Figs. 24.3, 79.3) and 39/49 (Fig. 60.4). The vessel found in Grave 22 is similar to those from Graves 5, 6, 10, and 17 of Csnge (Kemenczei 1996, 107, Abb. 14.2, 5, Abb. 15.3 4, Abb. 18.3). It is not suitable for dating since it is a common shape in the Urnfield period (for example Kszegi 1988, Tbla 13; Lochner 1991, Typ B/Var.a, Typ C/Var.a; Pare 1998, Abb. 46/A). 6.1.7.2a2 This type, combined with a small knob handle or tunnel handle was found in Grave 31 and 32 (Figs. 33.4, 35.5, 91.6, 8). This type with no handle was classified as type XVI of the Kalsdorf cemetery (Tiefengraber 2005, 108, Abb. 36). 6.1.7.2b with high swinging handle (Figs. 10.3, 78.4) It was found in Grave 4. Similar ones, in terms of shape but not the handle, are known from the old finds of Velem (Miske 1908, Taf. LXII/6) and Batina (Kiskszeg) (Kszegi 1988, Tbla 58.1). I am not aware of such vessel west and south from our cemetery. In the area and time period connected to our cemetery the rim of such vessels are not so inverted, they are smaller in diameter and taller. 6.1.7.3 Decorated with oblique channelling, it has an inverted rim Bowls, found in Graves 9/18 (Figs. 41.1, 80.2) and 20/30 (Figs. 49.8, 80.3) are not very suitable for dating as they are common in the entire Urnfield area from the beginning of Ha A2 period and also in the Hallstatt culture (Patek 1958, 417; Trnka 1979, 145; Pavii 2001, 170. Taf. 5/7 8; Tiefengraber 2005, 103). In the Carpathian Basin good analogies are known from Koronc-Bbota, Budapest-Bksmegyer (Kszegi 1988, Tblk 5.A/11, 5.G/33) and from the younger Urnfield period, for example at Gr-Kpolnadomb (Ilon 2001. Taf. VI.2) and from Grave 169 of Brno Obany,

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VIA 2 dusra keltezett Brno Obany 169. srjbl (Stegmann-Rajtr 1992, 40 42; Taf. I. 3 5; Pare 1998, 386) is. Tljaink a Michaela Lochner-fle (1991, 264, 289, 302, Taf. 77.2) E-tpus/Var.c.3, illetve 1.be tartoznak az oldalfal meredeksge s vonalvezetse alapjn. A Waldviertel terletn is a kzps urnamezs kortl tallhat meg. Mindkt a temetben feltrt pldnyunk Kalsdor I. tpuscsoportjba sorolhat, ahol a perem erteljesebben behzott (Tiefengraber 2005, 102 103, Abb. 36). Figyelemre mlt, hogy a St. Andr-i temetnek csak a III. fzisban (Ha B3: Eibner 1974, 44, 55, Abb. 5) jellemz. Taln csak furcsa vletlen (?), hogy a csngei temet megmaradt s kzlt ednyei (Kemenczei 1996, Abb. 13 18) kztt egyetlen ilyen sincs. 6.1.7.4 Behzott perem, kvl skozott (65. bra 3 5) A 43/52. gdrbl hrom tredk. A skozs ilyen alkalmazsa az osztrk terleten a Ha A2 B1 peridusban indul (Trnka 1983, 145, 152, Abb. 16/12), ahogy megvan a neszmlyi temetben is (Patek 1961, Abb. 18.7), de a Drva-vidken a Ha C1a idszak jellegzetessge (Pare 1998, 347). 6.1.7.5 Mly, enyhn S-profil A temetbl csupn kt pldny kerlt el, a 9/18. (41. bra 2) s 16/25. srbl (46. bra 4). Lochner (1991, 263, 275, 300) tljai kzl a Dtpus 1, 5. karcsbb, magasabb vltozata hasonlt hozz. A forma a koraitl a ksi urnamezs idszakig megtallhat, ezrt nem meglep, hogy a kzps- s fiatalabb urnamezs idszak tmenetre keltezhet Oberravelsbach-i edny depotban is megtallhat (Lochner 1986, 297, 306, Taf. 3.2 3). Ednynket a Kalsdorf temetjben a publikl ltal kidolgozott rendszerben az I. (de nem kannelra-dszes) tpuscsoportba sorolhatjuk (Tiefengraber 2005, Abb. 34). Klentnice 18. srbl is ismert (hovsk 1965, Taf. XXXIX.4). Kiss hangslyozottabb S-profil darabot ismernk a Sg-hegyi temetbl, amelyet Kszegi (1988, which is dated to an even younger Stillfried-Podol II (Ha B3) period (Stegmann-Rajtr 1992, 40 42; Taf. I. 3 5; Pare 1998, 386). Based on the steepness of the body wall and their profile the bowls belong to Michaela Lochner's (1991, 264, 289, 302, Taf. 77.2) E/Var.c.3 and 1 type. It can be found in the area of Waldviertel from the Middle Urnfield period. Both pieces found in the cemetery of Zanat can be categorised as type I of Kalsdorf, where the rims are more inverted (Tiefengraber 2005, 102 103, Abb. 36). It shall be noted that it is characteristic of the cemetery of St. Andr in phase III only (Ha B3: Eibner 1974, 44, 55, Abb. 5). It might only be a strange coincidence (?) that there are no such vessels among the ones found and published from the cemetery of Csnge (Kemenczei 1996, Abb. 13 18). 6.1.7.4 With inverted rim, facetted on the exterior (Figs. 65.3 5) Three fragments were found in Pit 43/52. Such utilisation of facetting begins in the Ha A2 B1 period in Austria (Trnka 1983, 145, 152, Abb. 16/12) and it is present in the cemetery of Neszmly (Patek 1961, Abb. 18.7) as well, but in the River Drva region it is a characteristic of the Ha C1a period (Pare 1998, 347). 6.1.7.5 Deep with a slight S-profile Only two such vessels were found in the cemetery from Graves 9/18 (Fig. 41.2) and 16/25 (Fig. 46.4). It is similar to bowls 1 and 5 within type D of Lochner (1991, 263, 275, 300), which are taller and slimmer versions. This shape is present from the Early to the Late Urnfield period; therefore it is not surprising that it can be found in the Obarrevelsbach vessel depot as well, which is dated to the transitional period of the Middle and Late Urnfield periods (Lochner 1986, 297, 306, Taf. 3.2 3). The vessel can be grouped into type I (but without channelling), which typological system was worked out for the publication of Kalsdorf cemetery (Tiefengraber 2005, Abb. 34). It is also known from Grave 18 of Klentnice (hovsk 1965, Taf. XXXIX.4). Another piece is known from the cemetery of Sg-hegy. It has a more emphasized S-profile and is dated by

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6. Fejezet/Chapter 6 44. tbla 4) az urnamezs idszak III, tmeneti fzisra keltezett. sszegezve: archaizl formatpus. 6.1.7.6 Seklyebb, S-profil (41. bra 6) A 9/18. srbl szrmazik a temet egyetlen ilyen ednye. Elzmnye fl nlkl s fllel ltalnosan elterjedt az urnamezs idszakban. gy megtallhat a neszmlyi temet 136. srjban (Patek 1961, Taf. XVI.3) is. Ugyanakkor az lesen, tlcsrszeren kihzott perem Svjcban a Ha B3stlus jellemzje (Rychner 1995, 473, Abb. 12/13). 6.1.7.7 Profillt (14. bra 4) Mindssze egyetlen pldny van a temetbl, a 8. srbl. Korbbi vltozatai ismertek a ks halomsros-/korai urnamezs idszak Jnoshza Farkasgyep/Bakony-vidki csoportja temetkezseibl (Farkasgyep: Jankovits 1992, 33, Abb. 26.4) s a nmetbnyai teleplsrl (Ilon 1996, VI. tbla), de a neszmlyi temet fiatalabb szakaszra keltezett 33. srbl (Patek 1961, 80, Taf. V.10) is. 6.1.7.8 Protokalenderbergi jelleg, barbotin dsztssel (35. bra 10, 79. bra 7) A 32. srbl. Az urnamezs idszakban az ednyek egy csoportjn (Nebelsick 1996, 356: 2c. lista) megtallhat az ujjbenyomkodssal dsztett egyenes, veld, vagy zikk-zakkban fut plasztikus rtett lc, avagy ugyanennek bevagdosott formja. J plda erre a balatonboglri Borkombint teleplsn feltrt hasonlan egyfl tl (Honti, Nmeth s Siklsi 2007, 174 175, 162. kp). A korai urnamezs idszakra keltezett (Ha A1) a mlyebb s dsztsk szerkezetben is eltr, de mgis sok rokon vonst felmutat Balatonmagyard Hdvgpuszta 3. (Horvth 1994, 13. kp 7) s Vrs Battyni disznlegel 81. srjnak ednye (Honti 1993, 151, Abb. 4.7). A neszmlyi temetben a rtett lcdszes ednyek a Ha B2 idszakra datltak (Patek 1991b, 288, 46. lbjegyzet). A dsztsmd megtallhat a velemi Szt. Vid Kszegi (1988, Tbla 44.4) to the 3rd transitional period of the Urnfield culture. In summary, this vessel is an archaic type. 6.1.7.6 More shallow with S-profile (Fig. 41.6) The only such vessel in this cemetery was found in Grave 9/18. Its precedents are common in the Urnfield period, both with a handle or without it. It was also found in Grave 136 of the cemetery of Neszmly (Patek 1961, Taf. XVI.3). At the same time the sharply everted funnel-like rim is a characteristic style in Ha B3 in Switzerland (Rychner 1995, 473, Abb. 12/13). 6.1.7.7 Profiled (Fig. 14.4) There is only one such vessel found in the cemetery, in Grave 8. Its earlier versions are well-known from the Late Tumulus/Early Urnfield period burials of Jnoshza Farkasgyep/Bakony region group (Farkasgyep: Jankovits 1992, 33, Abb. 26.4), from the settlement of Nmetbnya (Ilon 1996, Tbla VI) and from Grave 33 of Neszmly, dated to the younger period of the cemetery (Patek 1961, 80, Taf. V.10). 6.1.7.8 Bowl with Proto-Kalenderberg type decoration (Figs. 35.10, 79.7) It was found in Grave 32. Straight, arched or zigzag applied rib, decorated with finger impression or incisions are present on groups of vessels from the Urnfield period (Nebelsick 1996, 356: 2c. list). A good example would be the similarly one-handled bowl found in the settlement of Balatonboglr Borkombint (Honti, Nmeth and Siklsi 2007, 174 175, Kp 162). Deeper bowls with differently structured decoration, but still showing many relations, dated to the Early Urnfield period (Ha A1) were found in Grave 3 of Balatonmagyard Hdvgpuszta (Horvth 1994, Kp 13.7) and Grave 81 of Vrs Battyni disznlegel (Honti 1993, 151, Abb. 4.7). The vessels with applied rib found in the cemetery of Neszmly are dated to the Ha B2 period (Patek 1991b, 288 and footnote 46). This method of decoration is present at the settlement of Velem Szt. Vid (Miske 1908, Taf. LVII/25 26). Grave 1/77

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VIA 2 teleplsn is (Miske 1908, Taf. LVII/25 26). Rtett-rovtkolt dsztse miatt rdemes idzni a temetben ugyancsak egyedlll 1/77. srt Kalsdorfbl (Tiefengraber 2005, 116 117, Taf. 5/2). Szinte hromszgletes tmetszet ednyflnkhz hasonlt bordadszes Batina temetjbl ismernk (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 23/8). A dsztsmd fbb vonalaiban megegyezik Chotn (Hetny) 9. urns srjnak a kalenderbergi idszakra keltezett ednyvel (Novotn 1995, 383, 386 387, Abb. 11). 6.1.8 Fed (49. bra 7) A 20/30. srbl szrmazhoz hasonl egyszer, dsztetlen darabok Erdut (Erdd) s Sotin srjaibl kerltek mzeumba (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 105/3 5, 108/3). Jval dszesebbek s kposabbak a Batina temetjbl (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 29/4 5, 45/13) ismertek. Kpos ugyan, de peremes kikpzs s lyukkal is rendelkezik egy a Miske-satsokbl szrmaz velemi pldny (Miske 1908, Taf. LVII/14). Lapos fed a hajdani Bcs-Bogrog megybl jutott a Mainz-i mzeum gyjtemnybe (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 116/1). Vgezetl nhny olyan kermia-dsztsi eljrsrl is szt kell ejtenem, amelyek az eddig idzett prhuzamokon tl vlemnyem szerint kronolgiai kvetkeztetsekre is alkalmat adhatnak. Az edny felletnek meglehetsen ritkn elfordul, csoportokban trtn kannelrzsa a Hallstatt kultra s a preszkta idszak magyarorszgi (Patek 1993. Abb. 54.9, Abb. 29.12, Abb. 31.34, Abb. 32.26) urnin ppen gy megjelenik, ahogy Batina s Dalj kantharosain (lsd Metzner-Nebelsick 2002 munkjbl a fent hivatkozott darabokat). A 29. sr ednyn a lencse-dsz alkalmazsa (31. bra 6, 74. bra 6) is meglehetsen ritka a trsg urnamezs kori leletanyagban. ppen ezrt fontos a fent mr idzett pldkon tl az a Dalj-i edny, amelynek ugyan a nyakn s of Kalsdorf (Tiefengraber 2005, 116 117, Taf. 5/2) is worth mentioning for its uniqueness in the cemetery, due to its applied rib decoration, which is incised. A similar one to our vessel with a handle, which has a triangular cross-section and rib decoration, is known from the cemetery of Batina (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 23/8). The method of decoration is similar in its character to the vessel found in Grave 9 of Chotn (Hetny), which was dated to the Kalenderberg period (Novotn 1995, 383, 386 387, Abb. 11). 6.1.8 Lid (Fig. 49.7) Simple and undecorated pieces, like the one found in Grave 20/30, were found in the graves of Erdut and Sotin (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 105/3 5, 108/3). The ones from the cemetery of Batina are much more ornamented and conical (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 29/4 5, 45/13). A lid found in Velem during the excavations of Miske (1908, Taf. LVII/14) is also conical, it has a rim and a hole. A flat lid, originating from Bcs-Bodrog county, ended up in the museum of Mainz (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 116/1). Finally I have to mention briefly several methods for decorating pottery, which apart from the above-mentioned analogies I consider give support to chronological evaluations. The rare decoration type of grouped channelling on the surface of the vessels is present on the urns of the Hallstatt culture and also in the Hungarian area of the Pre-Scythian period (Patek 1993. Abb. 54.9, Abb. 29.12, Abb. 31.34, Abb. 32.26), just as well as on the canthari of Batina and Dalj (see the vessels mentioned above from the work of Metzner-Nebelsick 2002). The lentil-shaped decoration on the vessel from Grave 29 (Figs. 31.6, 74.6) is very rare among the finds of the Urnfield period within the region. This is why, besides the already mentioned examples, the vessel found in Dalj is important, which has lentil-shaped decora-

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6. Fejezet/Chapter 6 hromszg alakzatban elhelyezve (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 75/8), de ilyen lthat. A 32. srbl szrmaz skozott s felhzott ednyfl (35. bra 8, 80. bra 7) mr a Ha A idszakban is elfordul (Pare 1998, Abb. 44/D), de a Hallstatt kultra s preszkta idszak hazai emlkanyagban (Patek 1993, Abb. 29.15) s Batina, valamint Dalj ednyein (lsd Metzner-Nebelsick 2002 fent idzett darabjait) is megtallhat. A karcolt dszts mindssze egy srban, a 17. sr kt ednyn (19. bra 3 4) fordul el. A rovtkolt-(kimetszett)-dsz teljesen hinyzik a temet kermiaksztsi repertorjbl, hacsak a 32. sr tljnak lcdszein (35. bra 10, 79. bra 7) tallhat megoldst nem tekintem ennek. Figyelemre mlt az a vrs fests ednytredk (80. bra 9), amelyet a szntott humuszbl gyjtttnk, s ha keltezsem helyes, egy Hallstatt-kori terlethasznlatot jelez. tion on its neck in a triangular pattern (MetznerNebelsick 2002, Taf. 75/8). The facetted high swinging handle from Grave 32 (Fig. 35.8, 80.7) was already present in the Ha A period (Pare 1998, Abb. 44/D), and it is also found among the finds in Hungary from the Hallstatt culture and Pre-Scythian period (Patek 1993, Abb. 29.15), and on the vessels of Batina and Dalj (see the pieces mentioned above by Metzner-Nebelsick 2002). Incised decoration was present only in one grave, on two vessels from Grave 17 (Fig. 19.3 4). The incised (excised) decoration is completely missing from the pottery decoration repertoire of the cemetery, unless I consider the pattern found on the applied ribs of the bowl from Grave 32 (Figs. 35.10, 79.7) as representing this group of decoration. We shall pay attention to the vessel fragment painted in red (Fig. 80.9), which was collected from the ploughed soil. If it is dated correctly it implies that the area was also used in the Hallstatt period.

6.2 Fmtrgyak
6.2.1 Bronztrgyak 6.2.1.1 Edny (41. bra 8, 83. bra 1) A temetben mindssze egy pldny volt, a 9/18. sr deformldott bronz ednye. Pontos keltezse fels rsznek (mekkora?) hinya miatt bizonytalan. Dsztetlen s lesen megtr vll s/vagy hasvonal bronz ednyek (pl. Hajdsmson: Patay s Petres 1990, 55 56, Taf. 39.84; Spisk Bel: Novotn 1991, 23, Taf. 3.11; Chrany: Kytlicov 1991, 41 43, Taf. 2.9; Rosko: Gedl 2001, 24, Taf. 8.24) ugyanis hossz idn t Ha A2 Ha B3 s nagy terleten voltak hasznlatosak. Pldnyunkon a fl ha volt egyltaln tapadsi/felerstsi helye nem ltszik. Krdses, hogy a kt, prhuzamos, halovnyan lthat poncolt vonal pontosan hol helyezkedik el az ednyen. A Bz D Ha A1 horizontba sorolt Blatnica-tpus csszknl (pl. nadapi kincs: Patay s Petres 1990, 51 52, 88

6.2 Metal objects


6.2.1 Bronze objects 6.2.1.1 Vessel (Figs. 41.8, 83.1) There was only one such item in the cemetery, a deformed bronze vessel from Grave 9/18. It is not possible to date it with certainty as its upper part is missing (the size of the missing portion is not known). Bronze vessels, without decoration and/or with an emphasized belly line (for example Hajdsmson: Patay and Petres 1990, 55 56, Taf. 39.84; Spisk Bel: Novotn 1991, 23, Taf. 3.11; Chrany: Kytlicov 1991, 41 43, Taf. 2.9; Rosko: Gedl 2001, 24, Taf. 8.24) were in use for a long time Ha A2 Ha B3 in a large area. The spot is not visible where the handle was attached to the vessel, if it had a handle at all. It is a question where the two chased parallel lines, which are slightly visible, are situated on the body of the vessel. In the case of Blatnica type cups (for example the finds of Nadap: Patay and Petres 1990, 51 52, 88 89, Taf.

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VIA 2 89, Taf. 73.178 179; Makkay 2006, 144, Pl. XXXIII.316) ezek a fenk felett s nem a hason/vllon tallhatk. Ugyanakkor a Haslau Regelsbrunn-i kincs csszin (Pittioni 1954, Abb. 353) a poncolt vonalak az les trsvonal felett s a perem kztt helyezkednek el. Mller-Karpe utbbiakat a Ha B2 idszakra keltezte (MllerKarpe 1959, Text 209; Abb. 50.3). A ks urnamezs kor befejez szakaszra datlt Ehingen Burgfeld-i kincs egyik ednyn is kt ketts vonalkz keretezi a perem alatti sraffozott hromszg-minta sort (Wirth 1999, 596, 601, Abb. 22). Az edny les hastrse ha ez valban eredeti s nem az sszenyomds eredmnye eszembe juttatja a Ha B2-re keltezett Keszthely jmajori ednyt, amelyet a Baumgarten-tpuskrbe soroltak (Patay s Petres 1990, 67 68, Taf. 44.109). Megjegyzend, hogy a fiatalabb urnamezs idszak vgre (Ha B3: 9. szzad) keltezett Stillfried-tpus csszk pl. Sg-hegy I. (Patay s Petres 1990, 66, Taf. 43, Taf. 44.107; Kemenczei 2005, 63 64) ugyangy ompholososak, ahogy a badacsonytomaji kincs csszje (Patay s Petres 1990, 67, Taf. 44.108A; Kemenczei 2005, 63) is. A franzhauseni temet 31. urns srja bronz ednye (Neugebauer 1996, 382, 384, Abb. 5.31/7) okn a Ha B3 peridusra (Podoli fzis) trtn keltezs ersthet. 6.2.1.2 Ks A 32. sr markolattsks ksnek (Griffdornmesser) (35. bra 3, 81. bra 5) legjobb prhuzamai a Baumgarten-i tpus-csoportbl a nvad lelhely 1. srjbl s Stillfried temetjbl (hovsk 1972, 67 71, Taf. 25.267, Taf. 27.278) emlthetk. Nhny jellegben hasonl, de nem azonos pldnyt Csehorszgbl (Jir 2002, 57 59, Taf. 18.196 198, Taf. 19.199, 200, 203) kzltek. Az ilyen a markolattske s a penge kztt bordzott (geripptem Zwischenstck) pldnyokat a fiatalabb urnamezs idszak ksi fzisra, a Ha B3 peridusra datljuk (Mller-Karpe 1959, Text 179; Jir 2002, 59). 73.178 179; Makkay 2006, 144, Pl. XXXIII.316), categorised into the Bz D Ha A1 horizon, these are located above the bottom and not on the belly/shoulder. At the same time the cups of Haslau-Regelsbrunn have chased lines above the sharp breaking line of the body of the vessel and between the rim (Pittioni 1954, Abb. 353). These latter were dated to Ha B2 by Mller-Karpe (1959, Text 209 Abb. 50.3). On one of the vessels of the Ehingen-Burgfeld finds, dated to the last phase of the Late Urnfield period, there are also two double lines, which frame a line of hatched triangles running below the rim (Wirth 1999, 596, 601, Abb. 22). The sharp breaking of the belly, if it is really original and not the result of deformation, recalls the vessel of Keszthely-jmajor dated to Ha B2, categorised as Baumgarten type (Patay and Petres 1990, 67 68, Taf. 44.109). It must be noted that both the Stillfried type cups dated to the end of the younger Urnfield period (Ha B3: 9th century BC), for example the one from Sg-hegy I (Patay and Petres 1990, 66, Taf. 43, Taf. 44.107; Kemenczei 2005, 63 64) are just as much omphalic as the cup of the Badacsonytomaj finds (Patay and Petres 1990, 67, Taf. 44.108A; Kemenczei 2005, 63). The bronze vessel found in urn Grave 31 of the Franzhausen cemetery (Neugebauer 1996, 382, 384, Abb. 5.31/7) supports its dating to the Ha B3 period (Podol phase). 6.2.1.2 Knife The best analogies to the knife with tanged handle (Griffdornmesser) (Figs. 35.3, 81.5) from Grave 32 are from Grave 1 of the site of Baumgarten, which is also an eponymous site of the type name, to which the knife from Zanat belongs to; another analogy is from the cemetery of Stillfried (hovsk 1972, 67 71, Taf. 25.267, Taf. 27.278). A few knives, similar in character but with slight differences, were reported from the Czech Republic (Jir 2002, 57 59, Taf. 18.196 198, Taf. 19.199, 200, 203). Such artefacts, ribbed between the tange and the blade (geripptem Zwischenstck), are dated to the late phase of the younger Urnfield period to Ha B3 (Mller-Karpe 1959, Text 179; Jir 2002, 59).

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6. Fejezet/Chapter 6 A 9/18. sr kse (41. bra 4, 82. bra 1) a fiatalabb urnamezs idszak idsebb fzisra, a markolattsks ksek Kzp-Eurpban is elterjedt Wien Leopoldsberg-i tpus-csoportjba, a Ha B2 idszakra sorolhat (Mller-Karpe 1959, Text 209; Abb. 50.7 8; hovsk 1972, 69 70; Taf. 45A). Legjobb prhuzamai a morvaorszgi Trice (hovsk 1972, 65; Taf. 24.254) s a burgenlandi St. Georgen (hovsk 1972, 66; Taf. 24.260) hamvasztsos temetjbl, valamint Wien Leopoldsberg 1917. vi hamvasztsos srjbl (hovsk 1972, 66; Taf. 25.263) ismeretesek. Tovbb egy-egy szrvny a Wien Leopoldsberg-i temetbl (hovsk 1972, 67; Taf. 25.266) s az als-ausztriai Gaindorf (hovsk 1972, 65 66; Taf. 24.258) hatrbl. A fiatalabb, a ks urnamezs idszakra keltezett, a Baumgarten-i tpus-csoportba sorolt az als-ausztriai Pottschach hamvasztsos temetjbl szrmaz pldnyon szintn homokra-dszts lthat (hovsk 1972, 68 69; Taf. 26.274), ahogy az als-ausztriai Niederrubach pldnyn (MllerKarpe 1959, Text 282, Taf. 141D/1; hovsk 1972, 40 41, Taf. 13.135). A Stillfried-i temet II. fzisa (Ha B3) 6. srjbl kiemelten (Kaus 1984, 20 21, Taf. 8.6f; Stegmann-Rajtr 1992, 45; Abb. 4.9), valamint a Celldmlk Sghegyi III. kincs ksn (Romndi horizont B VIb = Ha B2: Mller-Karpe 1959, 127, Taf. 141A/2, hovsk 1972, 70 71; Mozsolics 2000, 38 39, Taf. 19.3) ugyanez a motvum lthat. A 22/32. srbl csupn egy ks hegye (50. bra 5) kerlt el. A tredk alapjn a tpus nem hatrozhat meg s pontosabb keltezse sem lehetsges. Figyelemre rdemes azonban klnleges elkerlsekor (in situ bontskor mhelyben) ers, egyenletes s barns patinja. Elkpzelhet, hogy magas (8 % krli) vastartalm. Ezt azonban csak egy ksbbi metallogrfiai elemzs dntheti el. sszegzsknt megllapthat, hogy a 9/18. sr temetkezse a ks alapjn kiss idsebb a 32. srnl. The knife found in Grave 9/18 (Figs. 41. 4, 82.1) is dated to the older phase of the younger Urnfield period. It is categorised in the Wien Leopoldsberg type group, and dated to the Ha B2 phase (Mller-Karpe 1959, Text 209; Abb. 50.7 8; hovsk 1972, 69 70; Taf. 45A). Its best analogies were found in the cremation cemeteries at Trice in Moravia (hovsk 1972, 65; Taf. 24.254) and in St. Georgen in Burgenland (hovsk 1972, 66; Taf. 24.260), and in the cremation grave from the year of 1917 at WienLeopoldsberg (hovsk 1972, 66; Taf. 25.263). Furthermore, there is one stray find from the cemetery of Wien-Leopoldsberg (hovsk 1972, 67; Taf. 25.266) and also one from the border of Gaindorf in Lower Austria (hovsk 1972, 65 66; Taf. 24.258). Hourglass ornamenting is also seen on the knife found in the cemetery of Pottschach in Lower Austria (cremation burials) (hovsk 1972, 68 69; Taf. 26.274) and on the one from Niederrubach, also from Lower Austria (Mller-Karpe 1959, Text 282, Taf. 141D/1; hovsk 1972, 40 41, Taf. 13.135). These are dated to the younger Late Urnfield period, and categorised as Baumgarten type. The same motif is visible on a knife found in Grave 6 in the Stillfried cemetery from phase II (Ha B3) (Kaus 1984, 20 21, Taf. 8.6f; Stegmann-Rajtr 1992, 45, Abb. 4.9), and on the knife of the Celldmlk Sg-hegy treasure III (Romnd horizon B VIb = Ha B2: Mller-Karpe 1959, 127, Taf. 141A/2; hovsk 1972, 70 71; Mozsolics 2000, 38 39, Taf. 19.3). Only the tip of a knife (Fig. 50.5) was found in Grave 22/32. Its type and precise dating cannot be determined by the fragment. We must pay attention to its strong, even, brownish patina, which is very special and was detected upon opening it in situ in the workshop. Possibly it has a high (around 8 %) iron content. This could, however, be determined only by a later metallographic analysis. We can summarize that the burial in Grave 9/18 must have taken place a bit earlier than in Grave 32, based on the knife.

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VIA 2 6.2.1.3 Borotva (13. bra 5, 81. bra 1) A 6. srja bronz borotvjt (Ilon 2001, Taf. XIII.1) mr Pittioni (1954, Abb. 348) a Stillfried-tipus jellegzetessgnek tartotta, amelyet Mller-Karpe (1959, 209; Abb. 50.4) is a Ha B2-re datlt. Innsbruck Htting II. jabban feltrt 79. srjnak keltezse ezzel sszhangban van (Zemmer-Plank 1995, 302, Abb. 21). 6.2.1.4 Viseleti darabok 6.2.1.4.1 T A 6. srbl szrmaz t (13. bra 4) tredkes, csupn egy szr, ami rdemben nem rtkelhet. A 32. srbl szrmaz dsztett, egyszer bunks fej t (Keulenkopfnadel 35. bra 9, 81. bra 6) legkzelebbi prhuzamai 30 km-es krzeten bellrl, a si Doberd-dli (Ilon et al. 2001, 2. tbla 1; Ilon 2001, Taf. XIV.3) s a velemi Szt. Vid teleplsrl (Miske 1908, Taf. XII.25, 32) ismeretesek. De megtallhat Waldviertel, Thanau/3 lelhelyen is (Lochner 1991, 158 159, Inv. Nr. 3769, 173, 178, 19/G). A forma az urnamezs idszakban vgig npszer (hovsk 1983, 33 36), azaz nmagban pontosabb keltezsre nem alkalmas. 6.2.1.4.2 Karika/karperec A 24. sr szles s slyos karperecnek ha egyltaln karperec s nem rd tredke jellegtelen (27. bra 5, 81. bra 2), gy tipokronolgiai besorolsa nem lehetsges. A 29. sr elvkonyod, elkalaplt vg s enyhn megtekert (vagy ersen lekopott/meggett fellet) huzal karikja (31. bra 4, 81. bra 3) a fiatalabb urnamezs kor (Dunntl IVb kincshorizont s az egyids bkkszentlszli I II: Kemenczei 1996a, 462, 466, Abb. 11.2, 7, 12) kincsekben gyakori lelet. A 23. srbl egy sszegett bordzott (?) karperec igen kismret tredke szrmazik. Az urnamezs idszaknak a kzepre s a ksi peridus korai szakaszra keltezte Michaela Lochner (1991, 185, 188. 2/B, Taf. 50.2) a kzeli Waldvirtel anyagnak feldolgozsa kapcsn. 6.2.1.3 Razor (Figs. 13.5, 81.1) The bronze razor found in Grave 6 (Ilon 2001, Taf. XIII.1) was considered as a characteristic artefact of the Stillfried type by Pittioni (1954, Abb. 348) and Mller-Karpe (1959, 209; Abb. 50.4) dated it to Ha B2. It is in line with the dating of Grave 79 of Innsbruck Htting II (ZemmerPlank 1995, 302, Abb. 21). 6.2.1.4 Dress accessories 6.2.1.4.1 Pin The pin (Fig. 13.4) found in Grave 6 is fragmented, basically only a shaft, therefore it could not be assessed. The decorated pin with a club-shaped head found in Grave 32 (Keulenkopfnadel Figs. 35.9, 81.6) has good analogies within a 30 km radius of S Doberd-dl (Ilon et al. 2001, Tbla 2.1; Ilon 2001, Taf. XIV.3) and Velem Szt. Vid settlements (Miske 1908, Taf. XII.25, 32). It can also be found at site Thanau/3 of Waldviertel (Lochner 1991, 158 159, Inv. Nr. 3769, 173, 178, 19/G). As this shape is popular throughout the Urnfield period (hovsk 1983, 33 36) on its own it is not suitable for dating. 6.2.1.4.2 Ring/bracelet It is not possible to classify typo-chronologically the indistinct fragment of a wide and heavy bracelet, if it is a bracelet at all and not a rod, found in Grave 24 (Figs. 27.5, 81.2). In Grave 29 a ring was found (Figs. 31.4, 81.3). Its end is thinned, it is flattened and is slightly twisted (or it might be that its surface is heavily worn or burnt). Such find is very frequent in the younger Urnfield period depots (Transdanubian IVb depot horizon and the contemporary Bkkszentlszl I II: Kemenczei 1996a, 462, 466, Abb. 11.2, 7, 12). A very small fragment of a burnt and ribbed (?) bracelet was found in Grave 23. It was dated by Michaela Lochner (1991, 185, 188. 2/B, Taf. 50.2) to the middle of the Urnfield period and the early phase of the late period, based on the evaluation of the finds of nearby Waldviertel.

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6. Fejezet/Chapter 6 A 31. sr elkalaplt s visszapdrtt vg, sima huzalbl ksztett karikja (33. bra 3, 81. bra 4) karperecnek tarthat. Hasonlt a GyrMoson-Sopron megyei jobahzai (IVa kincshorizont: Kemenczei 1996b, 84; Romndi horizont, B VIb = Ha B2: Mozsolics 2000, 50, Taf. 41.5) s a keceli (egyids a dunntli IVb fzis kincseivel: Kemenczei 1996a, 462, Abb. 11.10; Kemenczei 1996b, Abb. 37 Ha B2) kincsbl ismernk. Ugyanakkor az ilyen darabokat a Waldvirtel terletn Michaela Lochner (1991, 185, 188. 4/C-D, Taf. 50.1) az urnamezs idszak els harmadra keltezte. A 46/26. gdrbl hasonl kerlt el, azzal a klnbsggel, hogy huzaljt tordroztk. Az idzett jobahzi (Mozsolics 2000, 50, Taf. 41.1 4) s mg szmos kincsben (pl. Bkkszentlszl II: Kemenczei 1996a, Abb. 11.7; IVb kincshorizont: Kemenczei 1996b, 84; Romnd: Mozsolics 2000, Taf. 86.23 26) tovbbi prhuzamai tallhatk meg. Ennl idsebb (Ha A) pldnyrl, a szrvny leletanyagbl tudunk Haindorfbl (Lochner 1991, 80, Taf. 56.5). Legfiatalabb, Ha C vge Ha D eleje varinsait (nem tordrozottak, hanem vonaldszesek!) a magyarkeresztesi (ma: Vaskeresztes) kincsbl kzltk (Kemenczei 1996a, 471, Abb. 16.2 9). A 7/16. srbl egy (37. bra 5, 82. bra 2), s a 22/32. srbl kt darab (50. bra 6 7, 82. bra 4) bronzkarika szrmazik. Utbbiban az egyik p, kr tmetszet huzalbl, a msik tredkes s ngyszgletes tmetszet huzalbl kszlt. Ezeket hajkarikknak tartom s a hasonl karperecek alapjn (Lochner 1991, 185, 188. 5/B) a ksi urnamezs peridusra keltezem. A 25/35. sr karikja (52. bra 4, 82. bra 5) vgein dszts maradvnyai ltszanak. Ehhez nagyon hasonlatos a Sg-hegyi II. kincs egyik igaz D tmetszet s 20 mm-re nagyobb tmrj a legfiatalabb urnamezs (Stillfried) idszakra keltezett karikjn lthat (Kemenczei 1996, 95, Abb. 9.7). Dalj temetjbl (Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 51/10 12, 13, 62/5 6) is gyjtemnyekbe kerlt tbb ilyen pldny. The ring found in Grave 31 is considered as a bracelet. Its wire is simple and flattened, and the ends are twisted back (Figs. 33.3, 81.4). Similar ones are known from the finds of Jobahza of Gyr-MosonSopron County (IVa depot horizon: Kemenczei 1996b, 84; Romnd horizon, B VIb = Ha B2: Mozsolics 2000, 50, Taf. 41.5) and from Kecel (the same age as the finds of phase IVb of Transdanubia: Kemenczei 1996a, 462, Abb. 11.10; Kemenczei 1996b, Abb. 37 Ha B2). At the same time similar pieces were dated to the first third of the Urnfield period by Michaela Lochner (1991, 185, 188. 4/C D, Taf. 50.1). A similar ring was found in Pit 46/26; the difference was that its wire was spirally twisted and rectangular in cross-section . Further analogies can be found in the above-mentioned finds of Jobahza (Mozsolics 2000, 50, Taf. 41.1 4) and at a number of other sites (for example Bkkszentlszl II: Kemenczei 1996a, Abb. 11.7; IVb depot horizon: Kemenczei 1996b, 84; Romnd: Mozsolics 2000, Taf. 86.23 26). An older piece is known (Ha A) as a stray find from Haindorf (Lochner 1991, 80, Taf. 56.5). The youngest ones were reported from the finds of Magyarkeresztes (today Vaskeresztes) (Kemenczei 1996a, 471, Abb. 16.2 9), which are versions from the end of Ha C and the beginning of Ha D (its wire is not spirally twisted but decorated with lines). There was one ring in Grave 7/16 (Figs. 37.5, 82.2) and two in Grave 22/32 (Figs. 50.6 7, 82.4). In the case of the latter, one of them was made from an undamaged wire with circular cross-section, the other one is from a fragmented wire with square cross-section. I consider these as hair rings and by similar bracelets (Lochner 1991, 185, 188. 5/B) I date them to the Late Urnfield period. At the ends of the ring of Grave 25/35 (Figs. 52.4, 82.5) remains of decoration is visible. Similar motif can be found on a ring dated to the youngest Urnfield period (Stillfried) of the Sg-hegy II finds although that one has a D cross-section and its diameter is larger by 20 mm (Kemenczei 1996, 95, Abb. 9.7). Many similar pieces were found in the cemetery of Dalj (MetznerNebelsick 2002, Taf. 51/10 12, 13, 62/5 6).

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VIA 2 A huzalbl ksztett karkszereket a ksi urnamezs s a Mezcst csoport idszakra keltezik, amelyek azonban nmagukban finom kronolgiai besorolsra nem alkalmasak. Ezeket Margarete Kaus (1984, 32) felttelesen ni kszerekknt rta le. 6.2.1.4.3 Gyr (36. bra 4, 81. bra 7) A 33. srbl szrmaz kszer akr hajkarikaknt is rtelmezhet. A hasonl megolds egyik vge erteljesen rhajtva a msikra karperecek alapjn az urnamezs idszak msodik felben, annak legvgig kedvelt viseleti darab. 6.2.1.4.4 Gyngy (49. bra 6, 82. bra 3) A 20/30. sr spirlgyngye. Egy a Darnay Klmn ltal kzlt, a Soml hegyrl szrmaz srban (Patek 1968, 37, Taf. LXII. fell, kzpen) ppen gy megtallhat, mint a badacsonytomaji kincsben (Kemenczei 2005, 130, Taf. 10. A/6 7). Egybknt a kzps bronzkortl s az urnamezs idszakban is kzkedvelt kszer (Schumacher-Matthus 1985, Taf. 17, 19, 21, 41, 45; Ilon 1998, Table IV). gy nmagban nem keltez rtk. 6.2.1.4.5 Gulipn bronz ntvnye (36. bra 5, 81. bra 8) A bronz vzimadr brzols a 33. srbl szrmazik. Hasonl, nllan alkalmazott, nmagukban ll kismret trgyakat az urnamezs idszakbl ismernk (pl. Mhlau, Ppinvill: Matthus 1981, Abb. 8.3 4). Az ntvnyen srls vagy olyan terlet nem ltszik, ami arra utalna, hogy hajdan valamire felerstettk (pl. lyuk, forraszts, trsfellet, tske lenyomata, nitszeg helye Matthus 1981, Abb. 8 10) volna. Kt vagy hrom ponton trtn felvarrssal azonban textilre ersthet, azaz a leginkbb elkpzelhetnek azt tartom, hogy esetleg tbb hasonl darabbal egytt a viselet rsze lehetett. Ezt a felttelezsemet megersteni ltszik, hogy az egyik oldala sk, a msik domborbb. Ellenttben pl. az ednyperemre (Nadap: Makkay 2006, Pl. Jewels worn on the arm and made of wire are dated to the Late Urnfield and the Mezcst period but in itself it is not enough to have a precise chronological classification. These ones were described by Margarete Kaus (1984, 32) as jewels supposedly used by females. 6.2.1.4.3 Finger-ring (Figs. 36.4, 81.7) The object found in Grave 33 could be a hair ring as well. Based on similarly manufactured bracelets, with one end strongly bent on the other, it must have been a popular piece for wearing from the second half of the Urnfield period until its end. 6.2.1.4.4 Bead (Figs. 49.6, 82.3) Spiral bead found in Grave 20/30. In a grave of Soml-hegy, published by Klmn Darnayit can be found as well (Patek 1968, 37, Taf. LXII. upper middle) just as in the finds of Badacsonytomaj (Kemenczei 2005, 130, Taf. 10. A/6 7). It is a popular piece since the Middle Bronze Age and it is also common in the Urnfield period (Schumacher-Matthus 1985, Taf. 17, 19, 21, 41, 45; Ilon 1998, Tbla IV), therefore it is not suitable for dating by itself. 6.2.1.4.3 Scooper, cast in bronze (Figs. 36.5, 81.8) This bronze bird is from Grave 33. Similar small artefacts not accompanied by other finds are known from the Urnfield period (for example Mhlau, Ppinvill: Matthus 1981, Abb. 8.3 4). There is no trace of a former joining spot or damaged area on the cast that would indicate that it was previously attached to something (for example a hole, soldering, breakage, mark of a spike or clinch Matthus 1981, Abb. 8 10). It could have been fixed to textile by sewing it at two or three points so I assume that it is quite possible that is was part of a dress, maybe together with a number of other similar pieces. This supposition is strengthened by the fact that one side of the object is flat, and the other one is more convex. This is in opposition to the ones applied on vessel

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6. Fejezet/Chapter 6 XXX; Sellopoulo, Provenienz: Matthus 1981, Abb. 9 10) appliklt, mindkt oldalukon dombor pldnyokkal. A vzimadarak, s leginkbb a gulipn (Recurvirostra avosetta L.) bronzkori, klnsen ks bronzkori, jelesl urnamezs krnyezetbeni npszersgnek nagyobb tanulmnyt szenteltem (Ilon 2009) az n. Napbrka-brzolsos (Vogel Sonnen Barken) kardok feldolgozsa kapcsn. gy a krdskr rszleteire most nem trek ki. Megjegyzem: a vizsglt urnamezs idszakban, illetve a kora vaskorban trben is igen elterjedt s vltozatos funkcij trgyakon ltjuk viszont Olaszorszgtl s Franciaorszgtl Nmetorszgon, Ausztrin t magyarorszgi lelhelyekig. Azaz megtallhat s most csak nhny pldt emltek, egyre idsbd sorrendben: az estei temet 70. srja fibulin (Este II = 800 500: Mller-Karpe 1959, 96, Taf. 101.B/7-9) s Clermont Ferrand miniatr kocsijnak alkatrszn (Kr.e. 8/7. szzad: Hansen 1993. 123, Taf. 36.2) plasztikus megformlsban, Gemeinlebarn I. tumulusa bronz szegein (Nebelsick et al. 1997, Abb. 20/30 31), Batinrl s Adaevcibl csngknt (MetznerNebelsick 2002, Taf. 19/8; Vinski-Gasparini 1973, Taf. 130/A/5), Kleinklein Krllkogel kurdi tpus szituljn (Egg s Kramer 2005, 21 23, Abb. 16) s a mezkvesdi vdrn (Hajdbszrmnyi horizont, B VIa = Ha B1: Mozsolics 2000, 55 56, Taf. 51.3) poncolva, valamint a Nagydm gerhai kincs (Mozsolics, Gyermely horizont, B Vc = Ha A2) hrom bronz szgn (Hampel 1896, CXCV. tbla 18, Mozsolics 1985, 152), de a Hart a.d. Alz-i kocsisr szegecseiknt is (Ha A1: Clausing 1999, 343, Abb. 1/12 13). 6.2.2 Vastrgyak A kutats korbban gy vlte (Kimmig 1964, 274 281), hogy az els vastrgyak Kzp-Eurpban a Ha B3 fzisban (8. szzad) jelentek meg. Ma tudjuk, ez tlhaladott, hiszen mr a Bz D, Ha A idszaktl ismernk nhny vastrgyat (a kzelbl pl. egy tt Szentkirlyszabadjrl: Ilon 1998, 182, Tab. I. 1), illetve a Kr. e. 10. szzadtl rims. These birds are convex on both sides (Sellopoulo, Provenienz: Matthus 1981, Abb. 9 10; Nadap: Makkay 2006, Pl. XXX). I have composed an entire study to the popularity of water birds, especially the scooters (Recurvirostra avosetta L.) in the Bronze Age, mainly in the Late Bronze Age Urnfield period (Ilon 2009), in connection with the examination of the swords with a socalled sun-ark motif (Vogel Sonnen Barken). Therefore I do not go into details in this matter. It must be noted, however, that this motif is frequent in the Urnfield period presently discussed and in the Early Iron Age it was very widespread as well, as it can be found on many different types of artefacts in Italy, France, Germany, Austria and Hungary. That is, it can be found at the following locations, listed in a chronological order from younger to older: on the fibula in Grave 70 of the cemetery of Este (Este II = 800 500 BC: Mller-Karpe 1959, 96, Taf. 101.B/7-9), on the parts of the miniature carriage of Clermont-Ferrand (8 7th century BC, Hansen 1993, 123, Taf. 36.2) in plastic style, on the bronze nails of Tumulus I of Gemeinlebarn (Nebelsick et al. 1997, Abb. 20/30 31), as pendants from Batina and Adaevci (Vinski-Gasparini 1973, Taf. 130/A/5; Metzner-Nebelsick 2002, Taf. 19/8), on the Kurd type situla of Kleinklein Krllkogel (Egg and Kramer 2005, 21 23, Abb. 16), chased on the bucket of Mezkvesd (Hajdbszrmny horizon, B VIa = Ha B1: Mozsolics 2000, 55 56, Taf. 51.3), on the three bronze nails (Hampel 1896, Tbla CXCV.18; Mozsolics 1985, 152) of the Nagydm-Gerha treasure (Mozsolics, Gyermely horizon, B Vc = Ha A2), and as the studs of the Hart a.d. Alz carriage grave (Ha A1: Clausing 1999, 343, Abb. 1/12 13). 6.2.2 Iron objects Researchers used to think (Kimmig 1964, 274 281) that the first iron objects appeared in Central Europe in the Ha B3 phase (8th century BC). Today we know that this view cannot be maintained because some iron objects are known from the Bz D, Ha A periods (for example close to Zanat a pin is known from Szentkirlyszabadja: Ilon 1998, 182, Tab. I.1), and

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VIA 2 szmos bimetallikus (bronz s vas) trgyat (Primas 2008, 126 127, Abb. 5.6). Ma elfogadott, hogy a vastrgyak elszr s nagy mennyisgben, tovbb nagy terleten a lovas nomdok feltnsvel s a trsadalmi rend vltozsaival prhuzamosan a Duna- s a Krptok-vidkn Kr. e. 800-tl jelentek meg (Pare 1998, 298; Primas 2008, 128). Temetnk vastrgyait, s gy az azokat tartalmaz srokat ilyen megfontolsbl is ezen idszakba tartoznak gondolom s a temet legfiatalabb (III.) horizontjhoz (71 73. bra) sorolom. Termszetesen csak azokkal a trgyakkal foglalkozom, amelyek llapota az azonostst s elemzst lehetv teszi. 6.2.2.1 Karika/lszerszm (?) A 4. srbl egy kisebb (10. bra 5, 83. bra 3) karika szrmazik. Egyszer vkarikaknt (csat) vagy szjeloszt karikaknt is elkpzelhet, de igazi funkcija elttem ismeretlen. A 33. srbl 5 vagy 6 db, igen rosszmegtarts, nagyobb karika (36. bra 6, 83. bra 6) kerlt feltrsra. Karperecnek, de taln inkbb lszerszm rszeinek tekinthetk. E kt sr vas karikinak legjobb prhuzamaikat a kzeli Jnoshza Orszgti dli tbbszrztt halomsrja (ks halomsros: Fekete-fle BD kardos, Stillfried-tpus legksbbi urnamezs kor srok pl. Lzr-fle 6. sr) legfiatalabb 1b. srjbl kzltk (Kemenczei 1996, 117, 131, 20. bra 12, 14 15; Fekete 2004). Jl ismertek Frg 89. tumulusbl (Tomedi 2002, Taf. 66. 5 6) s a kelet-magyarorszgi Mezcst hrcsgsi temet srjaibl (pl. 57, 65: Patek 1993, Abb. 29. 9 10, Abb. 30. 10 11) is. 6.2.2.2 Ks (10. bra 7, 83. bra 5) A 4. srbl. A Budapest bksmegyeri temet 347. srjbl (Ha B2: Kalicz s Kalicz-Schreiber 1996, 329, Abb. 7.2), a Kleinklein-i halomsrmez kialakulsi fzisbl s Frg 89. tumulusbl (Tomedi 2002, 131, Taf. 65.11 12, Taf. 66.1; Tiefengraber 2005, 79) ismernk ilyen darabokat. A Ha B vgre keltezett csehorszgi tredkek many bimetallic objects (bronze and iron) from the 10th century BC (Primas 2008, 126 127, Abb. 5.6). Today it is accepted that iron artefacts appeared in the River Danube region and in the Carpathian Basin at the beginning of 800 BC in large quantities and extended to a large area, at the same time as the appearance of nomadic horsemen and changes in social order (Pare 1998, 298; Primas 2008, 128). I consider the iron objects of our cemetery, and of course therefore the graves containing them, to belong to this period, which is the youngest horizon (III) of the cemetery (Figs. 71 73). Of course only those artefacts are discussed, which by their conditions were suitable for identification and analysis. 6.2.2.1 Ring/horse gear (?) A smaller ring (Figs. 10.5, 83.3) was found in Grave 4. It might have been a simple belt loop or fastener but its real function is unknown. Five or six larger rings in very bad condition were found in Grave 33 (Figs. 36.6, 83.6). They might be bracelets but more likely parts of a horse gear. The best analogies to these iron rings found in these graves are located at the nearby JnoshzaOrszgti dl in a tumulus with several graves (Late Tumulus culture: Fekete type DB sword, Stillfried type latest Urnfield period graves, for example Grave 6 of Lzr), from which the youngest, Grave 1b contained them (Kemenczei 1996, 117, 131, 20. Abb 12, 14 15; Fekete 2004They are well-known from Tumulus 89 of Frg (Tomedi 2002, Taf. 66. 5 6) and from the graves of Mezcst Hrcsgs cemetery in eastern Hungary (for example 57, 65: Patek 1993, Abb. 29. 9 10, Abb. 30. 10 11). 6.2.2.2 Knife (Figs. 10.7, 83.5) It was found in Grave 4. Similar pieces are known from Grave 347 at the cemetery of Budapest-Bksmegyer (Ha B2: Kalicz and Kalicz-Schreiber 1996, 329, Abb. 7.2), from the beginning phase of the Kleinklein tumulus cemetery and from Tumulus 89 of Frg (Tomedi 2002, 131, Taf. 65.11 12, Taf. 66.1; Tiefengraber 2005, 79). The fragments from the Czech Re-

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6. Fejezet/Chapter 6 (Jir 2002, 71 72) tipolgiai sszehasonltsra alkalmatlanok. 6.2.2.3 Viseleti darab 6.2.2.3.1 Gyngy / orsgomb (10. bra 4, 83. bra 2) A 4. srbl. A kzirat lezrsig egyetlen prhuzamt sem talltam. public are dated to the end of Ha B (Jir 2002, 71 72) are unsuitable for typological comparison. 6.2.2.3 Dress accessories 6.2.2.3.1 Bead / spindle-whorl (Figs. 10.4, 83.2) It was found in Grave 4. No analogies have been found so far, not until the closing of the manuscript.

6.3 Csonttrgy
6.3.1 Gyngyk (44. bra 5 9, 83. bra 7 8) A 12/21. srbl 5 db. J prhuzamaik (17 db) kerlt el Wien Groenzersdorf 5. srjbl (Hetzer s Willvonseder 1952, 62, Abb. 10.12), amelyben bronztrgyak (pl. Vasenkopfnadel, egymsra hajtott vg karperec, tordrozott karperec) is voltak.

6.3 Bone artefacts


6.3.1 Beads (Figs. 44.5 9, 83.7 8) Five pieces were found in Grave 12/21. Good analogies (17 pieces) were found in Grave 5 at WienGroenzersdorf (Hetzer and Willvonseder 1952, 62, Abb. 10.12) where bronze objects were located as well (for example Vasenkopfnadel; bracelet the ends of which overlap each other; bracelet the wire of which is spirally twisted and rectangular in cross-section).

6.4 A srok kronolgija


A temet idsebb fzisnak (Zanat I.) srjait a ks halomsros vagy korbbi urnamezs idszak kermia-hagyomnyai (tl, bgre) alapjn hatroztam meg. A kvetkez srokat soroltam ide: - 8. sr: Indiff. 14 x ves, 3 edny (14. bra 3 4), - 24. sr: N (?), 20 60 ves, 5 edny + bronz karperec (?) (27. bra 3 5, 73. bra), - 25. sr: Indiff. 18 x ves, 2 edny (28. bra 3 4, 73. bra), - 12/21. sr: indiff. 10 20 ves, 3 edny + csontgyngyk (44. bra 2 9), - 19/29. sr: Frfi, 30 45 ves, 5 edny (47. bra 4 6, 73. bra). A temet fiatalabb, kzps fzisnak (Zanat II.) srjait a kermia-hagyomnyok msodik rtege (fgglegesen s ferdn rkolt/kannelrzott ednyek: Kszegi 1988, 27 29, 35 37) s a fent elemzett fiatalabb idszakra keltezett egyb trgyak alapjn vlem elklnthetnek. A kvetkez srokat soroltam ide:

6.4 The chronology of the graves


The graves of the older phase of the cemetery (Zanat I) were determined by the Late Tumulus or the Early Urnfield period ceramic traditions (bowl, mug). I put the following graves into this category: - Grave 8: Indiff. 14 to x year old, 3 vessels (Fig. 14.3 4), - Grave 24: Female (?), 20 to 60 year old, 5 vessels + bronze bracelet (?) (Figs. 27.3 5, 73), - Grave 25: Indiff. 18 to x year old, 2 vessels (Fig. 28.3 4, 73), - Grave 12/21, indiff. 10 to 20 year old, 3 vessels + bone beads (Fig. 44.2 9), - Grave 19/29: Male, 30 to 45 year old, 5 vessels (Figs. 47.4 6, 73). The graves of the younger, middle phase of the cemetery (Zanat II) were differentiated by the second layer of the ceramic traditions (vessels with vertical and oblique smoothing/channelling: Kszegi 1988, 27 29, 35 37) and based on other artefacts analysed above dated to the younger period. I put the following graves into this category:

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VIA 2 - 6. sr: Frfi (?) 20 40 ves, 5 edny + bronz trgyak (13, 73. bra), - 14. sr: Indiff. 30 50 ves, 8 edny (17. bra), - 17. sr: Indiff. 14 40 ves, 5 edny (19. bra), - 21. sr: nincs adat, 1 edny (22. bra), - 22. sr: Indiff. 5 10 ves, 7 edny (24. bra), - 32. sr: Indiff. 20 30 ves, 8 edny + bronz trgyak (35, 73. bra), - 8/17. sr: Indiff. 15 25 ves, 7 edny (39, 73. bra), - 9/18. sr: Indiff. 20 x ves, 6 edny + bronz trgyak (41, 73. bra), - 16/25. sr: Indiff. 3 5 ves, 2 edny (46. bra), - 20/30. sr: Indiff. 10 20 ves, 10 edny (kztk fed) (49, 73. bra), - 22/32. sr: Indiff. 30 40 ves, 4 edny (50, 73. bra), - 39/48. sr: Indiff. 20 x ves, 5 edny (60, 73. bra), A temet legfiatalabb fzisnak (Zanat III.) srjait a kermia-hagyomnyok j rtege (dli, Hallstatt s preszkta) s a vas alapanyag trgyak rvn vlem elhatrolhatnak. A kvetkez srokat soroltam ide: - 4. sr: N (?) 20 40 ves, 3 edny + vas trgyak (9 10, 73. bra), - 18. sr: Indiff. 7 x ves, 6 edny (21. bra), - 27. sr: N (?), 18 30 ves, 1 edny (29. bra 3 6), - 29. sr: Indiff. 1 3 ves, 3 edny + bronzok (31. bra), - 33. sr: Indiff. 3 20 ves, 1 edny + bronzok, vaskarikk (36, 73. bra), - 25/35. sr: Indiff. 2 5 ves, 2 edny + bronz karika (52, 73. bra), - 48/56. sr: Frfi (?) 30 40 ves, amelyben vastrgy is volt (62. bra). Mindenfle kronolgiai kvetkeztetssel kapcsolatosan azonban meg kell jegyeznem: az egyes, mr elklnthet idrendi fzisokra jellemz klasszikus stlusoknak minden esetben egy hosszabb-rvidebb ideig tart kialakulsi szakasza van. Ugyanakkor azt is tudjuk, hogy nem ritka az az eset, amikor drasztikus trssel sznik meg a korbban elfogadott divat. Ezt a tnyt, amelyet Svjc urnamezs idszaka esetben dendrokronolgiai adatokkal (Rychner 1995, - Grave 6: Male (?) 20 to 40 year old, 5 vessels + bronze objects (Figs. 13, 73), - Grave 14: Indiff. 30 to 50 year old, 8 vessels (Fig. 17), - Grave 17: Indiff. 14 to 40 year old, 5 vessels (Fig. 19), - Grave 21: no data, 1 vessel (Fig. 22) - Grave 22: Indiff. 5 to 10 year old, 7 vessels (Fig. 24), - Grave 32: Indiff. 20 to 30 year old, 8 vessels + bronze objects (Figs. 35, 73), - Grave 8/17: Indiff. 15 to 25 year old, 7 vessels (Figs. 39, 73), - Grave 9/18: Indiff. 20 to x year old, 6 vessels + bronze objects (Figs. 41, 73), - Grave 16/25: Indiff. 3 to 5 year old, 2 vessels (Fig. 46), - Grave 20/30: Indiff. 10 to 20 year old, 10 vessels (including lid) (Figs. 49, 73), - Grave 22/32: Indiff. 30 to 40 year old, 4 vessels (Figs. 50, 73), - Grave 39/48: Indiff. 20 to x year old, 5 vessels (Figs. 60, 73), The graves of the youngest phase of the cemetery (Zanat III) were differentiated by a new layer (southern, Hallstatt and Pre-Scythian) of ceramic traditions and by the objects made of iron. I put the following graves into this category: - Grave 4: Female (?) 20 to 40 year old, 3 vessels + iron objects (Figs. 9 10, 73), - Grave 18: Indiff. 7 to x year old, 6 vessels (Fig. 21), - Grave 27: Female (?), 18 to 30 year old, 1 vessel (Figs . 29-3 6), - Grave 29: Indiff. 1 to 3 year old, 3 vessels + bronze objects (Fig. 31), - Grave 33: Indiff. 3 to 20 year old, 1 vessel + bronze objects, iron ring (Figs. 36, 73), - Grave 25/35: Indiff. 2 to 5 year old, 2 vessels + bronze ring (Figs. 52, 72), - Grave 48/56: Male (?) 30 to 40 year old, there was an iron object in it (Fig. 62). I must note with regard to various chronological evaluations: all classic style characteristics of the given and differentiated chronological phases have a shorter or longer period in which they evolve. At the same time it is well-known that the trend, which is so accepted earlier often disap-

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6. Fejezet/Chapter 6 477, Abb. 24) sikerlt igazolni, neknk is tudomsul kell vennnk. Msknt: el kell fogadnunk, hogy hazai keltezseinknek jelenleg mg nincs szilrd abszolt kronolgiai alapjuk. Tovbb az sem mellzhet szempont, hogy nehezen interpretlhatk a srba helyezett trgyak, pontosabban azok trsadalomtrtneti szerepe, hogy a mellkletek milyen mdon tkrzik az eltemetettnek a trsadalmi hierarchiban az elhunyt letben betlttt hajdani helyt, slyt (Tomedi 1999, Abb. 10). Vagy a leszrmazottak akartak netn irrelis (megtveszt?) kpet mutatni kzssgk tagjai fel? A rgsz trsadalom ilyen rekonstrukcii teht igencsak ingatag alapon llnak. Nem vletlen, hogy a krds a kutatsban mig vitra ad okot. A szakmai llspontok j sszefoglalsa (Tomedi 1999, 661 662) miatt sem rzem feladatomnak, hogy itt s most erre a problmra kitrjek. pears abruptly, quite drastically. This fact was proven in the case of the Urnfield period of Switzerland by dendrochronological data (Rychner 1995, 477, Abb. 24), and therefore we must take it into consideration as well. In other words, we must accept that currently there is no solid chronological data supporting the Hungarian dating. We must be aware of the fact too, that the roles of the objects placed in the graves are difficult to interpret in terms of social history. It is not clear how the grave goods denote the place and role of the deceased in the hierarchy of the living (Tomedi 1999, Abb. 10). Or could it be that the relatives tried to present an unreal (deceiving?) picture for the members of the community? Such archaeological reconstructions are based on uncertain data. That is why the question is still debated among researchers. Due to a good summary of professional point of views (Tomedi 1999, 661 662) I do not feel that it is my duty to discuss this matter here.

163

VIA 2

74. bra. Urna/Kegelhalsgefss: 1. 4. sr, 1. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.5); 2. 6. sr, 1. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.18); 3. 23. sr, 1, 3. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.84); 4. 27. sr, 1. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.101); 5. 29. sr, 1. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.105); 6. 29. sr, 2. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.108) Figure 74. Urn/Kegelhalsgefss: 1. Grave 4, Grave good No. 1 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.5); 2. Grave 6, Grave good No. 1 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.18); 3. Grave 23, Grave goods Nos. 1, 3 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.84); 4. Grave 27; Grave good No. 1 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.101); 5. Grave 29, Grave good No. 1 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.105); 6. Grave 29, Grave good No. 2 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.108)

164

6. Fejezet/Chapter 6

75. bra. Urna/Kegelhalsgefss: 1. 33. sr, 1. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.125); 2. 8/17. sr, 1. sz. mellklet (Nysz.: 48.67817.8.1); 3. 19/29. sr, 1. sz. mellklet (Nysz.: 48.67817.19.1); 4. 20/30. sr, 1. sz. mellklet (Nysz.: 48.67817.20.1); 5. 21/31. sr, 1. sz. mellklet (Nysz.: 48.67817.21.1); 6. 22/32. sr, 1. sz. mellklet (Nysz.: 48.67817.22.1) Figure 75. Urn/Kegelhalsgefss: 1. Grave 33, Grave good No. 1 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.125); 2. Grave 8/17, Grave good No. 1 (Id. No.: 48.67817.8.1); 3. Grave 19/29, Grave good No. 1 (Id. No.: 48.67817.19.1); 4. Grave 20/30, Grave good No. 1 (Id. No.: 48.67817.20.1); 5. Grave 21/31, Grave good No. 1 (Id. No.: 48.67817.21.1); 6. Grave 22/32, Grave good No. 1 (Id. No.: 48.67817.22.1)

165

VIA 2

76. bra. 14. Urna/Kegelhalsgefss, 56. Fles cssze/Henkeltasse: 1. 25/35. sr, 1. sz. mellklet (Nysz.: 48.67817.25.1); 2. 31/40. sr, 1. sz. mellklet (Nysz.: 48.67817.31.1); 3. 36/45. sr, 1. sz. mellklet (Nysz.: 48.67817.36.1); 4. 48/56. sr, 1. sz. mellklet (Nysz.: 48.67817.48.1); 5. 14. sr, 2. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.48); 6. 18. sr, 3. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.64) Figure 76. 14. Urn/Kegelhalsgefss, 56. Cup with handle/Henkeltasse: 1. Grave 25/35, Grave good No. 1 (Id. No. 48.67817.25.1); 2. Grave 31/40, Grave good No. 1 (Id. No. 48.67817.31.1); 3. Grave 36/45, Grave good No. 1 (Id. No. 48.67817.36.1); 4. Grave 48/56, Grave good No. 1 (Id. No. 48.67817.48.1); 5. Grave 14, Grave good No. 2 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.48); 6. Grave 18, Grave good No. 3 (Id. No.: .2001.1.64)

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6. Fejezet/Chapter 6

77. bra. Fles cssze/Henkeltasse: 1. 24. sr, 2. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.88); 2. 25. sr, 2. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.95); 3. 8/17. sr, 2. sz. mellklet (Nysz.: 48.67817.8.2); 4. 12/21. sr (Nysz.: 48.67817.12.2); 5. 19/29. sr, 2. sz. mellklet (Nysz.: 48.67817.19.2); 6. 19/29. sr, 3. sz. mellklet (Nysz.: 48.67817.19.3) Figure 77. Cup with handle/Henkeltasse: 1. Grave 24/35, Grave good No. 2 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.88); 2. Grave 25, Grave good No. 2 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.95); 3. Grave 8/17, Grave good No. 2 (Id. No.: 48.67817.8.2); 4. Grave 12/21 (Id. No.: 48.67817.12.2); 5. Grave 19/29 Grave good No. 2 (Id. No.: 48.67817.19.2); 6. Grave 19/29, Grave good No. 3 (Id. No.: 48.67817.19.3)

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78. bra. 12. Fazk/Topf, 3. Palack/Flasche, 47. Tl/Schale: 1. 24. sr, 1. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.87); 2. 20/30. sr, 2. sz. mellklet (Nysz.: 48.67817.20.3); 3. 39/48. bra, 2. sz. mellklet (Nysz.: 48.67817.39.2); 4. 4. sr, 2. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.6); 5. 4. sr, 3, 4. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.7); 6. 6. sr, 2, 3. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.19); 7. 10. sr, 2. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.37) Figure 78. 12. Pot/Topf, 3. Bottle/Flasche, 47. Bowl/Schale: 1. Grave 24, Grave good No. 1 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.87); 2. Grave 20/30, Grave good No. 2 (Id. No.: 48.67817.20.3); 3. Grave 39/48, Grave good No. 2 (Id. No.: 48.67817.39.2); 4. Grave 4, Grave good No. 2 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.6); 5. Grave 4, Grave goods Nos. 3, 4 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.7); 6. Grave 6, Grave goods Nos. 2, 3 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.19); 7. Grave 10, Grave good No. 2 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.37)

168

6. Fejezet/Chapter 6

79. bra. Tl/Schale: 1. 18. sr, 4. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.66); 2. 22. sr, 4. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.76); 3. 22. sr, 1. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.77); 4. 23. sr, 2. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.86.1); 5. 29. sr, 3. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.109); 6. 31. sr, 1. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.112); 7. 32. sr, 1. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.114); 8. 32. sr, 2. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.115) Figure 79. Bowl/Schale: 1. Grave 18, Grave good No. 4 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.66); 2. Grave 22, Grave good No. 4 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.76); 3. Grave 22, Grave good No. 1 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.77); 4. Grave 23, Grave good No. 2 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.86.1); 5. Grave 29, Grave good No. 3 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.109); 6. Grave 31, Grave good No. 1 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.112); 7. Grave 32, Grave good No. 1 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.114); 8. Grave 32, Grave good No. 2 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.115)

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80. bra. 13. Tl/Schale, 49. Egyebek/Sondern: 1. 8/17. sr, 4. mellklet (Nysz.: 48.67817.8.3); 2. 9/18. sr, 8. sz. mellklet (Nysz.: 48.67817.9.6); 3. 20/30. sr, 4. sz. mellklet (Nysz.: 48.67817.20.2); 4. 26/36. sr, 12. sz. mellklet (Nysz.: 48.67817.26.12); 5. 46/26. gdr (Nysz.: 48.67817.46.2); 6. 46/26. gdr (Nysz.: 48.67817.46.7); 7. 32. sr, 5. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.122); 8. 51/10. gdr (Nysz.: 48. 67817.51.13); 9. Humuszolsbl szrvny (SNR 1) kora vaskori (Hallstatt kultra) lelet (Nysz.: 48. 67817.1.104) Figure 80. 13. Bowl/Schale, 49. Vessel fragments/Sondern: 1. Grave 8/17, Grave good No. 4 (Id. No.: 48.67817.8.3); 2. Grave 9/18, Grave good No. 8 (Id. No.: 48.67817.9.6); 3. Grave 20/30, Grave good No. 4 (Id. No.: 48.67817.20.2); 4. Grave 26/36, Grave goods Nos. 12 (Id. Nos.: 48.67817.26.1 2); 5. Pit 46/26 (Id. No.: 48.67817.46.2); 6. Pit 46/26 (Id. No.: 48.67817.46.7); 7. Grave 32, Grave good No. 5 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.122); 8. Pit 51/10 (Id. No.: 48. 67817.51.13); 9. Scattered Early Iron Age (Hallstatt culture) vessel fragment from the humus (SNR 1) (Id. No.: 48. 67817.1.104)

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6. Fejezet/Chapter 6

81. bra. Bronztrgyak: 1. Borotva, 6. sr, 6. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.25); 2. Karperectredk, 24. sr, 3. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.89); 3. Karika, 29. sr, 4. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.106); 4. Karika, 31. sr, 2. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.113); 5. Ks, 32. sr, 7. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.123); 6. T, 32. sr, 6. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.124); 7. Gyr, 33. sr (Lsz.: .2001.1.128); 8. nttt vzimadr-alak (gulipn), 33. sr, 2. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.128.1) Figure 81. Bronze objects: 1. Razor, Grave 6, Grave good No. 6 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.25); 2. Fragment of a bracelet, Grave 24, Grave good No. 3 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.89); 3. Ring, Grave 29, Grave good No. 4 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.106); 4. Ring, Grave 31, Grave good No. 2 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.113); 5. Knife, Grave 32, Grave good No. 7 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.123); 6. Pin, Grave 32, Grave good No. 6 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.124); 7. Finger-ring, Grave 33 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.128); 8. Stylized water bird (scooper), Grave 33, Grave good No. 2 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.128.1)

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82. bra. Bronztrgyak: 1. Ks, 9/18. sr, 9. sz. mellklet (Nysz.: 48. 67817.9.13); 2. Karika, 7/16. sr, 1a mellklet (Nysz.: 48. 67817.7.1); 3. Spirlgyngy; 20/30. sr, 7. sz. mellklet (Nysz.: 48. 67817.20.12); 4. Karika, 22/32. sr (Nysz.: 48. 67817.22.5); 5. Karika, 25/35. sr (Nysz.: 48. 67817.25.3); 6. T, szrvny a 44/53. clplyuk melll (Nysz.: 48.67817.44.1); 7. Karperectredk, 46/26. gdr (Nysz.: 48. 67817.46.21) Figure 82. Bronze objects: 1. Knife, Grave 9/18, Grave good No. 9 (Inv. No.: 48. 67817.9.13); 2. Ring, Grave 7/16, Grave good No. 1a (Id. No.: 48. 67817.7.1); 3. Spiral bead, Grave 20/30, Grave good No. 7 (Id. No.: 48. 67817.20.12); 4. Ring, Grave 22/32 (Id. No.: 48. 67817.22.5); 5. Ring, Grave 25/35 (Id. No.: 48. 67817.25.3); 6. Pin, stray find near Posthole 44/53 (Id. No.: 48.67817.44.1); 7. Fragment of a bracelet, Pit 46/26 (Id. No.: 48. 67817.46.21)

172

6. Fejezet/Chapter 6

83. bra. 1. Bronzedny, 26. Vastrgyak, 78. Csontgyngyk: 1. Bronzedny, 9/18. sr, 6. sz. mellklet (Nysz.: 48. 67817.9.12); 2. Gyngy, 4. sr, 5. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.8); 3. Karika, 4. sr, 6. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.9); 4. Lemez, 4. sr, 7. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.5); 5. Ks, 4. sr, 8. sz. mellklet (Lsz.: .2001.1.11); 6. Karikk, 33. sr (Lsz.: .2001.1.126); 7. Gyngy, 12/21. sr (Nysz.: 48. 67817.12.6); 8. Gyngy, 12/21. sr (Nysz.: 48.67817.12.7) Figure 83. 1. Bronze vessel, 26. Iron objects, 78. Bone beads: 1. Bronze vessel, Grave 9/18, Grave good No. 6 (Id. No.: 48. 67817.9.12); 2. Bead, Grave 4, Grave good No. 5 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.8); 3. Ring, Grave 4, Grave good No. 6 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.9); 4. Plate, Grave 4, Grave good No. 7 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.5); 5. Knife, Grave 4, Grave good No. 8 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.11); 6. Rings, Grave 33 (Inv. No.: .2001.1.126); 7. Bead, Grave 12/21 (Id. No.: 48. 67817.12.6); 8. Bead, Grave 12/21 (Id. No.: 48.67817.12.7)

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Restaurls kzbeni megfigyelsek a zanati temet kermiin


Udvardi Balzs, Radics Andrs

Observations regarding the ceramics of the Zanat cemetery upon restoration

Balzs Udvardi, Andrs Radics

7.1 A leletek anyaga

7.1 The raw material of the finds

A nyersanyag vlasztsakor (a krnyezet s az anyag ismeretben) valsznleg a knny elrhetsg dominlt, erre utal az ers barns-vrses szn, valamint az idnknt rezhet durva jelleg kermia, amely a krnyknkn akr fl mteres mlysgben is fellelhet vrses, illetve barna szn agyag hasznlatra enged kvetkeztetni. Ennl gondosabb agyagvlaszts csupn nhny ednynl mutatkozik. Itt mlyebbrl bnyszhattk az agyagot, tlagosan 2,53 mter mlysggel is szmolhatunk. Szerencss esetben azonban mr 1,21,5 mter mlysgben is j minsg vrsessrga illetve kkesszrke agyagrtegre lelhetett a fazekas. Mrpedig ilyen mlysg gdrk szinte brmely korszakbeli vasi telepls-feltrson tallhatk. A kermiaanyag minsgt teht leginkbb a rendelkezsre ll alapanyagok hatroztk meg. Az agyag feldolgozsakor (mechanikai tisztts, durva trs, rls stb.) kevertk be a sovnyt anyagot, mely a jelen leletanyagban az egyszer homoktl a kzzalkon, a csillmpaln t a kermiazzalkig terjed. A csillmpals sovnytsnl jl megfigyelhet, hogy gyakran nagyobb tredkek is belekerltek a kermia anyagba. Az ednyek vltozatos kpet mutatnak, megfigyelhet ellenben, hogy a gondosan elksztett agyagnl a ksz edny formja is ignyesebb, formailag gazdagabb. A felraks technikja valsznleg lapokbl trtnt (szalagtechnika), ami a hurkatechnikhoz hasonlt. A lapok ellenben szlesebbek, gy az edny ksztse gyorsabban haladt. Erre utal nyomok a 31/40. sr urnjnl

The choice of raw materials was probably due to their availability (knowing the environment and the raw materials). This view is supported by the characteristic brownish-reddish colour and the coarse texture of the ceramics that can be noticed occasionally, indicating the use of reddish or brown clay accessible in the vicinity as close to the surface as half of a meter. Only a few vessels show the marks of a more careful clay selection. In these cases the clay was probably accessed from a deeper layer, on average about 2.5 to 3 metres deep. In fortunate cases the potter might have found good quality reddish yellow or bluish grey clay layers in a depth of only 1.21.5 metres. Pits of this depth can be found all over the settlement excavations of Vas County from almost all periods. Therefore, the conclusion is that the quality of the ceramic material was mostly determined by the easy availability of the raw materials. During the processing of the clay (mechanical cleaning, coarse crushing, grinding, etc.) the tempering material was mixed into it. In the finds presently discussed this could range from simple sand to crushed rock, mica or grit. When observing objects tempered with mica, it is noticeable that larger pieces often ended up in the ceramic raw materials. There is a great variety of vessels, but it is clear that the shape and form of the vessels are up to much higher standards in the case of well-prepared clays. The technique used to build the ceramics probably applied slabs (slab building), which is similar to coil building. The slabs are wider so the preparation of the vessels probably took less time. This view is supported by the urn found in Grave

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VIA 2 figyelhetk meg (56. bra 1,5 s 76. bra 2). Itt a trsfelletek is vzszintes irnyak, s ez felletk illesztsre utal. A legtbb trgy dsztetlen, a dszts egyhang, s csupn rkols, besimts, turbntekercs s btyk jelentik. Az gets nyomaira az ednyek sznbl kvetkeztethetnk. Megllapthat, hogy az gets sorn az oxidcis folyamatok dominltak. A feketre getsnl a redukldott rsz ltalban csupn az edny kls, vkony felletre valamint belsejre korltozdik. Az getsi folyamatok nem voltak tkletesek. A redukl atmoszfrban trtn gets utn a felhevts oxidcis jelleg volt, de rvid ideig tartott, ezrt nem gett t a bels fekete rsz. A fojts mikor valsznleg tudatosan prbltk elrni a fekete sznt csak az edny vkony, kls felletn rvnyeslt, nem okozott nagy vltozst a korbban oxidldott rtegen. Ezltal megllapthat, hogy az gets ideje, hmrsklete esetleges volt s sokszor nem rte el a megfelel hmrskletet, ezrt a kermia porzus, gyakran vzre rzkeny maradt. Egy urnnl (12/21. sr) lthat hatrozottan az gets mdja. Ezen kvl-bell gsnyomok lthatk. Ennek alapjn megllapthat, hogy: 1. az edny a kemence aljn, flig dlt helyzetben volt, gy a tovbbi ednyek beraksakor elkerlhettk a perem srlst, 2. gdrs getst jelez, hiszen az ednybe nagy mennyisg tzelanyag kerlt. Az satson elkerlt ednyek egy rsze llapotuk s minsgk miatt a terepen gzes-plextolos vagy csak gzes megerstst kapott. gy in situ kerltek kiemelsre, majd kerltek be a szombathelyi bzis restaurtor mhelybe. Itt bontsukat sajnos 12 hnapos ksssel optimlis krlmnyek kztt vgezhettk el. Az ednyek tartalmt, klns tekintettel az urnkra igyekeztnk 5 cm-knt bontani, s az edny teljes szlessgben haladtunk. Az urnkat a rgszeti objektumokhoz hasonlan metszetre bontottuk, gy rajzzal s fotval pontosan dokumentlni 31/40 (Figs. 56.1, 76.2). In this case the breaking lines are horizontal, implying abutment of the surfaces. Most of the artefacts are unornamented; the decoration is monotone, only channelling, smoothing, oblique channelling and knobs are present. Traces of firing can be deducted from the colour of the vessels. We can ascertain that oxidised processes were dominant during the firing. In case of firing the vessels in black, the reduced part generally appears only on the exterior, in a thin line, and on the interior. The firing processes were far from perfect. In a reduced firing, the reduced atmosphere was followed by oxidised firing, but the latter lasted only for a short period, therefore the inner black part was not fired thoroughly. The induction, when attempting to get black colour was probably intentional, only appeared on the outer thin surface of the vessel, and did not create significant change in the earlier oxidised layer. It is evident, therefore that the duration and temperature of the firing was inconsistent, often not reaching the necessary temperature. Thus, the ceramics remained porous, often sensitive to water. The method of firing can be observed in the case of one urn (Grave 12/21). Signs of firing are visible on it on the interior and the exterior as well. Based on the observations of this vessel we can conclude that: 1. the vessel was at the bottom of the kiln, in a partly tilted position, so the damage of the rim could be avoided when further vessels were put into the kiln, 2. the vessel denotes firing in a pit since a large amount of combustible materials got into the vessel. Some of the vessels from the excavation were strengthened on the field, due to their condition and quality, using gauze and plextol, or gauze only. Therefore, they were lifted out in situ and were transported to the restoration workshop at Szombathely. Thus we were able to open them in optimal circumstances although unfortunately with the delay of one or two months. We attempted to take out the contents of the vessels, especially the urns, by removing 5 cm thick layers, one after the other, in the full width of the vessels. The fills of the urns were excavated in cross-section, in the same way as the features, so we were able to document the fill of the

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7. Fejezet / Chapter 7 tudtuk az urna betltsnek/betltdsnek a folyamatt. Tz urnn vagy urnaknt hasznlt ednyen vgeztk el a metszetre bontst (8/17: 38. bra 3, 10/19: 42. bra 1, 12/21: 44. bra 4, 22/32: 50. bra 1, 25/35: 52. bra 2, 26/36: 54. bra 1, 31/40: 56. bra 2, 38/47 47/55, 48/56. sr). A bonts sorn az ednyek betltdsnek kt fzist, azaz kt rtegt lehetett elklnteni (54. bra 1). Az ednyek aljn helyezkedtek el a kalcintumok. Kzttk se hamut, se szenlt famaradvnyokat nem talltunk. Az urna aljn a kis kalcintumtredkek voltak, majd erre helyeztk rendezetten a nagyobb csves csont, koponya s medence tredkeket. Mindez arra utal, hogy a mglya maradvnyait nem egyszeren fellaptoltk, hanem a hamvasztst kveten a mglya maradvnyaibl kivlogattk a meggett csontokat s a halottal egytt elgetett kszereinek tredkeit. Az urnk bontsakor a 22/32-bl s a 25/35bl (52. bra 2, 4 s 82. bra 45) kerltek el tovbbi kszermellkletek, melyeket a halottal egytt gettek el. A halott kszereivel egytt trtn hamvasztst tmasztjk al a 12/21. sr ednybl szrmaz meggett csontgyngyk (44. bra 5 9, 83. bra 7 8). urns and the process of filling them up with drawings and photographs. We opened ten urns or other vessels functioning as urns by removing their contents in cross-section (Graves 8/17: Fig. 38.3, 10/19: Fig. 42.1, 12/21: Fig. 44.4, 22/32: Fig. 50.1, 25/35: Fig. 52.2, 26/36: Fig. 54.1, 31/40: Fig. 56.2, Graves 38/47 47/55, 48/56). Two layers of fills were distinguished during the opening of the vessels, meaning two phases (Fig. 54.1). The calcined bones were at the bottom of the vessels. Neither ash nor charcoal remains were found among them. Small fragments of calcined bones were at the bottom of the urns. The larger fragments of long bones, cranium and pelvis bones were placed on top of the small fragments in an orderly fashion. It implies that the remains of the pyre were not simply swept after the burning but the charred bones and fragmented remains of burned jewellery, which was fired with the dead, were collected from the remains of the pyre. Grave goods containing jewellery, which was burnt with the deceased was also found in the urns of Graves 22/32 and 25/35 (Figs. 52.2,4, 82.45). The burnt bone beads discovered in the vessel found in Grave 12/21 also support the fact that the jewellery was burnt with the deceased (Figs. 44.5 9, 83.7 8).

7.2 A leletek anyagnak rtkelse


A kermia leletanyag az intenzv mezgazdasgi mvels miatt ersen bolygatott volt. Ht urnnak (9/18, 16/25, 30/39, 35/44, 40/49, 41/50, 49/57. sr) csak az alja maradt meg. A srtetlenl, vagy az enyhn srlt kermia anyag is nagymrtkben tredezett volt. Ez indokolta a gzes-plextolos vagy a csak gzes megerstst s in situ kiemelst. Mr a gzes megersts eltvoltsakor megfigyelhet volt a kermiaanyag rossz megtartsa, ami egyrtelmen az ednyek getsnek elgtelensgvel hozhat sszefggsbe. (Lsd 7.1 rsz) Egy rszk taln eleve srkerminak kszlt?

7.2 Evaluations of the material of the finds


The ceramic materials were heavily disturbed due to intensive agricultural activity. In seven cases (Graves 9/18, 16/25, 30/39, 35/44, 40/49, 41/50, 49/57) only the bottom of the urn remained. Even the ceramic materials, which were intact or were only slightly damaged, were greatly fragmented. This fact called for the strengthening of the vessels employing gauze and plextol, or gauze only, and it also accounted for the in situ lifting out. The bad preservation of the ceramics was observed upon removing the gauze strengthening, which was clearly accounted for by the inadequate firing of the vessels (See Part 7.1). It is a possibility that some of them were made to be grave ceramics.

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VIA 2 A srokban tallt ednyeken klnbz fizikai srlseket figyeltnk meg, amelyeket dokumentltunk. Ezeket hrom csoportba lehet sorolni: - a talaj nyomsa s a mezgazdasgi mvels okozta srlsek, - hasznlat kzben bekvetkezett spontn srlsek, - az ednyen ltrehozott tudatos srlsek. A 2. csoport egyrtelmen altmasztja azt a felttelezst, hogy a hamvak nyughelyl szolgl urnk, s a srban tallt ms kermia mellkletek elssorban nem a halotti szertartsra kszltek (de egy rszk taln mgis). Ezek srlsei htkznapi hasznlatra utalnak. Ezt felttelezhetjk a 26/36. sr esetben, amikor az urnaknt szolgl ferdn kannelurzott csszt (54. bra 1, 3 5. s 80. bra 4 alul) szalagfle nlkl helyeztek el, s egy msik fles csszvel (80. bra 4 fell) fedtk le. A hinyz fl a mhelyben trtn bontskor sem kerlt el. A temets eltti hasznlat tovbbi bizonytkaknt rtkelhet, hogy a srlt ednyeket gyantval javtottk. Ezt kt rtegesen trtt urnn (31/40: 56. bra 5 s 48/56: 62. bra 5) lehetett megfigyelni. Egy urna teljes fellett (9/18. sr: 41. bra 3) pedig gyantabevonattal lttk el. A fekete, fnyes bevonat funkcijra kt lehetsges magyarzatot talltunk: 1. ha az edny nem srkermiaknt hasznlatos, akkor ezzel a bevonattal nvelni lehetett a folyadktart (pl. bor) vagy gymlcs-zldsg tartst kpessgt (Varga 2007, 151; Szilvgyi s Varga 2007, 169), ugyanakkor tudni kell, hogy az ilyen javts utn vzmelegtsre mr alkalmatlann vlik az edny; 2. ha az urna elsdleges funkcijt tekintve srkermia, akkor ez a fnyes, fekete mz a fmszersg rzett kelthette, s ezzel a gazdagsg egyfle sugallatt szolglta. Gyanta-gyjt ednyt a ks bronzkor korai fzisra keltezett Salgtarjnzagyvaplfalvi temet legjabban sott egyik srjbl (Guba s Vaday 2008, 2122), illetve a VrvlgynagyVarious physical damages were observed on the vessels found in the graves, which were documented. These can be grouped into three categories: - damage originating from the pressure of the soil and from land cultivation, - spontaneous damage caused by using the vessels, - damage inflicted intentionally. The second group clearly supports the assumption that the urns, functioning as the resting place of the calcined bones, and other pottery found in the graves were not made mainly to serve in the rites of burials (but some of them might have been). The damage of these vessels implies everyday use. This can be supposed in the case of Grave 26/26, in which a cup with oblique channelling (Figs. 54.1, 3 5, 80.4 on the bottom) functioned as an urn was placed in the grave without its strap handle, and was covered with another cup but with handle (Fig. 80.4 on the top). The missing handle was not even found during the opening of the vessel in the workshop. Further proof for using the vessels before the burial is the fact that a damaged pottery was repaired with resin. It was observable in the case of two urns showing laminated cross-sections (31/40: Fig. 56.5 and 48/56: Fig. 62.5). The entire surface of one urn (Grave 9/18: Fig.41.3) was coated with resin. We came up with two possible explanations for this black, shiny coating: 1. In case the primary function of the vessel was not to be used as a burial pottery such coating enhanced its impermeability (for instance to keep wine or liquid in it) or its preservation capacity in case of fruit or vegetable storing (Varga 2007, 151; Szilvgyi and Varga 2007, 169). At the same time we must keep in mind that after such preparation the vessel becomes unsuitable for heating water in it. 2. In case the primary function of the vessel was to be grave ceramics, the shiny black coating might have created the illusion of metal-like appearance suggesting richness. Vessels used for collecting resin were found in one of the graves recently excavated in the cemetery of SalgtarjnZagyvaplfalva, dated to the early phase of the Late Bronze Age (Guba and

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7. Fejezet / Chapter 7 lz-hegyi fiatalabb urnamezs kor teleplsrl (Mller 2007a, 16 17. s 10. kp) kzltek. Az svnyi (kiscellit: Repiszky 1999, 8; ajkait: Horvth 1999, 282) alapanyagokbl, de mginkbb s nagy mennyisgben a fenybl (luc-, vrs-, illetve feketefeny) s a nyrfa krgbl kinyerhet szurok/gyanta/bitumen/aszfalt hasznlata a paleolitikumtl (Homola 1997, 31) a neolitikumon (Raczky s Kovcs 2009, 137, 3. kp) s az urnamezs idszakon t (Horvth 1996, 66; Kaus 1984, 38) a nprajzi felhasznlsig (Szilvgyi s Varga 2007, 166; Brdosi 1964, 204; Csiffry 2000) a Krptmedencben jl dokumentlt. (A gyantrl lsd a 8. fejezetet.) A fbl leprlsi eljrssal (Mller 2007a, 11. kp) nyertk a ktrnyt, vagy a srlt fkbl nyert gyantt (Gyergyban mr ezt is szuroknak /sic!/ nevezik) ednyekbe gyjtttk, majd kifztk. Mindezek alapjn megllapthat, hogy ebben az idben a krnyk laki szmra a gyanta nem szmtott klnleges runak, mivel nagyobb mennyisgben is rendelkezhettek vele, s a hibs, selejtes ednyeket javtottk (Szilvgyi s Varga 2007, 168) a segtsgvel, illetve dsztsknt is alkalmazhattk. A 3. csoportba azokat az ednyeket soroltuk, ahol a halotti szertarts sorn, a hiedelem ltal befolysoltan, az ednyen tudatos vltoztatsokat hajtottak vgre. Ezt nagy bizonyossggal kt esetben lehetett megfigyelni. A 20/30-bl (49. bra 8), s a 26/36-bl (54. bra 2, 5) elkerlt ednyek lezrsra/befedsre szolgl ednyeken. Mindkt temetkezs ednyei a hamvakat tartalmaz als ednnyel, in situ kerltek kiemelsre, gy a ksbbi srls (sznts, gpi humuszols lsd 19. bra) tnye kizrhat. Mindkt ednybl (fles tl s turbntekercses perem tl) kb. 3 4 cm tmrj oldaltredk hinyzik. A trsfelletek elruljk, hogy az ednyek belsejt kis terletre koncentrld nagy erej, hatrozott ts rte, gy annak oldala kiszakadt. Mindkt edny sszes megmaradt tredke jl pozciVaday 2008, 21 22), and at the younger Urnfield period settlement of VrvlgyNagylz-hegy (Mller 2007a, Kpek 10, 16 17). The use of mineral tar (Kiscelli: Repiszky 1999, 8; Ajka: Horvth 1999, 282), and the use of other substances often termed tar/resin/bitumen/asphalt originating mostly and in large quantities from pines (spruce, red and black pine) and from the bark of birch are well documented in the Carpathian Basin from the Palaeolithic (Homola 1997, 31) through the Neolithic (Raczky and Kovcs 2009, Kp 137.3) and the Urnfield periods (Horvth 1996, 66; Kaus 1984, 38) and also in ethnography (Szilvgyi and Varga 2007, 166; Brdosi 1964, 204; Csiffry 2000) (For more details on resin see Chapter 8). The tar was obtained from the trees by employing distillation methods (Mller 2007a, Fig. 11). The resin from injured trees was collected into vessels, and the substance was heated up (in Gyergy, in Romania even this is called tar /sic!/). Based on all these facts we can conclude that resin was not a special item for the local inhabitants; they might have had large quantities of it, using it for the preparation of damaged vessels (Szilgyi and Varga 2007, 168) or applying it as a decoration. Vessels with intentional modifications carried out during the burial rites due to beliefs were put into group 3. Such modification can be observed in two cases with certainty. It concerned vessels found in Graves 20/30 (Fig. 49.8) and 26/36 (Figs. 54.2,5), which were used to close/cover other vessels. The vessels of both of these burials were lifted out in situ, together with their bottom vessels containing the calcined bones, therefore later damage (ploughing, mechanical removal of the topsoil see Fig. 19) can be excluded. Both vessels (bowl with handle and bowl with oblique channelling on the rim) lack a fragment of the body in about 3 4 cm in diameter. The breaking surfaces bear marks indicating a strong and powerful punch concentrated on a small area from the inside of the vessel. The punch caused a break in the side of the vessel. All remaining fragments of both vessels were well positioned, and the missing, punched fragments were

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VIA 2 onlhat volt, s a srok teljes leletanyagnak tnzsekor se kerltek el a hinyz, kittt tredkek. Hasonlan kittt lleklyukat figyeltnk meg a 19/29. sr urnja (47. bra 6 s 75. bra 3) esetben is. Termszetesen ezeket a tudatosan okozott srlseket nem tntettk el s nem egsztettk ki. sszegezve megllapthat, hogy a srokba kerlt kermia jelents rsze elsdleges felhasznlst tekintve nem srkermia, ezt a felletkn megfigyelhet kops- s trsnyomok, valamint hinyok bizonytjk. Az ednyek egy tredkt az elttnk ismeretlen tlvilghit alapjn tudatosan roncsoltk, gy nyitottak a llek szmra szabad utat, lleklyukat az urnban nyugv fldi maradvnyai szmra. not found even by carefully checking the entire finds of the graves. In case of the urn found in Grave 19/29 a similarly punched soul hole was discovered (Figs. 47.6, 75.3). The intentionally caused damage was not repaired during the conservation and the holes were not filled in. We can conclude that most of the ceramics found in the graves were not originally made to be burial vessels. This assumption is supported by traces of break and wear on their surfaces, and by their missing portions. Based on a belief regarding the afterlife, which is unfamiliar to us, a part of the vessels was intentionally broken. By doing this they opened a way for the soul of the deceased resting in the urn through a soul hole.

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VIA 2

FTIR spektroszkpiai vizsglatok a zanati temet kermiatredkeirl


Mihly Judith, Sndorn Kovcs Judit

FTIR spectroscopic analyses of the ceramic fragments from the cemetery of Zanat I.

8.1 FTIR spektroszkpiai vizsglatok a zanati temet kermiatredkeirl I.


Mihly Judith

Judit Mihly, Judit Sndor Kovcs

8.1 FTIR spectroscopic analyses of the ceramic fragments from the cemetery of Zanat I.
Judit Mihly Three ceramic fragments of the Szombathely Zanat excavations were submitted to vibrational spectroscopic (FTIR and FT-Raman) analyses: - ceramic fragments with black coating (2 pieces) found in Grave 9/18 (Fig. 41.3), - ceramic fragment with black adhesive on its breaking surface found in Grave 31/40 (Figs. 56.5, 76.2). The non-destructive FT-Raman spectroscopic method, which does not require any preparation, was not applicable to analyse either the black coating or the adhesive, because it causes a local heating effect on the black substance. The recording of the infrared colour spectrum was carried out using the ATR (Attenuated Total Reflection) method, employing a Varian Scimitar Fourier Transformation (FTIR) infrared spectrometer with MCT detecting device (mercury-cadmiumtellurium). The wave number range analyzed is 4000500 cm-1. The optical element of the ATR supplement (its commercial name is SPECAC Golden Gate) is a 2x2 mm diamond ATR crystal (its active surface is 0.6x0.6 mm). The sample and the ATR crystal can be connected by using an anvil with a sapphire head. All measurements were carried out with the wave number resolution of 4 cm-1, and by calculating the average of 256 measurements. The wave number range of 2300 1900 cm-1 in the spectra is unsuitable for evaluation due to the adsorption of the diamond ATR optical element. Generally there are no significant bands in this wave number range; therefore it does not influence the overall evaluation. Prior to the evaluations an ATR correction was carried out.

Rezgsi spektroszkpiai (FTIR s FT-Raman) vizsglatokra 3 darab kermiatredk kerlt tadsra a Szombathelyzanati satsbl: - 9/18. sr ednybl (41. bra 3) fekete bevonat kermiatredk (2 darab), - 31/40. srbl kermiatredk (56. bra 5 s 76. bra 2) trse mentn fekete ragasztanyag. A teljesen roncsolsmentes, semmilyen mintaelksztst nem ignyl FT-Raman-spektroszkpiai mrstechnika a fekete mintk loklis felmelegedse miatt nem volt alkalmazhat a fekete bevonat, illesztve ragasztanyag vizsglatnl. Az infravrs sznkpek felvtele ATR (Attenuated Total Reflection=csillaptott totlreflexi) mdszerrel trtnt, MCT (Higanykdmium-tellur) detektorral elltott Varian Scimitar Fourier Transzformcis infravrs (FTIR) spektromter segtsgvel. A vizsglt hullmszm tartomny 4000500 cm -1 . Az ATR feltt (kereskedelmi neve: SPECAC Golden Gate) optikai eleme egy 2 2 mm-es gymnt ATR kristly (aktv fellete 0,6 0,6 mm). A minta s az ATR kristly kztti rintkezst egy zafrfejjel elltott llvel lehet elrni. Minden mrs 4 cm -1 hullmszm felbontssal s 256 mrs tlagolsval trtnt. A spektrumokban a 23001900 cm-1 kztti hullmszm tartomny nem rtkelhet a gymnt ATR optikai elem elnyelse miatt. ltalban ebben a hullmszm tartomnyban nincsenek szignifikns svok, gy ez a kirtkelst nem befolysolja. A kirtkels eltt ATR korrekcit vgeztnk.

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VIA 2 A mrs mikro-roncsolsos, a felvtel elksztshez a fekete bevonatbl, illetve a fekete ragasztanyagbl 200500 mikrogrammnyi anyag eltvoltsra volt szksg. A 3 minta spektruma j megegyezst mutat; kijelenthet, hogy a bevonat, illetve a ragasztanyag nagy valsznsggel ugyanaz az anyag. A spektrumokban a szerves anyag svjai mellett az agyagsvny svok dominlnak, ez utbbiak relatv intenzitsa a ragasztanyagban kisebb. (84. bra 12) A szerves komponenshez tartoz intenzv C=O svok az 17301710 cm-1 tartomnyban ketonok s szterek jelenltre utalnak, amelyek aroms gyrhz kapcsoldhatnak. szszevetve irodalmi (Guiliano et al. 2007; Shillito et al. 2009), illetve spektrum-adatbzisbeli sznkpekkel (IRUG Spectral Database Edition 2000) a szerves anyag valsznleg terpenoid gyanta, a fekete anyag fkbl szrmaz gyanta lehet. Rszletesebb azonostshoz referenciamintk, illetve kiegszt GC-MS vizsglatok szksgesek. The measurements are micro-destructive; 200 500 micrograms were obtained from both the black coating and the black adhesive in order to carry out the analysis. The spectra of the three samples show good correlation. We can state that the coating and the adhesive is in all probability the same material. The bands indicating the presence of organic materials and clay minerals are dominant in the spectra. The intensity of the latter is less in the case of the adhesive (Figs. 84.12). The intensive C=O bands, related to the organic component, in the range of 17301710 cm-1 imply the presence of ketons and esters, which might be connected to an aromatic ring. Comparing the results to previous studies (Guiliano et al. 2007; Shillito et al. 2009) and spectra in a spectrum database (IRUG Spectral Database Edition 2000), we can conclude that the organic material is probably a terpenoid resin, and the black material is a resin originating from trees. For a more detailed evaluation it is necessary to have reference samples and carry out a supplementing GC-MS analysis.

8.2 FTIR spektroszkpiai vizsglatok a zanati temet kermiatredkeirl II.


Sndorn Kovcs Judit A zanati temet 2 darab kermijn vgeztem vizsglatokat. Ezek az albbiak voltak: - 31/40. sr jells minta (56. bra 5 s 76. bra 2), - 48/56. jells minta (62. bra 5 s 76. bra 4). Kontroll anyagknt VrvlgyNagylz-hegy lelhelyrl szrmaz 4 db mintt is megvizsgltam, de ezek adatainak kzlsre itt s most nem kerl sor. A vizsglatokat optikai mikroszkpi s Fourier-transzformcis infravrs spektrofotometriai (FTIR) mdszerekkel vgeztem el. Az FTIR-spektrofotometriai mdszer az elektromgneses sugrzs s a minta klcsnhatsn alapul. A mrs sorn a mintt infravrs fnynyel vilgtjuk meg. Infravrs fny hatsra a

8.2 FTIR spectroscopic analyses of the ceramic fragments from the cemetery of Zanat II.
Judit Sndor Kovcs Analyses were carried out on two pieces of ceramics from the cemetery of Zanat. My samples were the following: - sample marked Grave 31/40 (Figs. 56.5, 76.2), - sample marked Grave 48/56 (Figs. 62.5, 76.4). Four samples from the site of Vrvlgy Nagylz-hegy were also analysed as a control material but the results of the evaluation will not be discussed in the present article. The analyses were carried out employing optical microscopic and Fourier-transform infrared spectrophotometric (FTIR) methods. The FTIRspectrophotometric method is based on the interference between an electromagnetic emission and the sample. In the course of the measure-

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8. Fejezet / Chapter 8 mintt alkot molekulk kmiai ktsei gerjesztdnek. A mrs eredmnyekppen kapott infravrs spektrumban a vizsglt anyagban lv kmiai ktsek, atomcsoportok anyagi minsgtl fggen, klnbz hullmszmrtkeknl infravrs elnyelsi svok jelennek meg. Ez alapjn az anyag molekulris sszettele az IR-spektrumbl kiolvashat. A vizsgland mintk kis rszleteit n. nagynyoms gymntcellban vkony rtegg prseltem, majd az gy elksztett mintkrl ksztettem infravrs spektrumot. A mintkrl ksztett infravrs spektrumokat referencia anyagok spektrumait tartalmaz adatbzisokban lv spektrumokkal, szmtgpes keres program segtsgvel hasonltottam ssze. Az alkalmazott vizsglati eszkzk: Wild M420 sztereomikroszkp, Bruker VERTEX-HYPERION infravrs spektrofotomter rendszer. Az optikai mikroszkpi vizsglat szerint a mintkat apr fekete szemcskbl ll anyag alkotja. A szemcsk kemnyek, ridegek, porladva trnek. A szemcsk a mintaelksztshez hasznlt nagynyoms gymntcellban vkony rtegg prselve, tes fnyben vrs sznek. FTIR-spektrofotometriai vizsglat alapjn a mintkrl kszlt infravrs spektrumok lthatk a 84.3. brn. Az brrl leolvashat, hogy a vizsglt 2 minta infravrs spektruma az infravrs elnyelsi svok helye s relatv intenzitsa alapjn egymshoz nagymrtkben hasonl, azaz a mintk kmiai sszettele egymssal f tmegben megegyezik. Digitlis spektrum adatbzisokban tallhat referencia spektrumokkal val sszehasonlts alapjn megllapthat, hogy a vizsglt mintk IR-spektrumai a termszetes eredet nvnyi gyantk IR-spektrumaival mutatnak nagyfok egyezst (84.4. bra). A vizsglt mintk IR-spektrumai azonban az 1612 cm-1 hullmszmnl jelentkez tbbletsv megjelensben szignifiknsan eltrnek a termszetes eredet nvnyi gyantk IR-spektrumaitl. (Az ment the sample is illuminated using infrared light. The chemical bonds of the molecules of the sample are activated by the infrared light. As a result of measurements infrared absorption bands appear at different wave number values based on the material quality of chemical bonds and atomic groups of the examined material. Based on this information the molecular composition of the material can be identified from the IR spectra. Small amounts of the materials to be tested were pressed into a thin layer in a so-called high pressure diamond cell. Infrared spectra were measured on the prepared samples. The infrared spectra of the samples were then compared to reference spectra in the spectrum databases. Search engine software was used in this process. Equipment employed for carrying out the measurements: Wild M420 stereomicroscope, Bruker VERTEXHYPERION infrared spectrophotometer system. According to the optical microscopic examination the samples consist of small black grains. The grains are hard, rigid and mouldering upon breaking. The grains appeared red in colour under light, after pressing them into a thin layer in the high pressure diamond cell used for preparing the samples. Figure 84.3 shows the infrared spectra of the samples based on the FTIR spectrophotometric analysis. The figure shows that the infrared spectra of the two samples are very similar, based on the position of infrared absorption bands and their relative intensity. This implies that the chemical composition of the samples is similar as their major components are the same. Based on the comparison with reference spectra in digital spectrum databases we can conclude that the IR spectra of the samples show extensive similarities with the IR spectra of organic plant resins (Fig. 84.4). The IR spectra of the samples, however, show a significant difference from the IR spectra of organic plant resins at the wave number of 1612 cm-1 where an additional band appears (Considering the theoretical background of the infrared spectrophotometric

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VIA 2 infravrs spektrofotometriai mdszer elmleti htternek ismeretben pedig szinte bizonyosnak tekinthet, hogy a tbblet sv jelenlte az egyb elnyelsi svok megjelensre is befolyssal van.) Ilyen mdon a mintk nem azonosthatk egyrtelmen egyik ismert gyantval sem, csak az llthat bizonyosan, hogy nvnyi gyantrl van sz. Mivel az emltett elnyelsi sv az szter tpus vegyletekre jellemz, felttelezhet, hogy a vizsglt mintk esetben regedett gyantkrl van sz. (A vizsglt mintkhoz hasonl kor gyantk infravrs spektrumaival kapcsolatban igen kevs adat ll rendelkezsre, de nhny, ltalam korbban vgzett vizsglat sorn azt tapasztaltam, hogy satsok sorn elkerlt, regedett gyantk esetben minden esetben jelentkezett az 1612 cm-1 hullmszmnl elnyelsi sv, mg a fiatal legfeljebb egy-ktszz ves gyantk esetben ez a jelensg egyetlen esetben sem fordult el. Nvnyi gyantk esetben az regeds oxidcis-polimerizcis (polikondenzcis) folyamatokat jelent, melynek eredmnyekppen a klnbz gyantaalkoholokbl, gyantafenolokbl, gyantasavakbl szter tpus vegyletek keletkeznek. A vizsglati eredmnyek rgszeti szempont rtkelsnl az elzek miatt vatosan kell eljrni: elfordulhat, hogy a jelen llapotukban (kzel) azonos sszettelnek minstett gyantk eredetileg klnbz kmiai sszettelek voltak, s a hossz id alatt bennk lezajl, egy irnyba mutat kmiai folyamatok miatt vltak vgl is (kzel) azonos sszettelv. A vizsglati eredmnyek sszefoglalsa: 1. A Zanat lelhelyrl szrmaz 2 db kermin lv fekete szn anyagmaradvnybl szrmaz mintkat termszetes eredet, nvnyi gyanta alkotja. A Vrvlgynagy-lzhegyi 4 db kontroll ednytredk elemzse alapjn a gyantk sszettele a mintk jelen llapotban egymssal f tmegben megegyez. 2. A vizsglt mintk esetben felttelezheten olyan regedsi folyamatok zajlottak le, amelyek megvltoztattk a mintk kmiai sszettelt; ezltal a trgyak ksztsnl hasznlt gyanta tpusra, eredetre vonatkoz, pontosabb megllapts nem tehet. method, it is almost certain that the presence of the additional band influences the appearance of the other absorption bands.). Therefore the samples cannot be identified with certainty as belonging to any of the presently known resins but we can only conclude that the material is a plant resin. Since the above-mentioned absorption band is characteristic of ester type compounds, we can suppose that in case of the samples the resins are aged. There are only few data available regarding the infrared spectra of resins as old as the samples, but according to my experience this additional band always appeared at wave number 1612 cm-1 in the case of aged resins originating from earlier excavations, but in case of young resins, not older than one or two hundred years, this feature does not occur at all. In case of plant resins aging results in an oxidation-polymerisation (policondensation) process, which causes the transformation of the various resin alcohols, resin phenols and resin acids into ester type compounds. In considering these reasons we must be careful in our evaluation from the archaeological point of view since it is possible that resins, which are presently (almost) similar in terms of their chemical composition, originally were quite different. They may have become (almost) similar due to the chemical processes that they have been subjected to for a long time. This chemical process may have changed them towards having a similar composition. The summary of the results of the analyses: 1. The samples, the black material remains from the two pieces of ceramics from the Zanat site consist of organic plant resin. Based on the evaluation of the four pieces of vessel fragments from Vrvlgy Nagylz-hegy as a control material, the composition of resins is primarily similar in the present condition of the samples. 2. In the case of the analysed samples we can suppose that an aging process took place, which modified the chemical composition of the samples, therefore the type and origin of the resin used during producing the artefacts cannot be determined with any more accuracy.

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8. Fejezet / Chapter 8

4
84. bra. Kermiatredkek fekete bevonatai ATR-FTIR spektrumai: 1. ab. 9/18. sr mintin fekete bevonat; c. 31/40. sr mintjn fekete ragasztanyag; 2. Az FTIR svok (cm-1) s rtelmezsk; 3. A kt minta elemzse; 4. Spektrum: 48/56. sr mintja IRspektruma, Spektrumok: Termszetes eredet, nvnyi gyantk IR-spektrumai Figure 84. The ATR-FTIR spectra: 1. ab.samples of Grave 9/18 show black coating; c. sample of Grave 31/40 shows black adhesive; 2. The FTIR ranges (cm-1) and their interpretation; 3. Analyses of the samples; 4. The IR spectrum of sample of Grave 48/56, The IR spectra are natural plant resins

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VIA 2

A temet embertani anyaga s The anthropological material and evaluation of the cemetery feldolgozsa
Tth Gbor

Gbor Tth

9.1 Bevezets
1999-ben Ilon Gbor SzombathelyZanat (Vas megye) trsgben a 86. sz. ft Zanat vrosrszt elkerl szakasznak nyomvonalban folytatott satsok sorn, Zanat I. s Zanat II. nven, kt hamvasztsos temet srjait trta fel. Mindkt temet embertani anyagnak vizsglata megtrtnt. A Zanat I. urnasros temet a bronzkor lezr szakaszhoz kthet Urnamezs kultrhoz (Ilon s Tth 2005), mg a Zanat II. srjai a rmai korhoz sorolhatak (Tth 2006). 2008-ban Skriba Pter s Ilon Gbor a Zanat I. lelhelyen jabb bronzkori (s egy-egy rz- s kelta kori) temetkezseket trt fel. Jelen sszefoglal az 1999-es sats anyagbl elklnthet 29 bronzkori, s a 2008-as feltrs objektumaibl szrmaz tovbbi 33 (esetlegesen 34) szemly hamvasztott maradvnyainak egysges antropolgiai ismertetst foglalja ssze (tovbbi egy rzkori sr adatkzlsvel). A Dunntl skori npessgeinek embertani vzlatt (Zoffmann 1994, 19981999, 2000) ttekintve feltn, hogy a bronzkor idszaknak vgrl; az Urnamezs kultra embertani jellemzirl milyen kevs ismerettel rendelkeznk. Ennek egyik oka, hogy a hamvasztott csontmaradvnyok embertani vizsglata a maradvnyok specilis jellegbl addan behatrolt. Az ilyen leletek csekly informcit hordoznak, idnknt llati csontokkal keveredettek, a hamvak trolsi mdja a kultrra jellemz (Brothwell 1963, 1619). A korszakra s rgira jellemznek tarthat az egyes npessgek kzti regionlis klnbsgek meglte (Schwidetzky s Rsing 1989). Az Urnamezs kultra korszaknak temetkezseibl hamvasztott maradvnyok embertani ismer-

9.1 Introduction
Gbor Ilon excavated the graves of two cremation cemeteries, Zanat I and Zanat II, in the year of 1999. The rescue excavation was carried out in the municipality of SzombathelyZanat in Vas County along the track of Main Road No. 86, which detours the township of Zanat. Anthropological analysis of both cemeteries was carried out. The Zanat I urn cemetery represents the Urnfield culture in the closing period of the Bronze Age (Ilon and Tth 2005). The graves of Zanat II represent the Roman period (Tth 2006). Pter Skriba and Gbor Ilon excavated additional burials from the Bronze Age (also one from the Copper Age, and one from the Celtic period) at Zanat I site in 2008. This paper presents the results of the anthropological analysis of the cremated remains of twenty-nine distinguishable burials from the Bronze Age discovered during the excavation in 1999, and also thirty-three (possibly 34) burials found in 2008. The data regarding one Copper Age grave is also discussed. Considering the anthropological data of the prehistoric population of Transdanubia (Zoffmann 1994, 19981999, 2000) it is apparent that we do not have much information regarding the anthropological characteristics at the end of the Bronze Age, at the time of the Urnfield culture. One of the reasons for this situation is that anthropological analysis of the burnt bone remains is very limited due to the special characteristics of the remains. Such finds carry little information, they are occasionally mixed with animal bones, and the method of placing the cremated remains is typical of the culture (Brothwell 1963, 1619). We can consider the presence of regional differences between the various populations as typical of the era and the region (Schwidetzky and Rsing 1989). Anthropological evaluations of the cremated burials of the Urnfield culture are available from the following

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VIA 2 tetsei VrsPapkert B (Boulund et al. 2003), FarkasgyepPrserd, NmetbnyaFelserdei dl, UgodKatonavgs (Zoffmann 2005), NagykanizsaPalin, Szocilis Otthon (Tth 2009) s ZalakomrAls-csalit (Tth 2010) lelhelyekrl ismertek. Az Urnamezs kultra emberrl, a neszmlyi hamvasztsos maradvnyok alapjn, Nemeskri Jnos kzlt alapadatok nlkli demogrfiai tanulmnyt (Nemeskri 1961). sszefoglal munkjban Kiszely Istvn (1979, 14) az urnamezs temetkezseket, mint nagycsaldi temetket emltette. Metrikusan is rtkelhet maradvnyok csupn GrKpolnadomb (Vas megye) urnamezs kori teleplsn kerltek el, amelyek azonban, a temetkezsek sajtos jellemzi alapjn, felteheten a korszak kt, egymssal konfliktusban lv npcsoportjhoz tartoztak. Erre utal az eltemetsek klnbzsge mellett a gracilis (urnamezs npessg?) s robusztus vzak (keleti eredet tmadk?) elklnlse is (Zoffmann 2006). A gri leletek jelentsgt az adja meg, hogy ezek a leletek az ausztriai Stillfried lelhelyrl szrmazkkal egytt a trsg e peridusnak egyedi korhasztsos embertani leleteit jelentik. Stillfried lelhelyrl 1976 ta urnasrok s vzrszek, majd 7 szemly korhasztsos maradvnyainak adatai voltak ismertek Strohschneider, Schultz, Breitinger, valamint Szilvassy s munkatrsai kzlemnyeibl. Az 198586-os satsok sorn tovbbi 25, j megtarts csontvzlelet kerlt feltrsra s embertani vizsglatra (Wiltshke-Schrotta 2003). sites: VrsPapkert B (Boulund et al. 2003), FarkasgyepPrserd, NmetbnyaFelserdei dl, UgodKatonavgs (Zoffmann 2005), Nagykanizsa Palin, Szocilis Otthon (Tth 2009) and Zalakomr Als-csalit (Tth 2010). A demographical study was published by Jnos Nemeskri (1961), but without basic data, with regards to the people of the Urnfield culture, based on the cremated remains of Neszmly. In his study Istvn Kiszely (1979, 14) considered the Urnfield burials as extended family burial grounds. Remains adequate for metrical evaluation were only found at the Urnfield settlement of GrKpolnadomb (Vas County) but based on the distinctive characteristics of the burials they probably belonged to two different social groups, which were in conflict with each other. It is supported by the difference in burial practices and also by the differences in the skeletons since gracile (Urnfield people?) and robust (attackers of eastern origin?) skeletons were distinguished (Zoffmann 2006). The significance of the Gr finds is the fact that presently these ones are the only inhumations in the region beside the remains found at Stillfried in Austria. Both urn graves and skeletal remains have been known from the Stillfried site since 1976. Data regarding further remains of seven inhumations are also known from the publications of Strohschneider, Schultz, Breitinger and Szilvassy and his colleagues. During the excavations carried out in 1985 and 1986, further twenty-five well-preserved skeletons were found and analysed anthropologically (Wiltshke-Schrotta 2003).

9.2 Anyag s mdszer


Az embertani vizsglatra 63 (esetlegesen 64) egysgben begyjttt bronz- s rzkori, hitelesen megrztt, hamvasztott szemly maradvnyain kerlt sor. Egyes esetekben egy-egy urna anyaga tbb csomagban, rtegenknti bontsban kerlt megrzsre, ms esetekben pedig a moss eltti (in situ) megfigyelsek s a megtiszttott maradvnyokon nyert eredmnyek egyttes rtelmezse is lehetsges volt. A maradvnyok emberi- llati eredetnek

9.2 The material and the method


Anthropological analysis was carried out on sixtythree (maybe 64) cremated individuals. The remains were authentically collected into one bag each, and represent the Bronze and Copper Ages. In some cases the contents of the urns were collected in bags, according to layers. In other cases it was possible to evaluate the observations prior to washing (in situ) and the results obtained from the cleaned remains. First the human and animal remains were separated; next

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9. Fejezet / Chapter 9 elklntse utn a fizikai jellemzk meghatrozsa, az anatmiai rendszerezs, majd az embertani alapadatok meghatrozsa trtnt meg, figyelembe vve Eugen Breitinger (1961), Bernd Herrmann (1988), Nemeskri Jnos s Harsnyi Lszl (1968) valamint Gerrit Nanning Van Vark s munkatrsai (1996) ajnlsait. A nemi s letkori alapadatok becslse ry Kinga (1992) s Theya I. Molleson (1986) ajnlsai szerint trtnt. Gyermekek letkor becslsnl Czigny Jen (2000, 1920) munkja is hasznosnak bizonyult a lapos koponyacsontok struktrjnak s vastagsgnak rtkelshez, figyelembe vve a h hatsra trtn zsugorodsok s deformitsok befolysol hatsait is. A demogrfiai szmtsok a Bernert Zsolt (2005) ltal ksztett paleoantropolgiai szmtgpes programcsomag felhasznlsval trtntek. the physical characteristics were identified. It was followed by an anatomical classification and the determination of anthropological basic data. All these were carried out by taking into consideration the suggestions of Eugen Breitinger (1961), Bernd Herrmann (1988), Jnos Nemeskri and Lszl Harsnyi (1968) and Gerrit Nanning Van Vark (1996) and colleagues. The estimation of sex and age was conducted by the guidelines of Kinga ry (1992) and Theya I. Molleson (1986). When estimating the age of children the work of Jen Czigny (2000, 1920) proved to be useful as well in assessing the structure and thickness of flat cranium bones, taking into consideration the influencing effects of shrinking and deformations due to heat. The demographical calculations were carried out by using the paleoanthropological software pack developed by Zsolt Bernert (2005).

9.3 Eredmnyek
Az embertani vizsglati anyag trmelkszer sszlet. Az egyes, kiiszapolt csontmaradvnyok sronknti tmege eltr, 1 gramm s 1520 gramm kztti, tbbnyire 200 gramm alatti. A csontmaradvnyok szne dnten szrksfehr s krtafehr. Ritkbban homoksrga, kkesfehr s szrke. Mg ritkbban elfordul egyes csontdaraboknl a szrke, a sznfekete, a szrkskk, a szrksbarna, vilgosbarna s a fmeskk elsznezds is. Csengsk ltalban tompa hangzs s porceln csengs, ritkbban fmes- illetve les hangzs. ltalban jl kigett (kalcinlt), illetve krtaszeren kigett maradvnyokrl van sz, esetenknt kzepesen kigett darabokrl. Fragmentltsguk dnten az apr tredkek (10 mm), valamint a kzepes nagysg tredkek (1150 mm) mrettartomnyba esnek. Az igen apr tredkeket jelent csontanyag (5 mm alatt) szma kisebb, ltalban az 1999-es anyagra jellemz ez a kisebb szilnkokat jelent mrettartomny. Az 50 mm-nl nagyobb csonttredkek szma elenysz. A csontok trse darabos, ritkbban szilnkos. Hasadsuk ltalban hosszanti s harntirny. Re-

9.3 Results
The analysed anthropological material is fragmented. The total weight of the sieved bone remains is different by grave, ranging between 1 g and 1520 g, generally less than 200 g. The colour of the bone remains is usually either greyish-white or chalk-white. In rare cases they are sand-yellow, bluish-white and grey. In even rarer cases some of the bones show a discolouring of grey, coal-black, greyish-blue, greyish-brown, light brown or metallic blue. Their clangour is usually blunt and sound as porcelain, in few cases metallic or sharp. Most of the remains are well-burnt (calcined) or burnt to a chalk-like substance, in some cases they are moderately burnt. The fragments mainly belong to the range of small fragments (10 mm) and to medium-sized fragments (1150 mm). The bone material of very small fragments (below 5 mm) is much less in quantity and this size range is usually more typical of the material found during the excavation in 1999. Bone fragments larger than 50 mm are insignificant in their number. The fragmentation of the bones is uneven, in some cases splintery. The fracture lines are mainly longitudinal and transversal. The cracks are mostly curved, sometimes

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VIA 2 pedezettsgk dnten velt, nha kagyls, nhny esetben virgszer. A deformltsg nem jellemz, esetleg a felszneken szgben grblt deformits fordul el. A tengelyeltrssel csavarodottsg vagy a tbbszrs deformltsg elfordulsa ritka. (A rzkori maradvnyok fizikai jellemzi nem trnek el a bronzkori anyagtl.) Ezek a jellemzk tkletes hamvasztsra utalnak, hasonlan Nagykanizsa Palin lelhely 24 urnasros temetkezshez. Ezzel szemben ZalakomrAls-csalit urnamezs temetkezseibl 54 szemly maradvnyait vizsglva az objektumok tbbsge 23 cm nagysg csontfragmentumokbl llt, de volt olyan temetkezs is, amely 1060 mm-es darabokat is tartalmazott. Az egyes objektumok legkisebb hamvasztott csonttredkeinek mrete ltalban 23 mm volt. Zalakomr esetben az gets nem volt olyan tkletes (rvidebb idtartam, alacsonyabb hhats, a hirtelen hts/locsols hinya?). A jl kigett, kalcinlt maradvnyok mellett sronknti elklnlsben kisebb s nagyobb csontdarabok, valamint csupn szenesedett csonttredkek (Zalakomr 53, 81. s 187. sr) is kerltek el az egyes srok anyagbl. Ez arra utal, hogy a kt lelhely esetben a hamvasztsnl eltr getsi technikkat alkalmaztak. Mivel a koponya s a csontvz egyes csontjai s azok anatmiai tjai eltr mdon reaglnak a hhats idejre s intenzitsra (Symes et al. 2008), a nemi s letkori vizsglatok cljra nem minden esetben a leginkbb informatv csontrszek maradnak fenn. Anyagunkban a nemi hovatartozs eldntst a femur nemfgg megjelense, a koponyacsontok megjelense, a csontok robuszticitsa, a caput femoris tmrje, a caput mandibulae, a facies zygomaticus, a linea nuchae, a protuberantia occipitalis s a glabella vizsglata tette lehetv. Az letkor becslst az egyes csontmretek, tapadsok s degeneratik, a koponyacsontok mretei s felptse, az obliteratio, a juvenisek, a fogak, a foggykerek, a humerus s a femur trajectoriuma s az ltalnos megjelens segtettk (85. bra). A nemi s letkori becsls eredmnyeit a 86. bra tartalmazza. shell-like, in some cases flower-like. The presence of deformity is not typical; in some cases curved deformity occurs on the surfaces. Twisting with angulation or multiple deformity is rare. (The physical characteristics of the remains from the Copper Age are not different from the characteristics of the remains from the Bronze Age.) These characteristics imply perfect burning, similarly to the burial methods of Nagykanizsa-Palin, containing twenty-four urn graves. Notwithstanding, when evaluating the material of the ZalakomrAls-csalit Urnfield burials, the remains of fifty-four people, it was noted that most of the graves consisted of two to three cm large bone fragments, but some of the burials contained pieces as large as 10 to 60 mm. The smallest burnt bone fragments of the graves were 2 to 3 mm in general. In the case of Zalakomr the burning was imperfect (shorter duration of time, lower temperature, lack of abrupt cooling/dousing?). Smaller and larger pieces of bones were also found in the graves besides the well burnt, calcined remains. Bone fragments that were only charred were also found in some of the graves (Zalakomr, Graves 53, 81 and 187). This implies that different burning techniques were used for the cremations at the two sites. The different bones of the cranium and the skeleton, and their anatomical regions react differently to the duration and intensity of heat (Symes et al. 2008); therefore in many cases the bones that survived are not the ones, which are well suited for age and sex identification. In the case of our material the sex estimation was made possible by the sex related appearance of the femur, the appearance of the cranial bones, the robustness of the bones, the diameter of the caput femoris, and by the examination of the surface of the zygomatic bones (facies zygomaticus), the nuchal line (linea nuchae), the external occipital protuberance (protuberantia occipitalis) and the supraorbital ridge (glabella). The estimation of age was helped by the particular bone dimensions, the muscle insertions and degenerations, the dimensions and structure of the cranial bones, the obliteration, juveniles, teeth, tooth root canal, the trajectories of femur and humerus, and the general appearance (Fig. 85).

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9. Fejezet / Chapter 9 A nhny lehetsges nemi besorols alapjn valsznsthet, hogy a temetbe frfiakat s nket is temettek. Az elhallozsi kor vltozatos, gyermekeket s felntteket egyarnt ide temettek. A nagy srszm s az letkori eloszls alapjn megllapthat, hogy ez egy telepls lland temetje lehetett. Felmerlt az a rgszeti krds, hogy az 46/26. maradvnyok esetlegesen nem a 48/56. sr bolygatsbl szrmaznak-e? A nemi s letkori besorols, a fizikai jellemzk s anatmiai tjak sszevetse alapjn ezt a felvetst nem lehet cfolni. Nem kizrt, hogy a vizsglatra kt szemly maradvnyaiknt rkezett csontanyag egy szemlyhez tartozik. Szintn rgszeti hipotzisekre adand vlaszknt, ugyanebbl a megfontolsbl elkpzelhet, hogy a 40/49. s a 49/57. srok embertani anyaga, amelyek egyms kzelben lv ednyekben voltak elhelyezve, szintn egy ember maradvnyai. Viszont a 16/25. s 66/1. srok maradvnyai a fenti srok anyagtl klnbzek. A gyermekkorban meghaltak becslt arnya 3740 %. Nemeskri Jnos s Harsnyi Lszl (1968) KrnyeFcnkert kzps bronzkori sorozata esetben a gyermekkorban meghaltak arnyt ennl magasabb rtkben, 44,2%-ban hatrozta meg, a szletskor vrhat lettartamot pedig 21,6 vben. ZalakomrAls-Csalit esetben a gyermekkori halandsg 42,6 %, a szletskor vrhat lettartam pedig 21,5 v. Zanat bronzkori npessgnl a szletskor vrhat lettartamot 23,4 vre becslhetjk. Mivel az adatsorokbl a 0 vesek teljesen hinyoznak (mshov temets? fldmunkk s erzi? az letkorbecsls hinyossgai?) a paleodemogrfiai programcsomag segtsgvel korrekcis becslseket vgezhetnk. Ez alapjn a szletskor vrhat lettartam mr csak 15,7 v (Zalakomr esetben 14,4 v). 20 ves kortl pedig a tovbbi vrhat lettartam 11,3 v. A paleodemogrfiai modellek alkalmazsa segtsgvel tett becslsek arra utalnak (87. bra), hogy a magas gyermekThe results of age and sex estimations are shown on Figure 86. Based on some sex estimations it can be suggested that the cemetery was probably used for the burials of both males and females. The age distribution varies; both adults and children were buried there. Based on the large number of graves and wide variety of age we can assume that this probably was the permanent cemetery of the settlement. In the case of Graves 46/26 and 48/56 an archaeological question arose, whether it could be that the remains of 46/26 originate from the disturbed Grave 48/56. This supposition is supported by the age and sex data, and by the comparison of physical characteristics and anatomical regions. It is not impossible that the bone material, which arrived at the examination as the remains of two people, in fact is the remains of only one person. Based on this reasoning and as an attempt to give answers to archaeological hypotheses it is quite possible that the anthropological material of Graves 40/49 and 49/57, which were in vessels close to each other, also belong to the same person. However, the remains in Graves 16/25 and 66/1 are different from the material found in the above-mentioned graves. The estimated ratio of infant death is about 37 to 40 %. In the case of the Middle Bronze Age series of KrnyeFcnkert, Jnos Nemeskri and Lszl Harsnyi (1968) determined the ratio of infant death to be higher than this, as high as 44.2 %, and according to them the life expectancy at birth was 21.6 years. In the case of ZalakomrAls-Csalit the infant death rate was 42.6 % and the life expectancy was 21.5 years. In the case of the Bronze Age population of Zanat the life expectancy at birth was an estimated 23.4 years. Since the 0 year old individuals are completely missing from the data (Were they buried somewhere else? Is it due to land cultivation and erosion? Could it be the result of inaccuracy of age estimation methods?), corrected estimations could be carried out by the means of the paleodemographic software. According to this data the life expectancy at birth decreased to 15.7 years (in case of Zalakomr to 14.4 years). For individuals reaching the age of twenty the additional life expectancy was 11.3 years. The evalu-

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VIA 2 kori halandsg utn a felnttkori hallozsi cscs a 2530 ves letkorra tehet (sszefgghet a szlssel s gyermekgyi lzzal), amit egy egyenletes cskkens utn jabb kevsb magas kiugrs kvet; 3540 ves kor krl. Ezek a halandsgi mutatk s a hallozsi cscs megfelelnek, az ausztriai lelhelyek alapjn, a tgabb rtelemben a bronzkorra vonatkoz tlagos lettartamra vonatkoz vizsglati eredmnyeknek is (Malina 1988; Teschler-Nicola 1988; Teschler-Nicola s Prossinger 1990). Tovbbi megfigyelsek/informcik egyes hamvasztott maradvnyokon: 1. 9/18. 20x ves, ismeretlen nem szemly. Ugyanezen SNR szmmal msik csomag, bronz ednybl szrmaz csontok megjegyzssel. Abban llatcsontok s fogak (Lsd errl a 10. fejezetet). Kigetettsgk (?) eltr, kevsb tkletes, mint az emberi maradvnyok esetben. A csontokon zldes elsznezds (patina). Tmeg: 24 gramm. 2. 19/29. 3045 ves frfi. Az in situ kiemelt urna tartalma rtegenknt bontva. 2. rtegben agykoponya, csigolya, borda, fels- s als vgtagok tredkei, valamint indifferens tredkek. Tmegk 48 gramm. 3. rtegben koponya, medence, csigolya, als- s fels vgtag, bordk tredkei s indifferens tredkek. Tmegk 404 gramm. 5. rtegben az in situ (moss eltti) vizsglat alapjn 5590 mm-es, rosszul hamvasztott koponya darabok, medence, fels vgtag s borda darabok azonosthatk. Repedezettek. Az edny aljn a kisebb fragmentumok (130 mm), feljebb a nagyobb tredkek, amelyeket hosszirnyban helyeztek az urnba. Moss utn (tmege 766 gramm) koponya, llkapocs, csigolya, kulcscsont, felkarcsont, borda, combcsont s spcsont tredkek azonosthatk. Megllapthat, hogy a csontmaradvnyok nagyobb tmege az edny aljn helyezkedett el. Az egsz testbl szrmaz csontdarabokat nem csupn besepertk a trol ednybe, hanem a nagyobb darabokat fellre helyezve, hosszirnyba, prhuations carried out by employing paleodemographical models (Fig. 87) indicate that following the high infant death rate the age when adult death most likely occurred between the ages of 25 and 30 (it might be connected to childbirth and child-bed fever). From this age it decreased evenly but it is followed by another, but not so high, peak at around the age of 35 to 40. These mortality indices and peaks support the results of previous evaluations, based on Austrian sites, regarding the average life span of the people in the Bronze Age (Malina 1988; Teschler-Nicola 1988; Teschler-Nicola and Prossinger 1990). Additional observations/information with regard to certain burned remains: 1. 9/18. 20 to x years old, sex is undetermined. Another bag exists with the same SNR number, it is marked bones from the bronze vessel. It contained animal bones and teeth (For more on this see Chapter 10.). The degree of burning (?) is different, less perfect than in the case of human remains. There is a greenish discolouration (patina) on the bones. The total weight of the bones is 24 g. 2. 19/29. Male, 30 to 45 years old. The urn was lifted in situ, and its content was removed layer by layer. In the second layer we found the following: calvaria (neurocranium), vertebra, rib, fragments of upper and lower limbs, and unidentifiable fragments. The weight of the bones is 48 g. In the third layer we found the following: cranium, pelvis, vertebra, lower and upper limbs, rib fragments and unidentifiable fragments. The weight of the bones is 404 g. In the fifth layer, by the in situ examination (before washing), we were able to identify 55 to 90 mm large pieces of imperfectly cremated cranial bones, pelvis, upper limb and rib fragments. They show cracking. The smaller fragments (1 to 30 mm) were found at the bottom of the vessel. The larger pieces were found in the upper layers, which were placed in the urn longitudinally. After the cleaning (their weight is 766 g) the following fragments were identified: cranium, mandible, vertebra, clavicle, humerus, rib, femur and tibia. It can be ascertained that the majority of the calcined bones were at the bottom of the vessel. The bone fragments

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9. Fejezet / Chapter 9 zamosan tettk a kisebb fragmentumokra. Gdr bontsbl fels- s als vgtag tredkei, valamint indifferens tredkek kerltek el. Tmegk 16 gramm. Ez volt a legnagyobb csontmennyisget (tmeget) tartalmaz sr. Ebben voltak a legnagyobb csontdarabok tredkek is. A nemi hovatartozs 6 jelleg, az letkori becsls 6 szempont alapjn volt lehetsges. A gyenge kigetettsg eltr a temet tbbi srjnak embertani anyagtl. Nem felttlenl eltr rtusra kell gondolnunk, felmerlhet az gets ms mdszere mellett az a lehetsg is, hogy rvidebb id llt rendelkezsre a hamvasztsnl, vagy pedig vizes volt az getshez hasznlt faanyag s emiatt nem sikerlt tkletesen kivitelezni az getst (ha frissen kivgott, a vegetcis idszak elejn lv, nedvds ft hasznltak a hamvasztshoz a felttelezs igaz lehet. Lsd ehhez az eltemets idpontjt trgyal 11.9 alfejezetet.) 3. 20/30. 1020 ves, ismeretlen nem szemly. Felsznrl tiszttskor: bordatredk s indifferens tredkek, tmege 4 gramm. 1. szm mellkletbl: koponya, fels- s als vgtag, borda tredkei s indifferens tredkek. Tmegk 152 gramm. 2. szm mellkletbl: indifferens szivacsos llomny, tmege 1 gramm. 4. szm mellkletbl: csves csont tredkei, tmege 1 gramm. 4. 38/47. 2030 ves, valsznleg frfi. Maradvnyain kvl egy 35 ves gyermek 2 koponyacsont tredke is elkerlt az anyagbl. A sr ssztmege 478 gramm. 5. 47/55. 2030 ves, valsznleg frfi. Tmege 240 gramm. 1 darab 19x17 mm-es Wormcsont, mint epigenetikus jelleg. 6. 48/56. 3040 ves, valsznleg frfi. Tmege 494 gramm. Jobb als 2-es metsz: fogkops media, caries, radix oldalirny grblete. A feldolgoz rgsz, Ilon Gbor felvetse alapjn lehetsges, hogy a 46/26. szm gdr emberi maradvnyai is ide tartoznak. of the skeleton were not simply swept and put into the vessel, but the larger pieces were placed on top of the smaller fragments, longitudinally and parallel to the smaller fragments. We discovered fragments of upper and lower limbs and unidentifiable fragments during the excavation of a pit. The total weight of the bones is 16 g. This grave contained the largest amount (weight) of bones and the largest fragments. The determination of sex was possible based on six characteristics; the age estimation was also carried out by six aspects. The highly imperfect burning is completely different from the anthropological material found in the other graves of the cemetery. We do not necessarily have to think of a different rite or cremation method. Apart from this possibility it also could have been caused by a lack of time at the cremation, or by the firewood, which might have been wet, leading to imperfect burning (if a freshly cut succulent tree was used, cut in the beginning of the vegetation season, this assumption might be true. For more on this see Chapter 11.9 regarding the time of burials.). 3. 20/30. 10 to 20 years old, the sex is undetermined. The following fragments were found on the surface after cleaning: rib and unidentifiable fragments, their weight is 4 g. From Grave good 1: cranium, upper and lower limb, rib fragments and unidentifiable fragments. The weight of the bones is 152 g. From Grave good 2: unidentifiable spongious material, its weight is 1 g. From Grave good 4: fragments of a long bone, their weight is 1 g. 4. 38/47. 20 to 30 years old, probably male. Besides his remains, two cranial fragments of a child, 3 to 5 years old, were found in the material. The total weight of the bones is 478 g. 5. 47/55. 20 to 30 years old, probably male. The total weight of the bones is 240 g. One piece of Wormian bone as epigenetic variation was found, its size is 19x17 mm. 6. 48/56. 30 to 40 years old, probably male. The total weight of the bones is 494 g. The second incisor on the lower right side: the tooth is medium worn, caries, radix lateral curvature. By the opinion of the site processing archaeologist, Gbor Ilon, it is possible that the human remains from Pit 46/26 also belong to this one.

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85. bra. A nemi s letkori meghatrozsok szmra a zanati temet srjaibl fennmaradt informatv anatmiai tjak: 1. Nemi hovatartozs szempontjbl informatv anatmiai tjak; 2. letkor becsls szempontjbl informatv anatmiai tjak Figure 85. The anatomical regions of the skeletons of the Zanat cemetery conveying information relevant to age and sex determination: 1. The anatomical regions of the skeletons of the Zanat cemetery conveying information relevant to sex determination; 2. The anatomical regions of the skeletons of the Zanat cemetery conveying information relevant to age determination

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9. Fejezet / Chapter 9
Sorszm/ No. Srszm/Grave No. 1999 1. 2. 3. 29. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 1. 2. 4. 4.sz/1. (4. vagy 5. sr elszntott rsze/ the overploughed remains of either Grave 4 or Grave 5) 5. 6. (nagy ednybl/from the large vessel) 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 13. 14. 14. (2. edny/Vessel 2) 15. 16. 17. 18. 22. 23. 24. 25. 27. 28. 29. (2. edny/Vessel 2) 30. 31. 32. 33. 2008 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 63. 64. 3/15. 7/16. 8/17. 9/18. 10/19. 11/20. 12/21. 14/23. 16/25. 17/27. 19/29. 20/30. 22/32. 25/35. 26/36. 28/37. 30/39. 31/40. 32/41. 34/43. 35/44. 36. /45. 38/47. 39/48. 40/49. 41/50. 45/54. 46/26. (lehetsges, hogy a bolygatsbl/or from the disturbed Grave 48/56.) 47/55. 48/56. 49/57. 65/60. 66/61. Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. Frfi/Mal Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. N?/Fem Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. N/Fema Frfi?/Ma Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. Frfi?/Ma Frfi?/Ma Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. 1530 24 10x 1525 20x 210 Indiff. 1020 1030 Indiff. 110 3045 1020 3040 25 35 515 10x 3545 2030 10x 3040 2030 2030 v 20x v 1020 712 410 3045 2030 3040 1525 2030 1520 262 14 6 66 160 8 4 354 26 6 6 1234 158 212 86 16 8 68 374 26 21 428 516 478 136 28 48 4 22 240 494 26 105 26 Indiff. N/Fema Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. N ? Indiff. N?/Fem Frfi/Mal Indiff. N?/Fem Indiff. Indiff. Indiff. ? 2030 2040 14x 2060 2040 7x 14x ? 2040 1440 20x 3050 ? 7x 5x 1440 7x 510 ? 2060 18x 1830 2040 13 2060 12 2030 320 5 48 501 5 1067 364 9 26 3 193 49 49 29 16 149 5,5 146,5 81 34 4 516 54 1520 212 136 171 6 503 1 Nem/Sex letkor (v)/ Age (year) Tmeg/ Weight (gramm)

Rzkor, Baden kultra/ Copper Age, Baden culture 62. 54/1. Indiff. 15x 6

86. bra. A zanati temet nemi s letkori alapadatai Figure 86. Sex and age data of the Zanat cemetery

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40 35 30 25

dx

20 15 10 5 0 0 14 59 10 14 15 19 20 24 25 29 30 34 35 39 40 44 45 49 50 54 55 59 60 64

Korcsoport/Age group
87. bra. A zanati temet halandsgi grbje Figure 87. Mortality chart of the Zanat cemetery Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Mindsszesen/Total

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VIA 2

A temet llatcsontjai s feldolgozsuk


Nyerges va

The animal bones found in the cemetery and their evaluation

10

va Nyerges

A 2008-ban feltrt 39 urnasr ebbl egy kelta kori kzl csupn kettbl kerltek el llatcsontok. Feldolgozsuk a nemzetkzileg elfogadott elrsok (Driesch 1976; Schmid 1972) szerint s a kevs szm hazai, hasonl kor adat (pl. Vrs 1995, 1999) felhasznlsval trtnt.

Only two of the thirty-nine Urnfield graves, including one Celtic grave, which were excavated in 2008 contained animal bones. They were processed by the internationally accepted instructions (Driesch 1976; Schmid 1972), and by using the small amount of Hungarian data available for the period (for example Vrs 1995, 1999).

9/18. sr
Az llatcsontok a 6. szm mellkletbl (bronz edny), annak restaurlsa sorn kerltek el. A tlka ltal zldesre sznezett csonttredkek egyetlen, 1012 hnapos malachoz tartoztak. Tredkesen megtallhat az llat: piciny arckoponya tredke; bal llkapcsa (2 db incsivum darabbal, P1 csrval, P2-vel s m3-mal); htcsigolya- s apr vgsnyommal rendelkez keresztcsont tredke; jobb radiusnak s az ulnanak diaphysisi rsze; bal III. s IV. metacarpusnak proximalis rsze; illetve egy ujjpercnek (II.) tredke (88. bra 1). A temetkezs a talajmvels ltal bolygatott volt (Skriba 2008), az ldozati llat hts vgtagjaihoz tartoz tredk nincs a csontok kztt, az edny pedig csupn 15 cm tmrj s rendkvl sekly volt. Elkpzelhetnnk, hogy az egyben lv malacnak a mretei alapjn az ednyrl kiss lelg hts rsze a talajmvels miatt semmislt meg, azonban a csontok elhelyezkedse, illetve a keresztcsont apr vgsnyoma alapjn inkbb felttelezhet, hogy az llat darabokban kerlt a tlkra. Testtji osztlyozs alapjn a malac feje, mells vgtagjai, trzse: mindenkpp az ldozat rszei voltak. E darabok hsrtki szempontbl vegyesnek

Grave 9/18
The animal bones were found in Grave good 6 (bronze vessel) during its restoration. The bone fragments were discoloured by the vessel, gaining a greenish colour. The bones belonged to a young pig, about 10 to 12 months old. Many different parts of the animal were present in the vessel: fragment of the small cranium bones, its left jawbone (with 2 pieces of incisivum, P1 sprout, P2 and m3); fragment of vertebra, fragment of sacrum with the mark of a small cut; the diaphysis part of the ulna and the right radius; the proximal part of the left III and IV metacarpus; and the fragment of one phalanx (II) (Fig. 88.1). The burial place was disturbed by land cultivation activities (Skriba 2008). There are no fragments among the bones belonging to the hind legs of the sacrificed animal, and the vessel is only 15 cm in diameter and very shallow. We might imagine that the pig was put on the vessel as a whole, and its limbs overhung the rim of the vessel; in this case its back legs would have been destroyed by land cultivation activities. However, based on the location of the bones and the cut mark on the sacrum, it is more likely that the animal was placed on the vessel in pieces. Based on body part classification, the head, front legs and body of the pig were all part of the sacrifice. Looking at the pieces from the meat value

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VIA 2 tekinthetek (88. bra 3), ami, ha valban nem tartoztak ms rszek eredetileg sem a mellklethez: az tel traval ltalnossgval szemben (igaz a praktikummal egybeesen): a rendszerbe foglalt jelkpessg fel (Vrs 1995) irnytjk a hangslyt. point of view, they are considered as various (Fig. 88.3). This implies that if there were no other parts of the pig originally included, then the animal was not functioning as food for the journey (in agreement with practical purposes) but the emphasis was placed on the symbolism carried out in an orderly fashion (Vrs 1995).

33/42. sr
A sr urnjt a terleten folytatott talajmvels csaknem teljesen megsemmistette (Skriba 2008), csupn nhny sztmllott kermia tredk, kevs kalcintum s egy llatcsont maradt meg. A csont egy viszonylag nyurga (hstermel tpus?), 20 24 hnapos, fiatal serts bal kztcsontjnak tredke (88. bra 2). Helyzete, valamint jellemzi alapjn sem fm okozta elsznezds, sem h/g(et)s okozta elvltozs nem szlelhet rajta felttelezhet, hogy mint telmellklet lehetett elhelyezve. A tredken vgsnyom nem szlelhet. Prhuzamba lltva adataikat, lthat, hogy mindkt urnasr esetben az (tel)mellkletknt szerepl llat: fiatal (juvenilis) korcsoportba tartoz serts. Br nem indokolhat, mirt hinyoznak az llatok hts vgtagjai, a mells vgtag jelenlte egyrtelmen tudatosnak vehet. A leletanyagban vgsnyom csak egyetlen tredken tallhat, azonban ms urnasros temetk adatait (pl. Nagydm: Vrs 1995; Ilon 1999) is figyelembe vve , felttelezhet, hogy az llatok darabolva (darabjaikkal) kerltek a srokba.

Grave 33/42.
The urn in the grave was almost completely destroyed by agricultural activity (Skriba 2008). What remained are only a few badly preserved ceramic fragments, some calcined bones and one animal bone. The bone is a fragment of the carpal of the left limb, belonging to a young pig. The age of the animal is 20 to 24 months, and physically a taller type (kept for meat?) (Fig. 88.2). Based on its location and characteristics it was probably placed there as food for the journey. There is no discolouration caused by metal on it, and no deformation due to heating/burning. Traces of cuts on the fragment are not observable. Looking at the data in parallel we note that in the case of both urn graves the animal (food) is a young (juvenilis) pig. Although we cannot explain why the back limbs of the animals are missing, the presence of the front legs, however, is clearly intentional. There is only one trace of a cut mark on one fragment in the whole assemblage, but taking the data of other Urnfield cemeteries into account (for instance Nagydm: Vrs 1995; Ilon 1999) we can suppose that the animals were placed in the graves in pieces.

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88. bra. A 9/18. s 33/42. sr serts csontjai: 1. 9/18. sr; 2. 33/42. sr; 3. A 9/18. Sus domesticus maradvnyainak hsrtki megoszlsa Figure 88. Pig bones in Graves 9/18 and 33/42: 1. Grave 9/18; 2. Grave 33/42; 3. The flesh value ratio of the remains of Sus domesticus in Grave 9/18

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A zanati lelhely s vidke krnyezetrgszeti vizsglatnak eredmnyei


11.1 Bevezets
Smegi Pl, Trcsik Tnde

11

The results of the environmental archaeological analysis of the Zanat site and its surrounding area

11.1 Introduction
Pl Smegi, Tnde Trcsik In recent years, geoarchaeological analyses have been carried out in the area of archaeological excavations, which took place prior to constructions of Main Road No. 86 in the municipalities of Szombathely Zanat, Nemesbd and Vt. In the last few years environmental historical research, including pollen analysis was carried out on the undisturbed drilling cores (Fig. 89) of the alluviums of the Surnyi and Borz Creeks, which are relevant to the excavations. The geoarchaeological research consisted of sedimentological, soil chemical, anthracological, pollen analytical and malacological analyses of the sites; the evaluations of the alluviums included sedimentological, geochemical, pollen analytical and malacological analyses. Since we conducted similar geoarchaeological and environmental historical analyses on the alluvium of Hossz-vz Creek of Vt and Kris Creek of Szeleste, and also at the archaeological sites along Main Road No. 86, which detours Vt, we had the opportunity to explore the development of the examined western Hungarian region and also the Gyngys Plain (Fig. 89). It was also possible to reconstruct the relationships between the different cultural groups that settled in the area and changes in the environment. Following the environmental historical and geoarchaeological analyses of recent years in a wider area in western Hungary (Valcum Project, Zala section of the M7 Motorway, National Office for Research and Technology and Hungarian Scientific Research Fund tenders) we had the opportunity to analyse the environmental history of the whole western Hungarian region.

Szombathely Zanat, Nemesbd, Vt kzsgek hatrban a 86-os szm ft j nyomvonalnak kialaktst megelz rgszeti satsok terlethez kapcsoldan rgszeti geolgiai vizsglatokat, illetve az satsok terlethez kapcsold allviumokon, a Borz- s a Surnyi-patakok rtern mlytett zavartalan frsszelvnyeken (89. bra) krnyezettrtneti, kztk pollenanalitikai vizsglatokat vgeztnk el az elmlt vekben. A rgszeti geolgiai vizsglatok a lelhelyek ledkfldtani, talajkmiai, anthrakolgiai, pollenanalitikai, malakolgiai elemzsre terjedtek ki, mg az allviumon kialaktott szelvnyeken ledkfldtani, geokmiai, pollenanalitikai s malakolgiai vizsglatok trtntek. Mivel hasonl rgszeti geolgiai s krnyezettrtneti vizsglatokat vgeztnk a vti Hossz-vz-patak s a szelestei Kris-patak rtern, illetve a 86-os sz. ft vti elkerl szakaszn feltrt rgszeti lelhelyeken is, ezrt lehetsgnk nylt a vizsglt nyugat-magyarorszgi rgi, a Gyngysi-sk (89. bra) fejldsnek feltrsra, a terleten megteleped kultrk s a krnyezet idben vltoz viszonynak rekonstrulsra. Ugyanakkor a tgabb rgiban, a nyugat-magyarorszgi trsgben az elmlt vekben vgzett krnyezettrtneti s rgszeti geolgiai elemzsek nyomn (Valcum projekt, M7 autplya zalai szakasza, NKTH s OTKA plyzatok) alkalom addott az egsz nyugat-magyarorszgi rgi krnyezettrtneti elemzsre. A trsget tfog krnyezettrtneti elemzseink a kvetkez adatbzisokon alapultak.

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VIA 2 A pollenanalitikai elemzsek sorn a fentebb emltett feldolgozsokon tl a Keszthely-sztatmajori (Medzihradszky 2001), csglei (Juhsz 2002), fnyedi (Medzihradszky 2005), szcei (Cserny s Nagy-Bodor 2006), bucsui, dozmati, osli, hidegsgi, kemeneskpolnai (Ilon et al. 2006), velemi (Jakab s Smegi 2007), alsphoki (Juhsz 2007a), zalavri (Juhsz 2007b), a ptrtei, plskei (Juhsz 2007c), fenkpusztai (Smegi et al. 2008), mezlaki (Smegi et al. 2009a), valamint a Balta-tavi (Smegi et al. 2009b) pollenadatokat vettk figyelembe (89. bra). A pollenadatok mellett a rgszeti lelhe lyekrl elkerlt fasznmaradvnyok feldolgozst is felhasznltuk a nyugat-magyarorszgi vegetci- s krnyezettrtnet megrajzolshoz, a fs szr vegetci s az emberek kztti kapcsolat rekonstrulshoz. A k vetkez lelhelyekrl kerlt el rtkelhet, Nfrdi Katalin ltal meghatrozott anthrakolgiai anyag: Szombathely-Zanat Oladi-plat s Orszgti-dl, Szeleste, Lukcshza, Vt, Nemesbd, Bagod Kelet, NagykanizsaPalin Anyagnyerhely, Balatonmagyard, Nagykanizsa-Palin Szocilis otthon, Nagyrcse Baknaki-patak, Nagyrcse Barka-dl, Nagyrcse Tskevri-dl, Pkaszepetk Kall, Sorms Mntai-dl, Sorms Trkfldek, Tornyiszentmikls Zabos-telek, Vonyarcvashegy Manduls lakpark, Vrvlgy Nagylz-hegy, Zalacsb Krtvlyes, Zalacsb Malom-tanya (90. bra). A Sopron krnyki (Rudner s Jerem 2003) s a kisalfldi rgszeti lelhelyekrl (Mnfcsanak, Lbny, Mosonmagyarvr, Gny) elkerlt anthrakolgiai anyagokat is bekapcsoltuk elemz seinkbe. A paleobotanikai adatok mellett malakolgiai elemzseket is vgeztnk a rgi faunafejldsnek megrajzolshoz. A malakolgiai anyagokat a pollenvizsglatra mlytett szelvnyekbl, illetve a rgszeti satsokbl kiemelt ledkbl iszapoltuk ki. The environmental historical analysis of the region is based on available databases. In the case of pollen analysis, apart from the above-mentioned research, the following databases were considered: the pollen data of Keszthely-sztatmajor (Medzihradszky 2001), Csgle (Juhsz 2002), Fnyed (Medzihradszky 2005), Szce (Cserny and Nagy-Bodor 2006), Bucsu, Dozmat, Osl, Hidegsg, Kemeneskpolna (Ilon et al. 2006), Velem (Jakab and Smegi 2007), Alsphok (Juhsz 2007a), Zalavr (Juhsz 2007b), Ptrte, Plske (Juhsz 2007c), Fenkpuszta (Smegi et al. 2008), Mezlak (Smegi et al. 2009a), Baltat (Smegi et al. 2009b) (Fig. 89). The charcoal data of the archaeological sites are also used to reconstruct the relationship between arboreal vegetation and humans, and to provide an accurate picture of the vegetation and environmental history of western Hungary. The following sites presented determinable anthracological material, identified by Katalin Nfrdi: Szombathely-Zanat Oladi-plat and Orszgti-dl, Szeleste, Lukcs-hza, Vt, Nemesbd, Bagod Kelet, Nagykanizsa-Palin Anyagnyerhely, Balatonmagyard, Nagykanizsa-Palin Szocilis otthon, Nagyrcse Baknaki-patak, Nagyrcse Barka-dl, Nagyrcse Tskevri-dl, Pkaszepetk Kall, Sorms Mntai-dl, Sorms Trk-fldek, Tornyiszentmikls Zabos-telek, Vonyarcvashegy Manduls lakpark, Vrvlgy Nagylz-hegy, Zalacsb Krtvlyes, Zalacsb Malom-tanya (Fig. 90). Anthracological data from archaeological sites of the Sopron region (Rudner and Jerem 2003) and Small Plain have also been included in our analyses. Malacological analysis was carried out besides the palaeobotanical evaluations in order to provide a picture of the fauna development in the region. The malacological sample was extracted from sediment profiles, which were obtained for pollen samples, and also from the sediment samples acquired from the features of the archaeological sites.

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11

11.2 Felhasznlt mdszerek


Smegi Pl, Nfrdi Katalin, Trcsik Tnde Az j tszakasz megelz rgszeti satsainak terlethez kapcsold Borz-patak, Surnyipatak rterein tlapol zavartalan magfrsok nyomn feltrtuk a terleten tallhat felszn kzeli rtegeket s a zavartalan magmintkat ad Orosz-fejes frs paleokolgiai (krnyezettrtneti) vizsglatt vgeztk el. A frsok mellett a rgszeti feltrsokban talajszelvnyeket alaktottunk ki, ahol az egyes kultrk megtelepedsi szintjeit, a talajszinteket s -rtegeket tanulmnyozhattuk, illetve a kiemelt mintkon ledkfldtani, talajtani, talajkmiai, archaeobotanikai s archaeozoolgiai elemzseket vgeztnk az egykori megtelepedsi krnyezet rekonstrukcijhoz. A frsok s a talajszelvnyek feldolgozsa mellett a rgszeti objektumokbl kiemelt ledkmintkat a germn krnyezettrtneti vizsglatok szabvnya (Jacomet s Kreuz 1999) szerinti ketts flotlssal kiiszapoltuk s az gy nyert iszapolatot rgszeti anyagokra, valamint archaeozoolgiai s archaeobotanikai maradvnyokra nzve kivlogattuk. A vlogats sorn nyert rgszeti anyagokat visszajuttattuk a rgszeti bzisra, mg a termszettudomnyi anyagon archaeobotanikai s archaeozoolgiai vizsglatokat vgeztnk. A zavartalan frsokbl, rgszeti s talajszelvnyekbl emeltk ki az ledkanyagot szedimentolgiai, ledkgeokmiai, palinolgiai, archaeobotanikai, malakolgiai s radiokarbon vizsglatra, valamint tbb mint 100 db rgszeti objektumbl, tbb mint 200 liter sszmennyisg ledkanyagot trtunk fel ketts flotlssal s vlogattunk szt rgszeti s termszettudomnyi anyagokra. A komplex paleokolgiai krnyezettrtneti rtkelshez H. John B. Birks s Hilary H. Birks (1980) modelljt s elemzsi rendszert hasznltuk fel. A szmtgpes feldolgozst, a rtegrajzokat a nemzetkzi krnyezettrtneti kutatsban alapvetnek tartott a PSIMPOLL program (Bennett 1992) felhasznlsval vgeztk el, illetve rajzoltuk ki.

11.2 The methodology employed


Pl Smegi, Katalin Nfrdi, Tnde Trcsik Our study area consisted of the alluviums of the Surnyi and Borz Creeks, belonging to the region where the archaeological survey and excavation along the new road track was carried out. Through the undisturbed drillings of the alluvium the sediments close to the surface were explored and the palaeoecological (environmental historical) analysis of the undisturbed core samples was carried out by the use of the so-called Russian-head drilling. Sediment profiles were created at the archaeological excavation sites besides the drillings, and here we were able to study the settlement levels of the individual cultures and soil horizons. In order to reconstruct the former environment of the settlement sedimentological, geological, geochemical, archaeobotanical and archaeozoological analyses were carried out. Apart from processing the results of drillings and soil profiles the samples obtained from the archaeological features were flotated by the use of double flotating method according to the standards of German palaeoecological analyses (Jacomet and Kreuz 1999). The remains were sorted for archaeological, archaeozoological and archaeobotanical remains. The archaeological material resulted from the sorting was sent back to the archaeological base, while the archaeobotanical and archaeozoological samples were subjected to analyses. Deposits resulted from undisturbed drillings, archaeological sections and soil cross-sections were submitted to sedimentological, sediment geochemical, palinological, archaeobotanical, malacological analyses and radiocarbon dating. More than 200 litres of sediment materials were obtained by double flotating deriving from over one hundred archaeological features. The sediments were sorted into archaeological materials and samples for interdisciplinary analyses. The model and analysis system of H. John B. Birks and Hilary H. Birks (1980) was employed for conducting the complex palaeoecological and environmental historical analysis. In the computerised processing and producing layer diagrams the PSIM-

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VIA 2 11.2.1 ledkgyjt krnyezettrtneti modell A krnyezettrtneti elemzsnkben kzponti helyet foglalt el az antropogn (gdrk, kutak, rkok, clplyukak, srhelyek) s termszetes (tavi, morotvatavi, rtri) ledkgyjt rendszerek s krnyezetk fejldstrtnetnek feltrsa. Ugyanakkor, a klnbz ledkgyjt rendszerek feltrshoz, meg kell rtennk az ledkgyjt medenckben az ledk felhalmozdsnak, a klnbz smaradvny tpusok begyazdsnak mechanizmust, mert a negyedidszaki paleokolgiai, rgszeti geolgiai, krnyezettrtneti kutatsokban jelents szerepet tlt be a loklis felhalmozdsi krnyezet, a kis terlet ledkgyjt medenck rekonstrukcija. A klnbz ledkgyjtk a bennk megrzdtt mikro- s makrofosszlikkal, magnak az ledknek az elemzsvel lehetsget teremtenek a vegetci-, a talaj-, a faunafejlds s az antropogn hatsok helyi s regionlis lptk vizsglatra. Az egyik legpontosabb negyedidszaki skrnyezeti rekonstrukcis modellt az egykori krnyezet vltozsairl az ledkgyjt s vzgyjt rendszernek kapcsolatnl dolgoztk ki. A modell lnyege az, hogy egy ledkgyjt (pldul t, lp vagy mocsr) medrt s vzgyjt terlett lehatroljk a vzgyjt geomorfolgiai, illetve geolgiai adottsgai, a termszetes vzvlaszt vonala, hatrai. A vzgyjt terletrl szrmaz anyagok, a lejtk alapkzetbl, talajbl lepusztult anyagok mosdhatnak be, szl ltal szlltott por- s virgporszemek horddhatnak s rakdhatnak le tvoli terletekrl az ledkgyjtbe, illetve a tban lt szervezetekbl is jelents mennyisg ledk kpzdhet s halmozdhat fel. Termszetesen a klnbz tvolsgrl (allochton) rkezett vagy helyben felhalmozdott (autochton) anyagok ms s ms lptk skrnyezeti vltozsrl tanskodnak, az ledkgyjt terlet ms s ms tvolsgban lv krnyezeti tnyezjt reprezentljk. gy ugyan az skrnyezeti adatok egy-egy konkrt mintavteli hely (szelvny, frspont) ledkbl POLL software (Bennett 1992) was used, which is considered to be a basic tool in international environmental historical research. 11.2.1 Sedimentary basin enviromental historical model In our environmental historical analysis the focus was on exploring the development of anthropogenic (pits, wells, trenches, postholes, graves) and natural (lakes, meanders and alluvial fans) sedimentary systems and their surroundings. In order to explore the various sedimentary basin systems we had to understand the mechanism of sediment deposition in the sedimentary basins and the embedding of various remains. The reason for this is that the reconstruction of the small sedimentary basins and the local deposition environment plays an important role in the Quaternary palaeoecological, geoarchaeological and environmental historical research. By analyzing the micro and macro fossils embedded in the various sedimentary basins and also by analyzing the deposit itself it becomes possible to evaluate the evolution of vegetation, soil and fauna, and the anthropogenic effects both locally and regionally. One of the most accurate Quaternary palaeoenvironmental reconstruction models representing the changes in the former environment was developed using the relationship between the sedimentary basin and the water catchment system. The model is based on the discipline that the channel of a sedimentary basin (for instance lake, moor or swamp) and its catchment area are delineated by the geomorphological and geological characteristics of the catchment area, meaning the natural watersheds and their boundaries. Significant amounts of sediments are created and deposited by materials originating from the catchment area, including erosion material that might be illuviated from the base rock of slopes or the soil. Pollen and dust carried by the wind from long distances might also be deposited in the sedimentary basin; and the organisms living in the lake also create deposits.

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 szrmaznak, az ott felhalmozdott ledkek, smaradvnyok nem kizrlag egyetlen helynek, hanem a szlesebb rtelemben vett ledkgyjt terletn vgbement folyamatoknak s az egykori krnyezetvltozsoknak rzik meg a nyomait. Az ledkgyjt terleten felhalmozdott bizonyos anyagok (pl.: szl ltal szlltott por, virgporszemek) szempontjbl a t, lp vagy mocsr medrnek befogsi terlete nem azonos a vzgyjt terlettel. A szl ltal szlltott poranyag, virgporszem anyag elssorban az ltalnos lgkrzstl, szlirnytl fgg. A felszni, arelis erzival lepusztult s felhalmozdott ledk behorddsra viszont fleg a lejt meredeksge, nvnyzeti bortsa, a csapadk eloszlsa s intenzitsa hat. Ha ezeket a vizsglatokat sszekapcsoljuk paleobotanikai elemzsekkel, a nvnyzeti vltozsokrl is informcikat nyerhetnk, majd az ledkfldtani, geokmiai, malakolgiai anyagokkal bvtve elemzsnket egyre teljesebb kpet kaphatunk az ledkgyjt mltbeli krnyezetrl (Birks s Birks 1980). Az smaradvnyokat magba foglal ledkes sszlet szintn jelents informcikat hordoz az ledkgyjt rendszerrl s a vzgyjt terlet fejldsrl. Az ledkben tallhat finom eloszls, azonosthatatlan szerves anyag s a finom szemcse sszettel szervetlen anyagok ledkfldtani, kztk geokmiai analzise lehetsget adhat az egykori krnyezet pontosabb rekonstrukcijhoz. A tavi, lpi, mocsri ledkek geokmiai analzisn alapul els ledkgyjt vzgyjt krnyezeti rekonstrukcikat Frederic John Haines Mackereth (1966) brit kutat vgezte el. Alaphipotzise szerint az ledk izztsi vesztesg mdszerrel meghatrozott szervetlenanyag-tartalma, a teljes kmiai feltrs sorn kapott Na- s K- tartalma sszefggsben van a t vzgyjt terletnek erzijval. Mackereth (1966) szerint, ha az ledkgyjt vzgyjt terlete nvnyzettel bortott, akkor a felszne stabil, az alapkzet mNaturally the material arriving from various distances (allochton) or deposited locally (autochton) indicate palaeoenvironmental changes of different scales, representing the environmental factors located at various distances from the sedimentary basin. Therefore, the palaeoenvironmental data, which originate from the deposit of a given sampling location (drilling, profiles), the fossils and sediments deposited there preserve the traces of the former environmental changes and processes that occurred over the entire sedimentary basin area and not only locally. Considering this process from the point of a certain material (for instance dust carried by the wind, pollen) the caption area of a lake, moor or swamp is not the same as the catchment area. The dust and pollen material carried by wind usually depends on the general air circulation and wind direction. The sediment deposited due to surface areal erosion was mostly carried there because of the steepness of the slope, its vegetation cover, and the intensity and distribution of precipitation. We can obtain information regarding the changes in the vegetation if we combine these examinations with palaeobotanical analyses. We can have an even better picture of the past environment of the sedimentary basin if we extend our exploration to sedimentological, geochemical and malacological material (Birks and Birks 1980). The sediment, in which fossils are embedded also carries significant information with regards to the sedimentary basin system and the evolution of the catchment area. A more accurate reconstruction of the former environment is possible by sedimentological and geochemical analysis of the unidentified finesorted organic material and the fine-grained inorganic materials. Frederic John Haines Mackereth (1966), a British researcher, was the first to carry out an environmental reconstruction of a sedimentary basin and catchment area, based on the geochemical analysis of sediments in lakes, swamps and moors. According to his base hypothesis the inorganic material content determined by using the loss on ignition method and the sodium and potassium content assessed by

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VIA 2 lyen mllott s talaj bortja. gy a csepperzi, a felszni vzleblts sorn, a szivrg vizekben oldva elssorban ionok, kolloidok szlltdnak az ledkgyjt rendszerbe, s a mllatlan sziliktszemcsk erzija minimlis. Az ledkgyjtbe kerl tpanyagok (pl.: klium, ntrium, stb.) hatsra az algk elszaporodnak s gy az ledkgyjt medencben finom szemcss, szerves anyagban ds detritusz jelleg tavi ledk halmozdik fel. Ha a vzgyjt felsznn a nvnyzeti borts termszetes (pl.: erdgs) vagy mestersges cskkense kvetkeztben instabill vlik, akkor az erzi lepusztthatja a vzgyjt talajait s az alapkzet mllott, regolitnak nevezett rszt is, gy a mlls klnbz fokn ll, illetve mllatlan sziliktszemcsk halmozdhatnak fel az ledkgyjtben. Az ledkfldtani s geokmiai elemzsek felhasznlhatk az egykori, nvnyzeti vltozsok, antropogn hatsokra bekvetkezett talajtani vltozsok rekonstrukcijra is, br az ledkgyjtben felhalmozdott ledkes rtegek kmiai sszettelbl nem lehet automatikusan, rutinszeren az egykori talajtani vltozsokra kvetkeztetni (Engstrm s Wright 1984). Ennek oka az, hogy az ledkgyjtbe kerl szemcsk eredete nehezen llapthat meg, mert a szervetlen anyagok kztt a bemosd vagy eolikus ton behorddott, esetleg oldott formban szlltd, de a tavi krnyezetben oldhatatlan csapadk formjban kivl anyagok s az autochton komponensek keverednek. Ugyanakkor az ledk kmiai sszettele is megvltozhat a szingenetikus s posztgenetikus diagenezis folyamatok rvn. Hasonl megkzeltsekkel (Smegi 2003) dolgoztuk fel a vizsglati terletnkn tallhat, a rgszeti satsokhoz kapcsold, a rgszeti lelhelyek kz kelt morotva tavakat, rtri terleteket, valamint azokat a rgszeti objektumokat (srhelyek, clplyukak, gdrk, rkok, kutak), ahol egy adott idszakban, egy rgszeti peridusban jelentsebb vastagsg, kronolgiailag tisztzhat helyzet ledkanyag full-scale chemical research are related to the erosion of the catchment area of the lake. According to Mackereth (1966) if the catchment area of the sedimentary basin is covered by vegetation then its surface can be considered stable, and the parent material is deeply weathered and covered by soil. Therefore, mostly ions and colloids, dissolved in downfiltrating waters in the course of surface water flow (wash) and drip erosion, are carried into the sedimentary basin system, and the erosion of nonweathered (stable) silicate grains is minimal. Nutrients end up in the sedimentary basin (for instance K, Na, etc.), and as a result algae proliferate, leading to the build up of fine-grained detritus type limnic deposit with high organic content in the sedimentary basin. If, in consequence of natural (for example forest fire) or artificial causes, the vegetation cover decreases and becomes instable on the surface of the catchment area, then the soil cover of the catchment area might become eroded together with the weathered part of the parent material, also-called regolith. It leads to the building up of silicate deposits in the sedimentary basin, of which the grains are not weathered at all or weathered to a different degree. Sedimentological and geochemical analyses can be employed to reconstruct the geological changes due to former vegetation changes or anthropogenic impacts, but we cannot automatically, in routine-like activity, arrive at conclusions regarding the former geological changes by looking at the chemical composition of the deposit layers collected in the sedimentary basin (Engstrm and Wright 1984). The reason for this is that it is difficult to determine the origin of grains carried into the sedimentary basin, because the autochton components are mixed with the deposited materials, which are undissolvable in limnic environments and carried by either precipitation, leaching or Aeolian way. At the same time the chemical composition of the sediments are modified by syngenetic and postgenetic diagenesis processes. We used the same approach (Smegi 2003) in evaluating the meanders and floodplains of the study area. These locations are related to our ar-

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 halmozdhatott fel (antropogn ledkgyjt rendszerek). 11.2.2 Geomorfolgiai vizsglati mdszerek s trtnelmi trkpek elemzse A vizsglt terletek a Sopron-Vasi-sksg kistjn, a Gyngys-patak pleisztocn kavicsteraszn helyezkednek el. Ennek a kistjnak a fejldse a pliocn vgtl, a negyedidszak kezdettl klnthet el, mert ekkor alakultak ki azok a domborzati viszonyok, amelyek a kistji beoszts morfolgiai alapjt kpezik. A felsznalaktani vizsglatokat a frsokra s a domborzatmodell elemzsre, a szintvonalas trkpek nyomn ksztett morfometriai elemzsre ptettk fel. Ugyanakkor, mivel a geomorfolgiban fontos az egysges, megkzeltleg azonos felsznek lehatrolsa, ezrt felhasznltuk az egymteres felbonts rnykolt s magassg szerinti domborzati modellt, valamint az rnykolt lejtszget bemutat domborzati modellt s az ebbl kialakthat lejtirny felszngrblet modellt, s ezek nyomn rekonstrultuk a lefolysi viszonyokat s a vzrajzot. A trtnelmi trkpeket elssorban az elmlt 200 v nvnyzeti borts vltozsnak rekonstrukcijra, az skori, kori s kzpkori vegetcis bortssal trtn korrelatv sszehasonltsra hasznltuk fel. 11.2.3 Az ledkfldtani s talajtani feldolgozs vizsglati mdszerei Az ledkrtegek sznnek lershoz a hazai s a nemzetkzi talajtani s laza ledktani vizsglatoknl hasznlatos (Szabolcs 1966) Munsell Soil Color Charts-ot (Munsell Color Company 1954) hasznltuk fel. A granulometriai elemzseket Arthur Casagrande (1934, 1947) ltal lert areomteres mdszerrel vgeztk el. Ez a mdszer a klnbz pipetts (Kzdi 1970), illetve lzeres, szedigrfos mrsi eljrsokkal szemben pontatlannak tnik (Vendel 1959), de a fentebb felsorolt eljrsok chaeological excavations and are situated between the sites. This approach was also employed in the examination of archaeological features (graves, postholes, pits, trenches, wells) where chronologically classifiable sediments of significant thickness were deposited in a given archaeological period (anthropogenic sedimentary basin systems). 11.2.2 Geomorphological examination methods and analysis of historical maps The study area is located in the Sopron-Vas Plain, situated on the Pleistocene gravel terrace of the Gyngys Creek. The evolution of this area can be distinguished starting at the end of the Pliocene, at the beginning of the Quaternary period, because the relief system that forms the morphological base of the area was developed in this period. The geomorphological examinations were based on the evaluations of cores and the relief model, and morphometric analysis based on maps showing contour lines. Since the delineation of closely similar surfaces is important in geomorphology, a relief model with a one metre resolution and altitude lines was used, together with the relief model presenting shaded slope angle and the slope direction surface curvature model. The reconstruction of runoff situation and hydrography of the area was based on the above. Historical maps were mainly employed in the reconstruction of vegetation cover changes in the last 200 years, and also in the correlative comparison of the Prehistoric, Ancient and Medieval vegetation covers. 11.2.3 The methods of sedimentological and pedological evaluations In describing the colours of the sediment layers the Munsell Soil Color Charts (Munsell Color Company 1954) were employed. These charts are used in both Hungarian and international research for pedological and loose sedimentological examinations (Szabolcs 1966). The granulometric analyses were carried out using the aerometer method described by Arthur

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VIA 2 sszehasonlt elemzse (Levant et al. 1987) rmutatott arra, hogy a nagy pontossg (vagy nagy pontossgnak tartott) mrsi mdszerek felhasznlsa sorn kapott eredmnyek is csak ugyanazon mdszerek s mrsi felttelek mellett sszevethetk, s egymssal korrelatvan sszehasonltva igen eltr eredmnyeket mutatnak. A Casagrande-fle mrsi mdszerrel viszonylag gyorsan mrhetk meg s szmolhatk ki a szemcsesszetteli paramterek s az eredmnyeket egymssal sszehasonltva az ledkkpzdsben bekvetkezett vltozsok trendjrl fontos informcihoz juthatunk. Minden mintban a karbont- s a szerves anyag tartalmat Walter E. Dean (1974) ltal lert izztsos eljrssal hatroztuk meg, de kontrollknt kalcimteres mrseket s humuszmennyisg meghatrozst (Vendel 1959) is vgeztk minden szelvny esetben. A szemcsesszetteli adatokat, karbonttartalmat s a szveti statisztikai paramtereket Keith D. Bennett (1992) ltal szerkesztett Psimpoll-programcsomag felhasznlsval mutattuk be, szelvnyek szerint. Az ledkoszlop, a rtegsor megrajzolsa sorn Jrgen Andreas Troels-Smith-fle (1955), a nemzetkzi gyakorlatban elterjedt laza ledk kategrikat s szimblumrendszert hasznltuk fel. Ezeket a kategrikat az ledkrtegek jellemzsnl szelvnybrkon kzljk. Az ledkgeokmiai vizsglatokat s a bvtett talajtani elemzseket a Magyar Szabvny (MSZ-08-0206/2-1978 2.1 5.4.) s Dniel Pter (2004) munki nyomn vgeztk el. A talajtani vizsglatok esetben a Kulturlis rksgvdelmi Szakszolglat protokolljt kvettk. 11.2.4 Radiokarbon vizsglat A zavartalan magfrssal kialaktott zanati s nemesbdi frsszelvnyek kronolgiai elemzst a szelvnybl 6 darab minta radiokarbon vizsglatra alapoztuk. Mivel a vizsglat clja a vizsglt terleten megtelepedett rgszeti s Casagrande (1934, 1947). This method appears to be inaccurate compared to various pipette (Kzdi 1970), laser and sedigraph measurement methods (Vendel 1959) but the comparison of the abovementioned methods (Levant et al. 1987) point out that the results of measurements employing methods of great accuracy (or, at least considered to have great accuracy) shall be compared only to each other, by employing the same method and measurement conditions, otherwise when comparing them to each other in a correlative way they present a variety of different results. By using the Casagrande measurement method, the mechanical composition parameters can be measured and calculated fairly quickly, and important information becomes available regarding the changing trends of the sediment forming by comparing the results. We used the loss on ignition method described by Walter E. Dean (1974) to determine the carbonate and organic material content of each sample. We also carried out calcimeter measurements and humus quantity determination (Vendel 1959) for each section by control samples. We presented the granulometric data, the carbonate content and mechanical composition statistics parameters using the Psimpoll software created by Keith D. Bennett (1992). These were presented by sections. The loose sediment categories and symbol system of Jrgen Andreas Troels-Smith (1955), which are widely used internationally, were employed to describe the deposit columns and series of layers. These categories are presented using section charts in describing the deposit layers. Geochemical examinations of the deposit and the extended pedological analyses were conducted according to the Hungarian Standards (MSZ-08-0206/2-1978 2.1 5.4.) and the work of Pter Dniel (2004). In the case of pedological examinations the protocol of the Field Service for Cultural Heritage was followed. 11.2.4 Radiocarbon analysis The chronological analysis of the Zanat and Nemesbd drilling sections was based on the radio-

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 trtnelmi kultrk krnyezetnek rekonstrukcija volt, ezrt a zavartalan magfrs felszn kzeli rszre, a fels rszre koncentrltuk a radiokarbon vizsglatokat. Minden radiokarbon vizsglathoz nvnyi maradvnyt, illetve fitofg Mollusca faj hjt emeltnk ki a frsszelvnybl. A mintkat a poznani (110, 122. bra) s a floridai (122. bra) Radiokarbon Laboratriumban elemeztk meg AMS mdszerrel. 11.2.5 Geokmiai vizsglat A korbbi munkink nyomn Dniel Pter (2004) ltal kifejlesztett geokmiai mdszert, az n. extrakcis s szekvens geokmiai elemzst hasznltuk fel vizsglatainkhoz. Magyarzatkppen ide kvnkozik, hogy az n. szekvens extrakci azt jelenti, hogy a mintt egyms utni lpsekben klnbz kivonszerekkel vgzett extrakcinak (anyagkivonsnak) teszszk ki, specifikusan megfosztva egy-egy jellegzetes sszetevjtl. A klnbz kivonszerek klnbz pH-j vagy komplexkpzt, vagy reagenst tartalmaz oldatok voltak. Ezeket a reagenseket a talajtani elemzsek sorn gyakran hasznljk. A folyamat vgn mr csak a szilrd kristlyos fzis marad, amibl mr nem lehet extrakcival jabb anyagot kivonni, ezrt a maradkot ers reagensekkel teljesen elroncsoljuk, maradk nlkl, egszen a vztiszta oldatig folytatva a roncsolst. Ezzel a mdszerrel az adott lps utn megmarad szilrd minta egy zrt rendszerben marad vgig, s gy vesztesg nlkl, a folyamat vgn (az extrakcis lpsek szma + 1) oldatot kpez, reprezentlva ezzel a minta minden jellegzetes geokmiai minsgt. Az ledkgyjt medenckben felhalmozdott ledkes rtegekben a legfontosabb kmiai anyagokat Frederic John Haines Mackereth (1966) vizsglata alapjn a vzben oldhat anyagok jelentik, mert az gy megktdtt elemek stabil ledkgyjt rendszerbl is a tavi rendszerbe mosdnak s ott felhalmozdva informcikat hordoznak az ledkcarbon dating of six samples. The drillings resulted undisturbed cores. Since the purpose of the examination was the reconstruction of the environment of archaeological and historical cultures that settled in the area, the radiocarbon measurements were concentrated on the upper, near surface part of the undisturbed drilling. Plant remains and shells of phytophage mollusc species were sampled from the drilling sections for all radiocarbon measurements. The samples were analyzed in the Radiocarbon Laboratory of Poznan (Figs. 110, 122) and Florida (Fig. 122), using the AMS dating method. 11.2.5 Geochemical analysis Following the footsteps of our earlier work we used the geochemical method developed by Pter Dniel (2004), the so-called extraction and sequence geochemical analysis, in the course of carrying out our examinations. Let me explain shortly that the socalled sequence extraction means that the samples are subjected to extractions. In conducting the test we extract substances in a sequential fashion, depriving the material of its characteristic compounds one by one. The different extraction substances contain either complexing agents or reagents of different pH reactions. Such reagents are frequently used in pedological analyses. By the end of the process only the solid crystalline phase remains, of which is not possible to extract further material using extraction. Therefore, the next step is to completely break down the remaining material by employing strong reagents, with no residue, to have a water clear solution. If we use this method the solid sample remains in a closed system after the given step and becomes a solution by the end of the process (the number of extraction steps is +1) without loss, representing all the geochemical characteristics of the sample. The most important chemical compounds of the sediments deposited in sedimentary basins are water soluble components, based on the examinations of Frederic John Haines Mackereth (1966). The bounded elements are washed into the limnic system from the stable sedimentary basin system, and once

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VIA 2 gyjt rendszer egykori kmiai llapotrl. gy a geokmiai vizsglat els lpseknt a mintt 20 ml desztilllt vzzel 210 percig rzattuk s az gy nyert vizes extraktum elemzst vgeztk el AAS mrmszerrel. Ez a mintnknti vzoldhat elemtartalom, valamint rtegenknti vltozsa hordozza geokmiai szempontbl a legfontosabb krnyezettrtneti informcikat, ezrt vizsglatainkat s geokmiai elemzseinket erre a tnyezre koncentrltuk. 11.2.6 Pollenfeltrs s pollenvizsglat A pollenkoncentrci meghatrozshoz a Lycopodium spratabletts mdszert alkalmaztuk (Stockmarr 1971). Mivel Magyarorszgon ez a mdszer mg nem elterjedt, ezrt rviden sszefoglaljuk az eljrs lnyegt. A tablettk meghatrozott szm acetolizlt Lycopodium sprt tartalmaznak. Nagyon fontos, hogy a feltrsi folyamat els lpsben adjuk a minthoz, mert gy a feltrs sorn esetlegesen fellp pollenvesztesg azonos mennyisg Lycopodium spra elvesztsvel jr, s ez ltal a jelz spra s a fosszilis taxonok kztti arny vltozatlan marad. A szmolst a megszokott mdon vgezzk azzal a klnbsggel, hogy a Lycopodium sprk szmt is feljegyezzk. Az rtkels sorn mivel a jelz spra kiindulsi mennyisge ismert az arnyok segtsgvel knnyen kiszmolhatjuk az sszpollen-koncentrcit, a pernyekoncentrcit s az egyes fosszilis taxonok koncentrcijt is. Elnye a mdszernek ms abszolt extrakcis technikkkal szemben, hogy nem szksges a fedlemez alatti teljes terletet kiszmolni. A kmiai feltrs sorn kinyert pollenben ds szerves anyagot szilikonolajba gyazva vittk trgylemezre. Minimum 300 szrazfldi pollenszem kiszmolsra trekedtnk, hogy statisztikailag rtkelhet eredmnyt kapjunk, 100 szem alatt a rtegeket sterilnek tekintettk, ez esetben feljegyeztk a megfigyelt fajokat. A mikroszkpi rtkelshez 600 1000 nagytst alkalmaztunk. deposited there they convey information regarding the former chemical conditions of the sedimentary basin system. For this reason the first step of the geochemical analysis is to mix the sample with 20 ml distilled water and shake it for 210 minutes. This water extract is then analysed, using an atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) measurement device. The most important environmental historical information from the geochemical point is carried by the water soluble element content of the samples and by the changes it exhibits layer by layer. Therefore, this was the central issue, on which we focused in the course of our geochemical analyses. 11.2.6 Pollen recovery and palynological analysis In order to determine the pollen concentration the Lycopodium spore tablet method was used (Stockmarr 1971). Since this method is not widely used in Hungary, let us present a brief description of the process. Each tablet contains a definite number of acetolysed Lycopodium spores. It is very important that the tablet is mixed with the sample during the first step of the examination process, since the amount of possible pollen loss that might take place during the examination is in a one-to-one relationship with the amount of Lycopodium spore loss, and it leads to a constant ratio of the marker spore and the fossil taxa. The calculations are conducted in the usual way, the only difference being the recording of the number of the Lycopodium spores. Since the starting amount of the marker spore is known, by the means of the composition ratio we can easily calculate the pollen concentration, the ash concentration and the given fossil taxon concentrations. The benefit of this method compared to other absolute extraction techniques is that it is not necessary to calculate the entire area under the cover plate. The organic material, rich in pollen, which was extracted in the course of the chemical examination, is mounted on a glass slide, bonded in silicone oil. We attempted to calculate at least three hundred terrestrial pollen grains in order to have results that can be evaluated statistically. In the case

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 A pollen-s spraszemek meghatrozst a Szegedi Tudomnyegyetem Fldtani s slnytani Tanszkn, a MFI slnytrban tallhat pollenreferencia anyag, valamint fnykpes hatrozknyvek alapjn (Moore et al. 1991; Reille 1992) vgeztk. A pernyekoncentrci meghatrozsa R. L. Clark (1982) pont-szmolsos mdszervel trtnt. Az eredmnyeket -3 cm2 cm mrtkegysgben tntettk fel a pollendiagramon (143, 145. bra). 11.2.7 Archaeobotanikai vizsglat Az archaeobotanikai anyagot 4 10 cm-knt kiemelt mintkbl egysgesen 2,7 kg kiiszapolsbl, valamint a rgszeti szelvnyekbl, rgszeti objektumok ledkanyagbl a germn szabvnynak (Jacomet s Kreuz 1999) megfelel minta mennyisgbl nyertnk ki. A mintk kinyersnl s feldolgozsnl Gyulai Ferenc (2001) ltal megadott mintavteli s iszapolsi eljrs szerint haladtunk. A mintk kiiszapolsa sorn a ketts iszapols mdszert, 0,5 mm s 0,25 mm szitkat hasznltunk fel. A teljes feldolgozs sorn a Kulturlis rksgvdelmi Szakszolglat protokolljnak megfelel mdszereket hasznostottuk. A szerves anyagban ds, rtri rtegeken makrobotanikai elemzseket is vgeztnk. A vizsglatok sorn a QLCMA mdszer mdostott vltozatt hasznltuk (Jakab et al. 2004; Jakab s Smegi 2004). Az archaeobotanikai anyagnak a legjelentsebb rszt apr faszenek, tgett fadarabok, illetve degradofuzinit llapotban (Szr 2000) lv faanyagok alkottk. A meghatrozsukhoz a kvetkez makroszkpis s mikroszkpis mdszereket alkalmaztuk. A faanatmia, az elfsodott nvnyi rszek, a trzs, a korona, a gykrzet bels alaktana, azaz az alkalmazott botanika sajtos rsze (Molnr et al. 2007). Feladata a fk bels szerkezetnek, a sejtekbl, szvetekbl felpl fs nvnyi szervezeteknek a lersa. A faanatmia elsegti a nagyszm fs nvny megismerst, elklntst, azonostst. A fasznhatof less than one hundred grains the layer was considered sterile. The species detected were recorded in such cases. Magnification from 600x to 1000x were used for microscopic evaluations. The determination of pollens and spores was carried out using reference books with photograph illustrations (Moore et al. 1991; Reille 1992) and pollen reference materials at the Department of Geology and Palaeontology at the University of Szeged and the Palaeontology Library of the Geological Institute of Hungary. The determination of ash content was carried out using R. L. Clarks (1982) point calculation method. The results are shown on the pollen chart using cm2cm-3measurement specimens (Figs. 143, 145). 11.2.7 Archaeobotanical analysis The archaeobotanical material was obtained from the samples collected by 4 to 10 cm, flotated from uniformly 2.7 kg of samples of the archaeological profiles, and the deposits of archaeological features. The quantity of the samples is in accordance with the German standards (Jacomet and Kreuz 1999). In obtaining and processing the samples we followed the guidelines of Ferenc Gyulai (2001) regarding the sampling and flotating process. In flotating the samples the dual flotating method and 0.5 mm and 0.25 mm sieves were used. During the entire process, methods in accordance with the protocol of the Field Service for Cultural Heritage were followed. Macrobotanical analyses were also carried out on the flood land layers, rich in organic material. The modified version of the QLCMA method was employed for the analyses (Jakab et al. 2004; Jakab and Smegi 2004). The greatest part of the archaeobotanical material consisted of small charcoals, burnt pieces of wood and degrading wooden fusinite material (Szr 2000). The following macroscopical and microscopical methods were employed in their determination. The arboreal anatomy is a specific part of applied botany, which is the study of internal forms of ligneous tissue, the trunk, the leaf canopy and the root system (Molnr et al. 2007). It describes the

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VIA 2 rozsnak, idegen kifejezssel anthrakotminak, mra nagyon nagy jelentsge lett a rgszeti kutatsokban s a negyedidszaki nvnyzet rekonstrukcijban. A mdszer a fs szr vegetci maradvnyait elemzi, amit xilotmiai (anthrakolgiai) vizsglatnak neveznk (Rudner 2001). Jelentsge abban ll, hogy a helyben betemetdtt nvnyzet rekonstrukcijt teszi lehetv, gy az egykori loklis vegetci feltrkpezshez kivlan alkalmazhat. Ugyanakkor problmja ennek a mdszernek, hogy csak fs szr nvnyzet vizsglatra alkalmas. Ennek ellenre az anthrakolgiai vizsglat a paleovegetci tanulmnyozsnak egyik legfontosabb eszkze. A fk mikroszkpi azonostst az teszi lehetv, hogy a nemzetsgek, egyes esetekben fajok szveti kpe eltr, egyedi, s ezek tanulmnyozsval el lehet ket egymstl klnteni. Faszenek elemzsnl keresztirny, sugrirny s rintirny metszetet szksges kszteni, friss trsi fellet ltrehozsval, s a klnbz metszeteket vizsglva meg lehet hatrozni az adott fajt. 2007 tavaszn kaptuk meg az els vizsgland faszeneket tartalmaz mintkat. sszesen 15 zalai s 12 vasi lelhelyrl tbb mint 800 db mintt vizsgltunk meg (90. bra), amelyek kzl tbb mint 300 db mintban fordult el faszn, sszesen 55.000 db. A 2 mm alatti faszeneket nem vizsgltuk. A faszenek hromirny metszett friss trsi felleten (Schoch et al. 2004), Zeiss Jenapol polarizcis optikai mikroszkppal vizsgltuk, 10-, 20- s 50-szeres nagyts alatt. A j megtarts faszenekrl Scanning Electron Microscoppal is kszltek felvtelek. A faszeneket az egykori pletfaknt, ptanyagknt, illetve energiaforrsknt hasznlt fk azonostsra, a fs szr vegetci antropogn szelekcijnak rekonstrukcijra hasznltuk fel. 11.2.8 Malakolgiai s archaeozoolgiai vizsglat A quartermalakolgiai anyagot 4 10 cmknt kiemelt mintkbl, megkzeltleg 100 internal structure of arboreal and ligneous matter, which is built of cells and tissues. Arboreal anatomy helps in recognizing, differentiating and identifying large quantities of arboreal plants. Charcoal determination, also known as anthracology, gained great significance in archaeological research and in the reconstruction of Quaternary vegetation. The method analyses the remains of arboreal vegetation. It is also-called xylotomical (anthracological) analysis (Rudner 2001). Its significance is that it makes the reconstruction of the locally buried flora possible, therefore the former local vegetation can be mapped using this method. The disadvantage of the method is that it can be used only for the analysis of arboreal vegetation. Despite this fact the anthracological examination is one of the most important tools in studying ancient vegetation. The microscopic identification of the woods is possible by the different, unique tissue map of the given genera or species. By examining these, they can be distinguished clearly. Cross-sectional, radius and tangential cross-sections shall be prepared when analysing charcoals, by creating new breaking surfaces. By studying the different sections the given species can be determined. We received the first samples containing the charcoals to be analysed in the spring of 2007. We have analyzed more than eight hundred samples, originating from fifteen sites in Zala and twelve sites in Vas County (Fig. 90). Over three hundred samples contained charcoal, altogether fifty-five thousand pieces. We did not analyse charcoals smaller than 2 mm. The three-directional sections of the charcoals, with new breaking surfaces (Schoch at al. 2004), were analysed using a Zeiss Jenapol polarisation optical microscope. The used magnifications were 10x, 20x and 50x. Well-preserved charcoals were also analysed using Scanning Electron Microscopy. The charcoals were used to identify the wood types used for building or as source of fuel, and for the reconstruction of the anthropogenic selection of arboreal vegetation.

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 cm3 ledkbl nyertk ki a frsokbl, valamint egysgesen 2,7 kg-ot iszapoltunk ki a rgszeti szelvnyekbl, rgszeti objektumok ledkanyagbl. A mintk kinyersnl s feldolgozsnl Krolopp Endre (1983a, b, c) ltal megadott mintavteli s iszapolsi eljrs szerint haladtunk. A mintk kiiszapolsa sorn 0,5 mm szitt hasznltunk fel. A kinyert faunaelemeket hatroztuk meg. A hatrozs sorn Sos Lajos (1943), I. M. Liharev s E. S. Rammelmeier (1964), Vojen Loek (1964), Michael P. Kerney et al. (1983) hatrozit hasznltuk fel. Az egyes paleokolgiai kategrik fellltsnl Arthur Edwin Boycott (1934), Bruce Wilfred Sparks (1961), Herbert Ant (1963), Vojen Loek (1964), John Gwynne Evans (1972), Tom Meijer (1985) recens kolgiai eredmnyeket is figyelembe vev paleokolgiai munkit, valamint Paul Ehrmann (1933), Sos Lajos (1943), I. M. Liharev s E. S. Rammelmeier (1964), Vojen Loek (1964), Walter Klemm (1974), Bba Kroly (1983a, b, 1986), Michael P. Kerney et al. (1983) elterjedsi adatait s trkpeit hasznltuk fel. A paleokolgiai s biogeogrfiai csoportok abundancia s dominancia rtkeinek mlysg szerint eloszlst minden szelvnynl tblzat s bra formjban is kzljk. 11.2.9 Statisztikai vizsglat A mintk kztti hasonlsg vizsglatot BrayCurtis mdszere (Southwood 1978) alapjn vgeztk el, a lnckpzsnl Orlci-Ward-fle (in Podani 1978, 1979) eljrst alkalmaztuk Podani Jnos (1978, 1979) javaslatait figyelembe vve. Mind a hasonlsgi vizsglatot, mind a lnckpzst Tthmrsz Bla (1993) ltal megszerkesztett NUCOSA programcsomag felhasznlsval ksztettk. A kapott dendrogramon elklnlt csoportokat tekintettk egy szedimentolgiai, pollenanalitikai vagy makrobotanikai znba tartoznak. A szedimentolgiai, geokmiai, pollenanalitikai alkotkat az ledkgyjt medenckbl szr11.2.8 Malacological and archaeozoological analyses The quartermalacological material was obtained from samples lifted out by 4 to 10 cm, flotated from uniformly 2.7 kg of samples of the archaeological profiles, and the deposits of archaeological features; and samples were also collected from drilling cores, the amount of which was approximately 100 cm3. In obtaining and processing the samples we followed the guidelines of Endre Krolopp (1983a, b, c) regarding the sampling and flotating process. When flotating the samples 0.5 mm sieves were used. We identified the obtained fauna elements. For the identification the volumes of Lajos Sos (1943), I. M. Liharev and E. S. Rammelmeier (1964), Vojen Loek (1964) and Michael P. Kerney et al. (1983) were used. Upon forming certain palaeoecological categories the palaeoecological works of Arthur Edwin Boycott (1934), Bruce Wilfred Sparks (1961), Herbert Ant (1963), Vojen Loek (1964), John Gwynne Evans (1972) and Tom Meijer (1985) were taken into account. They all have taken the recent ecological properties into consideration. The expansion data and maps of Paul Ehrmann (1933), Lajos Sos (1943), I. M. Liharev and E. S. Rammelmeier (1964), Vojen Loek (1964), Walter Klemm (1974), Kroly Bba (1983a, b, 1986) and Michael P. Kerney et al. (1983) were also used. The abundance and dominance values of palaeoecological and biogeographical groups and their distribution by depth are presented for each profile in the form of tables and figures. 11.2.9 Statistical analysis The comparative analysis of the samples was carried out using the Bray-Curtis method (Southwood 1978). To determine the relations, the procedure of Orlci-Ward (cited in Podani 1978, 1979) was used, taking the recommendations of Jnos Podani (1978, 1979) into consideration. Both the comparison analysis and the clustering were carried out by the help of the NUCOSA software package developed by Bla Tthmrsz (1993). The groups distinguished on the dendrogram were considered to

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VIA 2 maz mintkban tbbvltozs statisztikai mdszerekkel is rtkeltk, hogy lthatv vljanak az egyes krnyezettrtneti znk jellegzetessgei. Az elemzst fkomponens analzissel (PCA) vgeztk (standardizlt, mixed/Rohlf/biplot) Podani (1993) SYN-TAX 5.0 programja segtsgvel. Az azonos mintkon vgzett ledkes rtegeket jellemz szedimentolgiai, szervesanyag- s karbonttartalom, makrobotanikai anyagon s virgporszemeken vgzett vizsglatok eredmnyeit egyttesen rtkelve a vizsglt terlet krnyezettrtneti vltozsait komplex mdon rajzolhattuk meg. be the part of the same sedimentological, palynological or macrobotanical zones. The sedimentological, geochemical and palynological compounds of the samples originating from the sedimentary basin were evaluated by a multivariate statistical analysis in order to bring forth the specifics of each environmental historical zone. The examination was carried out by a principal component analysis (PCA) (standardised, mixed/Rohlf/biplot), using the SYN-TAX 5.0 program of Podani (1993). The examinations consisted of sedimentological, organic remains and carbonate content analysis, describing the deposit layers, and of analyses of macrobotanical material and pollen grains. The results of the examinations conducted on the same samples were evaluated together, and they led to a thorough understanding of the environmental historical changes in the study area.

11.3 A 86-os szm ft Szombathely Vt kztti szakaszn vgzett megelz rgszeti satsok terletnek geomorfolgiai s geolgiai elemzse
Smegi Pl, Persaits Gerg, Pll Dvid Gergely A vizsglt trsg Magyarorszg nyugati rszn, az Alpokalja nagytjon, a Sopron Vasi-sksgon belli Gyngys-skon tallhat (91. bra). A neotektonikai okok, a Rba vonal mentn lejtszdott sllyeds kvetkeztben kiemelt helyzet, platszeren megjelen kavicstakar kvetkeztben ltszlag egyhangan lapos tj felsznt kavicstakar, vlyogos, lszs ledk bortja, a felszn vertiklis tagoltsga viszonylag csekly, felszni formkban arnylag szegny a tj, csak a patakok medrei teszik vltozatosabb a vizsglt terlet felsznt (92. bra). A terlet feldaraboldsa s egyenltlen slylyedse a pliocn vgn s az als-pleisztocn sorn indulhatott meg az eddigi geolgiai adatok alapjn. gy nem csak trben, hanem idben is elhatroldtak egymstl az Alpokbl rkez folyk ltal kialaktott kavicsos hordalkkpok. A hegysgi szakaszukbl kilp folyk, mint az s-Pinka, az s-Gyngys s az sRpce dlrl szak fel a felsorolt sorrendben tltttk fel a sajt, a harmadidszak vgn, a negyedidszak kezdetn kialakult rszmeden-

11.3 The geomorphological and geological analyses of the rescue excavation sites along Main Road No. 86 between Szombathely and Vt
Pl Smegi, Gerg Persaits, Dvid Gergely Pll The study area is located in western Hungary, in the foreland of the Eastern Alps, in the Gyngys Plain of the Sopron-Vas Plain (Fig. 91). Due to neotectonical processes and the submergence that took place along the course of River Rba the gravel cover became elevated and plateau-like. For this reason the surface of the seemingly monotone flat land is covered with gravel, loamy and loessy sediments. The vertical dissection of the surface is small, and the landscape is poor in geomorphological formations. Only the courses of creeks lend some diversity to the surface of the study area (Fig. 92). Based on geological data, the breaking up of the area and its uneven sinking may have started at the end of the Pliocene and during the Lower Pleistocene. Therefore, the gravel deposit cones formed by the rivers coming from the Alps are separated from

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 ciket. Ennek kvetkezmnyekpp ezek a hordalkkpok jl elklnthetek egymstl a kavicsanyaguk kzet- s svnysszettele, valamint a hordalkkp formai kifejldse nyomn. Mivel a 86-os elkerl thoz kapcsold rgszeti satsok az s-Gyngys kavicstakarjn helyezkedtek el, ezrt rtelemszeren csak ezzel a Gyngys-sknak nevezett kistjjal foglalkozunk rszletesebben. A mai Rpce, Rba folyk s a Gyngyspatak ltal hatrolt kztes terleten fejldtt ki az a neotektonikus rszmedence, amelynek elszr a nyugati szrnya kezdett fluvilis ton feltltdni, majd ez a folyvzi ledk akkumulci fokozatosan kelet fel helyezdtt t. gy a nyugat-magyarorszgi kavicstakar nyugati keleti irnyban egyre fiatalabb. A pleisztocn idsebb szakaszban felhalmozdott kavicsanyag vltozatos mret, ersen cementlt, vrsbarna szn kavicsszemcskbl ll. A jgkori Gyngys-patak mg Srvr vrostl szakra rte el a Rba folyt, ellenttben a mai helyzettel. A ma ismert medrt a Gyngyspatak csak a fels-pleisztocn folyamn foglalta el, egy a Kszeg Szombathely vonalban aktivizld sllyeds nyomn. Ez a sllyeds nyugat fel knyszerttette a Gyngys-patakot, amely a folyamatos mederthelyezds hatsra vkony, tlagosan flmteres vastagsg kavicsrteget tertett le az egsz Gyngysskon (92. bra). Ezt a felszn kzeli kavicsanyagot srgs s gyengn srgsbarna szn s laza szerkezet jellemzi. A fels-pleisztocn folyamn felhalmozdott kavicsos anyag a jgkor vgi periglacilis krnyezetben, az Alpokalja terletre jellemz folyamatos, de az idszakosan felolvad permafroszt rteg hatsra szoliflukcis mozgst vgzett. gy keveredett a terleten felhalmozd, vlyogosodott eolikus poranyaggal is. A fels-pleisztocn kavicsanyag a jgkori rkfagy hats nyomn krioturbcis formkkal jellemezhet. A felhalmozdsi krnyezet nyomn ez a fels-pleisztocn kavicsanyag a szne, a megjelensi formja, a each other not only in space but also in time. The rivers arriving from the mountains, such as the Ancient Pinka, the Ancient Gyngys and the Ancient Rpce filled up their own partial basins during the end of the Tertiary period and the beginning of the Quaternary period. The direction of this process took place from south to north, and in the order listed above. Consequently these deposit cones are welldistinguished by the rock and mineral content of their gravel. The form development of the deposit cones also has a different character. Since the archaeological excavations of the detour Main Road No. 86 were conducted on the gravel cover of the Ancient Gyngys, we will discuss only this area in detail, the area called Gyngys Plain. The neotectonic partial basin that evolved in the area is today delineated by three rivers such as the Rpce, Rba and Gyngys. First the western part of the basin started to fill up by fluvial processes, next this fluvial deposit accumulation gradually moved toward the east. Therefore, the gravel cover of western Hungary is older on the western side and younger on the eastern. The gravel deposited there in the older Pleistocene consist of pebbles of various size, it is heavily cemented and reddish-brown in colour. Opposed to its recent course, the Gyngys Creek joined the Rba River north of the town of Srvr in the glacial period. The Gyngys Creek moved into its present riverbed only in the Upper Pleistocene, following a subsidence along the line of Kszeg and Szombathely. The subsidence forced the avulsion of the Gyngys Creek westward. During the process of changing its course, the creek created a thin gravel cover on the entire Gyngys Plain (Fig. 92). Its thickness is about half of a metre on average. The gravel is close to the surface, loose in its structure and yellow or slightly yellowish-brown in colour. The gravel mass, which was deposited during the Upper Pleistocene, had solifluction movements in the periglacial environment at the end of the glacial period. This resulted from a continuous but periodically thawing permafrost layer characteristic of the foreland of the Eastern Alps. This is how it was mixed with the deposited loamy Aeolian dust in the

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VIA 2 szemcsesszettele, az ledkszerkezete rvn jl elklnl a korbban lerakott ersen cementlt kavicsos rtegektl. Az egyenltlen kifejldsi, aszimmetrikus sllyedsi ciklusok folytn a szles kavicsplatk kztt keskeny svokban maradtak feltltetlen, erzis folyamatok dominancijval jellemezhet trsgek. Ezek a trsgek a pleisztocn ksbbi idszakban eolikus ledkkel tltdtek fel, majd ezek az eolikus kpzdmnyek a jgkorszak vgn vlyogosodtak. A nyugat-magyarorszgi kavicstakark felsznn (92. bra) a nyugat fel trtn foly s patak mederthelyezdsek, kzte a Gyngys-patak medrnek thelyezdse a pleisztocn vgre fejezdtek be, amikor is a patak elfoglalta a jelenlegi vlgyt, azaz a mai Gyngys Perint Sorok fgat. Ezt a fgat a csszrkorban a rmaiak kettosztottk Gencsaptinl s egy mestersges kettgazst (bifurkcit) alaktottak ki, mert Savaria colonia szennyvz elvezetsnek megoldsa rdekben ltrehoztak egy msik prhuzamos medret, s ebbe vezettk a foly vznek egy rszt. Az eredeti medergat a rmaiak ivvzelltsra, az j, mestersges medergat pedig a szennyvz elvezetsre hasznltk, s a mestersges medergat Savaria alatt visszaktttk az eredeti mederbe. A fldmunka megknnytse rdekben mr elhagyott jgkori patakmeder rszt is felhasznltk az allvium alsbb szakaszn. Az eredeti meder, a termszetfldrajzi szempontbl fg Zsennye kzsgnl, a mai nevezktan szerinti Gyngys-patak pedig Srvr vrosnl mlik a Rba folyba. A fentebb bemutatott, a csszrkortl kezdden az emberi kzssgek ltal is befolysolt fldtrtneti fejldstrtnetet kveten egy jellegzetes tengerszint feletti magassgot kvet morfolgiai sorozat alakult ki. Ennek a felsznfejldsnek a kvetkezmnyeknt a Gyngyspatak a mai vlgyt, a Kszegi-hegysget dlkeletrl vez periglacilis hegylbfelszn keleti peremn elhelyezked sllyedk tengelyben foglalta el. area. The Upper Pleistocene gravel has cryoturbation forms due to the effects of glacial permafrost. By observing the sedimentary environment, this Upper Pleistocene gravel can be well distinguished from the heavily cemented gravel layers deposited earlier, by its colour, form, mechanical composition and sediment structure. Due to uneven development and asymmetric submergence cycles between the wide gravel plateaus narrow bands of unfilled areas with strong erosion dominance are located. These areas were filled up with Aeolian deposits during the Late Pleistocene, and at the end of the glacial period these Aeolian forms transformed into loess. The avulsion on the gravel cover in western Hungary (Fig. 92), including the avulsion of Gyngys Creek, was finished by the end of the Pleistocene. At this time the creek already occupied its present valley, the current Gyngys Perint Sorok main branch. In the Imperial period the Romans divided this main branch at Gencsapti, creating an artificial bifurcation. A branch, parallel to this one was produced in order to drain the waste water of Savaria colonia. Part of the river was channelled into this new branch. The original branch was used by the Romans to supply drinking water, and the new branch led the waste water away. The artificial branch was reconnected to the original one below Savaria. In order to make the ground works easier, the abandoned glacial branch in the lower section of the alluvium was also used by the Romans. The original channel, which is the main branch from the physiographical point of view, joined the Rba River at Zsennye settlement. The present Gyngys Creek does the same at Srvr town. Following the above-introduced geo-historical evolution, which started in the Imperial period and was affected by human communities, a distinctive morphological series was formed, which follows the altitude above sea level. In consequence of this surface evolution the Gyngys Creek found its present channel among the submerging axis located at the eastern edge of the periglacial piedmont surface, which surrounds the Kszeg Mountains from the southeast.

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 A Gyngys-pataknak pleisztocn teraszszintje nincs, szles vlgytalpt tbbnyire csak holocn folyamn kialakult magas- s alacsony rtr ksri. A szles rter Gyngys-vlgytl keletre, szakkeletre a Gyngys terjedelmes kavicstakars sksga kvetkezik (93. bra), amelyet szakon a Rpce Gyngys vzvlaszt hegylbfelszn, keleten pedig a Rbabalparti kavicstakar hatrolja. A plat jelleg, kisebb patakok ltal prhuza2 mos svokra (93. s 94. bra) osztott 400 km terlet kistj arculata viszonylag egyhang, mg mikroformkban is nagyon szegnyes. A relatv 2 relief km -enknt mg a 10 mtert sem ri el (8,5 2 m/km ). A dlkelet fel enyhn lejt felsznt (93. s 94. bra) jgkorszaki vlyog, agyagos, vlyogos s lszs ledkek, helyenknt tpusos lsz bortja. A kavicstakar s a flje teleplt, szmos helyen kaviccsal is kevert barna, srgsbarna szn jgkorszaki vlyog egyarnt regionlis kiterjeds szoliflukcis mozgsrl tanskodik. Az idsebb kavicstakar esetben pedig, annak bels krioturbcis formi (poligonok, fagyzskok), valamint a fiatalabb kavicsszintek felszni krioturbcis forminak vltozatos tpusai utalnak a jgkorszak periglacilis felsznalaktsra. A sksg egyhangsgt a lefolystalan vagy rossz lefolys lapos mlyedsek szvevnyes rendszerei teszik nmileg vltozatoss. Ezekben nagyrszt ma is rtegvzforrsok ltal tpllt vzfolysok fejldtek ki Szeleste s Zanat kzsgek kztt (pldul Borz-patak, Krispatak, Surnyi-patak) s levezetik a tj fls vzt (95. bra). A Gyngys-patakba vezet vzfolysok egy rsze jelents esssel rendelkezik (0,5 2 m/km), ezrt a rajtuk lefut rhullmok ltalban igen hevesek, de rvid ideig tartanak. A nagy amplitdj vzszintvltozsok mgsem jellemzek, ennek oka pedig az, hogy a patakok rvzi medre igen szles, ltalban az egsz vlgytalpra kiterjed. A vzhozamok is inkbb a vzszllts mennyisgi aspektusait fejezik ki, mint azok vzszintjeit. Az rvizeknek kt The Gyngys Creek has no Pleistocene terrace level. Its wide valley floor is mostly characterised by high and low alluvial flat lands developed during the Holocene. East and north-east from the Gyngys valley, with its wide alluvial fan, the next formation is the vast gravel cover of the Gyngys Creek (Fig. 93), which is bordered by the RpceGyngys watershed piedmont surface on the north, and by the gravel cover on the left riverbank of the Rba on the east. The area is plateau-like, divided into parallel bands by smaller streams (Figs. 93, 94), and takes 2 up about 400 km . Its surface is monotonous, very poor even in microforms. The relative relief in one 2 2 km does not even reach 10 metres (8.5 m/km ). Its surface slightly slopes southward (Figs. 93, 94) and is covered with glacial loam, clayey, loamy and loessy deposits, at places with typical loess. The gravel cover and the brown, yellowish-brown glacial loam mixed with gravel, which is deposited on top of it all indicate regional solifluction movements. In the case of the older gravel cover, both its internal cryoturbation forms (polygons, cryoturbation) and the various types of surface cryoturbation forms of the younger gravel layers denote a periglacial surface transformation in the Ice Age. The monotony of the plain is only broken by the labyrinth-like systems of flat depressions with bad runoff or no runoff at all. These have evolved into watercourses fed by subsurface water springs between the settlements of Szeleste and Zanat (for example the Borz Creek, Kris Creek, and Surnyi Creek), draining the area of its excess water (Fig. 95). Parts of the watercourses running into the Gyngys Creek have significant stream gradients (0.5 2 m/km), and for this reason the flood yields are usually very heavy here but last only for a short duration of time. Despite this fact, it is not characteristic of these watercourses to have water level fluctuations of large amplitude because the flood plain channels of the creeks are very wide, often occupying the entire valley floor. The water yields also represent the water discharge from the aspects of its quantity rather than their water levels. There are

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VIA 2 peridusa van, az egyik mrcius prilisban a holvadsok alkalmval. Ez fkpp azoknl a patakoknl szmottev, amelyek forrsvidke az Alpokaljhoz kthet. A msodik rvzi hullm a jnius jliusban rendszerint megrkez nyri nagy eszsekhez kthet. A kisvizek a nyr vgi, sz eleji idszakban jellemzk, amikor kevs a csapadk s jelents a prolgs. A terlet felptse, fldtani szerkezete kedvez a vztrolsnak. Br a felszni kavicstakark 10 25 m-nl nem vastagabbak, de a fekjkben kzepes szemcsenagysg fels pannniai ledk teleplt nagy vastagsgban. Ezeket a vztrol rtegeket a fellrl beszivrg csapadk, s az erre lejt Alpokaljt alkot hegysgi felszneken s hordalkkpokban mozg vizek tplljk. A csapadkbl szrmaz utnptls a terlet kedvez vzhztartsnak ksznheten is jelents. Az vi 600 700 mm krli csapadk (96. bra) mell 500 550 mm krli tlagos prolgs s prologtats jrul. gy vi 50 200 mm-nyi vzfelesleggel kell szmolnunk. Ennek jelents rszt a patakok vezetik le, msik rsze viszont a talajvz, illetve a rtegvz szintjt nvelik s a platjellegen kifejldtt Gyngys-patak kavicstakarjt feloszt vlgyekben tallhat patakokat tplljk. gy a kt rvzi csccsal jellemezhet vzjrsok az rvizek kztti idszakban is stabil vzhozamak. Ennek nyomn a vizsglt terleten tallhat patakok nem torrens jellegek. A patakok folyamatos vzelltst, a geolgiai adottsgok mellett az ghajlati tnyezk is elsegtik, mert a kistj ghajlata mrskelten hvsmrskelten szraz kategriba sorolhat. Az vi napfnytartam 1850 s 1900 ra kztt valszn, nyron 720 740 ra, tlen 185 ra krli napsts vrhat. Az vi napfnytartalom alacsony volta, a borultsg magas szzalkos arnyval, az egyenletes csapadkeloszlssal magyarzhat. A csapadk s borultsgi viszonyok mellett az vi kzphmrsklet, amely 9 C krli (96. bra) s a legjelentsebb hbevtellel jellemeztwo periods for floods; one of them takes place in the snow melting phase during March and April. It is usually significant in the case of those creeks, which have their headwaters in the foreland of the Eastern Alps. The second flood period is usually related to the great summer precipitation in June and July. Low waters are characteristic of the period at the end of summer and beginning of autumn when precipitation is low and evapotranspiration is high. The geological structure of the area is advantageous from a water storage point of view. Although the surface gravel covers are not thicker than 10 to 25 metres, Upper Pannonian sediment consisting of medium-grained sediment deposited in their substratum. These aquifers are supplied by the infiltrating precipitation and by the mountain surfaces of the foreland of the Eastern Alps inclining towards this direction, and by deposit cones. Due to the good water balance of the area the water supply originating from precipitation is also very significant. The precipitation in the area is 600 to 700 mm yearly (Fig. 96), and the evaporation and evapotranspiration is 500 to 550 mm yearly. Therefore, the yearly excess water is about 50 to 200 mm. Most of it is drained by streams but the rest of it increases the level of ground waters and subsurface waters, and feed the creeks in the valleys, which divide the gravel cover of the plateau-like Gyngys Plain. For this reason the water regime, which can be characterised by two flood peaks yearly, have stable water yields between the floods. As a consequence the creeks of the study area are not torrent. The continuous water supply of the creeks is also helped by the climate of the area, besides its geological features. The climate of the region is temperate cool and dry. The yearly sunshine duration is about 1850 to 1900 hours; 720 to 740 in the summer, and 185 hours in the winter. The high percentage overcast ratio and the even precipitation ratio explain the low yearly sunshine duration. The annual mean temperature is about 9 C (Fig. 96). The average of the vegetation period, which is characterised by the greatest heat intake is about 16 C. This, together with the precipitation and

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 het vegetcis peridus, amelynek tlaga 16 C krli, is elsegti a vzhztartsi tbblet kialakulst, mert az orszgos tlagtl alacsonyabb hmrskleti rtkek kvetkeztben a prolgs s prologtats kisebb mrtk, mint a medence tbbi terletn. gy a lehullott csapadk egy rsze vzfelesleget alkot s beszivrgs nyomn a talaj, valamint a rtegvizeket tpllja. Ezrt nem vletlen, hogy a Gyngys-skon a talajvzszint tlagos rtke nem megy 3 m al, az erteljes szablyozs, talajvzszint magassgot cskkent rokrendszer ellenre sem. Az vtizedes talajvzszint ings viszont jelents, a beszivrgsi tnyezk, a csapadkbevtel s a hmrskleti vltozsok nyomn a 2 3 m-t is elri. A talajvztkr a felszni domborzatot kvetve helyezkedik el, azaz a vlgyek mentn mlyebb blzeteket ltunk, mg kzttk magasabb, flszigetszer talajvzhtak nylnak a Rba-vlgy irnyba. Ennek a talajvzadottsgnak, a prhuzamos vlgyhlzatnak ksznheten a fldhasznlat a terleten szak dl irny prhuzamos svokban jelenik meg (97. bra), mert a mlyebb talajvzadottsgokkal jellemezhet platjelleg htakon szntfldi gazdlkods, mg a patakok rtere mentn, a magasabb talajvzlls terleteken erd- s rtgazdlkods alakult ki. A kistj ghajlati adottsgai a vzforgalom mellett a nvnyzetre is dnt hatssal voltak, br a terleten termszetes nvnyzetrl nem beszlhetnk, de a termszet-kzeli llapotban megmaradt nvnyzeti foltok alapjn egyrtelmen megllapthat, hogy a nyugat-magyarorszgi peremvidk, kzte a Gyngysi-sk egsze florisztikai szempontbl is egy tmeneti terlet. Fitogeogrfia szempontbl a vizsglt rgi a Pannniai flratartomny Praenoricum flravidknek Vasi (Castriferreicum) flrajrsba sorolhat, azaz tmenetet kpez az Alpok s a Krpt-medence, valamint az Illyricum (nyugatbalkni flratartomny) kztt (98. bra). A Gyngysi-sk kistjt sem vletlenl hrom nvnyfldrajzi egysg hatrolja. szakrl az alovercast ratio, contributes towards creating excess in the water balance. It is because the temperature values, which are lower than the national average, result in the evaporation and evapotranspiration to be lower than in the rest of the basin. Consequently, part of the precipitation becomes excess water, and feeds the groundwater and subsurface waters through infiltration. It is not accidental that the average level of the groundwater does not go below 3 metres in the Gyngys Plain, despite the strong flood control and drainage system designed to decrease groundwater levels. There was a significant fluctuation in groundwater levels in terms of decades; it could have been as much as 2 to 3 metres due to infiltration factors, precipitation intake and temperature changes. The water surface follows the relief. Along the valleys we can observe deeper embayment and among them are higher peninsula-like ground water backs stretching towards the Rba valley. Owning to this groundwater structure and the parallel valley system the land use appeared in parallel sections stretching north to south (Fig. 97). This is because on the plateau-like ridges, which are characterised by lower groundwater level, agricultural fields were created, while along the floodplains of the creeks, where the groundwater level is higher, sylviculture and meadows evolved. The climatic conditions of the region seriously affected not only the water system but the vegetation as well. There is no natural vegetation in the area but based on the remnant natural vegetation patches we can ascertain that the western Hungarian border area, including the Gyngys Plain, is a transitional area from the flora point of view. From the phytogeographical point the study area belongs to the Vas (Castriferreicum) flora district of the Praenoricum flora region, which is a part of the Pannonian flora range. It means that it is a transition between the Alps, the Carpathian Basin, and the Illyricum (flora range of the western Balkans) (Fig. 98). Therefore, it is not accidental that three phytogeographical units border the Gyngys Plain. From the north it is bordered by the Small Plain flora district belonging to the Great Hun-

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VIA 2 fldi (Eupannonicum) flravidkhez tartoz Kisalfld flrajrs, nyugatrl a kelet-alpi (Noricum) flravidk, kelet-dlkelet fell a nyugat-balkni flratartomny dl-dunntli (Praeillyricum) flravidke veszi krbe a vizsglt rgit. A kistjon kialakult igen erteljes emberi hats ellenre megllapthat, hogy a legelterjedtebb potencilis erdtrsulsait az gerligetek (CariciAlnetum croaticum), a tlgy kris szil ligeterdk (Querco-Ulmetum), a gyertynos kocsnyos tlgyesek (Querco robori-Capinetum), cseres kocsnytalan tlgyesek (Querco petraeae-cerris) alkothattk, mg a mocsarak, vzfolysok mentn a ndasok (Sciro-Phragmitetum) s a gyknyesek (Typhetum latifoliae) az eredeti nvnyzeti trsulsokat. Az ghajlat s a nvnyzet egyttesen jelents hatssal volt a tj uralkod talajtpusnak kifejldsre is, amely a dominns potencilis vegetcinak megfelelen a barna erdtalaj (89%). A barna erdtalajnak kt tpusa, az agyagbemosdsos barna erdtalaj s a Ramann-fle barna erdtalaj is kifejldtt a vizsglt trsgben (99. bra). A kt tpus terleti kifejldse igen vitatott, mert az M = 1:50.000 talajtrkp alapjn az agyagbemosdsos barna erdtalaj csak Vt kzsgtl keletre s szakkeletre tallhat (99. s 100. bra), mg Vt krnyktl nyugatra, a vizsglt trsgben barnafldek tallhatk. A rgszeti satsokon kibontott szelvnyek s a sajt magunk ltal kialaktott szelvnyek alapjn az agyagbemosdsos barna erdtalaj kifejldse jelentsebb kiterjedsben megtallhat, mint azt az 1:400.000 mretarny trkp sugallja (99. bra). Erre utalnak Berki Imrnek, a Nyugat-Magyarorszgi Egyetem docensnek korbbi kutatsai is (Berki et al. 1995), mert felismerte, hogy az agyagbemosdsos barna erdtalaj tpus igen jelents terleteket bortott a vizsglt trsgben s a barnafldek alrendelten fejldtek csak ki. A kt altpus elklntse nem olyan egyszer, mert valjban a barna erdtalajok fejldsnek kt fzist jelentik. A barnafld egyik jellemz talajfejldsi folyamata az agyagosods, az agyagsvny kpzds, garian Plain flora region (Eupannonicum). From the west the eastern Alpine (Noricum) flora district and from east-southeast the southern Transdanubian (Praeillyricum) flora region, which is part of the western Balkans flora range surrounds the study area. Despite the marked human impact in the region it is clear that the most extensive potential forest compositions are alder groves (Carici-Alnetum croaticum), oak-ash-elm grove forests (QuercoUlmetum), oak and hornbeam forests (Querco robori-Capinetum), and moss capped oak forests (Querco petraeae-cerris). Along the marshlands and streams the original vegetation composition contained reed (Sciro-Phragmitetum) and cattail (Typhetum latifoliae). The dominant soil type of the area evolved due to the significant and joined impact of the climate and the vegetation. Based on the dominant potential vegetation this soil type was forest soil (89%). Two types of brown forest soils developed in the area, Luvisols (brown forest soil showing clay illuviation processes) and Cambisols (called Ramann type brown forest soils in the Hungarian Soil Classification System) (Fig. 99). The regional development of these two soil types is highly debated since on the M = 1:50.000 soil map Luvisols are located only east and north-east from the village of Vt; and west from the vicinity of Vt, in the study area, only Cambisols can be found. Based on the sections opened during the archaeological excavations and on the sections we have opened, the Luvisols are much more extensive in the area than it is shown on the 1:400.000 map (Fig. 99). It is supported by the earlier research of Imre Berki, who is a senior lecturer at the University of West Hungary (Berki et al. 1995). He recognised that Luvisol covers significant amounts of the study area and Cambisols developed only subdominantly. The distinction between the two subtypes is not very easy as they are actually both brown forest soils but in two different phases of development. One distinctive feature of the evolution of the brown soil is the secondary clay formation. In the

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 mg agyagbemosdsos barna erdtalajnl ezen tlmenen agyagbemosds is jelentkezik. Ez utbbi folyamatnak a lnyege, hogy a keletkez agyagsvnyok a talaj A szintjbl, savas s folyamatosan nedves krnyezet, a leszivrg csapadk hatsra mlyebb szintre, a B szintbe vndorolnak s ott felhalmozdnak. A klnbsgttel sok esetben problms, mivel a talajkpzds egy llandan vltoz, dinamikus folyamat. Radsul a vizsglt terleten egy, a jgkor vgn, a jelenkor kezdetn kifejldtt szubreliktum agyagbemosdsos barna erdtalaj tallhat, amely ma mr, valsznleg az kortl kezdden, az erteljes emberi hatsra, a kiterjedt kultrtj, a fldmvels, az erdgazdlkods, az llattenyszts kvetkeztben nem fejldik. St jelents mrtkben pusztulsnak, talakulsnak indult ez a szubreliktum talaj, elssorban a patakvlgyek lejti mentn, ahol a talajmvels nyomn erteljesen erodldik, thalmozdik s az alapkzettel, valamint a patakvlgyekben kialakult talajokkal keveredik. gy a ma mr aktvan nem pl, csak pusztulssal fejld maradvnyfelszneken a jgkort kveten kpzdtt, B szintjben jellegzetes vrsbarna szn agyagbemosdsos barna erdtalaj, amelyet ms nven szubreliktum barna erdtalajnak neveznk, folyamatosan degradldik, pusztul a vizsglt trsgben, s ez okozhatta a trkpezs sorn a kiterjedsnek eltr rtelmezst. Ezek a talajok ltalban krioturbcis, geliszoliflukcis jelensgekhez ktdnek s jl felismerhet a Szombathely s Srvr kztti rgszeti satsokon. A szubreliktum barna erdtalaj vrsbarna felhalmozdsi szintjnek anyaga rszben vagy egszben kitlti a krioturbcis (fagyrvnyls), geliszoliflukcis (fagyos talajfolys) folyamatok nyomn kialakult kpzdmnyek negatv formit (pl. egy kavicsos fagyzskot, vagy a lejt irnyban megnylt fagyos talajfolys nyomn kialakult ledkszerkezetet) s gy jellegzetes hls formt alkot a lehumuszolt felszneken. A vizsglt trsgben tallhat patakvlgyek jellegzetes talajtpusa a vzhats, eredetileg valsznleg rtri ligeterdkkel, gyknyesekkel s case of Luvisols an additional clay illuviation process appears as well. The essence of this latter process is that the clay minerals move from the A-horizon of the soil, which is an acidic and continuously humid environment, to a deeper Bhorizon where they accumulate. The distinction is often problematic as soil formation is a constantly changing, dynamic process. On top of this, subrelict Luvisols can also be found in the study area, which formed at the end of the last glacial period, at the beginning of the Holocene. This ceased developing, probably due to the strong impact of human activity, cultivation, agriculture, sylviculture and animal husbandry in the area, which have been taking place from prehistory until today. The subrelict soil is actually significantly denuded and transformed, especially along the slopes of creek valleys, where it is strongly eroded due to land use. The subrelict soil here is redeposited, and mixed with the parent material and with soils developed in the creek valleys. Therefore, the typically reddish Luvisol, which is also-called subrelictum brown forest soil that was formed in the B-horizon following the last glacial period, has not been developing actively anymore but has been eroding in remnant surfaces. It has continuously been degrading in the study area, and this might be the reason for the different views on its extensiveness during mapping. These soils are usually connected to cryoturbation and gelisolfluction phenomena, and can be observed in archaeological excavations between Szombathely and Srvr. The negative forms of the formations (for example a gravel cryoturbation or a deposit structure, which was formed due to gelisolifluction) originating from cryoturbation or gelisolifluction processes are filled partly or completely with subrelict brown forest soil, and it forms a distinctive web-like shape on the surface after the removal of the topsoil. The representative soil type of the creek valleys of the study area are the alluvial meadow soils and al-

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VIA 2 ndasokkal bortott rti ntstalaj s a fiatal nyers ntstalaj. A vlgyek mentn hosszan elnylva fejldtek ki a vizsglt rgiban, prhuzamos rszekre bontva a szinte teljes mrtkig mvelsbe vont barna erdtalajjal bortott trszneket, helyenknt, elssorban a vlgyoldalak als szakaszn keveredve a barna erdtalajok thalmozdott anyagval. luvial soils, originally probably covered by floodplain groves, reed and arundinaceous vegetation. These developed in the study area stretching along the valleys. They divided the area that was almost entirely cultivated and covered with brown forest soil into parallel patches. At certain places, especially at the lower parts of the valley slopes, it was mixed with the redeposited matter of brown forest soils.

11.4 Trtnelmi trkpek elemzse


Smegi Pl, Persaits Gerg A trtnelmi trkpek elemzsnl abban a szerencss helyzetben vagyunk, hogy mr a Kr. u. 2. szzadban rgztett, majd a kzpkor sorn lemsolt Claudius Ptolemaios-fle trkpeken is megtallhat a vizsglt trsg (101. s 102. bra). Az kori trkp elemzsbl egyrtelmen kiderl, hogy a rmai Pannonia Superior tartomnyban Vindobona Sala Carnum (Carnuntum) s Rypia (Rispia) teleplsek kztti Savaria (Szombathely) vrosa egy, az Alpok keleti elterben lv hegysgbl (Cetuis Mons) ered Sanariuss (Savarius) patak vagy foly partjn tallhat. A Ptolemaiosfle trkp alapjn a Sanariuss (Savarius) patak a Darus folyba, vagyis a trkpen feltntetett helyzete alapjn a Drva folyba mltt s nem a Rba (Arrabona) folyba. gy a Sanariuss (Savarius) patak mai azonostsa az adott trkp alapjn meglehetsen nehz, s a trkpbeli lefutsa ktsgeket breszt ezen kori trkp korrekt felhasznlhatsga irnt. Ezek a ktsgek azutn is fennmaradtak, hogy Mcsy Andrs (1975) kortrtnsz egy fokhlzattal elltott kivl tartomny s telepls rekonstrukcit ksztett a trkp nyomn (103. bra). A Pannonia tartomnyokrl kszlt Ptolemaios-fle trkp legjelentsebb problmja, hogy nem tntette fel a Balaton (Pelso) tavat, amelyet pedig a rmaiak egyrtelmen ismertek. Ugyanez a problma fellelhet a Tabula Peutingeriana 4 5. szzadi rmai ttrkpen is (104. bra).

11.4 Analysis of historical maps


Pl Smegi, Gerg Persaits It is very fortunate that the study area is shown on the map of Claudius Ptolemaios. It means that nd already in the 2 century AD it was recorded, when the map was made. The map was copied during the Medieval period (Figs. 101, 102). By analysing the ancient map it is clear that the town of Savaria (Szombathely) is situated on the banks of the Creek or River of Sanariuss (Savarius). The headwaters of the stream are in the mountain (Cetius Mons) located in the eastern foreland of the Alps. Savaria was in the province of Pannonia Superior, between the settlements of Vindobona Sala Carnum (Carnuntum) and Rypia (Rispia). Based on the map of Ptolemaios the Sanariuss (Savarius) Creek joined into the Darus River. According to its location it fed the Drva River, and not the Rba (Arrabona) River. Therefore, today it is difficult to identify the Sanariuss (Savarius) Creek by the map. The course of the river as shown on the map makes it doubtful that the map can be used correctly. These doubts prevailed even after the work of Andrs Mcsy (1975), historian of Antiquity, who made an excellent province and settlement reconstruction of the area with geographical graticule, based on the map (Fig. 103). The greatest problem with the Ptolemaios map showing the Pannonian provinces is that the Lake Balaton (Pelso) is not marked on it, even though the Romans clearly knew about the lake. The same problem manifests regarding the Roman road map Tabula Peutingeriana from the 4th and th 5 centuries AD (Fig. 104).

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 gy az kori trkpek nyomn csak rszleges t- s teleplshlzatot rekonstrulhatunk, a krnyezetre vonatkozan mindssze nhny bizonytalan kifejlds, jelents lptk vzrajz s hegysgrajz, ezek elnevezse ll rendelkezsnkre. Az kori trtnelmi trkpek tbb problmja is megolddott a kzpkori Lzr dek 1528-ban nyomtatsra kerl trkpnl, ahol mr Sabaria vrosa egy szak fel fordul foly mellett tallhat, igaz a folyt Rbnak (Rab) nevezte a trkp (105. bra). A Lzr-dek trkp utn egyik kvetje Zsmboky Jnos 1579-ben kiegsztette a Lzr trkpet s krnyezettrtneti szempontbl is fontos trkpet ksztett (106. bra). A trkpen kt, Czepreg (mai nevn Csepreg) vrnak s Ginz (Kszeg nmet nevbl a Gns-bl szrmaz) teleplsnek a hatrban fakad, nvtelen patak lthat, amint Sabaria (Szombathely) hatrban egyeslnek, s a kialakul kzs patak kelet szakkelet irnyba folyva Srvrtl dlre beletorkollik a Rba (Raba) folyba. Nyilvnvalan a Kszeg (Ginz = Gns) hatrban ered Gyngys-patakot rajzolta meg Zsmboky s a patak keletre, a Rba fel fordul als szakaszt is megfelelen, pontosan rgztette a trkpn. A patakok s folyk irnya s lefutsa teht mr az 1579-es Zsmboky trkpen is pontos. St kiemelked jelentsg, hogy Szombathely, Srvr, Krmend, Sopron, Ppa s a tbbi telepls elhelyezkedse s egymshoz viszonytott helyzete is megfelel ezen a trkpen. Mivel a megrajzolt vzrajz s teleplshlzat megfelel s valsznsthet, hogy a Szombathelytl Srvron t egszen Ppig hzd zrt erdsv sem a fantzia termke, hanem a 16. szzadi krnyezet vals levettse. A nyugat-magyarorszgi kavicstakar, kztk is a Gyngys-skot bort kzpkori erdterletek cskkense figyelhet meg a 18. szzadi Els Katonai Felmrs trkplapjain (1763 1785) (2006a) s a 19. szzadi Msodik Katonai felmrs trkplapjain (1606 1869) (2006b), vaTherefore, we can reconstruct the road and settlement system only incompletely by the Roman maps. With regards to the environment, only a few uncertainly developed large scale hydrographies and orographies and their names exist. Many problems of the ancient maps were solved by the map of Lazarus secretarius, which was printed in 1528. The town of Sabaria is shown on the map next to a northward turning river, although the name of the river on the map is Rba (Rab) (Fig. 105). A follower of Lazarus secretarius, Jnos Zsmboky added further features to the map of Lazarus in 1579, and created a map, which is important from an environmental historical point (Fig. 106). Two unnamed creeks are shown on the map, their headwaters are located in the close vicinity of the fort of Czepreg (today Csepreg) and of the settlement of Ginz (from the German name of Kszeg which is Gns). These merge at Sabaria (Szombathely) and the new watercourse flows east northeast to feed into the Rba (Raba) River south from Srvr. Zsmboky had evidently drawn Gyngys Creek at the outskirts of Kszeg (Ginz=Gns). He marked the lower stretch of the creek turning eastward towards the River Rba accurately on the map. Therefore, the direction and course of the creeks and rivers is correct on the map of Zsmboky, drawn in 1579. It is very significant that all of the settlements, including Szombathely, Srvr, Krmend, Sopron and Ppa are marked on the map at their exact location, and when comparing their positions to each other we will find them in their correct location. As the hydrography and the settlement system is correct, we can assume that the closed forest patch stretching from Szombathely through Srvr all the way to Ppa is also correct and not imaginary, and that it truly represents the environment th of the 16 century. The decrease in Medieval forest patches covering the western Hungarian gravel cover, including the Gyngys Plain, can be observed by studying The First Military Survey of Hunth gary in the 18 century (1563 1585) (2006a), The

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VIA 2 lamint a 20. szzadi, msodik vilghbor idszakbl (1938 1944) fennmaradt topogrfiai trkpeken (Timr et al. 2008). Ezeket a vltozsokat a 107, 108. s a 109. brkon kvethetjk nyomon. A kzpkortl kezdden ksztett trtnelmi trkpek alapjn egyrtelm, hogy a 16. szzadban mg megkzeltleg 50 50%-os arny erd s nylt terletet ignyl (rt, legel, sznt s kert) gazdlkodsi formk fokozatosan eltoldtak a nylt, erdmentes terletek javra s az erdarny elbb 40%-ra (18. szzad), majd 30%-ra (19. szzad) s vgl 20% al (20. szzad kzepe) cskkent. Ezekkel a vltozsokkal prhuzamosan a foly- s rvzszablyozs nyomn a mocsaras, lpos terletek arnya is drasztikusan lecskkent s az 1944-ben ksztett magyar katonai trkpen mr egy alapveten antropogn hatsra fejld felszn rajzoldik ki a vizsglt terleten. A trtnelmi trkpek elemzse egyrtelmv teszi, hogy sem a kzpkori vgi, sem az jkori trtnelmi trkpek nyomn nem kvetkeztethetnk sem az skori, sem az kori, de mg a kzpkor kezdetn kialakult emberi hatsokra sem, csak a krnyezettrtneti, rgszeti geolgiai vizsglatok nyomn rajzolhatjuk meg a vizsglt terleten az ember s krnyezet vltoz viszonyt az skortl a kzpkor vgig. Second Military Survey of Hungary in the 19th century (1606 1869) (2006b), and the Topographic maps of Hungary in the period of World War II in th the 20 century (1938 1944) (Timr et al. 2008). These changes can be followed on Figures 107, 108 and 109. Based on the historical maps, of which the first was made in the Medieval period, it is evident that land cultivation, which demanded the ratio of 50 50% of forests and open areas (meadow, field, ploughing field and garden) was gradually transforming the landscape into having more open areas. The forested land first decreased to th th 40% (18 century), then 30% (19 century), and finally it went below 20% (middle of the 20th century). At the same time the moor and swamp areas also decreased drastically due to river and flood control. The military map of 1944 shows the study area as basically developing by anthropogenic impacts. The analysis of historical maps leads to the conclusion that it is not possible to conclude anything regarding human impacts in Prehistoric, Ancient or Medieval periods based on the maps, regardless of their date of creation, even if the map is Medieval or later. The relationship between environment and humans from prehistory until the end of the Medieval period in the study area can be outlined only by environmental historical, archaeological and geological examination.

11.5 A zanati rgszeti lelhelyen s a Borz-patak allviumn vgzett vizsglatok eredmnyei


Smegi Pl, Persaits Gerg, Pll Dvid Gergely, Trcsik Tnde A Borz-patak allviumn (47 15 22,69 N s 16 40 55,44 E) tfed zavartalan magfrst mlytettnk. A fldtani frsszelvny alapjn a terlet felszn kzeli rtegeit a pleisztocn vgn s holocn sorn felhalmozdott alluvilis ledkek alkottk (112. bra). A frs szelvnyn 3 db radiokarbon (AMS) elemzst,

11.5 Results of analysis carried out on the alluvium of Borz Creek and at the Zanat archaeological site
Pl Smegi, Gerg Persaits, Dvid Gergely Pll, Tnde Trcsik We conducted undisturbed parallel drillings on the alluvium of the Borz Creek (47 15 22,69 N and 16 40 55,44 E). Based on the results of the geological drilling section the near-surface layers of the area consist of alluvial sediments deposited there at the end of the Pleistocene and during the Holocene (Fig. 112). The following analyses were

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 szemcsesszetteli, izztsos szerves anyag, karbont- s szervetlen anyag tartalom meghatrozst, vzoldsos Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe tartalom meghatrozst, pollenanyag vizsglatot, makrobotanikai s malakolgiai elemzst vgeztnk (113118. bra). A frsszelvnyen 3 db AMS vizsglatot vgeztettnk a poznani radiokarbon laboratriumban s az ltaluk mrt radiokarbon adatokat kalibrltuk (110. bra). Az adatok nyomn, az lepedsi rta kiszmolsa nyomn helyeztk el idben a krnyezettrtneti mintkat s a vizsglatok alapjn rekonstrult krnyezeti vltozsokat. 11.5.1 Szedimentolgiai vizsglat eredmnyei A zavartalan magfrssal a kvetkez rtegsort (111. bra) trtuk fel az allviumon. A felszn kzelben szerves anyagban ds, feketsbarna szn kzetlisztes agyagrteg fejldtt ki, egy rti talaj A (0 30 cm kztt) s B (30 32 cm kztt) szintje. A terlet talajvzllsa mestersgesen szablyozott a 19. szzad vgtl kezdden, gy valsznleg a talaj fejldse ettl kezdden megvltozott. A fels 30 32 cm az v jelents rszben ritmikusan kiszradhatott, ezt tmasztja al a pollenvizsglat eredmnye is, mert rtkelhet pollenanyagot ebbl a szintbl nem sikerlt kimutatni. Jelents bioturbcira utal nyomok tallhatk ebben a rtegben. A rti talajszintek fekszintjt, helyenknt limonitfoltos, szerves anyag foltokat tartalmaz barnsszrke szn kzetlisztes agyag, alluvilis ledk alkotja, amely fokozatosan megy t egy szrkssrga szn agyagos kzetliszt rtegbe, egy minimlis szerves anyagot tartalmaz alluvilis ledkbe. Zavartalan magfrssal csak rendkvli nehzsgekkel sikerlt feltrni ennek a rtegnek a fekjt, egy jgkorban felhalmozdott, minerorganikus, enyhn karbontos kzetlisztben gazdag alluvilis ledkanyagot. A szedimentolgiai vizsglatok alapjn (112. bra) egy fokozatosan finomod szemcseszszettelt sikerlt rekonstrulni a frs fekjtl a felsznig. A szemcsesszettel alapjn a fek carried out on the core samples: three radiocarbon datings (AMS), mechanical composition analysis, organic remains, carbonate and inorganic material content determination by the loss on ignition method, Na, K, Ca, Mg and Fe content determination employing the water solution method, pollen, macrobotanical and malacological analyses (Figs. 113 118). Three AMS datings were carried out on the drilling sections in the radiocarbon laboratory of Poznan, and the resulting radiocarbon dates were calibrated (Fig. 110). The chronology of the environmental historical samples and the reconstructed environmental changes based on the examinations were identified by the data and the calculations of the deposition rate. 11.5.1 The results of sedimentological analysis The following series of strata of the alluvium were explored by the undisturbed drillings (Fig. 111). An organic rich silty clay layer developed close to the surface. Its colour is blackish-brown, and it forms the A (0 30 cm) and B (30 32 cm) horizon of a meadow soil. The ground water level of the area was artificially controlled since the end of the 19th century, therefore the development of the soil had probably changed from this time. The upper 30 to 32 cm layer of the soil had probably desiccated periodically for the greater part of the year. It is supported by the results of pollen analysis as pollen material adequate for evaluation was not detected in this level. Traces of serious bioturbation were observed in this layer. The parent material level of the meadow soil horizon is brownish-grey silty clay, basically alluvial sediment, with limonite and organic material patches. It gradually turns into a greyishyellow clayey silty layer, which is alluvial sediment with minimal organic content. It was very problematic to explore the parent material of this layer using undisturbed drillings. The parent material is minerorganic alluvial sediment, rich in slightly carbonated silt. It was deposited here during the last glacial period.

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VIA 2 karbontban viszonylag gazdagabb, szerves anyagban legszegnyebb rteg viszonylag jelents lepedsi energin halmozdott fel. Ebben a rtegben a durvakzetliszt frakci dominlt s jelents homok anyagot tartalmaz finomkzetlisztes durvakzetliszt rteg fejldtt ki (2 s 3 mter kztt). A kzetlisztben s homok anyagban gazdag, minerorganikus ledkrteg az eddigi rtegtani prhuzamok alapjn a jgkor vgn alakulhatott ki periglacilis krnyezetben, ahol a mlls lehetsge minimlis volt s ez tkrzdik vissza az elenysz agyagtartalomban is. A jgkor vgn, a jelenkor kezdetn a megvltozott krnyezeti felttelek hatsra a szerves anyag tartalom s az agyagfrakci arnya fokozatosan megemelkedett, a karbonttartalom viszont lecskkent (2 1,2 mter kztt). Ez az rtri ledktpus a radiokarbon adatok nyomn egszen a Kr. e. VI. vezred els felig akkumulldott a vizsglt alluvilis skon, majd a Kr. e. VI. vezred msodik felben az ledkes paramterek megvltoztak, az ledk szerves anyag tartalma s az agyagfrakci arnya erteljesen megemelkedett (113. bra). Ez a jelentsebb szerves anyag s agyag tartalm, agyagos kzetliszt kzetlisztes agyag sszettellel, helyenknt jelentsebb finomhomok beteleplsekkel jellemezhet rtri ledk a radiokarbon elemzsek alapjn egszen az rpdkor vgig halmozdott fel a Borz-patak rtern. Ezt kveten az ledkkpzds jellege megvltozott s valsznsthet, hogy eredetileg egy jelents szerves anyag tartalm, tzegakkumulcival jellemezhet krnyezet, egy lpos rti talaj fejldhetett ki a vizsglt allviumon, de ez a felszn kzeli rteg utlag megvltozott, valsznleg a 19. szzadban megindul s a 20. szzadban kulminl talajvzszint szablyozs hatsra. A vizsglt vlgyben tbb hullmban is szablyoztk a Borz-patak medrt, kimlytettk, majd mestersges mederbe tereltk a patakot. Ennek nyomn a felszn kzeli ledkrteg talakult, kiszradt s talajosodott. A talajosoBased on the sedimentological examinations (Fig. 112), a grain composition, which gradually turned into a finer granular structure, was reconstructed from the parent material of the drilling towards the surface. Based on the grain composition the parent material has high carbonate content but has the lowest organic content, and it is deposited on a significant sedimentary energy. In this layer the coarse silt fraction is dominant, and fine silty and coarse silty layers developed with significant sand content (between 2 and 3 metres). Based on stratigraphical analogies, this minerorganic deposit layer, rich in silt and sand, probably evolved at the end of the last glacial period, in a periglacial environment. Here the possibility of weathering was minimal, as it is supported by insignificant clay content. At the end of the glacial period, and at the beginning of the Holocene the ratio of organic remains and clay fraction gradually increased, but the carbonate content decreased (between 2 to 1.2 metres) due to the changes in environmental conditions. Based on radiocarbon data this alluvial sediment accumulated th in this alluvial plane until the first half of the 6 millenth nium BC. In the second half of the 6 millennium BC the sediment parameters changed, and the ratio of organic remains and clay fraction of the deposit strongly increased (Fig. 113). The alluvial sediment has significant organic material and clay content, its composition is clayey silt silty clay, with significant fine sand intercalations. According to radiocarbon dating this sediment accumulated on the alluvium of the Borz Creek until the end of the rpdian Age. Following this period the deposit forming changed. Probably a peaty meadow soil evolved on the alluvium of the study area, and it can be characterised by peat accumulation and high organic content. This near-surface layer later changed, probably due to the th groundwater flood control, which started in the 19 century and culminated in the 20th century. The channel of the Borz Creek was artificially modified many times; it was deepened, and later the water was channelled into a new artificial course. As a con-

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 ds mellett a krnyez domboldalakon kialaktott intenzv gazdlkods nyomn jelents mennyisg talaj halmozdhatott t a vlgy irnyba s keveredhetett a vlgyben akkumulldott alluvilis ledkkel. gy a fels 30 35 cm esetben mr nem a termszetes folyamatok voltak a meghatrozak, hanem az utols 200 300 v emberi hatsai. Ez vilgosan kimutathat a geokmiai elemzs alapjn (113. bra), mert az elemsszettel nyomn nemcsak a gazdlkods s emberi tevkenysg sorn tteleplt talaj akkumulcijval, hanem az elmlt 60 v sorn felhasznlt jelents mennyisg mtrgya felhasznls hatsval is szmolni kell a felszn kzeli rtegek esetben. A mlyebb, az jkori indusztrilis trsadalmi hatsok ltal nem bolygatott rtegek geokmiai elemzse alapjn az allviumot viszonylag termkeny, szerves anyagban s karbontban viszonylag gazdag talajzna s alapkzet vezhette. A jelenkori (holocn) rtegek elemtartalmban csak a szerves anyag s agyagtartalom nvekedsbl szrmaz elemsszettel vltozsok hatsai jelentkeztek. Ugyanakkor a jgkor vgi s a kora holocn sorn felhalmozdott ledkes horizontok elemsszettele (113. bra) igen jelentsen eltrt a termel gazdlkods kialakulstl kezdden kifejldtt rtegek elemsszetteltl. Ennek nyomn igen eltr talaj, nvnyzet s elemforgalmi dinamikt rekonstrulhatunk a jgkor vgn, a holocn kezdetn s a holocn msodik felben. Ugyanakkor figyelembe kell vennnk, hogy az ltalunk vizsglt alluvilis sk egy nagyobb terletrl szrmaz ledkanyag akkumulcis horizontja, ahol a lejt irnyban csepperzival tteleptett jelenkori talaj, a patak ltal szlltott hordalkanyag s a vlgyek oldalt alkot vlyogos ledk, lsz, homok s kavicsanyag egyarnt felhalmozdhatott. gy az ltalunk vizsglt ledkrtegek holocnkori fluvilis anyagot s korbban felhalmozdott, de a lejtfolyamatok s a fluvilis erzi, valamint szllts hatsra tteleplt jgkori s holocn sequence the near-surface sediment layer was transformed, dried out and became a soil. Besides the soil forming, significant amounts of soil might have been redeposited towards the valley because intensive agricultural activity took place on the surrounding hillsides. This redeposited soil might have mixed with the alluvial sediments that accumulated in the valley. Therefore, the most determinant processes regarding the upper 30 to 35 cm layer were not the natural ones but the impact of humans in the last 200 to 300 years. It is evident by the geochemical analysis (Fig. 113) that in the case of the element composition of near-surface layers not only the accumulation of redeposited soil due to land use and human activity must be taken into account, but also the impact of the significant amounts of fertilisers that have been used in the last 60 years in the area. Based on the geochemical analysis of the deeper layers that were not disturbed by the effects of industrial societies in the Modern Age, the alluvium was probably surrounded by a productive soil zone and parent material rich in organic remains and carbonate. In the element content of the Holocene layers only the effects of element composition changes originating from the increase in organic remains and clay content were detected. At the same time the element composition of sedimentary horizons deposited at the end of the glacial period and during the Early Holocene (Fig. 113) is significantly different from that of the layers that started developing at the beginning of the agricultural use of the land. Consequently we can reconstruct a very different soil, vegetation and element variation dynamics at the end of the glacial period, at the beginning and in the second half of the Holocene. At the same time we must take into account that an accumulation horizon originating from a larger area might have created deposits on the alluvial fan currently under observation. The soils of the Holocene redeposited by runoffs; the sediments carried by the creeks; and the loamy sediments, loess, sand and gravel of the hillsides all might have deposited here.

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VIA 2 ledkes kzeteket egyarnt tartalmaz heterogn ledkanyagot alkot. Vagyis a szemcse- s elemsszettel vltozsa nemcsak az ledkes krnyezet vltozsval, hanem a lepusztulsi trsznek ledkanyagnak sszettelvel is kapcsolatot mutathat s a korbban felhalmozdott ledkanyag sszettele deformlhatta az akkumulcis trszn ledkanyagnak geokmiai s ledkes sszettelt. 11.5.2 A makrobotanikai vizsglat eredmnyei A frsszelvnybl 38 mintt elemeztnk meg makobotanikai sszettelre (114. bra). Az elkerlt makrobotanikai anyag megtartsi llapota az igen rossz s rossz kategriba sorolhat volt, a felszn kzeli mintkbl elkerlt kkny (Prunus spinosa) s ger (Alnus) maradvnyokat leszmtva. A makrobotanikai anyag sszettele s vltozsai alapjn hat krnyezettrtneti horizontot sikerlt lehatrolni a frsszelvnyben, amely nagy valsznsggel hat krnyezettrtneti llapotnak felel meg a Borz-patak ltalunk vizsglt alluvilis rendszerben. Az els makrobotanikai horizont 3 s 2 mter kztt hzdik a frsszelvnyben. A makromaradvnyok kzl ebben a szintben csak gett faszn, 1 3 mm nagysg pernye folyamatos jelenlte, valamint a csigahj tredkek mennyisge emelhet ki. Sem lgy szr, sem fs szr egyb makrobotanikai maradvny, mint szvet, g, levl, vagy nvnyi trmelk nem kerlt el a frsnak ebbl a szakaszbl. Ennek nyomn igen specilis begyazsi krnyezetet rekonstrulhatunk. Valsznsthet, hogy a patakvlgyben a jgkor vgn idszakosan kienged permafroszt (rkfagy) rteg kifejldse, az allviumon felhalmozd ledk tpusa, enyhn lgos kmhatsa s az idszakos vzborts s kiszrads nem kedvezett a makrobotanikai anyag fennmaradsnak. Az gett pernye folyamatos jelenlte ugyanakkor igen jellemz vetlete a jgkor vgi krptmedencei koszisztmnak, mert a korbbi vizsglatok (Willis et al. 1995, 2000; Smegi 2004, 2005) egyrtelmen rmutattak arra, hogy Therefore, the sediment layer under observation is a heterogeneous deposit, containing sedimentary rocks from the glacial period and the Holocene, redeposited here due to fluvial erosion and slope erosion, and also contained later fluvial matter from the Holocene. That is, the changes in grain size and element distribution show a relationship not only with the changes in the sedimentary environment but with the composition of the sediments in the erosion areas. The composition of the deposits that accumulated earlier might have changed the geochemical and sedimentary composition of the deposit matter of the accumulation area. 11.5.2 The results of macrobotanical analysis Thirty-eight samples of the core were analysed for macrobotanical composition (Fig. 114). The preservation of the macrobotanical material could be categorised as poor and very poor, except for the blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) and alder (Alnus) remains discovered in samples from near-surface layers. Based on the composition and changes in the macrobotanical material, six environmental historical horizons were determined in the drilling section, which probably correspond with six environmental historical conditions of the alluvial system of the Borz Creek. The first macrobotanical horizon stretches from 3 to 2 metres in the drilling section. In this level of the macro remains only charcoal, ash with the size of 1 to 3 mm, and fragments of mollusc shells are present. Ash is constantly present. Neither herbaceous, nor arboreal macrobotanical remains are detected in this layer, not even tissue, branch, leaf or other plant fragments. Consequently, a very special embedding environment can be reconstructed. The development of permafrost layers, which thawed temporarily at the end of the glacial period, the sediment type of the alluvium, the slightly alkaline reaction, the periodical water flood and desiccation probably did not work in favour of the survival of macrobotanical remains. The constant presence of ash is very characteristic of the ecosystem of the Carpathian Basin at the end

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 a jgkori vgn mg a legjelentsebb lehlsek sorn is a Krpt-medencben a vdettebb terleteken, n. mrskeltvi jgkori ozisokban, fenyvesek fejldtek ki, amelyek ciklikusan legtek. gsk nyomn keletkezett pernyeanyag eolikus ton szlltdott az ledkgyjt medenckbe, tavak, lpok, allviumok felsznre, ahol betemetdve megrzdtek, jelenltkkel bizonytva az egykori termszetes s ciklikus erdtzeket, amelyek a mai klnbz fajsszettel, s eltr szerkezet tajgavegetciban is igen jelents termszetes folyamatot alkotnak (Payette 1991). Sajnos szveti maradvnyok hinyban nem lehetett megllaptani, hogy a pernyeanyag esetleg a Borz-patak vlgyben kifejldtt fenyvesbl szrmazhatott-e. A pernye mellett viszonylag jelents Mollusca hj kerlt el a szelvnynek ezen szakaszbl, amely nyomn prs, enyhn lgos krnyezet folyamatos fennmaradst valsznsthetjk a Borz-patak vlgyben a jgkor vgn. A msodik makrobotanikai horizont 2 s 1,2 mter kztt hzdik a frsszelvnyben. Ebben a szintben a pernye anyag drasztikusan lecskkent, ugyanakkor megjelentek a hatrozhatatlan szerves anyag trmelkek s arnyuk egyre jelentsebb lett a felszn fel haladva. A hatrozhat nvnyi maradvnyok kztt az egyszik, lgy szr maradvnyok dominltak, valamint nd (Phragmites australis) s gykny (Typha) szvet s levlmaradvnyok is elkerltek. A makrobotanikai vltozs olyan jellegzetes az elz szinthez kpest, hogy ennek a nyomn a pleisztocn/holocn hatrt, az tmeneti szintet 2 1,8 mter kz tehettk. A jgkor vgi krnyezet talakulsa, a jelenkori krnyezet kialakulsa mr kedvezett a szerves anyag felhalmozdsnak s megrzdsnek, ezrt maradhattak fenn a mintkban feltrt makrobotanikai maradvnyok. A makrobotanikai anyag jelenlte s nvekv szma alapjn igen jelents nvnyzeti bortottsggal, kzte ndas s gyknyes szint kifejldsvel szmolhatunk a Borz-patak allviumn a holocn kezdetn, a Kr. e. X. s VI. vezred kztt. of the glacial period. Earlier research (Willis et al. 1995, 2000; Smegi 2004, 2005) clearly shows that coniferous forests developed in the Carpathian Basin at the end of the last glaciation, even during the most significant cool off periods. The coniferous forests developed in sheltered areas, in the so-called temperate glacial oasis. These forests periodically burnt down. The ash originating from the forest fires was carried by Aeolian processes to the sedimentary basins, and to the surface of lakes, swamps and alluviums. They were preserved there by burying, and their presence proves the former natural and periodic forest fires. These create a very significant natural process in recent taiga vegetation, which is characterised by a composition of different structures and species (Fayette 1991). Since there are no tissue remains, unfortunately it is not possible to determine whether the ash originated from the coniferous forest developed in the valley of the Borz Creek. A significant number of mollusc shells were found among the ash in this section. By this fact it is probable that the humid and slightly alkaline environment was sustained in the valley of the Borz Creek at the end of the last glaciation. The second macrobotanical horizon is represented from 2 to 1.2 metres in the drilling section. The ash content drastically drops in this level but undetermined organic material fragments appear, and their ratio increases towards the surface. The identifiable plant remains are dominated by monocot herbaceous vestiges and tissue fragments of reed (Phragmites australis), Typha and leaf remains. Compared to the previous level the macrobotanical change is so significant that it leads us to draw the margin of the Pleistocene/Holocene, the transitional level, between 2 and 1.8 metres. The changes in the environment at the end of the glacial period, and the development of the environment in the Holocene worked for the benefit of deposition and survival of organic remains. This is the reason why the explored macrobotanical remains were preserved in the samples. Based on the presence of macrobotanical remains and its increasing number, we can assume the develop-

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VIA 2 A VI. vezred msodik feltl viszont a makrobotanikai anyag jellege megvltozott s a harmadik makrobotanikai horizont fejldhetett ki (1,2 0,8 m kztt). Elssorban a nvnyi maradvnyok szma emelkedett meg erteljesen, mind a hatrozhatatlan nvnyi trmelk, mind az egyszik, nd-, s gyknymaradvnyok szma erteljesen megemelkedett s a szelvnyen bell maximumot r el. Ez a vltozs szoros kapcsolatot mutat az ledkfldtani vizsglatok esetben kimutatott szerves anyag tartalom emelkedssel. Ennek nyomn jelents mennyisg, szerves anyagban ds ledk halmozdhatott fel az rtren a Kr. e. VI. vezredtl egszen a Kr. e. 5. vszzadig. A hatrozhat maradvnyok kztt a nd s gykny arnya lett az abszolt uralkod, s ennek nyomn a jelents nvnyzeti borts egyik legfontosabb eleme a nd s a gykny lehetett. A makrobotanikai anyag sszettelnek vltozsa alapjn erteljes emberi hats fejldhetett ki a vizsglt vlgy krnyezetben s ennek nyomn a szerves anyag thalmozdsa, betemetdse felgyorsult, a vlgy allviumn szerves anyagban ds ledk halmozdott fel. Valsznsthet, hogy az erzi s akkumulci felgyorsulsa, a szerves anyag tartalom nvekedse az erdei vegetci megbontsnak kvetkezmnye. A ndas s gyknyes v kiterjedse a vlgy feliszapoldsnak kvetkezmnye lehetett s nem zrhat ki, hogy mr ebben a fzisban erteljesen megbolygattk a vlgy kora holocn folyamn kialakult nvnyzett. A kvetkez krnyezettrtneti makrobotanikai fzisban, 0,8 0,3 mter kztt viszont mr egyrtelmen beavatkozott a terleten ekkor lt, Kr. e. 5. s Kr. u. 10. szzad kztti emberi kzssg a vlgy nvnyzetnek fejldsbe. Ez a beavatkozs egyrtelmen viszszatkrzdik a ss ( Carex ) s fz ( Salix ) maradvnyok megjelensben s jelents arnyban (114. bra), valamint a nd (Phragmites) s gykny (Typha) maradvnyok viszszaszorulsban. Valsznsthet, hogy a termszetes vzparti s mocsri vegetci emment of a significant vegetation cover including reed and cattail on the alluvium of the Borz Creek, th at the beginning of the Holocene between the 10 and 6th millennia BC. From the second half of the 6th millennium BC the type of the macrobotanical material changed, therefore leading to the third macrobotanical horizon (between 1.2 to 0.8 metres). Primarily the number of plant remains increased strongly. There is an increase in undetermined plant remains and the amounts of monocot, reed and cattail remains are significantly higher, showing a maximum within the section. This change shows close correspondence with the organic material content increase that was determined by the sedimentological evaluation. Consequently significant amounts of organic material rich sediments were deposited on th the alluvium between the 6 millennium until the 5th century BC. Reed and cattail are absolute dominant in the remains. It is clear then that some of the most important elements of the vegetation cover must have been the reed and the cattail. The changes in the composition of macrobotanical material show a strong human impact in the surroundings of the valley presently under study. It resulted in the acceleration of the redeposition and burial of organic remains, and led to the accumulation of sediment with high organic content on the alluvium of the valley. The accelerated ratio of erosion and accumulation, and the increase in organic content are probably the consequences of disturbing the forested vegetation. The expansion of reed and cattail was probably caused by the siltation of the valley. The vegetation of the valley that evolved during the Early Holocene was probably strongly disturbed already in this phase. The next environmental historical macrobotanical phase is between 0.8 to 0.3 metres. In this phase the impact of human activity is clearly observable, as the communities that lived here beth th tween the 5 century BC and the 10 century AD interfered with the development of the vegetation of the valley. This interference is clearly shown in the appearance and increased quantity of sedge

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 beri beavatkozs (gets s ltets) hatsra talakult s a vlgy allviumt legeltetsre, deleltetsre (rnykoltatsra), valamint a gyorsan nv, igen sokfle clbl (ptkezs, szlltanyag kialakts, tzels) is felhasznlhat haszonfk (fz) ltetsre is felhasznltk. Ez a hasznostsi mdja a Borz-patak rternek a vaskor vgre, az antik idkre s a npvndorls korra tehet, s a magyar honfoglalst kveten a kora kzpkorban mr nem maradt fenn, mert a fzfa maradvnyok a kzpkorban visszaszorultak, helyette igen jelents mennyisg ger (Alnus) maradvny kerlt el. Az ger terjeds alapjn az emberi hats a patak allviumon lecskkent a kzpkor folyamn s az irtvnyokon gyorsan terjed ger borthatta be a vizsglt vlgyszakaszt. A hatodik makrobotanikai szint mr valsznleg a kzpkor vgn, az jkor sorn alakulhatott ki, s erteljesen kapcsoldhatott a vlgy kiszrtshoz, a patakmeder szablyozshoz, mert az allviumon felhalmozdott ledkben az ger, ss, nd nvnyzethez kthet maradvnyok visszaszorultak s szrazsgot tr cserjk (kkny Prunus spinosa) jelentek meg (114. bra). A megvltozott begyazdsi s megrzdsi krnyezetet a famaradvnyok fennmaradsa is bizonytja, br ez utbbiak, mivel felszn kzeli znrl van, bioturbci nyomn is bekeveredhettek az ledkbe. Kln kell emltst tennnk a pernyeszintnek a V. vezred kezdettl kimutathat szinte folyamatos nvekedsre (114. bra). Ennek nyomn a vizsglt terlet krnyezete az elmlt htezer v sorn folyamatosan lakott volt s az emberi kzssgek ltszma s hatsa a krnyezetkre is folyamatosan emelkedett. Mivel a mintk idbeli felbont kpessge mintegy 300 500 vre tehet, finomabb ciklus, vszzados sklj civilizcis visszaessek s elretrsek nem llapthatk meg a pernyevizsglat nyomn. Viszont egyrtelmen kiemelkedik a ks vaskori kori pernyeszint (114. bra), mert (Carex) and willow (Salix) remains (Fig. 114), and also in the diminishing of reed (Phragmites) and cattail remains. The natural waterside and swamp vegetation was probably transformed by human interference (burning and planting). The alluvium of the valley was used for animal grazing, shading and for planting trees that grow fast (willow) and could be used for many purposes (building, transportation material, firewood). This method of using the alluvium of the Borz Creek can be dated to the end of the Iron Age, to Antiquity and the Migration period. After the Hungarian Conquest period, in the Early Medieval period the use of the alluvium was not sustained. It is proven by the strong decrease in willow remains from the Medieval period. Instead significant amounts of alder (Alnus) remains were found. Based on the expansion of the alder, the human impact significantly decreased on the alluvium during the Medieval period and the alder, which spread rapidly covered the valley. The sixth macrobotanical phase probably evolved at the end of the Medieval period and during the Modern Age. It is strongly connected to the desiccation of the valley and to flood control because the alder, sedge and reed remains decreased in the alluvial sediment, and bushes appeared, which prefer dry climates (blackthorn - Prunus spinosa) (Fig. 114). The modified embedding and preservation environment is also proven by the preserved wood remains; although the presence of the latter in the sediment might have been caused by bioturbation since it is the near-surface zone. We have to mention the almost continuous increase in the level of ash starting at the beginning of th the 5 millennium BC (Fig. 114). According to this, the environment of the study area has been inhabited continuously for the last seven thousand years. The number of inhabitants and their impact on the environment has increased steadily. Since the samples provides chronological notches of 300 to 500 years only, the ash analysis does not make it possible to determine civilisation advancements and halts in a more fine grained manner in terms of centuries.

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VIA 2 az kort kveten, a npvndorls kor folyamn jelents visszaess mutatkozik a pernye mennyisgben. Ennek nyomn a ks vaskori, kori lakossg hatsa kiemelked volt a terleten s valsznleg jelents mrtkben befolysolhattk a vizsglt trsg nvnyzetnek fejldst. A rgszeti adatok s a kronolgiai eredmnyek alapjn egyrtelm, hogy ez a kiemelked emberi hats a fejlett vaseszkzkkel rendelkez keltkhoz, a csszrkorban pedig a romanizlt kelta kzssgekhez kthet. Ugyangy, mint a Krpt-medence ms terletein, ahol a kelta kzssgek megtelepedtek, kimutathat az emberi hatsok rendkvli felersdse, a talajerzi felgyorsulsa, az alluvilis skok feliszapoldsa, a tavak s a parti znjuk feltltdsnek felgyorsulsa, elmocsarasodsa (Jerem et al. 1985, 1986; Willis et al. 1998; Smegi 1999, 2004; Magyari et al. 2002; Jakab et al. 2009). A kelta kzssgek megjelenshez s tevkenysghez kthet krnyezet-talakts olyan erteljes volt, hogy a npvndorls kori visszaesst kveten csak a kzpkorban jelentkezett hasonl pernyemennyisg az ledkben. 11.5.3 A pollenanalitikai vizsglat eredmnyei A frsszelvnybl 52 mintt vizsgltunk meg virgporszem sszettelre. A pollenanyag megtarts az egyes ledktpusokban igen eltr volt, de tlagosan kzepesnek mondhat. Ennek nyomn a szelektv pollenmegrzds csak kisebb mrtkben befolysolhatta a pollen sszettelt, kivve a fels 30 cm-t, ahol vagy egyltaln nem kerlt el pollenanyag, vagy megtartsi llapota kifejezetten rossz volt (115. bra). Ugyanakkor tudnunk kell, hogy az allviumokon felhalmozdott pollenanyag szrmazsi helye bizonytalan, igen erteljesen befolysolja azt a vlgy alakja, a vlgyben kifejldtt patak vzhozama, vzjrs tpusa. gy a pollenanyagban visszatkrzd vltozsok elssorban a regionlis vegetci vltozsaival hozhatk szszefggsben, s csak msodsorban tkrzik viszHowever, the Late Iron Age and Ancient period ash levels clearly stand out (Fig. 114), because after the Ancient period during the Migration period, there is a strong drop in the quantity of ash. We can deduce that the impact of inhabitants in the Late Iron Age and Ancient period was very strong on the area, and they probably significantly affected the vegetation of the study area. Archaeological data and chronological results clearly show that the outstanding human impact is related to the Celts who had sophisticated iron tools, and to the Imperial period, to the Romanised Celtic communities. A strong increase in human impacts is observable here similarly to other areas in the Carpathian Basin where Celtic communities settled. It led to the acceleration of soil erosion, the siltation of alluvial fans, the faster fill up of the shore zones of lakes, leading to their transformation into swamps (Jerem et al. 1985, 1986; Willis et al. 1998; Smegi 1999, 2004; Magyari et al. 2002; Jakab et al. 2009). The environmental transformation, related to the appearance and activity of Celtic communities, was so marked that after the drop in ash quantity in the Migration period only the Medieval period shows similar amounts of ash in the sediments. 11.5.3 The results of the pollen analysis Altogether fifty-two samples from the drilling section were analysed for pollen content. Pollen preservation was quite different in each sediment type but on average it was medium. Based on this, the selective pollen preservation influenced the pollen content only to a small degree, except for the upper 30 cm where pollen material was not found at all or its preservation was very poor (Fig. 115). At the same time we must realise that the origin of the pollen matter deposited on the alluvium is uncertain, and it is greatly influenced by the shape of the valley, and by the water yield and water regime of the creek. Therefore, the changes that are reflected in the pollen material primarily denote the changes in the regional vegetation, and only secondarily present the changes in the local

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 sza a loklis nvnyzeti vltozsokat (Fall 1987; Hall 1989). Ennek oka az, hogy jelents mennyisg hordalkanyaggal szlltott, illetve vzfelsznen sz pollenanyag halmozdik fel az alluvilis ledkben erteljesen mdostva a loklisan felhalmozd pollenanyag sszettelt (Smeg s Bodor 2000; Smegi et al. 2002). A pollenanyag alapjn t nagyobb krnyezettrtneti horizontot lehetett lehatrolni a frsszelvnyben (115. s 116. bra). Az els pollenzna 3 s 1,7 mter kztt fejldtt ki (115. bra). A fs szr nvnyek pollenjeinek alrendelt, mintegy 40 50% krli arnya jellemzi ezt a szintet. A pollenanyagban egyrtelmen a szllel nagy tvolsgra terjedni kpes s a vzben lebegve terjed, szelektven is megrzd, lgzskos pollenek, elssorban a fenyflk (Pinus s Picea, valamint Juniperus taxonok) dominlnak a fs szr vegetciban. Alrendelten fz (Salix), ger (Alnus), nyr (Betula) taxonok pollenjei is megjelennek ebben a szelvnyszakaszban. A pollensszettel vltozsa alapjn kt alznra oszthat. A 3 2 m kztti alzna pollensszettelre egyrtelmen a jgkori vegetcira jellemz nvnyzeti sszettelt rekonstrulhatjuk, mg a 2 1,7 mter kztti horizontban a jelenkor (holocn) kezdetn kialakult vegetcibl szrmaz pollenanyagot sikerlt feltrnunk. A jgkor vgi alzna esetben br viszonylag jelents a fenypollen arny (30 50%), de jelents pollenkibocst kpessge alapjn loklis jelenltre csak 60% feletti pollenarny felett kvetkeztehetnk. gy a viszonylag jelents fenypollen arny inkbb a regionlis (st a fenypollen jelents terjed kpessge eredmnyeknt elssorban globlis) jgkor vgi pollenes sszettelre kvetkeztethetnk, mintsem az egykori loklis vegetci felptsre. A lgyszrak (116. bra), elssorban a fflk (Gramineae), rmflk (Artemisia), llibatopflk (Chenopodiaceae) arnya olyan kimagasl, hogy ennek nyomn egy tundrlis sztyeppei vegetci keverknek a dominancijt rekonstrulhatjuk vegetation. The reason for this is that significant amounts of pollens were deposited in the alluvial sediment, which were carried there by the stream load, or from the surface of the water. These modified the composition of the locally deposited pollen materials (Smegi and Bodor 2000; Smegi et al. 2002). Based on the pollen record five larger environmental historical horizons can be distinguished in the drilling sections (Figs. 115, 116). The first pollen zone developed between 3 and 1.7 metres (Fig. 115). This level is characterised by the subdominance of arboreal plants, as their ratio is only 40 50%. The most dominant in the pollen material are the air sac pollens that can be carried to a long distance by Aeolian processes, float in the water and can be selectively preserved. The dominant ones of the arboreal vegetation are mostly coniferous plants (Pinus, Picea, and Juniperus taxa). Willow (Salix), alder (Alnus) and birch (Betula) taxa are also present in this phase, but in subdominance. It can be divided into two subzones by its pollen composition changes. The pollen composition of the subzone between 3 and 2 metres can be reconstructed to show clearly the vegetation characteristic of the glacial period. The pollens originating from the vegetation that evolved at the beginning of the Holocene was present in the horizon between 2 and 1.7 metres. In the case of the subzone, from the end of the glacial period, the pine pollen concentration is significant (30 50%), but as this plant has a high pollen emission capacity we can consider its local presence only if the pollen concentration exceeds 60%. Therefore, this significant pine pollen concentration does not denote the former local vegetation but rather shows the composition of the regional (and due to the significant spreading speed of the pine pollen, we might call it global) pollen mass at the end of the glacial period. The ratio of herbs (Fig. 116), especially the true grasses (Gramineae), Artemisia species and Chenopodiaceae is so high that on their basis we can reconstruct the vegetation with tundra and steppe

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VIA 2 a vizsglt terleten. Ebben a nylt vegetciban csak alrendelten s foltszeren megjelen hidegtr fkkal s cserjkkel, kzte trpefenykkel (Pinus mugo), lucfenyvel (Picea), borkval (Juniperus), trpe s szrs nyrrel (Betula nana, B. pubescens), valamint alpesi gerrel (Alnus viridis) jellemezhet fs szr vegetci jelenhetett meg. A vzpartokon, elssorban a patakok mentn ssflk (Cypeaceae) terjedtek el. Ez a vegetci sszettel a ks-glacilis folyamn fokozatosan megvltozott, a nylt terletekre jellemz lgyszrak arnya elbb 50%, majd 20% al cskkent s a fenyflk arnya (70%) olyan erteljesen megemelkedett, hogy ennek nyomn egyrtelmen erdei feny (Pinus sylvestris) dominancij loklis fenyvesek jelenltre kvetkeztethetnk. A fenyvesek gerrel, nyrrel, fzzel keverten jelentkeztek, majd a holocn kezdetn mr termomezofil lombos fkkal (tlgy Quercus, szil Ulmus, kris Fraxinus), cserjkkel (mogyor Corylus) elegyesen ltezhettek. A lgyszrakkal bortott trsznek a patakpart mocsaras svjra s a fenyvesekben kialakul termszetes erdtzek nyomn kifejldtt tisztsokra szorultak vissza. A pollensszettel vltozsa alapjn a pleisztocn/holocn hatron kt erdtpus vltsa (erd/erd-vltozs) jtszdott le a vizsglt trsgben, ahol a dnten hidegtr, hidegkedvel elemekbl ll, lazbb szerkezet ks-glacilis kor fenyerd fokozatosan zrdott a holocn kezdetn s egy termomezofil lombos elemekkel kevert erdei feny s nyr dominancival jellemezhet fenyerd vette t a helyt. Ez a jelenkor kezdetn kifejldtt fenyerd egszen a Kr. e. IX. vezredig borthatta a vizsglt kistjat s az elemzett allviumot, majd a felmelegeds hatsra a fenyelemek kiszorultak a loklis vegetcibl s zrt szerkezet lombos fkbl ll ligeterd, a pollensszettel alapjn valsznleg tlgy szil kris kemnyfs ligeterd borthatta az elemzs al vont vlgyet. A magasabb, szrazabb trszneken zrt tlgyerdk alakulhattak ki ebben az idhorizontban jelents mogyorcserje bortssal. Ez az erdtpus emberi hatsoktl szinte mixture dominance. In this open vegetation arboreal plants could have been present only in patches and in subdominance. These arboreals were cryotolerant trees and shrubs, including coniferous plants like Pinus mugo, spruce (Picea), juniper (Juniperus), dwarf birch (Betula nana) and pubescent birch, (B. pubescens), and alpine alder (Alnus viridis). Arundinaceous plants (Cypeaceae) prevailed at the watersides, especially along creeks. This vegetation composition gradually changed during the late glacial period. The ratio of herbaceous plants characteristic of open areas first decreased below 50%, then below 20%. At the same time the ratio of coniferous plants increased (70%) so markedly that on the bases of this we can clearly deduce the presence of local pine forests with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) dominance. The pine forests were mixed with alder, birch and willow; and by the beginning of the Holocene period the vegetation extended by thermomesophil deciduous trees (oak Quercus, elm Ulmus, ash Fraxinus) and shrubs (hazel Corylus). The regions inhabited by herbaceous plants shrank to the swampy watersides of creeks and to the glades of coniferous forests, which were created by natural forest fires. Based on the pollen composition one type of forest changed into another type (forest/forest change) at the time of the Pleistocene and Holocene transition in the study area. The loosely structured late glacial coniferous forest, consisting of mostly cryotolerant and cryophil elements, gradually shrank at the beginning of the Holocene period, and in its place another type of coniferous forest emerged, mixed with thermomesophil deciduous elements with Scots pine and birch dominance. This coniferous forest that evolved at the beginning of the Holocene probably covered the study area and the alluvium under examination until the 9th millennium BC. Due to warming these coniferous elements slowly disappeared from the local vegetation, and a closely structured deciduous grove forest took its place in the valley. Based on the pollen composition it was probably a hardwood forest consisting of oak, elm and ash. On a

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 mentesnek tekinthet, br a mogyor (Corylus) s az iszalag (Clematis vitalba) jelents dominancija nyomn felmerl a lehetsge annak, hogy a neolit termel gazdlkods kialakulsa eltt, a mezolitikum sorn is jelents hatssal lehettek az emberi kzssgek az erdei krnyezetre. Ugyanis a napfnykedvel, szeglyvegetciban terjed mogyor (Corylus) jelents dominanciacscsai alapjn, valamint a tlgy (Quercus) pollenarnynak prhuzamos s ciklikus cskkense nemcsak a vizsglt szelvnynkben, hanem a Krpt-medence tbb pontjn is kimutathat, pldul az szaki-kzphegysgben, ahol a kisebb pernyecscsoknak a maximumai (Willis et al. 1997) a tlgy (Quercus) pollen mennyisgnek visszaessvel s a mogyor (Corylus) mennyisgnek nvekedsvel mutatnak sszefggst Kr. e. 7000 6000 kztt. Ugyanakkor hasonl vltozsokat lehetett kimutatni ms szak-alfldi, kzphegysgi lelhelyek esetben is (Smegi 1998, 1999, 2000, 2004). Amerikai, ausztrliai (Mellars 1976) s nyugat-eurpai pldk (Evans 1975) alapjn tudjuk, hogy a mezolit szinten l vadszgyjtget npek tbbfle clbl (vadszat, szeglyzna kiterjeszts, tborhely s vadszott csordallatok tereltjainak kialaktsa) is hasznltk az erdgetst (Smith 1970; Clark 1972, 1988; Clark et al. 1989; Bennett et al. 1992). A vizsglt terleten a mezolitikum vgn elkezddtt, tudatosnak is tekinthet krnyezet-talaktsok kzl kiemelkedik a szeglyvegetci, a mozaikos erdei krnyezet kialaktsra trekvs, mert ez az erdk szeglyn l, napfnykedvel mogyor terjedst nagymrtkben elsegtette (Smith 1970; Behre 1988). Br mg nincsenek archaeobotanikai adatok a magyarorszgi mezolit lelhelyekrl a mogyor gyjtsrl, de a nyugat-eurpai mezolit lelhelyeken megfigyelt gyjtgetsi stratgia s az erdgets/mogyor pollen mennyisgnek nvekedse kztt, gy tnik, sszefggs van (Smith 1970). Az rkzld, takarmnyknt is felhalmozhat, tprtkt szrts utn is jelents mrtkben megrz borostyn linjainak, leveleinek begyjtse s felhalmozsa pedig az idszakos llattartshoz (Price 1987; Bnffy 2004), a vadszat higher altitude, on drier soils, closed oak forests might have evolved in this time horizon with significant hazel shrub presence. This forest type can be considered to be free of human impacts but based on the significant dominance of hazel (Corylus) and clematis (Clematis vitalba) it is also possible that human communities might have had a significant effect on the forest environment during the Mesolithic, before the development of Neolithic agriculture. The dominance of photophil and edge vegetation, hazel (Corylus) and the parallel and cyclic decrease in oak (Quercus) pollen ratio is not only present in the study area but at many other locations in the Carpathian Basin, for instance in the North Hungarian Range, where the maxima of smaller ash peaks (Willis et al. 1997) show a relationship between the decrease in oak (Quercus) pollens and the increase in hazel (Corylus) between 7000 and 6000 BC. Similar changes are detected in the case of other sites situated in the north Great Hungarian Plain and in the midmountains (Smegi 1998, 1999, 2000, 2004). We know by American, Australian (Mellars 1976) and western European examples (Evans 1975) that hunter-gatherer societies in the Mesolithic employed forest burning for many purposes (for hunting, to expand the edge zone, to create camp sites and to detour the animal herds to be hunted) (Smith 1970; Clark 1972, 1988; Clark et al. 1989; Bennett et al. 1992). The attempt to create edge vegetation and a mosaic forest environment stands out of other attempts to change the environment. It started at the end of the Mesolithic in the study area and can be considered to be deliberate. This process helped significantly the extension of photophil hazel, which prefers to live at the margins of forests (Smith 1970; Behre 1988). Although there are no archaeobotanical data available from Hungarian Mesolithic sites regarding the gathering of hazel, it seems that there is a connection between the gathering strategies observed at western European Mesolithic sites and the increase in forest burning/hazel pollen quantity (Smith 1970).

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VIA 2 alkalmval befogott s tli idszakban borostynnal etetett, majd a tl vgn a tpllkhinyos idszakban levgott nvnyev llatok tartsra is alkalmas volt. Ezt a tevkenysget tmasztja al tbbek kztt a kelemri Mohosok pollenszelvnynek korbbi elemzse is, ahol a szil s a kris pollen ks mezolit kor ciklikus visszaesse alapjn (Magyari et al. 2002) a lombjuk szelektv gyjtsre s levltakarmnyknt trtn felhasznlsra, a lombetets kialakulsra kvetkeztettnk (Heybroek 1963; Smegi et al. 2008). Hasonl folyamatokat trtak fel ms nyugat-dunntli pollenelemzsek sorn is (Ilon et al. 2005; Bnffy et al. 2009). Ennek nyomn nem zrhatjuk ki, hogy a borostynt, hasonlan, mint a nyugateurpai kora-holocn kor zrt erdei terleteken lt mezolit kzssgeknl megfogalmaztk, itt az Alpokaljn is lombetetsre hasznltk a terleten lt mezolit kzssgek. gy a kora-holocn, felteheten a IX. vezredtl kialakul mrskeltvi serdkben is mr jelents hatssal lehetettek az emberi kzssgek. A ks mezolitikum sorn elkezddtt s tudatosnak tekinthet, a vizsglt terleten is kimutathat, vegetcivltozst, a mozaikos erdei krnyezet ltrehozst okoz emberi tevkenysgnek igen nagy a jelentsge, mert azt bizonytja, hogy a mezolitikum msodik felben a Krpt-medencben l vadsz halsz gyjtget npcsoportok eljutottak az n. szubsztitucis fzisba (Zvelebil s RowleyConwy 1986). Vagyis a sajt, aktv beavatkozsaik nyomn felhalmozott ismereteik rvn nyitott vltak az lelmiszertermelsi, a produktv gazdlkodsi tapasztalatok tvtelre (Zvelebil 1986). Ezt tmasztjk al a dunntli kora neolit lelhelyek Bnffy Eszter (2004) rgsz ltal vgzett legjabb elemzsek is. A vizsglt terleten a IX. vezredben kifejldtt s minimlis, csak vszakosan jelentkez emberi hatsokkal befolysolt fejlds erdtpus s lgyszrakkal, kztk harmatksval, gyknnyel s nddal bortott patakparti terlet a radiokarbon vizsglat alapjn egszen a The gathering and accumulation of ivy (Hedera) stems and leaves seem to be related to seasonal animal keeping (Price 1987; Bnffy 2004). The evergreen ivy could be used as forage as it is high in nutrients even after drying. It was adequate to feed the animals that were caught during hunting, and at the end of winters when food was scarce these animals could be slaughtered. This activity is supported, among other data, by the pollen section analysis of the Kelemr Mohos. We assume the selective gathering of leaves of elm and ash by the cyclic drop in their pollen amounts in the Late Mesolithic (Magyari et al. 2002). The leaves could have been used as forage to feed the animals (Heybroek 1963; Smegi et al. 2008). Similar processes were discovered by other pollen analyses from western Transdanubia (Ilon et al. 2005; Bnffy et al. 2009). For this reason we cannot rule out that ivy was used by the Mesolithic communities that once lived at the foreland of the Eastern Alps to feed animals with foraged leaves, similarly to other western European Mesolithic communities that lived in the closed forest areas of the Early Holocene. It means that human communities might have had a significant impact on the temperate virgin forests that evolved in the Early Holocene, th assumable from the 9 millennium BC. This deliberate human activity that started at the end of the Late Mesolithic is very significant and it could be observed in the study area. This process created a mosaic forest environment and resulted in vegetation change. It proves that the hunting, gathering and fishing human communities that lived in the Carpathian Basin in the second half of the Mesolithic period reached the so-called substitution phase (Zvelebil and Rowley-Conwy 1986). That is, by the accumulated knowledge from their own active interference they opened up to utilise food producing and productive agricultural experiences (Zvelebil 1986). This is also supported by the newest research of archaeologist Eszter Bnffy (2004) regarding Early Neolithic sites in Transdanubia. The evolution of this forest type in the study area th in the 9 millennium BC was affected only in a sea-

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 megkzeltleg a VI. vezred vgig, V. vezred kezdetig szinte vltozatlanul fennmaradt a vizsglt terleten. Ekkor viszont az erdei krnyezetet ignyl nvnyek pollenarnynak cskkense mellett gabonapollenek, valamint gyomvegetcit jelz virgporszemek jelentek meg a szelvnyben, gy 120 centimtertl a felszn fel a lombos fk dominancijval jellemezhet kora holocn erdslt terlet erteljesen megvltozhatott. A taposs, bolygats, legeltets s fldmvels hatsra terjed gyomok (Plantago, Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae) jelentek meg a szelvnyen bell, majd jelents arnyban megjelentek a gabonapollenek, a nyitottabb krnyezetet kedvel csoportok arnya (ssflk Cyperaceae, pfrnyflk Pteridophyta) fokozatosan megemelkedett. Ezt az egyrtelmen emberi hatsra kialakult nvnyzeti vltozst a neolit letmd kialakulsval, a neolitizcival hozhatjuk sszefggsbe. Ugyanakkor a zanati pollenadatok mr jelents eltrst mutatnak a korbban feldolgozott szelvnyek alapjn rekonstrult emberi hatsokhoz kpest (Willis et al. 1995, 1997, 1998; Smegi 1998, 1999; Smegi et al. 1999). A zanati pollen adatok nem fokozatos vltozst, fokozatos letmd talakulst tkrznek vissza a neolitikum sorn, hanem gyors s erteljes terjedst a nvnytermesztsnek s/vagy az llattenysztsnek. Ez abbl a szempontbl j elem, hogy nem mutathat erteljes preneolit hats, illetve neolitizci kezdetn kialakult ksrletez szakasz, mintha az itt megtelepedett fldmvel kultra mr kialakultan rkezett volna a terletre s megtelepeds, nem pedig kultra-talakuls jellemezte volna a vizsglt terleten a neolitizci folyamatt. A szelvnyben kimutathat vltozsok elssorban a mezlaki szelvnnyel (Ilon et al. 2005), valamint ms kisalfldi pollenszelvnyekkel (Juhsz 2007c) prhuzamosthatk. gy tnik, hogy a Krpt-medence neolitizcija sorn tbbfle alternatv trend is kialakulhatott, nemcsak a helyben l mezolit s bevndorolt neolit kzssgek kztti bizonytott mezolit alapsonal way and minimally by humans, and remained basically the same until the end of the 6th and the th beginning of the 5 millennia BC, based on radiocarbon data. This forest type was supplemented by herbaceous plants, including glyceria, cattail and reed at the watersides. Besides the decrease in pollen quantity of plants requiring forested environment, cereal pollens and weed vegetation pollens appeared in the sediment section from 120 cm towards the surface, indicating that the Early Holocene forest area dominated by deciduous plants changed significantly. Weeds (Plantago, Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae) appeared in the section as a result of treading, disturbance, animal grazing and land cultivation, and significant amounts of cereal pollens appeared. The ratio of groups favouring open areas (arundinaceous plants Cyperaceae, ferns Pteridophyta) gradually increased. This vegetation change was clearly brought about by human impacts, and is related to the development of the Neolithic lifestyle, the Neolithisation. At the same time the pollen data of Zanat show a significant difference from the sections analysed earlier in terms of the reconstruction of human impacts (Willis et al. 1995, 1997, 1998; Smegi 1998, 1999; Smegi et al. 1999). The pollen data of Zanat do not show a gradual change in lifestyle and environment in the Neolithic, but reflect a quick and marked expansion of agriculture and/or animal keeping. A new element from this point of view is that considerable Pre-Neolithic effects or the trial-and-error phase from the beginning of the Neolithisation is not observable. It seems that a developed land cultivating culture settled in the area, and the Neolithisation process was not characterised by culture changing. The changes observed in the analysed sediment section can be paralleled with the section from Mezlak (Ilon et al. 2005) and with other pollen sections (Juhsz 2007c) from the Little Hungarian Plain. It seems that during the Neolithisation in the Carpathian Basin many alternative trends might have evolved, and not only the acculturation processes between the local Mesolithic inhabitants and the migrated

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VIA 2 lakossg nlkl egyelre csak felttelezett akkulturcis folyamat. A 100 cm krl kialakult erteljes emberi hatst egyelre radiokarbon adatok nlkl a kzps neolitkor szintjvel, a Dunntli vonaldszes kermia kultrjnak kialakulsval szinkronizltuk s felttelezett kort Kr. e. 5500 5000 cal v kzttinek tartjuk ms dunntli lelhelyeken mrt radiokarbon korok alapjn (Ilon et al. 2006). A szelvny kifejldse nyomn a neolit, rz- s bronzkori termel gazdlkods elklntsre nem nylt lehetsg, ezrt az 1,2 0,8 mter kztti, termel gazdlkodsi szintet skori nvnytermesztsi s llattenysztsi horizontknt, skori termelsi szintknt tudtuk elklnteni. Kiemelked jelentsg, hogy ennek a szintnek a kifejldse sorn a bkk (Fagus) s gyertyn (Carpinus) pollenarny nvekedst figyelhetjk meg. Mindkt nvnynl a hazai palinolgusok (Juhsz 2001; Magyari 2001) migrcis folyamatokkal magyarzzk ennek a kt fajhoz tartoz pollenhorizont idtranszgresszis kifejldst a Krpt-medencben. St, mindkt hazai palinolgus (Juhsz 2001; Magyari 2001) a szlovniai bkk refgiumbl szrmaztatja a Krpt-medencebeli bkkerdket, s ebbl az egyetlen refgiumbl trtn kiramlssal magyarztk a dunntli, az szaki-kzphegysgi, valamint az alfldi bkksk eredett. Ezt az egyetlen centrumbl trtn bkk kolonizcis modellt szinte a megjelense pillanatban lehetett cfolni a radiokarbon adatokkal korolt ks-glacilis s kora-holocn kor balatoni, nagybrknyi pollenadatokkal (Smegi 2005, 2007; Jakab et al. 2009; Smegi et al. 2009b) s szintn radiokarbon adatokkal korolt ks-glacilis kor rejteki (Smegi 2007) s a kora-holocn kor alfldi (btorligeti) bkk faszn (Smegi 2004) adatok nyomn. gy az sem vletlen, hogy a bkk (s a gyertyn) pollen megjelense a vizsglt terleten s szelvnyben is jval korbbi, mint azt a bkk kolonizcis modell alapjn vrhat lenne s ezek az adatok jl prhuzamosthatak az Alpokalja osztrk oldaln, valamint BurgenNeolithic communities can be accounted for. This is only a supposition until the existence of Mesolithic inhabitants is proven. The considerable human impact at around 100 cm is correlated, at present without radiocarbon data, with the Middle Neolithic, the development of the Transdanubian Linear Pottery culture. Its supposed age is between 5500 5000 cal BC by radiocarbon dating of other sites in Transdanubia (Ilon et al. 2006). In considering the development of the section it was not possible to distinguish the agriculture of the Neolithic, Copper and Bronze Ages, therefore the level between 1.2 and 0.8 metres was defined as a Prehistoric agricultural and animal keeping horizon, which is a Prehistoric producing level. The pollen ratio increase in beech (Fagus) and hornbeam (Carpinus) in this level has a high significance. Hungarian palinologists (Juhsz 2001; Magyari 2001) explain the time transgressional development of the pollen horizon of both species in the Carpathian Basin with migration processes. Furthermore both Hungarian palinologists (Juhsz 2001; Magyari 2001) originate the beech forests of the Carpathian Basin from the beech refugium of Slovenia, meaning that the origin of beech forests in Transdanubia, the North Hungarian Range and the Great Hungarian Plain resulted from this single Slovenian refugium. This one-centred beech colonisation model could be refused almost in the first moment it appeared by the radiocarbon dating of late glacial and Early Holocene pollen data of the Lake Balaton and Nagybrkny (Smegi 2005, 2007; Jakab et al. 2009; Smegi et al. 2009b) and also by the late glacial Rejtek (Smegi 2007) and Early Holocene Great Hungarian Plain (at Btorliget) beech charcoal data (Smegi 2004), both with radiocarbon dating. The appearance of beech (and hornbeam) pollen in the study area and in the section is much earlier than it could be expected by the beech colonisation model. These data are well-paralleled with the results of pollen analyses carried out in the Austrian side of the foreland of the Eastern Alps and in Burgenland (Drescher-Schneider 2004). The refugium

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 landban (Drescher-Schneider 2004) vgzett pollenvizsglatok eredmnyeivel. Valsznsthet, hogy a bkkfa jgkor vgi refgiuma tbb diffz foltbl llt a Szlovniai Alpok eltertl kezdden az Alpokaljn keresztl egszen a Dunntli kzphegysg dli peremig s ezen prenorikumi s preillrikumi refugilis trsg mellett a Krptmedence keleti rszn szintn diffz foltokbl ll nll bkk refgium ltezhetett, mind az szakikzphegysgben, mind az Erdlyi szigethegysg keleti oldaln (Smegi 2004, 2007). A neolitikum sorn kifejldtt s egszen a vaskor msodik felig fennmarad, mr jelents emberi hatsokkal terhelt nvnyzet a Kr. e. 5. szzadban alakult t. A fs szr nvnyzetbl szrmaz pollenanyag drasztikus visszaesse, a lgy szr pollenanyag erteljes elretrse jellemzi ezt a horizontot (80 cm-tl a felszn fel haladva). A lgy szr vegetciban az irtvnyokon, taposott terleteken, szntfldek, utak, legelk mentn terjed gyomok (tif, keserf, lrum, rmflk, libatopflk) dominancija kiemelked lett (116. bra), prhuzamosan a gabona, valamint a mrgez anyagokat tartalmaz boglrkaflk (Ranunculus) pollenarnynak nvekedsvel. A mrgez anyag tartalm boglrkaflk elretrse ebben a pollenhorizontban nem vletlen, mivel a legeltetett rtri terleteken ezek a nvnyek a szelektv fennmarads kvetkeztben elszaporodnak, s a hosszan tart legeltets nyomn dominns nvnyekk vlhatnak. A lgyszrak, elssorban a gyomok elretrse mellett kimutathat volt a fenyflk arnynak nvekedse (115. bra) is, s ismt megjelent a jgkor vgn eltnt borkafeny (Juniperus) pollen a szelvnyben. Ezen vltozsok rtelmezsnl ismeretesek olyan vlemnyek is, a fenyflk ks vaskori, csszrkori arnynak nvekedsvel kapcsolatban, hogy az egsz kontinensre kiterjed fejlett kori agrrium kifejldsvel prhuzamosan visszaszorultak a lombos fk (Willis 1994; Smegi s Bodor 2000). gy a magasabb trsznen, illetve szak-eurpai, mezgazdasgi szempontbl marginlis terleteken l, fenyflk pollenarnya a levegben relatve jelentsebb vlhatott, ezrt of beech at the end of the glacial period probably consisted of many diffused patches, starting at the foreland of the Alps in Slovenia through the foreland of the Eastern Alps, all the way to the southern foreland of the Transdanubian Mountain Range. Besides this Praenoricum and Praeillyricum refugium region another independent beech refugium may have existed in diffuse patches in the eastern part of the Carpathian Basin, in the North Hungarian Range and in the eastern side of the Munii Apuseni (Smegi 2004, 2007). The vegetation that evolved in the Neolithic and prevailed until the second half of the Iron Age, significantly affected by humans, underwent changes th in the 5 century BC. Pollen records of arboreal plants drastically dropped in this horizon, and pollens of herbaceous plants increased strongly (from 80 cm towards the surface). The dominance of weeds (Plantago sp., Polygonum sp., Artemisia sp., Chenopodium sp.) spreading in clearings, treaded areas, cultivated lands, roads and grazing fields was considerable in this period (Fig. 116). At the same time the pollen ratio of cereals and buttercups (Ranunculus), the latter containing poisonous substances increased. The increase in Ranunculus sp. containing poisonous substances in this pollen horizon is caused by their dominance due to animal grazing at the alluvial fans. These plants proliferate since their selective preservation. Besides the increase in herbaceous plants, especially weeds, the increase in coniferous ratio is also present (Fig. 115), and the juniper (Juniperus) pollen that disappeared at the end of the glacial period showed up again in the section. With regards to these changes there are assumptions considering that the increase in coniferous plants in the Late Iron Age and in the Imperial period suggest that the number of deciduous trees decreased strongly due to the development of Ancient agriculture, which involved the entire continent (Willis 1994; Smegi and Bodor 2000). Therefore, the pollen ratio of coniferous plants in the air might have increased due to that the pines inhabited higher altitudes and northern European areas, which are marginal from the agricultural point

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VIA 2 tallhatunk a vaskor vgn, a keltk megtelepedst kveten, valamint a csszrkorban jelentsebb arny fenypollen megjelenst, mint a korbbi vszzadokban. gy a fenyflk elretrsnek nem klimatikus oka volt, hanem Eurpa lombos erdei vezetnek egszre kiterjed emberi hatsok nyomn alakulhatott ki ez a pollensszettel. Ezeknek a fajoknak a rmai kori elretrse sszefggst mutat az kor egyik legfejlettebb mezgazdasgnak kibontakozsval s szinte egsz Dl-, Kzps Nyugat-Eurpra trtn kiterjedsvel, a lombos fk kivgsval, visszaszortsval, az szakeurpai borelis, tlevel erdk pollenjnek levegbeli egyeduralmval, a ks vaskori s csszrkori eurpai pollenes sszettelvel. Ezek a Borz-pataki alluvilis szelvnyben kimutatott vltozsok is jl szinkronizlhatk a velemi, mezlaki szelvnyekben (Ilon et al. 2005) a ks vaskorban, csszrkorban kimutathat vltozsokkal s a Fert-t krnykn a keltk megtelepedsvel kezdd erdirtsokkal (Jerem et al. 1985, 1986). Kiemelked jelentsg a szl-, s dipollenek (Vitis s Juglans) megjelense (115. bra) a vizsglt szelvny ks vaskori szintjben, mert ez a kt nvny a ks vaskori kertkultra szerves rsze volt, s ezek a zanati pollenadatok megerstik, hogy a csszrkorban a Dunntlon kiterjed bza szl di (s szeldgesztenye) termnyeken alapul szubmediterrn jelleg mezgazdasg (Smegi et al. 2008) Szombathely (Savaria) krnyezetben is a kelta kertkultrban gykerezett. A csszrkort kvet pollenhorizontban a di eltnik, a szl, a gabona, br eltr mrtkben, de visszaszorul, a fsszrak pollenjei kzl a nyr, fz, az ger, gyertyn arnya megemelkedik. Ugyanakkor a legeltets, taposs hatsra terjed gyomok jelents arnya is fennmarad, st a ssflk s a boglrkaflk arnya tovbb emelkedik. Ezek a vltozsok bizonyos mrtkig egybe esnek a makrobotanikai vltozsokkal s a gazdlkods megvltozst, az llattenyszts eltrbe kerlst s az allvium hasznlatnak felhagyst, a gyorsabban nvekv, sokfle cllal felhasznlof view. For this reason the presence of coniferous pollens was more significant at the end of the Iron Age, after the appearance of the Celts, and in the Imperial period, than in the previous centuries. Based on this, the more significant presence of coniferous plants was not caused by climatic changes but by the human impacts on the deciduous forests in Europe. It resulted in this pollen composition. The increase in these species in the Imperial period shows a relationship with the development of one of the most advanced agricultures of the Ancient period. This agriculture spread into Southern, Central and Western Europe as well. It also shows connection with the cutting of deciduous forests, the dominance of airborne pollens of the boreal coniferous forests of Northern Europe, and with the composition of pollen clouds of the Late Iron Age and the Imperial period. The changes observed in the section from the alluvium of the Borz Creek are also well-correlated with the changes in the Late Iron Age and in the Imperial period observed in the sections of Velem and Mezlak (Ilon et al. 2005), and also with the forest cuttings around the Fert Lake starting with the settlement of the Celts (Jerem et al. 1985, 1986). In the Late Iron Age level of the section the presence of grape vine and walnut (Vitis and Juglans) has a high significance (Fig. 115) as these plants were vital parts of Late Iron Age garden culture, and this part of the pollen data of Zanat support the theory that the Submediterranean garden culture based on wheat, grape vine and walnut (and chestnut) that was widespread in the Transdanubian region in the Imperial period (Smegi et al. 2008) originated from the Celtic garden culture in the vicinity of Szombathely (Savaria). In the pollen horizon, following the Imperial period, the walnut disappeared; the grape vine and cereals decreased although to different degrees, and the arboreal pollen ratio of birch, willow, alder and hornbeam increased. At the same time the significant ratio of weeds prevailed, due to treading and animal grazing, and the ratio of Cyperaceae and Ranunculaceae kept increasing. These changes coincide, to a certain degree, with the macrobot-

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 hat fk rtren trtn meghagyst, terjedst jelzik. A pollensszettel nyomn a terlet intenzv tjhasznlata lecskkent s klterjes llattarts, a rvidtv haszonnal kecsegtet fafajtk eltrbe kerlse zajlott a terleten a npvndorls korban. Ugyanez a tendencia folytatdik a kzpkori pollenhorizontban is, de a hosszabb tv erdgazdlkodsi gondolkods tkrzdik vissza a gyertyn (Carpinus) elretrse s a tlgy (Quercus) arnynak stabilizcija alapjn. A pollensszettel alapjn a kzpkor folyamn rtek, kaszlk, szntk, erdk, ligeterdk mozaikosan helyezkedhettek el a vizsglt trsgben s az egyes mozaikok kiterjedse, legalbbis a kora kzpkor folyamn, stabil lehetett, mert a pollenanyagban nem mutathat ki drasztikus vltozs. A vzi, vzparti nvnyek maradvnyai alapjn az rtren kiterjedt ndas, gyknyes, ssos, geres s fzes zna is kialakulhatott. A kora kzpkornl fiatalabb pollenhorizontot a kiszradt felszn kzeli rtegek pollensterilitsa kvetkeztben nem lehetett vizsglni a Borzpatak allviumn mlytett szelvny esetben. Az allviumon mlytett szelvny, br a kisebb mret tavakkal s lpokkal szemben jelents bizonytalansgot hordoz, de a regionlis pollenvltozsokkal jl szinkronizlhat esemnyeket rztt meg s megerstette a korbbi pollenvizsglatok eredmnyeit a jgkor vgi, jelenkor kezdeti ghajlati vltozsok ltal irnytott termszetes nvnyvltozsokrl, az skori, kori, npvndorls kori s kzpkori nvnytermesztsrl s vegetci talaktsrl. 11.5.4 A malakolgiai vizsglat eredmnyei A 22 ledkmintbl, mintnknt mintegy 100 3 cm ledkbl kiiszapolt Mollusca fauna 22 faj (10 vzi s 10 szrazfldi csiga-, valamint kt kagyltaxon) 304 egyedbl llt. Mivel a mintnknti egyedszm alatta maradt a statisztikai minimumnak, ezrt elssorban a fauna ltalnos sszettele s nem az egyes fajok dominancia viszonyai alapjn vontunk le kvetkeztetseket. A fauna anical changes and denote the change in agriculture. Animal keeping became more characteristic, the use of the alluvium ceased. The fast growing trees, used for several purposes, are prevailing at the alluvial fans. Based on the pollen composition, the intensive land use of the area decreased, and extensive animal keeping became prominent. Arboreal species with short term benefit came to the forefront in the area during the Migration period. The same tendency continued in the Medieval pollen horizon but long term sylvicultural consideration is more reflected here by the stabilisation in the ratio of hornbeam (Carpinus) and oak (Quercus). Based on the pollen composition the location of meadows, fields, ploughing fields, forests and groves were mosaic-like in the study area, and the extensiveness of the mosaics must have been stable at least during the Medieval period as there are no drastic changes in the pollen material. The remains of aquatic and waterside plants denote an alluvial zone with extensive reed, sedge, cattail, alder and grassy vegetation. It was not possible to observe pollen horizons younger than Medieval due to the pollen sterility of the desiccated upper layers in the section of the alluvium of the Borz Creek. The section of the alluvium preserved events, which are well-correlated with regional pollen changes although it carries some uncertainty with regards to smaller lakes and swamps. The finds support the results of earlier pollen analyses regarding the natural vegetation changes caused by the climatic changes at the end of the last glaciation and at the beginning of the Holocene; and the agriculture and vegetation change in the Prehistoric, Ancient, Migration and Medieval periods. 11.5.4 The results of the malacological analysis The mollusc fauna was flotated out of twenty-two sediment samples, each sample was about 100 cm3, consisted of three hundred four pieces of twenty-two species (10 aquatic and 10 terrestrial mollusc, and 2 mussel taxa). Since the number of specimens in each sample remained below the statistical minimum, we

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VIA 2 vltozsai alapjn 4 malakolgiai szintet lehetett elklnteni. Az els malakolgiai zna megkzeltleg 3 s 2 mter kztt hzdik (117. s 118. bra). A faunban a jgkor vgn elterjedt hidegtr s hidegkedvel faunaelemek, mint a Bithynia leachi, Valvata pulchella, Anisus leucostoma, Succinea oblonga, Trichia hispida jelentek meg. A ksr faunban kiemelhet a mozg vzre jellemz Unio crassus (tompa folyvzi kagyl) jelenlte, valamint a mocsarak, rterek peremn l jelents trkpessg Lymneidae, Planorbidae taxonok jelenlte. 2 1 mter kztt a fauna sszettele megvltozott, a hidegkedvel s hidegtr karakterelemek visszaszorultak s eltntek s egy tg kolgiai trshatrral rendelkez, n. euryk elemekbl ll Mollusca fauna alakult ki a terleten, amely nedves tocsogkban, sekly parti vizekben, patakokban, patakpartokon, mocsarakban s lpokban egyarnt megtallhat. A malakofauna dnt rszt mg a szennyezett s nvnyzettel bevont vizekben is meglni kpes vzi fajok (Lymnaea palustris, Planorbarius corneus, Planorbis planorbis, Anisus spirorbis) alkottk. A szrazfldi faunban az ersen higrofil, vzparti s vzben l nvnyek szrn, leveln l borostynkcsiga, az Oxyloma elegans jelentkezett szmottev arnyban. 1 mtertl a fauna jellege fokozatosan megvltozott, a vzi fajok arnya drasztikusan lecskkent s a szrazfldi fajok, elssorban a nedves mocsaras rtekre jellemz elemek (Carychium minimum, Succinea putris) arnya vlt dominnss. A fauna vltozsa nyomn a vlgy feltltdse, elmocsarasodsa felgyorsult s valsznsthet, hogy a krnyez, magasabban fekv terletekrl erodldott ledk, elssorban jelents szerves anyag tartalm talaj halmozdott fel a vlgytalpon ebben a horizontban. A radiokarbon vizsglatok alapjn ez a malakofauna alapjn rekonstrulhat feliszapolds a ks vaskorban s a csszrkorban jtszdott le. focused on the general composition of the fauna, and not on the correlation of dominant species. Based on the changes in the fauna four malacological horizons were distinguished. The first malacological zone is approximately between 3 and 2 metres (Figs. 117, 118). Cryotolerant and cryophil fauna elements, widespread at the end of the last glaciation, appeared in the fauna like Bithynia leachi, Valvata pulchella, Anisus leucostoma, Succinea oblonga and Trichia hispida. The presence of Unio crassus characteristic of flowing water can be pointed out in the accompanying fauna, and also the presence of Lymnaeidae and Planorbidae taxa. These live in the margin area of swamps and flood lands and have high resilience. The composition of the fauna changed between 2 and 1 metres. The cryophil and cryotolerant character elements disappeared, and another fauna evolved in the area. It is a mollusc fauna, consisting of the so-called euryok elements, which have high ecological tolerance and can be found in puddles, shallow shoreline waters, in creeks, on watersides, swamps and moors as well. The greatest part of the malacofauna consisted of aquatic species (Lymnaea palustris, Planorbarius corneus, Planorbis planorbis, Anisus spirorbis) capable of living in polluted and vegetation covered waters. Significant amounts of the hygrophil Oxyloma elegans were present in the terrestrial fauna. It lives on the stems and leaves of plants living on the waterside or in the water. The characteristics of the fauna gradually changed towards the surface from 1 metre. The ratio of aquatic species dropped drastically and terrestrial species became dominant especially those characteristic of wet marshlands (Carychium minimum, Succinea putris). By the changes in the fauna the alluviation and waterlogging of the valley accelerated. Probably large amounts of sediments, mostly soil with significant organic content, eroded from the surrounding area, which situated in higher altitudes, and were deposited on the valley floor in this horizon. Based on radiocarbon data this siltation, which is reconstructed by the malacofauna, took place in the Late Iron Age and in the Imperial period.

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 A csszrkort kveten is megvltozott a faunakp, az allviumnak az ltalunk vizsglt szakaszn megjelentek a xeromezofil fajok (Cepaea vindobonensis, Helix pomatia, Vallonia costata) s fokozatosan a fauna meghatroz rszt alkottk. A ksr faunban, alrendelten a nedves rtekre jellemz fajok (borostynkcsigk Succinidae s a Perforatella rubiginosa) is fennmaradtak, a vzi fajok szinte teljesen kiszorultak a terletrl (117. s 118. bra). A malakofauna alapjn az allvium lvilga a csszrkort kveten szinte teljesen talakult s valsznleg a gyors feltltds hatsra egy ciklikusan kiszrad rtri erd s rt faunjv alakult t. A nylt s zrt vegetcit kedvel s ciklikus kiszradst is elvisel malakofauna elemek egyms melletti megjelense nyomn egy mozaikos szerkezet, erd s rtfoltokbl ll nvnyzetet rekonstrulhatunk a Borz-patak allviumn a csszrkort kveten, ahol a ligeterd mr sehol sem alkotott zrt llomnyt. The fauna changed again following the Imperial period. Xeromesophil species (Cepaea vindobonensis, Helix pomatia, Vallonia costata) appeared on the alluvium presently examined and they gradually became the determinant part of the fauna. Succinidae and Perforatella rubiginosa characteristic of marshlands were also preserved in the accompanying fauna although in subdominance. The aquatic species almost completely disappeared from the area (Figs. 117, 118). Based on the malacofauna, the fauna of the alluvium almost completely changed following the Imperial period. Probably due to the quick alluviation it became the fauna of an alluvial forest and meadow that dried out periodically. Based on the malacofauna elements, favouring open and closed vegetation and resilient to cyclic desiccations, on the alluvium of the Borz Creek we can reconstruct a vegetation with mosaic structure, consisting of forest and meadow patches after the Imperial period. Grove forests did not form a closed entity by this time.

11.6 A zanati rgszeti lelhely objektumaibl kiemelt mintkon vgzett vizsglatok eredmnyei
Nfrdi Katalin, Smegi Pl, Trcsik Tnde

11.6 Results of the analysis of samples from the features of Zanat archaeological site
Katalin Nfrdi, Pl Smegi, Tnde Trcsik

Archaeobotanikai vizsglat eredmnyei A zanati elkerl t rgszeti feltrsaibl 26 objektumbl kiemelt mintn vgeztnk krnyezettrtneti vizsglatokat. Az objektumokbl kiemelt mintaanyag archaeobotanikai (pollenanalitikai, anthrakolgiai) s archaeozoolgiai (malakolgiai) elemzst vgeztk el. Az anthrakolgiai s malakolgiai anyagot ketts flotlssal nyertk ki a rgszeti objektumokbl kiemelt ledkbl. A flotlt anyagbl vlogattuk ki a fennmaradt faszeneket (119. bra). Az elkerl t rgszeti feltrsa sorn 26 objektumbl kiemelt ledkanyagbl 17 tartalmazott rtkelhet archaeobotanikai (anthrakolgiai)

The results of the archaeobotanical analysis Environmental historical analyses were carried out on samples from twenty-six features from the archaeological excavation at Zanat detour road. The samples were analysed for archaeobotanical (pollen analysis, anthracology) and archaeozoological (malacological) finds. The anthracological and malacological assemblages were obtained by employing the double flotation method of the sediments from the archaeological features. The preserved charcoals were sorted out from the flotated material (Fig. 119). During the archaeological excavation of the detour road, deposited materials were collected from twenty-six features. Seventeen of them contained

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VIA 2 anyagot, s 9 mintbl tlgett, vagy olyan mrtkig sztesett archaeobotanikai anyag kerlt el, amelyet mr nem lehetett meghatrozni. A mintk kzl 1 rzkori, 3 ks-vaskori, 1 csszrkori s 21 rpd-kori objektumbl kerlt el. gy archaeobotanikai kvetkeztetseket elssorban az rpd-korra vonatkozan tudtunk megtenni. Valamennyi hatrozhat anthrakolgiai mintaanyag lombos fnak bizonyult s a faszenek dnt rsze tlgy (Quercus) taxonhoz volt sorolhat (119. bra). A ks-vaskori kelta s a csszrkori objektumokbl csak ez a tlgy faanyag kerlt el, igaz olyan alrendelt mintaszmmal, hogy azt statisztikailag nem lehetett rtkelni. Az rpd-korban a dnten tlgy dominancia mellett kris (Fraxinus), szil (Ulmus) s bkk (Fagus) fafajok maradvnyai is jelentkeztek. Ezek az adatok altmasztjk a pollenvizsglat eredmnyeit, amely szerint bkkel kevert tlgy szil kris (Fraxino pannonicae Ulmetum) kemnyfs ligeterd maradvnyok maradhattak fenn a vizsglt terleten, elssorban a patakok menti vlgyekben s vlgyoldalakon a kzpkor folyamn. Mivel az rpd-kori objektumokbl szrmaz anthrakolgiai anyag statisztikailag rtkelhet egyrtelmen megllapthat, hogy a tlgy faanyaga alkotta a mintaanyag tbb mint 69%-t, azt kvette a szil (11,6%), a bkk (4,3%), a vadcseresznye (3,4%) s a kris (kevesebb, mint 1%). Valsznsthet, hogy a megtelepedst vez erdterleteken is hasonl lehetett a fafajtk arnya (kivve a vadcseresznyt), mert egy ettl az erd-sszetteli arnytl erteljesen eltr szelekci mr igen komoly erdgazdlkodsi problmkat vetne fel. Az rpd-kori pollenanyag sszettele s az rpdkori objektumokban fennmaradt anthrakolgiai anyag kztt egyetlen jelents eltrst lehetett kimutatni, mgpedig a gyertyn (Carpinus) jelents jelenltt, illetve a faanyagban a teljes hinyt. Ennek nyomn felmerl, hogy a gyertynokat tartalmaz erdrszlet esetleg az rpd-kori megtelepedstl tvolabb, magasabb hegylbi trsznen helyezkedett el, vagy a faanyagt msutt hasznostottk. archaeobotanical (anthracological) remains that were suitable for evaluation. From nine samples the archaeobotanical remains were inadequate for determination since these were over charred or decomposed. The samples were collected from the following features: one from the Copper Age, three from the Late Iron Age, one from the Imperial period, and twenty-one from the rpdian Age. Therefore, our archaeobotanical deductions are mostly relevant to the rpdian Age. All anthracological samples proved to be deciduous and most of the charcoals represent oak (Quercus) taxon (Fig. 119). Only the oak assemblage was found in the features from the Late Iron Age and Celtic period, and from the Imperial period as well, but in such small amounts that it was not possible to evaluate them statistically. The remains of ash (Fraxinus), elm (Ulmus) and beech (Fagus) were present in the rpdian Age with oak dominance. These data support the results of pollen analysis, according to which hardwood grove forest remains were preserved in the study area, consisting of beech, mixed with oak, elm and ash (Fraxino pannonicae Ulmetum). These mostly inhabited the valleys along the creeks and the sides of the valleys in the Medieval period. Since the anthracological materials from the rpdian Age features could be assessed statistically, it can clearly be established that the samples mostly consisted of oak, exceeding 69%, followed by elm (11.6%), beech (4.3%), wild cherry (3.4%) and ash (less than 1%). The ratio of the tree species may have been very similar (except for the wild cherry) to this in the surrounding area of the settlement, because the forest composition, which is quite different from this selection would have resulted in serious sylvicultural problems. There was only one significant difference between the composition of the pollen material from the rpdian Age and the anthracological material preserved in the rpdian Age features. That is, the significant presence of hornbeam (Carpinus), which is totally lacking in the wood material. It leads to the issue that the forest patches containing hornbeams

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 Kln figyelmet rdemel a kzphegysgi znban, 400 s 600 mter kztt kifejldtt gyertynos tlgyesek (Querco petreae-Carpinetum) egyik jellemz fafajtjnak a vadcseresznynek (Prunus avium) a zanati jelenlte, br a Dunntlnak ezen a terletn a vlgyekben is kifejldtt egy specilis gyertynos-kocsnyos tlgyes (Querco robori-Carpinetum), ahol ez a fafaj sikerrel megtelepedhetett. A vadcseresznynek a gymlcsn kvl minden rsze enyhn mrgez, gy btorfnak idelis, mert a fakrtevk elkerlik, de hangszereket is ksztettek ebbl a fbl. Jelenlte alapjn vagy a gymlcsnek szedse kzben leszakadt gak felhasznlsra, vagy specilis hasznostsra, btor, esetleg hangszer ksztsre kvetkeztethetnk. Az elkerl t rgszeti satsn a feltrt objektumokbl kiemelt 19 db ledkmintn vgeztnk pollenanalitikai elemzst (120. s 121. bra). A vizsglt mintk megegyeztek a flotlssal kiemelt, a fentebb bemutatott mintkkal. 11 mintbl kerlt el rtkelhet pollenanyag, de ezek kzl hromban a leggondosabb csomagols s feltrs ellenre is recens pollenanyagot (parlagf, illetve kukorica virgporszemeit) lehetett kimutatni, ezrt ezeket nem rtkeltk. A recens pollenszennyezs valsznleg mr a terepi mintavtelezsnl, a rgszeti objektumok kibontsnl megtrtnhetett ezeknl a mintknl. A rgszeti objektumokbl elkerlt pollenanyag megtartsi llapota gyenge s rossz minsg volt s valsznsthet, hogy a szelektv pollenmegrzds is fennllhatott a vizsglt objektumok esetben. Az egyetlen rzkori rgszeti objektumbl elkerlt pollenanyagban a fs szr nvnyek abszolt dominancija jelentkezett s a lgyszrak teljes mrtkben alrendeltek voltak. Pollenkpe alapjn (120 121. bra) a vizsglt objektumot az adott korban mg zrt erdei krnyezet vehette krl, de valsznsthet, hogy az objektum kialaktsa s ledkkel trtn feltltdse tavasszal a fk virgzsnak perimight have been situated further away from the settlement, maybe at a higher altitude piedmont area, or its wood material might have been used elsewhere. The presence of wild cherry (Prunus avium) in Zanat, which is a common element in hornbeam and oak forests (Querco petreae-Carpinetum) that develop in the mountain zone between 400 and 600 metres, is worthy of our special attention, although in this region of Transdanubia special hornbeam and oak (Querco robori-Carpinetum) forests evolved in the valleys where these species could settle successfully. All parts of the wild cherry are slightly poisonous except for its fruit, so it is ideal for furniture because pests avoid it, and it is also used for making musical instruments. By its presence we can deduce that the branches that broke off during fruit gathering might have been used for some purpose, or for a special goal, maybe to make furniture or musical instruments. We carried out pollen analysis on nineteen sediment samples from the features lifted out during the archaeological excavation at the detour road (Figs. 120, 121). The analysed samples were the same as the samples obtained by flotating and mentioned above. Pollens suitable for evaluation were found in eleven samples, but three of them contained recent pollen material (ragweed and corn) despite the careful wrapping and opening, and for this reason these were not evaluated. The recent pollen pollution of the samples probably happened at the field sampling when the archaeological features were opened. The preservation of the pollen material from the archaeological features was very poor and it was of bad quality, therefore in the case of the features under examination probably selective pollen preservation took place. In the pollen material from the Copper Age archaeological feature, the only sample from this period, the absolute dominance of arboreal plants was observed, and herbaceous plants were in total subdominance. Based on the Pollen (Fig. 120 121) the feature was probably surrounded by a

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VIA 2 dusban (mrcius mjus hnapok kztt) trtnhetett s ezrt is alakult ki ez az egyrtelmen fk dominancijval jellemezhet pollenkp. A lombos fk pollenarnyban a fz ger tlgy bkk kris gyertyn dominancia sorrendet lehetett kimutatni. Ugyancsak a fk dominancijval jellemezhetjk a 3 db ks-vaskori objektumbl elkerlt pollenanyagot, br itt a lombos fk pollenanyagban a tlgy dominlt (120. bra). A tlgy mellett a fz, ger, gyertyn, kris, bkk virgporszemek arnya, valamint a fenyflk megjelense is jelents volt. A pollensszettel nyomn a ksvaskorban az erdk a vizsglt rgszeti objektum tgabb trsgben mg jelents kiterjedsben jelen lehettek. Az egyetlen csszrkori objektumbl elkerlt pollenanyagban a fk pollenjei viszont mr alrendelten jelentkeztek. Ennek az objektum vszakos kialaktsa s hasznlata (nyr vgi szi kialakts s feltltds) is oka lehetett, de a tavasszal s nyr kezdetn virgz fenyflk pollenjeinek jelentsebb arnya inkbb azt mutatja, hogy a csszrkorban a lombos fk arnya drasztikusan lecskkent s az egsz trsg mr kultrtjj alakulhatott, ahol az antropogn hatsra kialakult nylt vegetcival bortott trsgben a termesztett nvnyek s a gyomok dominlhattak. A 7 darab rpd-kori objektumbl kinyert pollenanyagban a fs szr s lgy szr pollenek arnya megkzeltleg azonos volt, de ha levesszk a fs szrak esetben a nagy tmeg virgporszem anyagot kibocst s nagy tvolsgokra elterjed fenyflk tlagosan 10 12%-os megjelenst, akkor az rpd-kori krnyezetben is a lgyszrak dominltak. A pollensszettel alapjn az rpd-kori megtelepedsi pontot mozaikos vegetci, bkkel kevert puha- s kemnyfs ligeterd, bkkel s krissel elegyes gyertynos tlgyes erdfoltok, szntk, legelk, kaszlk s mocsrrtek vehettk krl. closed forest environment in the given period, but the forming and filling up of the feature probably took place in the spring efflorescence period of the trees (between March and May), resulting in a pollen graph with arboreal dominance. The dominance order of arboreal pollen ratio is willow alder beech oak ash hornbeam. Arboreal dominance is also observed in the case of pollen material from the three Late Iron Age features but here the oak dominates the pollen assemblage of deciduous trees (Fig. 120). Among the presence of oak the ratio of willow, alder, hornbeam, ash, beech and coniferous pollens are also significant. According to the pollen composition, the forests must have been much more extensive in the area surrounding the archaeological feature under examination in the Late Iron Age. In the pollen material from the only feature from the Imperial period the arboreal pollens are already in subdominance. This might be due to the forming and using of the feature in a given season (forming and filling up at the end of summer or beginning of autumn). Nevertheless, the significant ratio of coniferous pollens with their efflorescence period in the spring and summer denotes that the ratio of deciduous trees decreased drastically in the area by the Imperial period, and the entire region became cultivated, where open vegetation covered the area by anthropogenic impact, and the dominant plants were agricultural products and weeds. The pollen material obtained from the seven rpdian Age features shows an almost equal ratio of arboreal and herbaceous plants, but if in the case of arboreals we subtract the presence of coniferous plants, which emit vast amounts of pollens that spread to large distances, and on average comprise 10 to 12% of the arboreal pollens, then a herbaceous dominance can be observed in the rpdian period as well. According to the pollen composition, the settlement location in the rpdian Age was surrounded by mosaic-like vegetation, consisting of soft and hardwood grove forests mixed with beech, hornbeam and oak forest patches mixed with beech and ash, ploughing fields, grazing fields, crop fields and marshlands.

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 Kiemelked arnyban jelentkeztek a taposott felleteken terjed gyomok (tif, keserf), de a rgszeti objektumok krnykn, az antropogn felszneken ezeknek a nvnyeknek a jelenlte a folyamatos emberi hats, bolygats, taposs kvetkeztben mindig jelentsebb, mint az antropogn trsgek htterben, n. hinterlandjn. Kiemelked jelentsg a szl- s a dipollenek kimutatsa a ks-vaskori, csszrkori s kzpkori objektumok pollenanyagbl, mert egyrtelmen a kertkultra megltt jelzik az adott rgszeti horizontokban. Az objektumok pollensszettele nyomn a Borz-patak allviumn mlytett zavartalan magfrs pollenanyagnl lertak is megerstst nyertek, mind a termesztett nvnyzetre, mind a nvnyzeti borts sszettelre vonatkozan. A pollensszettelek alapjn az objektumok egy rszt tavasszal, msik rszt sszel alaktottk ki, de az objektumok tbbsge az v jelents rszben nyitva volt. Weeds (Plantago sp., polygonum sp.) characteristic of treaded surfaces appear in large quantities but their presence is always more emphasised in the immediate environment of the archaeological features and on anthropogenic surfaces, due to continuous human impact, disturbance, treading, than in the background of anthropogenic areas, on the so-called hinterland. The presence of grape vine and walnut pollens in the features from the Late Iron Age, the Imperial period and from the Medieval period has a high significance as these clearly prove a garden culture in the given archaeological horizon. The pollen composition of the features supports the pollen data from the undisturbed drilling of the alluvium of the Borz Creek regarding the composition of both the produced plants and vegetation cover. According to the pollen composition, some of the features were formed during the spring, some during autumn, but most of them were open for the most part of the year.

11.7 Nemesbd Csepregi-vlgyredl I II. rgszeti lelhelyek s a Surnyi-patak allviumn vgzett vizsglatok eredmnyei
Smegi Pl, Persaits Gerg, Pll Dvid Gergely, Trcsik Tnde A Surnyi-patak allviumn tfed zavartalan magfrst mlytettnk (47 15 42,16 N s 16 42 44,65 E). A fldtani frsszelvny alapjn a terlet felszn kzeli rtegeit a pleisztocn vgn s holocn sorn felhalmozdott alluvilis ledkek alkottk. A frson 3 darab radiokarbon (AMS) elemzst, valamint szemcsesszetteli, izztsos szerves anyag, karbont- s szervetlen anyag tartalom meghatrozst, vzoldsos Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe tartalom meghatrozst, pollen anyagvizsglatot, makrobotanikai s malakolgiai elemzst vgeztnk.

11.7 The results of analysis carried out on the alluvium of the Surnyi Creek and at the archaeological sites of Nemesbd Csepregi-vlgyre-dl I II.
Pl Smegi, Gerg Persaits, Dvid Gergely Pll, Tnde Trcsik Undisturbed drilling was carried out on the alluvium of the Surnyi Creek (47 15 42,16 N and 16 42 44,65 E). According to the geological section the near-surface layers of the area consist of alluvial sediments deposited here at the end of the Pleistocene and during the Holocene. The following analyses were carried out on the core samples: three radiocarbon datings (AMS), mechanical composition analysis, organic remains, carbonate and inorganic material content determination by the loss of ignition method, Na, K, Ca, Mg and Fe content determination employing the water solution method, pollen, macrobotanical and malacological analyses.

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VIA 2 11.7.1 Radiokarbon vizsglat eredmnyei 3 darab AMS vizsglatot vgeztettnk a floridai s a poznani radiokarbon laboratriumban s az ltaluk mrt radiokarbon adatokat kalibrltuk (122. bra). Az adatok, valamint az lepedsi rta kiszmolsa nyomn helyeztk el idben a krnyezettrtneti mintkat s a vizsglatok alapjn rekonstrult krnyezeti vltozsokat. 11.7.2 Szedimentolgiai vizsglat eredmnyei A zavartalan magfrssal a kvetkez rtegsort (123. bra) trtuk fel az allviumon. A felszn kzelben szerves anyagban ds, feketsbarna szn kzetlisztes agyagrteg fejldtt ki, egy rti talaj A (0 50 cm kztt) s B (50 100 cm kztt) szintje. A terlet talajvzllsa mestersgesen szablyozott a 19. szzad vgtl kezdden, gy valsznleg a talaj fejldse ettl kezdden megvltozott. A fels 25 28 cm-es ledkszakasz az v jelents rszben ritmikusan kiszradhatott, ezt tmasztja al a pollenvizsglat eredmnye is, mert rtkelhet pollenanyagot ebbl a szintbl nem sikerlt kimutatni. Jelents bioturbcira utal nyomok, lgy szr gykrzet, st helyenknt nagyobb, fs vegetci utn maradt gykrmaradvnyok tallhatk ebben a rtegben. A rti talajszintek fekszintjt, helyenknt limonitfoltos, szerves anyag foltokat tartalmaz barnsszrke szn kzetlisztes agyag, alluvilis ledk alkotja, amely fokozatosan megy t egy szrkssrga szn agyagos kzetliszt rtegbe, egy minimlis szerves anyagot tartalmaz alluvilis ledkbe. Zavartalan magfrssal csak rendkvli nehzsgekkel sikerlt feltrni ennek a rtegnek a fekjt, egy jgkorban felhalmozdott, minerorganikus, enyhn karbontos kzetlisztben gazdag alluvilis ledkanyagot. A rtegsor felptse jelents mrtkben hasonlt a Borz-patak allviumn feltrt rtegsorra, de az egyes ledkrtegek kifejldse igen jelents eltrst is mutatott. Ennek a rtegsornak a kifejldse jval kisebb bolygatst tkrztt vissza, mint a Borz-patakban 11.7.1 The results of the radiocarbon dating Three AMS datings were carried out on samples, deriving from the drilling core, in the radiocarbon laboratory of Poznan, and the radiocarbon data were calibrated by us (Fig.122). The chronology of the environmental historical samples and the reconstructed environmental changes based on the examinations were identified by the data and the calculations of the deposition rate. 11.7.2 The results of sedimentological analysis The following series of strata were explored on the alluvium by the undisturbed drilling (Fig. 123). An organic rich silty clay layer developed close to the surface. Its colour is blackish-brown, and it is the A (0 50 cm) and B-horizon (50 100 cm) of a meadow soil. The ground water level of the area th was artificially controlled since the end of the 19 century, therefore the development of the soil has probably changed from this time. The upper 25 to 28 cm layer of the sediments probably desiccated periodically for the greater part of the year. It is supported by the results of pollen analyses as pollen material adequate for evaluation was not detected in this level. Traces of serious bioturbation, herbaceous roots, and at places larger arboreal root remains were found in this layer. The parent material level of the soil horizon described as a meadow, or Vertisol, is a brownishgrey silty clay, basically an alluvial sediment, with limonite and organic material patches. It gradually turns into a greyish-yellow clayey silty layer, which is an alluvial sediment with minimal organic content. It was very problematic to explore the parent material of this layer using undisturbed drilling. The parent material is a minerorganic alluvial sediment, rich in slightly carbonated silt. It was deposited here during the last glaciation. The structure of the series of strata is very similar to the series of strata explored on the alluvium of the Borz Creek, but the development of the given sediment layers shows significant differences. The development of this series of strata denotes much less disturbance than the series of strata explored at the Borz

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 feltrt szelvny rtegsora. gy a Surnyi-patak rtern feltrt jelentsebb vastagsg holocn rtegek nyomn az allvium feltltdsnek s talajosodsnak egyenletesebb folyamatra kvetkeztethetnk. A rtegsor kifejldse alapjn a Surnyi-patak mlyebb vlgynek vzelltsa stabilabb lehetett, mint a Borz-patak szlesebb vlgyben kialakult vzellts. A szedimentolgiai vizsglatok alapjn (130. bra) egy fokozatosan finomod szemcsesszettelt sikerlt rekonstrulni a frs fekjtl a felsznig. A szemcsesszettel alapjn a fek karbontban viszonylag gazdagabb, szerves anyagban legszegnyebb rtege viszonylag jelents lepedsi energin halmozdott fel. Ebben a rtegben a durvakzetliszt frakci dominlt s jelents mennyisg finom-, apr- s kzphomok frakcit tartalmaz finomkzetlisztes durvakzetliszt rteg fejldtt ki (3 s 2 mter kztt). A kzetlisztben s homok anyagban gazdag, minerorganikus ledkrteg az eddigi rtegtani prhuzamok alapjn a jgkor vgn alakulhatott ki periglacilis krnyezetben, ahol a mlls lehetsge minimlis volt s ez tkrzdik vissza az elenysz agyagtartalomban is. A radiokarbon vizsglat alapjn egyrtelmen megllapthat, hogy a Surnyi-patak allviumba mlytett zavartalan magfrsnl lert rtegtani elkpzelsek helyesek, ez a srgsbarna szn, jelents mennyisg vzoldhat elemtartalm, karbontban gazdag, szerves anyagban szegny, jellegzetesen mllatlan svnyokbl ll ledkrteg a jgkor vgn, a Kr. e. X. vezred eltt halmozdott fel a terleten. Ez az ledkrteg hasonlan a Borz-patak allviumhoz kt mteres mlysgtl kezdden fejldtt ki, gy a jelenkori ledkrtegek az allviumon mintegy ktmteres kifejldsben tanulmnyozhatk. Az ledkrtegek kifejldse valsznleg nem volt egyenletes, gyorsabb (rvzi) s lassabb (kisvzi) ledkkpzdsi szakaszok vltogathattk egymst, de a biogn turbci, az erteljesebb talajvzmozgsok nyomn ltrejtt Creek. According to the Holocene layers with more significant thickness explored on the alluvium of the Surnyi Creek, the alluviation and soil formation process was more even in this area. Based on the development of the series of strata, the water regime of the Surnyi Creek may have been more stable than the water regime of the Borz Creek. The Surnyi Creek runs in a deeper valley, and the Borz Creek occupies a wider one. Based on the sedimentological examinations (Fig. 130), in the drilling sample the mechanical composition gradually turned into a finer granular structure from the parent material towards the surface. Based on the grain size distribution the parent material has high carbonate content but has the lowest organic content, and it is deposited on a significant sedimentary energy. This layer consists of predominantly coarse silt fraction, but it contains a significant amount of fine, medium and coarse-grained sand and fine silt too (between 3 and 2 metres). Based on stratigraphical analogies this minerorganic deposit layer, which was rich in silt and sand, probably developed at the end of the glacial period, in a periglacial environment. Here the possibility of weathering was minimal, as is supported by the insignificant clay content. According to the radiocarbon dating it is clear that the stratigraphical assumptions described regarding the undisturbed drilling on the alluvium of the Surnyi Creek are correct. The sediment, which was deposited here at the end of the glacial period, before the 10th millennium BC, consists of non-weathered minerals poor in organic material but rich in carbonate, and has high amounts of water soluble element content, and is yellowish-brown in colour. This sediment layer, similarly to the alluvium of the Borz Creek, started to develop from a depth of 2 metres onward, thus the deposit layer of the Holocene on the alluvium can be explored in a development section, which is 2 metres thick. The development of the deposit layers was probably not even. Faster (flood) and slower (low water) deposit development phases counter-changed, but due to bioturbation processes and deposit struc-

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VIA 2 ledkszerkezet talakulsok sorban az rvzi ritmusok nyomn kialakul ledkszerkezeti jegyek mr nem figyelhetk meg ezen a rtegsoron. A jgkor vgn, a jelenkor kezdetn a megvltozott krnyezeti felttelek hatsra a szerves anyag tartalom, a vzoldhat Na-, K-tartalom s az agyagfrakci arnya fokozatosan megemelkedett, a karbonttartalom viszont lecskkent (2 1 mter kztt). Ez a holocn kezdetn kialakult rtri ledktpus a radiokarbon adatok nyomn a Kr. e. X. vezredtl egszen a Kr. e. VI. vezred els felig akkumulldott a vizsglt alluvilis skon. A Kr. e. VI. vezred msodik felben az ledkes paramterek megvltoztak, az ledk szerves anyag tartalma s az agyagfrakci arnya erteljesen megemelkedett (130. s 131. bra). Ez a jelentsebb szerves anyag s agyag tartalm, agyagos kzetliszt kzetlisztes agyag sszettellel, helyenknt jelentsebb finomhomok beteleplsekkel jellemezhet rtri ledk a radiokarbon elemzsek alapjn egszen a npvndorls kor vgig, a kzpkor kezdetig halmozdott fel a Surnyi-patak rtern. Ezt kveten az ledkkpzds jellege megvltozhatott s valsznsthet, hogy eredetileg egy jelents szerves anyag tartalm, tzegakkumulcival jellemezhet krnyezet, egy lpos rti talaj fejldhetett ki a vizsglt allviumon az utols 1000 1300 v folyamn, de ez a felszn kzeli ledkrteg utlag megvltozott, valsznleg a 19. szzadban megindul s a 20. szzadban kulminl talajvzszint szablyozs hatsra. A vizsglt Surnyi-patak vlgyben is tbb hullmban szablyoztk a patakmedret, kimlytettk, majd mestersges mederrszekbe tereltk a patakot. Ennek nyomn a felszn kzeli ledkrteg talakult, kiszradt s talajosodott. A talajosods mellett a krnyez domboldalakon kialaktott intenzv gazdlkods nyomn jelents mennyisg talaj halmozdhatott t a vlgy irnyba s keveredhetett a vlgyben akkumulldott alluvilis ledkkel. gy a fels 35 28 cm esetben mr nem a termszetes folyature changes, caused by strong ground water movements as a result of floods, the sediment structure characteristics cannot be observed in this series of strata. At the end of the glacial period, and at the beginning of the Holocene the ratio of organic material content, the water soluble Na and K content and clay fraction gradually increased, but the carbonate content decreased (between 2 to 1 metres) due to the changes in environmental conditions. Based on radiocarbon data this alluvial sediment th was accumulating in this alluvial plain from the 10 th to the first half of the 6 millennium BC. In the second half of the 6th millennium BC the sediment parameters changed, and the ratio of organic material content and the clay fraction of the deposit strongly increased (Figs. 130, 131). According to radiocarbon dating this sediment was accumulating on the alluvium of the Surnyi Creek until the end of the Migration period and the beginning of the Medieval period. The alluvial sediment has significant organic and clay content, its composition is clayey silt silty clay, with significant fine sand intercalations. Following this period the deposit forming changed. Probably peaty meadow soil evolved on the alluvium of the study area during the last 1000 to 1300 years, and it can be characterised by peat accumulation and high organic content. This nearsurface sediment layer later changed, probably due to the groundwater flood control, which th started in the 19 century and culminated in the th 20 century. The channel of the Surnyi Creek was artificially modified many times; it was deepened, and later the water was channelled into a new artificial course. Consequently the near-surface sediment layer was transformed, dried out and a soil development began. Besides soil development, significant amounts of soil might have been redeposited towards the valley because of the intensive agricultural activity taking place on the surrounding hillsides. The redeposited soils might have mixed with the alluvial sediments that accumulated in the valley. Therefore, in the case of the upper 35 to 28 cm layer not the natural processes were de-

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 matok voltak a meghatrozak, hanem az utols 200 300 v emberi hatsai. Ez vilgosan kimutathat a geokmiai elemzs (131. bra), valamint a vzoldhat elemek arnynak felszn kzeli drasztikus emelkedse alapjn. A patakszablyozs nyomn a felszn kzeli rteg kiszradsra, a talajvz felszn fel trtn migrcijra kvetkeztethetnk, ahol a kapillris vben felemelked, oldott skban gazdag talajvz kiszradhatott s a vzben oldott sk kivltak a kiszrad, fokozatosan j talajj alakul egykori lpos rti talaj felsznn. A mlyebb, az jkori indusztrilis trsadalmi hatsok ltal nem bolygatott rtegek geokmiai elemzse alapjn az allviumot viszonylag termkeny, szerves anyagban s karbontban viszonylag gazdag talajzna s alapkzet vezhette. A holocn rtegek elemtartalmban csak a szerves anyag s agyagtartalom nvekedsbl szrmaz elemsszettel vltozsok hatsai jelentkeztek. Ugyanakkor a jgkor vgi s a kora holocn sorn felhalmozdott ledkes horizontok elemsszettele (131. bra) jelentsen eltrt a termel gazdlkods kialakulstl kezdden kifejldtt rtegek elemsszetteltl. Ennek nyomn igen eltr talaj, nvnyzet s elemforgalmi dinamikt rekonstrulhatunk a jgkor vgn, a holocn kezdetn s a holocn msodik felben, a termel gazdlkodst folytat kzssgek megtelepedse idejn. Figyelembe kell vennnk azt is, hogy az ltalunk vizsglt alluvilis sk egy nagyobb terletrl szrmaz ledkanyag akkumulcis horizontja, ahol a lejt irnyban csepperzival tteleptett holocn talaj, a Surnyi-patak ltal szlltott, a patak fels szakaszrl szrmaz hordalkanyag, a vlgyek oldalt alkot vlyogos ledk, lsz, homok s kavicsanyag egyarnt felhalmozdhatott. gy az ltalunk vizsglt ledkrtegek holocnkori fluvilis anyagot s korbban felhalmozdott, de a lejtfolyamatok s a fluvilis erzi, valamint fluvilis szllts, gravitcis thalmozds hatsra tteleplt jgkori s holocn leterminant but the human impacts of the last 200 to 300 years. This is clearly supported by the geochemical analysis (Fig. 131) and by the drastic increase in the ratio of water soluble elements in the near-surface layer. By the flood control of the creek we can assume the desiccation of the near-surface layer and the upward migration of ground water, where it would rise in capillars; and the ground water rich in dissolved salts evaporated on the surface, and the water soluble salts deposited on the desiccating former marshland, gradually formed a new soil. Based on the geochemical analysis of the deeper layers that were not disturbed by the impacts of industrial societies in the Modern Age, the alluvium was probably surrounded by a productive soil zone and parent material rich in organic remains and carbonate. In the element content of Holocene layers only the element content changes effected by the increase in organic material and clay could be identified. At the same time the element composition of sedimentary horizons deposited at the end of the glacial period and during the Early Holocene (Fig. 131) is significantly different from the element composition of the layers that evolved from the beginning of the agricultural use of the land. Consequently we can reconstruct very different soil, vegetation and element variation dynamics at the end of the glacial period, at the beginning of the Holocene and in the second half of the Holocene, at the time of the settlement of agricultural communities. At the same time we must take into account that an accumulation horizon originating from a larger area might have been deposited on the alluvial fan currently under study. The soils of the Holocene redeposited by runoffs, the sediments carried by the Surnyi Creek originating from the upstream of the creek, and the loamy sediments, loess, sand and gravel of the hillsides all might have been deposited here. Therefore, the sediment layer under examination is a heterogeneous deposit, containing sedimentary rocks from the glacial and Holocene, and also later fluvial matter from the Holocene,

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VIA 2 dkes kzeteket egyarnt tartalmaz heterogn ledkanyagot alkotnak. Vagyis a szemcse- s elemsszettel vltozsa nemcsak az ledkes krnyezet vltozsval, hanem a lepusztulsi trsznek ledkanyagnak sszettelvel is kapcsolatot mutathat s a korbban, elssorban a pleisztocn sorn felhalmozdott ledkanyag szemcse- s svny-, valamint kzetsszettele, deformlhatta az akkumulcis alluvilis trszn ledkanyagnak geokmiai s ledkes sszettelt. 11.7.3 A makrobotanikai vizsglat eredmnyei A frsszelvnybl 38 mintt elemeztnk meg makrobotanikai sszettelre (132. bra). Az elkerlt makrobotanikai anyag megtartsi llapota az igen rossz s a rossz kategriba sorolhat, kivve a felszn kzeli mintkbl elkerlt fz (Salix) s ger (Alnus) maradvnyokat. A makrobotanikai anyag sszettele s vltozsai alapjn hat krnyezettrtneti horizontot sikerlt lehatrolni a frsszelvnyben, amely nagy valsznsggel hat krnyezettrtneti llapotnak felel meg a Surnyipatak ltalunk vizsglt alluvilis rendszerben. Az els makrobotanikai horizont 3 s 2 mter kztt hzdik. A makromaradvnyok kzl ebben a szintben csak a csigahj tredkek mennyisge emelhet ki. Sem lgy szr, sem fs szr egyb makrobotanikai maradvny, mint szvet, g, levl, vagy nvnyi trmelk, esetleg nagyobb mret pernye, nem kerlt el a frsnak ebbl a szakaszbl. Ennek nyomn igen specilis begyazsi krnyezetet rekonstrulhatunk. Valsznsthet a patakvlgyben a jgkor vgn idszakosan kienged permafroszt (rkfagy) rteg kifejldse, az allviumon felhalmozd ledk tpusa, enyhn lgos kmhatsa s az idszakos vzborts s kiszrads nem kedvezett a makrobotanikai anyag fennmaradsnak. A msodik makrobotanikai horizont 2 s 1,2 mter kztt hzdik a frsszelvnyben. Ebben a szintben megjelentek a makrobotanikai maradvnyok, elssorban a hatrozhatatlan szerves anyag trmelkek s arnyuk egyre jewhich were redeposited here due to slope erosion, fluvial erosion, fluvial carry and gravitational redeposition. Thus the changes in grain size and element composition show a relationship not only with the changes in the sedimentary environment but with sediments of the erosion areas. The composition of the deposits that accumulated earlier, mostly during the Pleistocene, might have deformed the geochemical and sedimentary composition of the deposit matter of the accumulation area. 11.7.3 The results of the macrobotanical analysis Thirty-eight samples of the core were analysed for macrobotanical composition (Fig. 132). The preservation of the macrobotanical material found could be categorised as poor and very poor, except for the willow (Salix) and alder (Alnus) remains discovered in samples from near-surface layers. Based on the composition and changes in the macrobotanical material, six environmental historical horizons were determined in the drilling section, which probably correspond with six environmental historical conditions of the alluvial system of the Surnyi Creek. The first macrobotanical horizon stretches from 3 to 2 metres. In this level among the macro remains only fragments of mollusc shells are present. Neither herbaceous, nor arboreal macrobotanical remains are detected in this layer, not even tissue, branch, leaf or other plantal fragments. Ash fragments of larger dimensions were not present either. Consequently a very special embedding environment can be reconstructed, probably the development of a permafrost layer, which thawed temporarily at the end of the last glaciation. The sediment type of the alluvium, the slightly alkaline reaction, the periodical water flood and desiccation did not work in favour of the survival of macrobotanical remains. The second macrobotanical horizon stretches from 2 to 1.2 metres in the drilling section. The macrobotanical remains appearing in this level are especially undetermined organic material frag-

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 lentsebb lett a felszn fel haladva. A hatrozhat nvnyi maradvnyok kztt az egyszik, lgyszr maradvnyok dominltak, valamint nd (Phragmites australis) s gykny (Typha) szvet- s levlmaradvnyok is elkerltek. A makrobotanikai vltozs olyan jellegzetes az elz szinthez kpest, hogy ennek nyomn a pleisztocn/holocn hatrt, az tmeneti szintet 2 1,9 mter kz tehettk. Ezt tmasztja al a radiokarbon vizsglat eredmnye is. A jgkor vgi krnyezet talakulsa, a jelenkori krnyezet kialakulsa mr kedvezett a szerves anyag felhalmozdsnak s megrzdsnek, ezrt maradhattak fenn a mintkban feltrt makrobotanikai maradvnyok. A makrobotanikai anyag jelenlte s nvekv szma alapjn igen jelents nvnyzeti bortottsggal, kzte ndas s gyknyes zna kifejldsvel szmolhatunk a Surnyi-patak allviumn, a holocn kezdetn, a Kr. e. X. s VI. vezred kztt. A VI. vezred msodik feltl, megkzeltleg egy mtertl viszont a makrobotanikai anyag jellege megvltozott s a harmadik makrobotanikai horizont fejldhetett ki (1 0,6 m kztt). Elssorban a nvnyi maradvnyok szma emelkedett meg erteljesen. Mind a hatrozhatatlan nvnyi trmelk, mind az egyszik-, nd- s gyknymaradvnyok szma jelentsebb vlt s a szelvnyen bell maximumot mutatott. Ez a vltozs szoros kapcsolatot mutat az ledkfldtani vizsglatok esetben kimutatott szerves anyag tartalom emelkedssel. Ennek nyomn jelents mennyisg, szerves anyagban ds ledk halmozdhatott fel az rtren a Kr. e. VI. vezredtl. A hatrozhat maradvnyok kztt a nd s gykny arnya lett az abszolt uralkod, s ennek nyomn a jelents nvnyzeti borts egyik legfontosabb eleme a nd s gykny lehetett. A makrobotanikai anyag sszettelnek vltozsa alapjn erteljes emberi hats fejldhetett ki a vizsglt vlgy krnyezetben s ennek nyomn a szerves anyag thalmozdsa, betemetdse felgyorsult, a vlgy allviumn szerves anyagban ds ledk halmozdott fel. Valsznsthet, ments, and their ratio increases towards the surface. The dominant remains of the identifiable plantal remains are monocot herbaceous vestiges and tissue of reed (Phragmites australis), Typha and leaf remains. Compared to the previous level the macrobotanical change is so significant that it leads us to draw the margin of the Pleistocene/Holocene, the transitional horizon between 2 to 1.9 metres, which is also supported by the radiocarbon dating. The changes in the environment at the end of the glacial period, and the development of the environment in the Holocene worked for the benefit of deposition and survival of organic remains. This is the reason why the explored macrobotanical remains were preserved in the samples. Based on the presence of macrobotanical remains and their increasing number, we can deduce the development of a significant vegetation cover, including reed and cattail, on the alluvium of the Surnyi Creek, at the beginning of the th th Holocene, between the 10 and 6 millennia BC. From the second half of the 6th millennium BC, starting at a depth of about 1 metre, the type of the macrobotanical material changed, therefore leading to the third macrobotanical horizon (between 1 to 0.6 metre). Primarily the number of plantal remains increased strongly. There is an increase in undetermined plantal remains, and the amounts of monocot, reed and cattail remains are significantly higher, showing a maximum within the section. This change shows close correspondence with the organic material content increase that was determined by the sedimentological analysis. Consequently, significant amounts of sediments, rich in organic material were th deposited on the alluvium from the 6 millennium BC. The absolute dominant are the reed and cattail among the remains. It is clear then that one of the most important elements of the vegetation cover may have been the reed and the cattail. The changes in the composition of macrobotanical material show a strong human impact in the surroundings of the valley presently under study. It resulted in the acceleration of the redeposition and burial of organic remains, and lead to the accumu-

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VIA 2 hogy az erzi s az akkumulci felgyorsulsa, a szerves anyag tartalom nvekedse az erdei vegetci megbontsnak kvetkezmnye. A ndas s a gyknyes v kiterjedse a vlgy feliszapoldsnak kvetkezmnye lehetett (az erdirtsokat kvet talajerzi s ledkakkumulci felgyorsulsa) s nem zrhat ki, hogy mr ebben a fzisban erteljesen megbolygattk a vlgy kora-holocn folyamn kialakult eredeti nvnyzett. A kvetkez krnyezettrtneti, negyedik makrobotanikai fzisban, 0,6 0,3 mter kztt az emberi hatsok tovbb ersdtek s az ekkor lt emberi kzssg mr egyrtelmen beavatkozott a terleten a vlgy nvnyzetnek fejldsbe s ezen hats nyomn indult fejldsnek a vlgytalpat a vzszablyozs eltt bort lpos rti talaj. Az emberi hats nyomn a nyers iszapfelszneken is kolonizlni kpes ndas s gyknyes v szinte az egsz vlgyre kiterjedt s jelents szerves anyag tartalm s p nvnyi maradvnyokat tartalmaz tzeges szint fejldhetett ki. A Surnyi-patak szelvnyn vgzett radiokarbon mrsek s a Borz-patak alluvilis rtegsorval mutatkoz rtegtani prhuzamok alapjn ez a szint a ks vaskori s csszrkori horizontnak felel meg, s a terleten l La Tne kultrhoz sorolhat kelta kzssgek, illetve a csszrkorban romanizlt kelta kzssgek tevkenysghez kthet. A csszrkort kveten, megkzeltleg a Kr. u. 5. szzadtl a tj hasznlata megvltozott (tdik makrobotanikai szint), valsznleg a vlgyet legeltetsre, kaszlsra, ptanyag gyjtsre is felhasznltk. Ez a beavatkozs egyrtelmen visszatkrzdik a ss (Carex) s a fz (Salix) maradvnyok megjelensben s jelents arnyban (132. bra), valamint a nd (Phragmites) s a gykny (Typha) maradvnyok visszaszorulsban. Valsznsthet, hogy a termszetes vzparti s mocsri vegetci emberi beavatkozs (gets s ltets) hatsra talakult s a vlgy allviumt legeltetsre, deleltetsre (rnykoltatsra), valamint a gyorsan nv, igen sokfle clbl (ptkezs, lation of sediment with high organic content on the alluvium of the valley. The faster erosion and accumulation, and the increase in organic content were probably the consequence of disturbing the forested vegetation. The expansion of reed and cattail was probably caused by the siltation of the valley, due to the soil erosion following the forest cuttings and leading to the speeding up of sediment accumulation. The original vegetation of the valley that evolved during the Early Holocene was probably strongly disturbed already in this phase. In the next environmental historical phase, which is the fourth macrobotanical phase, between 0.6 and 0.3 metre, the human impact became stronger. By this time the human communities living in the area clearly interfered with the development of the vegetation in the valley, starting the development of peaty meadow soils covering the valley floor before the flood control. In the steps of the human impact reed and cattail zones evolved on the mud surfaces and spread into almost the entire valley. A peaty level developed, containing whole plant remains with significant organic material content. According to the radiocarbon dating of the sediment section of the Surnyi Creek and its analogies in terms of the alluvial layer series of the Borz Creek, this level corresponds with the horizon of the Late Iron Age and the Imperial period. It is connected to the Celtic communities of the La Tne period, and to the Celtic communities Romanised in the Imperial period. th After the Imperial period, starting at about the 5 century AD, the use of the land changed (fifth macrobotanical level). The valley then was probably used for animal grazing, cropping and for the collection of building materials. This interference is clearly shown in the appearance and large quantity of sedge (Carex) and willow (Salix) remains (Fig. 132), and also in the diminishing of reed (Phragmites) and cattail remains. The natural waterside and swamp vegetation was probably transformed by human impacts (burning and planting). The alluvium of the valley was used for animal grazing, shading, and for planting trees that grow fast (wil-

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 szlltanyag kialakts, tzels) is felhasznlhat haszonfk (fz) ltetsre is felhasznltk. Ez a hasznostsi mdja a Surnyi-patak rternek (Borz-patak alluvilis skjhoz hasonlan) a npvndorls korra tehet, s a magyar honfoglalst kveten, a kora kzpkorban mr nem maradt fenn, mert a fzfa maradvnyok a kzpkorban visszaszorultak, helyette igen jelents mennyisg ger (Alnus) maradvny kerlt el. Az ger terjedse alapjn az emberi hats a patak allviumon lecskkent a kzpkor folyamn s az irtvnyokon gyorsan terjed ger beborthatta a vizsglt vlgyszakaszt (hatodik makrobotanikai szint). Kln kell emltst tennnk a pernyeszintnek a VI. vezred kezdettl kimutathat szinte folyamatos nvekedsre (132. bra). Ennek nyomn a vizsglt terlet krnyezete az elmlt ht nyolcezer v sorn folyamatosan lakott volt s az emberi kzssgek ltszma s hatsa a krnyezetkre is folyamatosan emelkedett. Ugyancsak kiemelked jelentsg a megkzeltleg a ks vaskortl jelentkez erteljes famaradvny horizont (132. bra). A nem gett famaradvnyok arnynak erteljes elretrse az erdirtsok kiterjedsvel, a szerves anyag megrzds megvltozsval, a tzeges anyagokat megrz lpos rti talaj kifejldsvel magyarzhat. Valsznleg a ks vaskori csszrkori emberi hats nyomn az ledk felhalmozds sebessge, jellege erteljesen megvltozhatott, s ennek nyomn maradhatott fenn ez a jelents mennyisg famaradvny. 11.7.4 A pollenanalitikai vizsglat eredmnyei A frsszelvnybl 100 darab mintt vizsgltunk meg virgporszem sszettelre. A pollenanyag megtarts az egyes ledktpusokban igen eltr volt, de tlagosan kzepesnek mondhat. Ennek nyomn a szelektv pollenmegrzds csak kisebb mrtkben befolysolhatta a pollen sszettelt, kivve a fels 28 cm-t, ahol vagy egyltaln nem kerlt el pollenanyag low) and can be used for many purposes (building, transportation material, firewood). This method of using the land of the alluvium of the Surnyi Creek (similarly to the alluvium of the Borz Creek) took place around the Migration period, and following the Hungarian Conquest, in the Early Medieval period the use of the alluvium was not sustained. It is proven by the strong decrease in willow remains from the Medieval period. Instead of it significant amounts of alder (Alnus) remains were found. Based on the expansion of the alder, the human impact significantly lessened on the alluvium during the Medieval period and the alder, which spread rapidly covered the valley (sixth macrobotanical level). We have to mention the almost continuous increase in the level of ash starting from the beginth ning of the 6 millennium BC (Fig. 132). According to this, the environment of the study area has continuously been inhabited for the last seven to eight thousand years. The number of inhabitants and their impact on the environment has steadily increased. The strong wood remain horizon is also significant, which appeared from the beginning of the Late Iron Age (Fig. 132). The marked increase in unburned wood remains can be explained by the extensiveness of forest cutting, by the change in organic material preservation, and by the development of peaty meadow soils preserving peaty material. The accumulation speed and characteristics of the sediments probably changed due to the human impact in the Late Iron Age and in the Imperial period. It led to the preservation of significant amounts of wood remains. 11.7.4 The results of the pollen analysis One hundred samples obtained from the drilling core were analysed for pollen composition. Pollen preservation was quite different in each sediment type but on average we could call it medium. Based on this the selective pollen preservation influenced the pollen content only to a small degree, except for the upper 28 cm where pollen material was either not found at all

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VIA 2 vagy megtartsi llapota kifejezetten rossz volt (133. bra). Ugyanakkor a Surnyi-patak allviumn felhalmozdott ledkekbl szrmaz pollenanyagra is igaz, hogy ennek a pollenanyagnak szrmazsi helye bizonytalan, magt a pollen-felhalmozdst erteljesen befolysolja a vlgy alakja, a vlgyben kifejldtt patak vzhozama, a vzjrs tpusa. gy a pollenanyagban visszatkrzd vltozsok elssorban a regionlis vegetci vltozsaival hozhatk sszefggsbe, s csak msodsorban tkrzik vissza a loklis nvnyzeti vltozsokat (Fall 1987; Hall 1989). A jelents mennyisg hordalkanyaggal szlltott, illetve vzfelsznen sz pollenanyag felhalmozdik az alluvilis ledkben erteljesen mdostva a loklisan felhalmozd pollenanyag sszettelt (Smegi s Bodor, 2000). A pollenanyag alapjn ht nagyobb krnyezettrtneti horizontot (pollenznt) lehetett lehatrolni a frsszelvnyben (133. s 134. bra). Az els pollenzna 3 s 2 mter kztt fejldtt ki. A fs szr nvnyek pollenjeinek alrendelt, mintegy 40 45% kztti arnya jellemzi ezt a szintet. A pollenanyag alapjn egyrtelmen a szllel nagy tvolsgra terjedni kpes s a vzben lebegve terjed, szelektven is megrzd, lgzskos pollenek, elssorban a fenyflk (Pinus s Picea, taxonok) dominlnak a fs szr vegetciban. Alrendelten fz (Salix), ger (Alnus), nyr (Betula) taxonok pollenjei is megjelennek ebben a szelvnyszakaszban. A jgkor vgi, Kr. e. X. vezrednl idsebb pollenzna esetben, br viszonylag jelents a fenypollen arny (30 40%), de jelents pollenkibocst kpessge alapjn loklis jelenltre csak 60% feletti pollenarny felett kvetkeztehetnk. gy a viszonylag jelents fenypollen arny alapjn inkbb a regionlis (st a fenypollen jelents terjed kpessge eredmnyeknt elssorban globlis) jgkor vgi pollenes sszettelre kvetkeztethetnk, mintsem az egykori loklis vegetci felptsre. A lgyszrak (134. bra), elssorban a fflk (Gramineae), az rmflk (Artemisia), a libatopflk (Chenopodiaceae) arnya olyan kimagasl, or its preservation was very poor (Fig. 133). At the same time it must be noted that the origin of the pollen assemblage from the sediments accumulated on the alluvium of the Surnyi Creek is uncertain, and that pollen accumulation is greatly influenced by the shape of the valley, and by the water yield and water regime of the creek. Therefore, the changes that are reflected in the pollen material primarily denote the changes in the regional vegetation, and only secondarily present the changes in the local vegetation (Fall 1987; Hall 1989). Significant amounts of pollens were deposited in the alluvial sediment, which were carried there by the stream load, or from the surface of the water. These markedly modified the composition of the locally deposited pollen material (Smegi and Bodor 2000). Based on the pollen material seven larger environmental historical horizons (pollen zones) can be distinguished in the drilling section (Figs. 133, 134). The first pollen zone developed between 3 and 2 metres. This level is characterised by the subdominance of arboreal plants, their ratio is only 40 45%. The air sac pollens are the most dominant in the pollen material, which can be carried far by the air movements, float in the water and can be selectively preserved. The dominant ones of the arboreal vegetation are mostly coniferous plants (Pinus and Picea taxa). Willow (Salix), alder (Alnus) and birch (Betula) taxa are also present in this phase but in subdominance. In the case of the pollen zone, older th than 10 millennium BC, at the end of the last glaciation the pine pollen ratio is significant (30 40%) but as this plant has a high pollen emission capacity we can consider its local presence only if the pollen ratio exceeds 60%. Therefore, this significant pine pollen ratio does not denote the former local vegetation but rather shows the composition of the regional (and due to the significant spreading speed of the pine pollen, we might call it global) pollen mass at the end of the glacial period. The concentration of herbs (Fig. 134), especially the grasses (Gramineae), Artemisia species, and Chenopodiaceae is so high that on the bases of

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 hogy ennek nyomn egy tundrlis sztyeppei vegetci keverknek a dominancijt rekonstrulhatjuk a vizsglt terleten. Ebben a nylt krnyezet jelz vegetciban csak alrendelten s foltszeren hidegtr fkkal s cserjkkel, kzte trpefenykkel (Pinus mugo), lucfenyvel (Picea), borkval (Juniperus), trpe s szrs nyrrel (Betula nana, B. pubescens), valamint alpesi gerrel (Alnus viridis) jellemezhet fs szr vegetci jelenhetett meg. A vzpartokon, elssorban a patakok mentn ssflk (Cypeaceae) terjedtek el. A pollenadatok alapjn a nyers vztalajokat kedvel napvirg (Helianthemum) s a homoktvis (Hippophoae) igaz rendkvl alrendelten de folyamatosan jelen lehetett a jgkor vgi nvnyzetben. Ez a vegetci sszettel a ks-glacilis vgn, a holocn kezdetn (a Kr. e. XI. s X. vezredben) erteljesen megvltozott, a nylt terletekre jellemz lgyszrak arnya 20% al cskkent s a fenyflk arnya (70% felett) olyan erteljesen megemelkedett, hogy ennek nyomn egyrtelmen erdei feny (Pinus sylvestris) dominancij loklis fenyvesek jelenltre kvetkeztethetnk a pleisztocn/holocn hatrn s a kora-holocn kezdetn. A vlgyet bort ligeterdszeren megjelen fenyvesek gerrel, nyrrel, fzzel keverten jelentkeztek, illetve a holocn kezdetn mr termomezofil lombos fkkal (tlgy Quercus, szil Ulmus, kris Fraxinus), cserjkkel (mogyor Corylus) elegyesen ltezhettek. A lgyszrakkal bortott trsznek a patakpart mocsaras svjra s a fenyvesekben kialakul termszetes erdtzek nyomn kifejldtt tisztsokra szorultak vissza. A pollensszettel vltozsa alapjn a pleisztocn/holocn hatron kt erdtpus vltsa (erd/erd-vltozs) jtszdott le a vizsglt trsgben, ahol a dnten hidegtr, hidegkedvel elemekbl ll, lazbb szerkezet ks-glacilis folyamn kifejldtt fenyerd fokozatosan zrdott a holocn kezdetn s egy termomezofil lombos elemekkel kevert erdei feny s nyr dominancival jellemezhet fenyerd vette t a hethese herbs we can reconstruct a vegetation with tundra and steppe mixture dominance. In this vegetation, which denotes open environment, the arboreal plants could have been present only in patches and in subdominance. These arboreals were cryotolerant trees and shrubs, including coniferous plants, like Pinus mugo, spruce (Picea), juniper (Juniperus), dwarf birch (Betula nana) and pubescent birch, (B. pubescens) and alpine alder (Alnus viridis). Arundinaceous plants (Cypeaceae) prevailed at the watersides, especially along creeks. Based on the pollen data Helianthemum and Hippophoae favouring lithosols have been continuously present in the vegetation at the end of the glacial period, although only in subdominance. This vegetation composition changed during the late glacial period, at the beginning of the Holocene (in the 11th and 10th millennia BC). The ratio of herbaceous plants characteristic of open areas decreased below 20%. At the same time the ratio of coniferous plants increased (70%) so markedly that on the bases of this we can clearly deduce the presence of local pine forests with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) dominance at the transitional period of Pleistocene/Holocene and at the beginning of the Early Holocene. The pine forests covering the valley in grove forest structure were mixed with alder, birch and willow; and by the beginning of the Holocene period the vegetation was extended by thermomesophil deciduous trees (oak Quercus, elm Ulmus, ash Fraxinus) and shrubs (hazel Corylus). The regions inhabited by herbaceous plants shrank to the swampy watersides of creeks and to the glades of coniferous forests, which were created by natural forest fires. Based on the pollen composition one type of forest changed into another type (forest/forest change) at the transition of the Pleistocene and Holocene in the study area. The loosely structured late glacial coniferous forest, consisting of mostly cryotolerant and cryophil elements, gradually shrank at the beginning of the Holocene period and in its place another type of coniferous forest

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VIA 2 lyt. Ez a jelenkor kezdetn kifejldtt fenyerd egszen a Kr. e. IX. vezred vgig, a VIII. vezred kezdetig borthatta a vizsglt kistjat s az elemzett allviumot, majd a felmelegeds hatsra a fenyelemek fokozatosan kiszorultak a loklis vegetcibl s zrt szerkezet lombos fkbl ll ligeterd, a pollensszettel alapjn valsznleg tlgy szil kris kemnyfs ligeterd borthatta az elemzs al vont vlgyet a Kr. e. VIII. vezredben. A magasabb, szrazabb trszneken zrt tlgyerdk alakulhattak ki ebben az idhorizontban jelents mogyorcserje bortssal. Ez az erdtpus emberi hatsoktl szinte mentesnek tekinthet, br a mogyor (Corylus) s a borostyn (Hedera) jelents dominancija, st Kr. e. VII. vezredben (133. bra) kialakult ciklikus arnyvltozsai nyomn felmerl a lehetsge annak, hogy a neolit termel gazdlkods kialakulsa eltt, a mezolitikum sorn is jelents hatssal lehettek az emberi kzssgek az erdei krnyezetre. Ugyanis a napfnykedvel, szeglyvegetciban terjed mogyor (Corylus) jelents dominanciacscsai alapjn, valamint a tlgy (Quercus) pollenarnynak prhuzamos s ciklikus cskkense nemcsak a vizsglt szelvnynkben, hanem a Krpt-medence tbb pontjn is kimutathat, pldul az szaki-kzphegysgben, ahol a kisebb pernyecscsoknak a maximumai (Willis et al. 1997, 745, 5. bra) a tlgy (Quercus) pollen mennyisgnek visszaessvel s a mogyor (Corylus) mennyisgnek nvekedsvel mutatnak sszefggst Kr. e. 7000 6000 kztt. Ugyanakkor hasonl vltozsokat lehetett kimutatni ms szak-alfldi, kzphegysgi lelhelyek esetben is (Smegi 1998, 1999, 2000, 2004), illetve a korbban trgyalt Borz-patak rtern kialaktott szelvnyben is. Amerikai, ausztrliai (Mellars 1976) s nyugat-eurpai pldk (Evans 1975) alapjn tudjuk, hogy a mezolit szinten l vadsz-gyjtget npek tbbfle clbl (vadszat, szeglyzna kiterjeszts, tborhely s vadszott csordallatok tereltjainak kialaktsa) is hasznltk az erdgetst (Smith 1970; Clark emerged, which was mixed with thermomesophil deciduous elements with Scots pine and birch dominance. This coniferous forest that evolved at the beginning of the Holocene probably covered the study area and the alluvium under examination th th until the end of the 9 and the beginning of the 8 millennia BC. Due to the warming these coniferous elements gradually disappeared from the local vegetation, and a closely structured deciduous grove forest took their place in the valley. Based on the pollen composition it was probably a hardwood forest, consisting of oak, elm and ash. On a higher altitude, on drier soils closed oak forests might have evolved with significant hazel shrub presence in this time horizon. This forest type can be considered to be free of human impacts but based on the significant dominance of hazel (Corylus) and clematis (Clematis vitalba), and on changes in the th cyclic ratio that emerged in the 7 millennium BC (Fig. 133), it is possible that human communities might have had a significant impact on the forest environment during the Mesolithic, before the development of Neolithic agriculture. The dominance of photophil and edge vegetation hazel (Corylus), and the parallel and cyclic decrease in oak (Quercus) pollen ratio are present not only in the study area but at many other locations in the Carpathian Basin; for instance in the North Hungarian Range where the maxima of smaller ash peaks (Willis et al. 1997, 745, Fig. 5) show a relationship between the decrease in oak (Quercus) pollen quantity and the increase in hazel (Corylus) quantity between 7000 and 6000 BC. Similar changes are detected in the case of other sites situated in the northern area of the Great Hungarian Plain, in the mountains (Smegi 1998, 1999, 2000, 2004), and in the section of the alluvium of the Borz Creek discussed earlier. We know by American, Australian (Mellars 1976) and western European examples (Evans 1975) that the huntergatherer societies of the Mesolithic employed forest burning for many purposes (for hunting, to expand the edge zone, to create camp sites and to detour the animal herds to be hunted) (Smith 1970; Clark 1972, 1988; Clark et al. 1989; Bennett

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 1972, 1988; Clark et al. 1989; Bennett et al. 1992). A vizsglt terleten a mezolitikum vgn elkezddtt, tudatosnak is tekinthet krnyezettalaktsok kzl kiemelkedik a szeglyvegetci, a mozaikos erdei krnyezet kialaktsra trekvs, mert ez az erdk szeglyn l, napfnykedvel mogyor terjedst nagymrtkben elsegtette (Smith 1970; Behre 1988). Br mg nincsenek archaeobotanikai adatok a magyarorszgi mezolit lelhelyekrl a mogyor gyjtsrl, de a nyugat-eurpai mezolit lelhelyeken megfigyelt gyjtgetsi stratgia s az erdgets/mogyor pollen mennyisgnek nvekedse kztt, gy tnik, sszefggs van (Smith 1970). Az rkzld, takarmnyknt is felhalmozhat, tprtkt szrts utn is jelents mrtkben megrz borostyn (Hedera) linjainak, leveleinek begyjtse s felhalmozsa pedig az idszakos llattartshoz (Price 1987), a vadszat alkalmval befogott s tli idszakban borostynnal etetett, majd a tl vgn a tpllkhinyos idszakban levgott nvnyev llatok tartsra is alkalmas volt. Ezt a tevkenysget tmasztja al tbbek kztt a kelemri Mohosok pollenszelvnynek korbbi elemzse is, ahol a szil s a kris pollen ks mezolit kor ciklikus visszaesse alapjn (Magyari et al. 2002) a lombjuk szelektv gyjtsre s levltakarmnyknt trtn felhasznlsra, a lombetets kialakulsra kvetkeztettnk (Heybroek 1963; Smegi et al. 2008). Hasonl folyamatokat trtak fel ms nyugat-dunntli pollenelemzsek sorn is (Ilon et al 2005). Ennek nyomn nem zrhatjuk ki, hogy a borostynt (Hedera), hasonlan, mint a nyugat-eurpai kora-holocn kor zrt erdei terleteken lt mezolit kzssgeknl megfogalmaztk (Price 1987) itt az Alpokaljn is lombetetsre hasznltk a terleten lt mezolit kzssgek. gy a kora-holocn, felteheten a IX. vezredtl kialakul mrskeltvi serdkben is mr jelents hatssal lehetettek az emberi kzssgek. Valsznsthet, hogy ebben az intenzv gyjtgetsben, specilis lombetetsben szerepet jtszhattak a terlet nvnyzeti s ghajlati adottsgai, amelyek kedveztek a boroset al. 1992). The attempt to create edge vegetation and a mosaic forest environment stands out of other attempts to change the environment. It started at the end of the Mesolithic in the study area and can be considered to be deliberate. It significantly helped the extension of photophil hazel, which prefers to live at the margins of forests (Smith 1970; Behre 1988). Although there are no archaeobotanical data available from Hungarian Mesolithic sites regarding the gathering of hazel, it seems that there is a connection between the gathering strategies observed at western European Mesolithic sites and the increase in forest burning/hazel pollen quantity (Smith 1970). The gathering and accumulating of ivy stems and leaves (Hedera) seems to be connected to seasonal animal keeping (Price 1987). The evergreen ivy could be used as forage as it is high in nutrients even after drying. It was adequate to feed the animals, which were caught during hunting, and at the end of winters when food was scarce these animals could be slaughtered. This activity is supported, among others, by the pollen section analysis of the Kelemr Mohos. We considered the selective gathering of leaves of elm and ash by the cyclic drop in their pollen amounts in the Late Mesolithic (Magyari et al. 2002). The leaves might have been used as forage to feed the animals (Heybroek 1963; Smegi et al. 2008). Similar processes were observed in the case of other pollen analyses in western Transdanubia (Ilon et al 2005). For this reason we cannot rule out that ivy (Hedera) was used by the Mesolithic communities that once lived here at the foreland of the Eastern Alps to feed animals with foraged leaves, similarly to other western European Mesolithic communities that lived in the closed forests in the Early Holocene (Price 1987). It means that human communities might have had a significant impact on the temperate virgin forests that evolved in the Early Holocene, assumable from the 9th millennium BC. It is highly probable that the vegetation and climatic conditions of the area played an important role in this intensive gathering and special utilisation of feeding leaves to

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VIA 2 tyn nvny jelenltnek, s az Alpokaljn kialakult prenorikumi, preillr elemeket tartalmaz erdkben a borostyn elterjedsnek. A vizsglt terleten a IX. vezred vgn, a VIII. vezred kezdetn kifejldtt s minimlis, csak vszakosan jelentkez emberi hatsokkal befolysolt fejlds erdtpus s lgyszrakkal, kztk harmatksval, gyknnyel s nddal bortott patakparti terlet a radiokarbon vizsglat alapjn egszen a megkzeltleg a VI. vezred vgig, V. vezred kezdetig szinte vltozatlanul fennmaradt a vizsglt terleten. Ekkor viszont az erdei krnyezetet ignyl nvnyek pollenarnynak cskkense mellett gabona, kzte bza (Triticum) pollenek (134. bra), valamint gyomvegetci terjedst jelz virgporszemek jelentek meg a szelvnyben, gy 100 centimtertl a felszn fel a holocn kezdetn kialakult lombos fk dominancijval jellemezhet erdslt terletek kiterjedse, szerkezete s fajsszettele is erteljesen megvltozhatott. A taposs, bolygats, legeltets s fldmvels hatsra terjed gyomok (Plantago, Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae) jelentek meg a szelvnyen bell s ezzel a vltozssal prhuzamosan a nd, gykny, ssflk arnya drasztikusan lecskkent. Ez a szint jl szinkronizlhat a makrobotanikai feldolgozs sorn kimutatott makropernye szint kialakulsval, ezrt felttelezhet, hogy egy jelents kiterjeds getses erdirts nyomn alakulhatott ki ez a drasztikus pollensszettel vltozs. Ezt az egyrtelmen emberi hatsra kialakult nvnyzeti vltozst a neolit letmd terjedsvel hozhatjuk sszefggsbe s az V. vezred els felre tehet, s valsznleg a terleten elterjed neolit s rzkori lengyeli kultra tevkenysghez kapcsolhat. Hasonl erteljes vltozsokat lehetett kimutatni a lengyeli kultra ltal lakott ms dunntli terleteken is. A Surnyi-patak allviumn kialaktott szelvnyben kimutathat vltozsok elssorban a mezlaki szelvnnyel (Ilon et al. 2005), valamint ms kisalfldi pollenszelvnyekkel (Juhsz 2002) prhuzamosthatk. animals. These worked in favour of the presence of ivy, and its spreading in the forests containing Praenoricum and Praeillyricum elements. The evolution of this forest type in the study area th th at the end of the 9 and the beginning of the 8 millennia BC was affected only in a seasonal way and minimally by humans and remained basically th the same until the end of the 6 and the beginning of the 5th millennium BC, based on radiocarbon data. This forest type was supplemented by herbaceous plants, including sweet-grass (Glyceria sp.), cattail and reed at the watersides. Besides the decrease in pollen quantity of plants requiring forested environment, cereal pollens, including wheat (Triticum sp.) (Fig. 134) and weed vegetation pollens appeared in the section from 100 cm towards the surface, denoting that the Early Holocene forest area dominated by deciduous plants may have changed significantly in its structure, expansion and composition. Weeds (Plantago sp., Artemisia sp., Chenopodiaceae sp.) appeared in the section caused by treading, disturbance, animal grazing and land use. At the same time the ratio of reed, cattail and arundinaceous plants dropped drastically. This level can well be correlated with the development of macro ash level observed during the macrobotanical processing. For this reason we can assume that this drastic pollen composition change was caused by a forest clearing by burning, which covered an extensive area. This vegetation change was clearly brought about by human impacts, and it is connected to the development of the Neolithic lifestyle. It is dated th to the first half of the 5 millennium BC, and is probably connected to the activities of the Neolithic and Copper Age Lengyel culture. Similarly strong changes are detected in other areas of Transdanubia once inhabited by the Lengyel culture. The changes observed in the section of the alluvium of the Surnyi Creek can be paralleled with the section from Mezlak (Ilon et al. 2005) and with other pollen sections (Juhsz 2002) from the Little Hungarian Plain.

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 A szelvny kifejldse nyomn (hasonlan a Borz-patak allviumn kialaktott pollenszelvnyhez) a neolit, rzkori s bronzkori termel gazdlkods elklntsre nem nylt lehetsg ezrt az 1 0,6 mter kztti, termel gazdlkodsi szintet skori nvnytermesztsi s llattenysztsi horizontknt, skori termelsi szintknt tudtuk elklnteni. Kiemelked jelentsg, hogy ennek a szintnek a kifejldse eltt, a radiokarbon adatok alapjn a Kr. e. VII. vezredben mr a bkk (Fagus) s a gyertyn (Carpinus) pollenek megjelenst, majd a VI. vezredtl kezdden ezen fajok pollenarnynak nvekedst figyelhetjk meg. A Surnyi-patak pollenszelvnyben a radiokarbon adatok is altmasztjk, hogy a bkk (s a gyertyn) pollen megjelense a vizsglt terleten s szelvnyben is jval korbbi, mint azt a bkk kolonizcis modell alapjn (Magyari 2001 s Juhsz 2001) vrhat lenne s ezek az adatok jl prhuzamosthatk az Alpokalja osztrk oldaln, valamint Burgenlandban (Drescher-Schneider 2004) vgzett pollenvizsglatok eredmnyeivel (a krdsrl bvebben lsd a 11.5 alfejezetben). A neolitikum sorn kifejldtt s egszen a vaskor msodik felig fennmarad, mr jelents emberi hatsokkal terhelt nvnyzet a Kr.e. 5. szzadban alakult t. A fs szr nvnyzetbl szrmaz pollenanyag drasztikus visszaesse, a lgy szr pollenanyag erteljes elretrse jellemzi ezt a horizontot (60 cm-tl a felszn fel haladva). A lgyszr vegetciban az irtvnyokon, taposott terleteken, szntfldek, utak, legelk mentn terjed gyomok (tif, keserf, lrum, rmflk, libatopflk) dominancija kiemelked lett (134. bra), prhuzamosan a gabona pollenarnynak nvekedsvel. A lgyszrak, elssorban a gyomok elretrse mellett kimutathat volt a fenyflk arnynak nvekedse (133. bra) is. Ezeknek a fajoknak a rmai kori elretrse sszefggst mutat az kor egyik legfejlettebb mezgazdasgnak kibontakozsval s szinte egsz Dl-, Kzp- s Nyugat-Eurpra trtn kiterjedsvel, a lombos fk kivgsval, By the development of the section (similarly to the pollen section of the alluvium of the Borz Creek) it was not possible to distinguish the agriculture of the Neolithic, Copper and Bronze Ages, therefore the level between 1 and 0.6 metre was defined as the Prehistoric agricultural and animal keeping horizon, a Prehistoric producing horizon. It is very important that according to radiocarbon data the pollens of beech (Fagus) and hornbeam (Carpinus) appear even before the development of th this horizon, in the 7 millennium BC, and the pollen ratio of these species started increasing in th the 6 millennium BC. Radiocarbon data support that the appearance of beech (and hornbeam) pollen in the pollen section of the Surnyi Creek in the study area and in the section itself is much earlier than it could be expected by the beech colonisation model (Magyari 2001 and Juhsz 2001). These data are in direct correlation with the results of pollen analyses carried out on the Austrian side of the foreland of the Eastern Alps and in Burgenland (Drescher-Schneider 2004). (For more details see Chapter 11.5.) The vegetation, significantly affected by humans, which developed during the Neolithic and prevailed until the second half of the Iron Age underwent th changes in the 5 century BC. The pollens of arboreal plants drastically dropped in this horizon, and the pollens of herbaceous plants increased strongly (from 60 cm towards the surface). The dominance of weeds (Plantago sp., Polygonum sp., Artemisia sp., Chenopodium sp.) spread in clearings, treaded areas, cultivated lands, roads and grazing fields was high in this period (Fig. 134). At the same time the pollen ratio of cereals increased. Besides the increase in herbaceous plants, especially weeds, the increase in coniferous concentration is also present (Fig. 133). The increase in these species in the Imperial period shows a relationship with the development of one of the most advanced agricultures of the Ancient period. This agriculture spread into South, Central and Western Europe as well. It also shows connection with the cutting of deciduous forests, the dominance of airborne pollen of

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VIA 2 visszaszortsval, az szak-eurpai borelis, tlevel erdk pollenjnek levegbeli egyeduralmval, a ks vaskori s csszrkori eurpai pollenes sszettelvel. Ezek a Surnyi- (s a korbban mr trgyalt Borz-pataki) alluvilis szelvnyben kimutatott vltozsok is jl szinkronizlhatk a velemi (Jakab s Smegi 2007), mezlaki szelvnyekben (Ilon et al. 2005) a ks vaskorban, csszrkorban kimutathat vltozsokkal s a Fert-t krnykn kimutathat kelta megtelepedssel kezdd erdirtsokkal (Jerem et al. 1985, 1986). Kiemelked jelentsg a szl-, s a dipollenek (Vitis s Juglans) megjelense (133. bra) a vizsglt szelvny ks vaskori s csszrkori szintjben, mert ez a kt nvny a ks vaskori kertkultra szerves rsze volt. Ugyanakkor a Surnyi-patak allviumbl szrmaz pollenadatok is megerstik, hogy a csszrkorban a Dunntlon kiterjed rmai agrrium a bza szl di termnyeken alapult. A csszrkort kvet horizontban a pollensszettel nyomn a terlet intenzv tjhasznlata lecskkent s a npvndorls korban klterjes llattarts, a rvidtv haszonnal kecsegtet fafajtk eltrbe kerlse zajlott a terleten. Az allviumon mlytett szelvny, br a kisebb mret tavakkal s lpokkal szemben jelents bizonytalansgot hordoz, de a regionlis pollenvltozsokkal jl szinkronizlhat esemnyeket rztt meg s megerstette a korbbi pollenvizsglatok eredmnyeit a jgkor vgi, jelenkor kezdeti ghajlati vltozsok ltal irnytott termszetes nvnyvltozsokrl, az skori, kori, npvndorls kori s kzpkori nvnytermesztsrl s vegetci talaktsrl. A npvndorls kornl fiatalabb pollenhorizontot a kiszrads okozta pollentafonmiai bizonytalansgok kvetkeztben mr nem lehetett rtkelni. 11.7.5 A malakolgiai vizsglat eredmnyei A 22 ledkmintbl, mintnknt mintegy 100 cm3 ledkbl kiiszapolt Mollusca fauna 20 faj (8 vzi s 9 szrazfldi csiga-, valamint 2 kagyl taxon) 323 egyedbl llt. Mivel a mintnknti egyedszm alatta maradt a statisztikai minimumthe boreal coniferous forests of Northern Europe, and with the composition of pollen clouds of the Late Iron Age and the Imperial period. The changes observed in the section from the alluvium of the Surnyi Creek (and also on the alluvium of the Borz Creek discussed earlier) are also well-correlated with the changes in the Late Iron Age and the Imperial period observed in the sections of Velem (Jakab and Smegi 2007) and Mezlak (Ilon et al. 2005), and also with the forest cuttings around the Fert Lake starting with the inhabitation of the Celts (Jerem et al. 1985, 1986). In the Late Iron Age level of the section the presence of grape vine and walnut (Vitis and Juglans) has a high significance (Fig. 133) as these plants were important parts of the Late Iron Age garden culture. At the same time the pollen data of the alluvium of the Surnyi Creek support that the Roman agriculture extending over the Transdanubian region was based on wheat, grape vine and walnut. Based on the pollen composition, after the Imperial period the intensive land use of the area decreased, and extensive animal keeping became prominent in the Migration period. Arboreal species with short term benefit came to the fore in the area. The section of the alluvium preserved events, which are well-correlated with regional pollen changes although it carries some uncertainty with regards to smaller lakes and swamps. The finds support the results of earlier pollen analyses regarding the natural vegetation changes caused by the climatic changes at the end of the glacial period and at the beginning of the Holocene; and the agriculture and vegetation change in the Prehistoric, Ancient, Migration and the Medieval periods. Pollen horizons younger than the Migration period could not be evaluated due to pollentaphomonical uncertainties resulting from desiccation. 11.7.5 The results of the malacological analysis The mollusc fauna was flotated out from twentytwo sediment samples, where each sample was about 100 cm3, consisted of three hundred twentythree pieces of twenty species (8 aquatic and 9 terrestrial snails, and 2 mussel taxa). As the number

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 nak, ezrt elssorban a fauna ltalnos sszettele s nem az egyes fajok dominancia viszonyai alapjn vontunk le kvetkeztetseket. A fauna vltozsai alapjn 4 malakolgiai szintet lehetett elklnteni. Az els malakolgiai zna megkzeltleg 3 s 2 mter kztt hzdik (135. s 136. bra). A faunban a jgkor vgn elterjedt hidegtr s hidegkedvel faunaelemek, mint a Valvata pulchella, Anisus leucostoma, Succinea oblonga, Trichia hispida jelentek meg. A ksr faunban kiemelhet a mozg vzre jellemz Unio crassus (tompa folyvzi kagyl) jelenlte, valamint a mocsarak, rterek peremn l jelents trkpessg Lymneidae, Planorbidae taxonok jelenlte. A fauna sszettele teljes mrtkben prhuzamosthat a Borz-patak jgkori allviumn kialakult fauna sszettelvel, br itt a Bithynia leachi nem kerlt el. 2 1,2 mter kztt a fauna sszettele megvltozott, a hidegkedvel s hidegtr karakterelemek visszaszorultak s eltntek s egy tg kolgiai trshatrral rendelkez, n. euryk elemekbl ll Mollusca fauna alakult ki a terleten, amely nedves tocsogkban, sekly parti vizekben, patakokban, patakpartokon, mocsarakban s lpokban egyarnt megtallhat. A malakofauna dnt rszt mg a szennyezett s nvnyzettel bevont vizekben is meglni kpes vzi fajok (Lymnaea palustris, Planorbarius corneus, Planorbis planorbis, Anisus spirorbis) alkottk. A szrazfldi faunban az ersen higrofil, vzparti s vzben l nvnyek szrn, leveln s mohaprnkon l Carychium minimum jelentkezett szmottev arnyban. Kiemelked jelentsg malakolgiai adat, hogy a radiokarbon adatok alapjn a pannon csiga (Cepaea vindobonensis) a Kr.e. X. vezredtl, az ti csiga (Helix pomatia) megkzeltleg a Kr.e. VII. vezredtl jelen volt a terlet malakofaunjban. 1,2 mtertl a fauna jellege fokozatosan megvltozott, a lpos mocsaras terleteket kedvel Valvata cristata, Armiger crista fajok (135. bra) arnya megnvekedett, a tbbi, jelentsebb vzbortst kedvel vzi faj arnya lecskkent s a of specimens in each sample remained below the statistical minimum, we focused on the assessment regarding the general composition of the fauna, and not on the dominance correlations of the given species. Based on the changes in the fauna four malacological levels were distinguished. The first malacological zone stretches approximately between 3 and 2 metres (Figs. 135, 136). Cryotolerant and cryophil fauna elements widespread at the end of the glacial period appeared in the fauna, like Valvata pulchella, Anisus leucostoma, Succinea oblonga and Trichia hispida. The presence of Unio crassus characteristic of flowing water can be pointed out in the accompanying fauna, and also the presence of Lymnaeidae, Planorbidae taxa. These live in the margins of swamps and flood lands and have high resilience. The composition of the fauna matches perfectly with the fauna of the glacial alluvium of the Borz Creek, although here Bithynia leachi was not found. The composition of the fauna changed between 2 and 1.2 metres. The cryophil and cryotolerant character elements disappeared, and another fauna evolved in the area. It is a mollusc fauna, consisting of the so-called euryok elements, which have high ecological tolerance and can be found in puddles, shallow shoreline waters, in creeks, on watersides, swamps and moors as well. The greatest part of the malacofauna consisted of aquatic species (Lymnaea palustris, Planorbarius corneus, Planorbis planorbis, Anisus spirorbis) capable of living in polluted and vegetation covered waters. Significant amounts of the hygrophil Carychium minimum were present in the terrestrial fauna. It lives on mossy surfaces and on the stems and leaves of plants inhabiting the waterside or lives in the water. An outstanding malacological result is that according to radiocarbon dating the Cepaea vindobonensis was present from the th 10 millennium BC, and the Helix pomatia was present from approximately the 7th millennium BC in the malacofauna of the area. The characteristics of the fauna gradually changed from 1.2 metres. The ratio of Valvata cristata, Armiger crista species favouring swampy-

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VIA 2 szrazfldi fajok, elssorban a nedves mocsaras rtekre jellemz elemek (Carychium minimum, Succinea putris, Perforatella rubiginosa) arnya vlt dominnss (136. bra). A fauna vltozsa nyomn a vlgy feltltdse, elmocsarasodsa felgyorsult, s valsznsthet, hogy a krnyez, magasabban fekv terletekrl erodldott ledk, elssorban jelents szerves anyag tartalm talaj halmozdott fel a vlgytalpon ebben a horizontban. A radiokarbon vizsglatok alapjn ezen malakofauna alapjn rekonstrulhat feliszapolds, br ez a folyamat mr a neolitikumban megindult, de a ks vaskorban s a csszrkorban rte el a cscspontjt. A csszrkort kveten is megvltozott a faunakp, az allviumnak az ltalunk vizsglt szakaszn megjelentek a xeromezofil fajok (Cepaea vindobonensis, Helix pomatia, Vallonia costata) s fokozatosan a fauna meghatroz rszt alkottk. A ksr faunban, alrendelten a nedves rtekre jellemz fajok (borostynkcsigk Succinidae s a Perforatella rubiginosa) is fennmaradtak, a vzi fajok szinte teljesen kiszorultak a terletrl (135. s 136. bra). A malakofauna alapjn az allvium lvilga a csszrkort kveten szinte teljesen talakult s valsznleg a gyors feltltds hatsra egy ciklikusan kiszrad rtri erd s rt faunjv alakult t. A nylt s zrt vegetcit kedvel s ciklikus kiszradst is elvisel malakofauna elemek egyms melletti megjelense nyomn egy mozaikos szerkezet, erd s rtfoltokbl ll nvnyzetet rekonstrulhatunk a Surnyi-patak allviumn a csszrkort kveten, ahol a ligeterd mr sehol sem alkotott zrt llomnyt. A Surnyi-patak faunja alapvonsaiban hasonlt a Borz-patak allviumn feltrt malakofaunjnak a fejldshez, de a szerves anyagban ds, seklyvzi krnyezetet kedvel fajok arnya olyan jelents a Surnyi-patak szelvnynek esetben, hogy az mr a kt vlgy ledkkpzdsnek jelents eltrst, eltr alluvilis krnyezet kialakulst jelzi, elssorban a holocn folyamn. A Surnyi-patak marshy areas increased, but the ratio of aquatic species favouring significant water coverage dropped, and the ratio of terrestrial species became dominant, especially the ones characteristic of wet marshlands (Carychium minimum, Succinea putris, Perforatella rubiginosa) (Fig. 136). By the changes in the fauna, the alluviation and waterlogging of the valley speeded up. Probably large amounts of sediments, mostly soil with significant organic content, eroded from the surrounding higher altitudes were deposited on the valley floor in this horizon. Based on radiocarbon data, this siltation, which is reconstructed by the malacofauna, reached its peak in the Late Iron Age and in the Imperial period, although the process started in the Neolithic. The fauna changed again following the Imperial period. Xeromesophil species (Cepaea vindobonensis, Helix pomatia, Vallonia costata) appeared on the alluvium presently examined and they gradually became the determinant part of the fauna. Succinidae and Perforatella rubiginosa characteristic of marshlands were also preserved in the accompanying fauna although in subdominance. The aquatic species almost completely disappeared from the area (Figs. 135, 136). Based on the malacofauna, the fauna of the alluvium almost completely changed following the Imperial period. Probably due to the quick alluviation it became the fauna of an alluvial forest and meadow that dried out periodically. Based on the malacofauna elements favouring open and closed vegetation and resilient to cyclic desiccations, we can reconstruct vegetation on the alluvium of the Surnyi Creek with mosaic structure, consisted of forest and meadow patches after the Imperial period. Grove forests did not form a closed entity by that time. The fauna of the Surnyi Creek is basically quite similar to the development of the malacofauna explored on the alluvium of the Borz Creek, but in the case of the Surnyi Creek the ratio of species favouring shallow waters with high organic content was so significant, that it led to the different sediment development of two valleys, creating a differ-

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 esetben szerves anyagban gazdagabb, lposodott krnyezetet rekonstrulhatunk az utols 8000 v folyamn, br ez a lposodsi folyamat a ks vaskorban s a csszrkorban rhette el a cscspontjt. A dunntli malakofauna fejldse szempontjbl kiemelked jelentsg, hogy radiokarbon adatokkal korolva bizonytani lehetett a Cepaea vindobonensis (pannon csiga) legidsebb, Kr.e. IX. vezredre tehet, valamint a Helix pomatia (ti csiga) Kr.e. VII. vezredben trtn megjelenst. Mindkt adat nyomn t kell rtkelni a dunntli terlet malakofaunjnak fejldst s az egyes, kronolgiai s a krnyezeti vezrkvletnek szmt fajok megjelensi idejt s sztterjedsi idhorizontjt. ent alluvial environment primarily during the Holocene. In the case of the Surnyi Creek we can reconstruct a swampy environment, which has been rich in organic material for the last 8000 years, although this siltation process reached its peak in the Late Iron Age and in the Imperial period. From the point of view of the malacofauna development of Transdanubia it is significant that it was possible to prove by radiocarbon dating that the earliest appearance of Cepaea vindobonensis is dated th to the 9 millennium BC, and the first appearance of th the Helix pomatia is dated to the 7 millennium BC. By these data the development of the malacofauna in Transdanubia must be revised, including the appearance and spreading time horizon of the given chronological and environmental key species.

11.8 Nemesbd hatrnak hrom rgszeti lelhelyn vgzett vizsglatok eredmnyei


Nfrdi Katalin, Smegi Pl, Trcsik Tnde 11.8.1 Archaeobotanikai vizsglat eredmnyei A hrom lelhelyrl 29 rgszeti objektumbl (137, 138. s 139. bra) kiemelt mintn vgeztnk krnyezettrtneti vizsglatokat. Az objektumokbl kiemelt mintaanyag archaeobotanikai (pollenanalitikai, anthrakolgiai) s archaeozoolgiai (malakolgiai) elemzst vgeztk el. Az anthrakolgiai s malakolgiai anyagot ketts flotlssal nyertk ki a rgszeti objektumokbl kiemelt ledkbl. A flotlt anyagbl vlogattuk ki a fennmaradt faszeneket (137. bra). A 29 objektumbl kiemelt ledkanyagbl 10 tartalmazott rtkelhet archaeobotanikai (anthrakolgiai) anyagot, s 19 mintbl tlgett, vagy olyan mrtkig sztesett archaeobotanikai anyag kerlt el, amelyet mr nem lehetett meghatrozni. A mintk 2 bronzkori, 4 csszrkori s 3 rpd-kori/kzpkori objektumbl kerltek el s sszdarabszmuk meghaladta az tezret, de az egyes korokra vonatkoz fasze-

11.8 The results of evaluations carried out at three archaeological sites on the outskirts of Nemesbd
Katalin Nfrdi, Pl Smegi, Tnde Trcsik 11.8.1 The results of the archaeobotanical analysis Environmental historical analyses were carried out on samples from twenty-nine archaeological features from three sites (Figs. 137, 138, 139). The samples were analysed for archaeobotanical (pollen analysis, anthracology) and archaeozoological (malacological) finds. The anthracological and malacological samples were obtained by employing the double flotating method of the sediments from the archaeological features. The preserved charcoals were sorted out from the flotated materials (Fig. 137). During the archaeological excavation of the detour road, deposits were collected from twenty-nine features. Ten of them contained archaeobotanical (anthracological) material, which were suitable for analysis. From nineteen samples the archaeobotanical assemblages were inadequate for determination because these samples were over charred or decomposed. The samples were collected from two Bronze Age features, three rpdian Age/Medieval

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VIA 2 nek darabszma is 100 felett volt (137. bra). Ennek nyomn a faszn anyagot statisztikailag is rtkelni lehetett. Valamennyi hatrozhat anthrakolgiai mintaanyag lombos fnak bizonyult s minden elkerlt, hatrozhat faszn a Quercus taxonhoz sorolhat (137. bra). Ennek nyomn a lelhelyeket vez erdterletekben a tlgy (Quercus) egyrtelm dominancijt rekonstrulhattuk (hasonlan a zanati rgszeti lelhelyek anthrakolgiai anyaghoz). Ezen kvl a tlgyfa anyagra nzve erteljes s pozitv emberi szelekcit is fel kell tteleznnk, mert csak gy kpzelhet el ez a teljesen homogn anthrakolgiai sszettel. Kln figyelmet rdemel, hogy a csszrkori hamvasztsos objektumokbl ez a nemesbdi 5. sz. lelhely, amelynek publiklsa a feldolgozs alatt ll temet rgszeti leletanyagval majd egytt trtnik elkerlt tbb ezer darab anthrakolgiai anyag valamennyi darabja tlgyfa volt. Ezrt felttelezhet, hogy a szertarts szempontjbl szelektltk a tlgyfa anyagt. A tbbi rgszeti objektumbl elkerlt faszn anyag felhasznlsi szempontjait csak a rgszeti anyaggal prhuzamosan egytt lehet rtkelni. Az satsokon feltrt objektumokbl kiemelt 27 db ledkmintn vgeztnk pollenanalitikai elemzst (138. s 139. bra). A vizsglt mintk megegyeztek a flotlssal kiemelt, fentebb bemutatott mintkkal, amelyekbl 24 mintbl kerlt el rtkelhet pollenanyag, de ezek kzl kettben a leggondosabb csomagols s feltrs ellenre is recens pollenanyagot (parlagf, illetve kukorica virgporszemeit) lehetett kimutatni, ezrt ezeket nem rtkeltk. A recens pollenszennyezs valsznleg mr a terepi mintavtelezsnl, a rgszeti objektumok kibontsnl megtrtnhetett ezeknl a mintknl. A rgszeti objektumokbl elkerlt pollenanyag megtartsi llapota gyenge s rossz minsg volt s valsznsthet, hogy a szelektv pollenmegrzds is fennllhatott a vizsglt objektumok esetben. A bronzkori rgszeti objektumbl elkerlt mintk egy rsznl a pollenanyagban a fs period features, and four from Imperial period features. Altogether there were over five thousand samples. The number of charcoals in the given periods exceeded one hundred (Fig. 137). For this reason it was possible to evaluate the charcoal material statistically. All anthracological samples proved to be deciduous and most of the charcoals found and evaluated were oak (Quercus) taxon (Fig. 137). According to this fact we can reconstruct the dominance of oak (Quercus) in the forested areas surrounding the sites (similarly to the anthracological material of the archaeological sites of Zanat). We have to suppose a strong and positive human selection towards oak wood as it is the only way to have this absolutely homogenous anthracological composition. It must be noted that all specimens of the thousands of pieces of anthracological material found in cremated graves from the Imperial period were oak. The details of these features, found at site No. 5 of Nemesbd, will be published together with the archaeological finds of the cemetery, which are being assessed presently. Therefore, we can suppose that oak material was selected from the rites point of view. The usage of the charcoal material found in many archaeological features can be evaluated only together with the archaeological material. We carried out pollen analysis on twenty-seven sediment samples from the features of the archaeological excavation at the detour road (Figs. 138, 139). The samples analysed were the same as the samples obtained by flotating and mentioned above. Pollen material suitable for evaluation was found in twenty-four samples, but two of them contained recent pollens (ragweed and corn) despite the careful wrapping and opening. For this reason these ones were not evaluated. The recent pollen pollution of the samples probably happened at the field during sampling when the archaeological features were opened. The preservation of the pollen material from the archaeological features was very poor and it was of bad quality, therefore probably a selective

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 szr nvnyek abszolt dominancija jelentkezett s a lgyszrak teljes mrtkben alrendeltek voltak, mg az objektumok msik rsznl pontosan fordtott volt a pollenkp (138. s 139. bra). Ennek nyomn a rgszeti objektumok betltdse egyrtelmen vszakhoz kthet, a fsszrak pollendominancijval jellemezhet objektum betltdsek tavasszal mrcius mjus kztt, a lgyszrak dominancijval jellemezhet betltdsek nyr vgn s sszel (augusztus oktber kztt) trtnhettek meg. gy az objektumok betltdsnek szezonlis voltt is sikerlt megllaptani, pldul Nemesbd Csepregi-vlgyre-dl I. 7. objektumnak 61, 62, 63 betltsi rtegnek kialakulsa egyrtelmen a nyr vgi szi flvben kvetkezhetett be. gy az egyetlen vszakban hasznlt s feltltdtt objektumok nyomn a klnbz korokban kialakult vszakos pollenes sszettelrl kaphattunk informcikat. Ezek az informcik kiemelked jelentsgek, mivel a rgszeti satsok tbb pontjnl elhelyezett recens pollencsapdk anyagt is rtkeltk, gy a recens pollenes s az egykori pollenes vszakos s sszettelbeli eltrsrl egyarnt rendelkeznk adatokkal. Ennek nyomn felttelezhet, hogy a pollencsapdaknt mkd rgszeti objektumok kisebb mrete ellenre, a vizsglt terlet geomorfolgiai adottsga, platjelleg kifejldse kvetkeztben a rgszeti objektumok betltsben felhalmozd virgporszem anyag jelents rsze nagyobb terletrl szrmazik, azaz regionlis, s nem extraloklis vagy loklis eredet volt, ezrt a pollensszettel nyomn levont kvetkeztetseink is inkbb a regionlis vegetci sszettelre vonatkozhatnak s nem a loklis nvnyzetre (kivve a rovarbeporzs virgos nvnyeket). A bronzkori objektumok pollenkpe alapjn a vizsglt terleten az adott korban mg dnten zrt erdei krnyezet vehette krl a bronzkori objektumokat. A bronzkori objektumokbl elkerlt pollenanyagban, a lombos fk pollenarnyban a pollen preservation took place in the case of the features under examination. In some of the pollen samples from the Bronze Age archaeological features the absolute dominance of arboreal plants was observed, and herbaceous plants were in total subdominance. In the case of some of the other features the pollen ratio was exactly the opposite (Figs. 138, 139). According to this the fill up of the archaeological features is clearly connected to seasons. The features with arboreal pollen dominance were filled between March and May during the spring. The features with herbaceous pollen dominance were filled during the autumn or at the end of summer, between August and October. By this method it was possible to determine the seasons of fill up for the features, for instance the fill up Layers 61, 62 and 63 of Feature 7 found in Nemesbd Csepregi-vlgyre-dl I were clearly formed at the end of summer or in the autumn. The features used and filled up in one season, therefore convey information regarding the composition of pollen clouds in the given periods. The information has high significance as we also evaluated the material of recent pollen traps set up at a number of locations at the archaeological sites, and now we have data regarding the seasonal and compositional differences of both the recent and the former pollen cloud. According to the analysis, despite the small size of the archaeological features functioning as pollen traps, the pollen material deposited in them probably originates from a wider area, therefore it is not local or extralocal but regional. It is the consequence of the geomorphological situation of the study area and its plateau-like development. Thus our deductions from the pollen composition apply to the composition of regional vegetation, and to the composition of the local vegetation (except for floral plants pollenised by insects). According to the pollen graph of the features from the Bronze Age, the study area was mainly surrounded by a closed forested environment. The dominance order of arboreal pollen ratio originating

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VIA 2 tlgy ger fz kris bkk gyertyn dominancia sorrendet lehetett kimutatni. Ennek nyomn egy jellegzetes hidroszerieszt kvet vegetci fejldhetett ki a Surnyi-patak krnykn, a vlgytalpon gerrel kevert kemny- s puhafs ligeterdvel, a magasabb trszneken bkkel, gyertynnal kevert tlgyesekkel. A nyri szi pollenes nyomn az objektumok kzvetlen krnyezett viszont jellegzetes, taposott, gyomokkal tarktott, de a fflk dominancijval jellemezhet gyepek veztk. Ennek nyomn, br alrendelten, a gabonaflk pollenanyaga is megjelent a bronzkori anyagban, ezrt elssorban lakott s llattart trsget rekonstrulhattunk alrendelten szntfldekkel. A csszrkori objektumokbl elkerlt pollenanyagban a fs szr nvnyzet rendkvli mrtkben lecskkent. Ennek oka lehetett volna az is, hogy nyr vgi s szi pollenes maradt fenn az objektumokban, de a tavasszal virgz fenyflk (Pinus) virgporszemeinek jelenlte s jelents dominancija alapjn inkbb arra kvetkeztethetnk, hogy a vizsglt terletrl kivgtk a fkat s mind loklis, mind regionlis szinten visszaszortottk az erdket. Ennek nyomn a csszrkorban a lombos fk pollenarnya drasztikusan lecskkent s valsznsthet, hogy az egsz trsg mr ekkor kultrtjj alakulhatott, ahol az antropogn hatsra kialakult nylt vegetcival bortott trsgben a termesztett nvnyek s a gyomok dominlhattak. A gabona, kztk a bza pollenarnya, valamint a szntfldeket ksr gyomok jelenlte nyomn igen jelents s kiterjedt, intenzven mvelt gabonafldet rekonstrulhattunk nemcsak loklis, hanem regionlis kiterjedsben. A csszrkori objektumokbl elkerlt pollenanyagban mind a di (Juglans), mind a szl (Vitis) pollenanyaga elkerlt, bizonytva, hogy regionlis szinten ezek a nvnyek a csszrkori kertkultra szerves rszt alkothattk. A 3 darab rpd-kori/kzpkori objektumbl kinyert pollenanyagban a fs szr s lgy szr pollenek arnya megkzeltleg azonos volt, de ha levesszk a fsszrak esetben a from the features of the Bronze Age is oak, alder, willow, ash, beech and hornbeam. It means that a typical hydro series following vegetation developed in the vicinity of the Surnyi Creek, with hardwood and softwood grove forest mixed with alder on the valley floor, and oak forests mixed with beech and hornbeam at higher altitudes. According to the summer and autumn pollen presence, the immediate surroundings of the features were typical, treaded, weedy grasslands with graminiferous dominance. Therefore, cereal pollens were present in the Bronze Age material although in subdominance, leading to the reconstruction of an inhabited and animal keeping area with ploughing fields in subdominance. The ratio of arboreals decreased considerably in the pollen material found in features from the Imperial period. This might have been caused by that the features preserved the pollen cloud only from the end of summer and autumn. However, the presence and dominance of coniferous plants (Pinus) with their efflorescence period in the spring it seems more likely that the trees were cut off in the study area, and the size of the forests decreased both locally and regionally. The ratio of deciduous trees drastically decreased in the area by the Imperial period, and it is highly probable that the entire region became cultivated, where open vegetation covered the area resulted from anthropogenic impact, and the dominant plants were agricultural products and weeds. Based on the ratio of cereal pollens, including wheat (Triticum sp.), and by the presence of weeds common at ploughing fields, we can reconstruct extensively and intensively cultivated crop fields, not only locally but regionally as well. The pollen material found in the features from the Imperial period contained both walnut (Juglans) and grape vine (Vitis), proving that these plants were important parts of the garden culture in the Imperial period on the regional level. The pollen material obtained from the three rpdian Age/Medieval period features has an almost equal ratio of arboreal and herbaceous plants, but if in the case of arboreals we subtract the presence of conif-

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 nagy tmeg virgporszem anyagot kibocst s nagy tvolsgokra elterjed fenyflk tlagosan 40%-os megjelenst, akkor az rpd-kori/kzpkori krnyezetben is a lgyszrak dominltak. A pollensszettel alapjn az rpd-kori/kzpkori objektumok betltdsnek dnt rsze tavasszal fejldtt ki. A pollensszettel alapjn az rpdkori/kzpkori megtelepedsi pontot mozaikos vegetci, bkkel kevert puha- s kemnyfs ligeterd, bkkel s krissel elegyes gyertynos tlgyes erdfoltok, szntk, legelk, kaszlk s mocsrrtek vehettk krl. Kiemelked arnyban jelentkeztek a taposott felleteken terjed gyomok (tif, keserf), de a rgszeti objektumok krnykn, az antropogn felszneken ezeknek a nvnyeknek a jelenlte a folyama tos emberi hats, bolygats, taposs kvetkeztben mindig jelentsebb, mint az antoropogn trsgek htterben, n. hinterlandjn. Kiemelked jelentsg a szl- s a dipollenek kimutatsa a kzpkori objektumok pollenanyagbl, mert egyrtelmen a kertkultra megltt jelzik az adott rgszeti horizontban. Az objektumok pollensszettele nyomn a Surnyi-patak allviumn mlytett zavartalan magfrs pollenanyagnl lertak is megerstst nyertek, mind a termesztett nvnyzetre, mind a nvnyzeti borts sszettelre vonatkozan. A pollensszettel alapjn az objektumok egy rszt tavasszal, msik rszt sszel alaktottk ki, de az objektumok tbbsge az v jelents rszn nyitva volt. 11.8.2 Archaeozoolgiai vizsglat eredmnyei Az elkerl t nemesbdi szakasznak rgszeti feltrsaibl 30 rgszeti objektumbl (140. bra) kiemelt mintn vgeztnk malakolgiai vizsglatot. A mintkbl 6 Mollusca faj, kzte 3 szrazfldi csiga s 3 kagyl faj 100 egyede kerlt el. A Mollusca faunban egyrtelmen az antropogn felszneken, erdssztyeppei krnyezetben, erdszleken egyarnt elterjedten l pannon csiga (Cepaea vindobonensis) dominlt (53%). erous plants, which emit vast amounts of pollens that spread to large distances, and on average comprise 40% of the arboreal pollens, then a herbaceous dominance can be observed in the rpdian Age/Medieval period as well. Based on the pollen composition, the filling up of the features from the rpdian Age/Medieval period took place mainly in the spring. According to the pollen composition, the settlement location in the rpdian Age/Medieval period was surrounded by mosaic-like vegetation, consisting of soft and hardwood grove forests mixed with beech and hornbeam; and oak forest patches mixed with beech and ash, plough lands, grazing fields, crop fields and marshlands. Weeds (Plantago sp., Polygonum sp.) characteristic of treaded surfaces appear in large quantities but their presence is always more emphasised in the immediate environment of the archaeological features, on anthropogenic surfaces, due to the continuous human impact, disturbance, treading, than on the background of anthropogenic areas, in the so-called hinterland. The presence of grape vine and walnut pollens in the material from the Medieval period features is highly significant as it denotes the existence of a garden culture in the given archaeological horizon in the study area. The pollen composition of the features supports the pollen data from the undisturbed drilling of the alluvium of the Surnyi Creek regarding the composition of both the produced plants and vegetation cover. According to the pollen composition, some of the features were formed during the spring, some during autumn, but most of the features were open for the most part of the year. 11.8.2 The results of the archaeozoological analysis Malacological analyses were conducted on samples from thirty archaeological features (Fig. 140), excavated at the archaeological site at the detour road of Nemesbd. One hundred specimens were found in the samples, belonging to six mollusc species, including three terrestrial snails and three mussel species. The dominant of the mollusc fauna is clearly the Cepaea vindobonensis (53%) that lives on anthropogenic surfaces, in forested steppe

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VIA 2 Ugyanakkor igen jelents arnyban jelentkezett a laza llomny erdkben, ligeterdkben elterjedt, de az emberi megtelepedseket vez, kerteket is kedvel ti csiga (Helix pomatia) is (38%). A kt, megkzeltleg azonos lhelyet kedvel szrazfldi csigafaj mellett csak egy-kt egyede kerlt el a ligeterdben, nedves felsznen l mrvnyozott csiga (Bradybaena fruticum) fajnak, valamint a patakokban is l tompa folyami kagylnak, folyami kagylnak, festkagylnak s tavi kagylnak (Unio crassus, U. tumidus, U. pictorum, Anodonta). A ligeterdei s vzi fajok valsznleg gyjtgetssel kerltek az objektumokba, de a pannon s ti csigafajok kzvetlenl az objektumok krnykn, az emberi megtelepedsi ponton is lhettek. Ennek a kt csigafajnak a hjait is megvizsgltuk, de rgcslk vagy rovarok okozta szlltsi, tkezsi nyomokat nem talltunk. Ennek nyomn valsznsthet, hogy az objektumok feltltdsvel prhuzamosan kerltek az ledkbe s nem utlag rgcslk, vagy rovarok zskmnyolsa s bessa rvn kerltek a rgszeti objektumokba. environments and at forest margins. At the same time significant amounts of Helix pomatia (38%) are also present. It inhabits loosely structured forests, grove forests, and also favours gardens and human settlements. Besides these two types of snails that prefer approximately the same habitats only a few Bradybaena fruticum were found. It likes grove forests and wet surfaces. A few Unio crassus, Unio tumidus, Unio pictorum and Anodonta were also found. These species also live in lakes. The aquatic and grove forest species probably ended up in the features by gathering, but the Helix pomatia and Cepaea vindobonensis might have lived in the vicinity of the features, at the location of human habitation. The shells of these species were examined but we found no traces that would indicate that these species were captured by rodents or insects. Therefore, we can conclude that they ended up in the archaeological features at the same time as they were filled up.

11.9 A Nemesbd Csepregi-vlgyredl I. rgszeti lelhely talajszelvnyn vgzett vizsglatok eredmnyei


Smegi Pl, Persaits Gerg, Pll Dvid Gergely, Trcsik Tnde 11.9.1 Bevezets A talajszelvnyt a rgszeti feltrs nyugati rszn, a Surnyi-patak fel lejt domboldal mlyebb fekvs terletn kellett kialaktanunk, ahol a feltrt csszrkori t (141. bra) elrte a Surnyi-patak allviumt. Ennek oka az volt, hogy az allviumtl keletre tallhat platn kialaktott rgszeti feltrson a fldmvels s a talajerzi kvetkeztben csak igen vkony, mintegy 20 30 cm kifejlds talajtakar tallhat, amelynek elemzse a 30 cm mlysgig lenyl sznts, fldmvels s mtrgyzs kvetkeztben rgszeti szempontbl rtkelhetetlen lett volna.

11.9 The results of evaluations conducted on the soil section of the archaeological site at NemesbdCsepregi-vlgyre-dl I.
Pl Smegi, Gerg Persaits, Dvid Gergely Pll, Tnde Trcsik 11.9.1 Introduction The soils section was formed at the western part of the archaeological excavation, on the lower part of the hillside inclining towards the Surnyi Creek, where the road from the Imperial period (Fig. 141) reached the alluvium of the Surnyi Creek. The reason for this was that at the site of the archaeological excavation, on a plateau east from the alluvium, the thickness of the soil was only 20 to 30 cm due to land cultivation and soil erosion. The evaluation of this soil cover from the archaeological point of view is pointless as it is disturbed by ploughing, land cultivation and fertilisation.

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 A rgszeti feltrs keleti rszn a fldmvels, az emberi megtelepeds, a csszrkori t s a krnyknek hasznlata kvetkeztben ltrejtt erteljes talajerzi nyomn a plat tetszintjn, a lejt fels szakaszn, egszen a lejt inflexis pontjig a talaj szinte teljes mrtkig lepusztult. A lepusztult talajanyag a lejt allvium felli rszn, a lejt trspontja alatti rszen kezdett el felhalmozdni, de az erodldott talajanyag egszen a Surnyi-patak allviumig eljutott, keveredett az allvium anyagval s a vlgytalp peremt is bebortotta. A lejt aljn, az allvium peremn gy jelents vastagsgban felhalmozdott a talajanyag, radsul rgszeti anyagokkal bizonythatan eltr korokban, tbb ciklusban trtnt a felhalmozds. Ennek nyomn jl rtegzett, egymstl vilgosan elklnlve fejldtek ki az allvium peremn a csszrkort megelz, a csszrkori, a npvndorls kori s a kzpkori ledkrtegek, kztk a csszrkori s a kzpkori talajrteg (141. bra). Ez a specilis archaeo- s pedosztratigrfiai helyzet lehetsget teremtett a klnbz termel kultrk ltal lakott talajszintek vizsglatra, a klnbz technikai szinten lv s eltr szervezettsg emberi kzssgeknek a talajokra gyakorolt hatsnak feltrsra. gy a lejt aljn, a rmai t vgn egy msfl mter mly talajszelvnyt alaktottunk ki, ahol rszletes ledkfldtani, geokmiai, talajtani, archaeobotanikai s archaeozoolgiai vizsglatokat vgezhettnk. A msfl mteres talajszelvnyben a kvetkez rtegeket klntettk el a fek fell (141. s 142. bra): Enyhn laminlt, nvnyi maradvnyokat, limonitos foltokat, vasborskat, kevs szerves anyagot tartalmaz, lejtledkkel is keveredett, szrkssrga szn, rtri ledk (122 96 cm kztt). Ebben a szintben jelents karbont tartalm durvakzetlisztes finomkzetliszt szemcsesszettel alakult ki. A fekrtegen kialakult az emberi hatsra enyhn turblt, csszrkori feketsbarna szn rti talaj On the eastern portion of the archaeological excavation the soil has almost completely eroded until the inflection point of the slope, on the upper part of the slope and on the top level of the plateau, due to land cultivation, human impact, and the use of the road (and its surrounding area) since the Imperial period onward. The eroded soil started to accumulate at the breaking point of the slope on the alluvium side of the slope, and it moved all the way down to the alluvium of the Surnyi Creek. It was mixed with the material of the alluvium, and covered the foreland of the valley floor. Thus the soil accumulated to a great thickness at the bottom of the slope, at the foreland of the alluvium. The accumulation took place in cycles in many different periods, as it is proven by archaeological finds. Therefore, the sediment layers deposited at the foreland of the alluvium developed separately and are well-distinguished. They contain sediment layers of the period before the Romans, the Imperial period, the Migration and the Medieval periods. Amongst them are situated the soil layers of the Imperial and the Medieval period (Fig. 141). This special archaeo- and pedostratigraphical situation made possible the examination of soil levels inhabited by different agricultural communities, and the exploration of impacts on the soil inflicted by humans with different technological levels and different organisation structures. At the end of the Roman road, at the bottom of the slope we created a soil profile, which was 1.5 metres deep, where we conducted detailed sedimentological, geochemical, pedological, archaeobotanical and archaeozoological analyses. The following layers and horizons were distinguished in the soil profile, starting from the parent material (Figs. 141, 142): Slightly laminated greyish-yellow alluvial sediment mixed with slope deposit containing plant remains, limonite patches, iron flecks, and some organic remains (between 122 and 96 cm). Fine silt containing coarse silt composition with significant carbonate content evolved in this level.

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VIA 2 (96 107 cm kztt). Ebben a horizontban az agyag, a szerves anyagtartalom jelents mrtkben megemelkedett, a karbont tartalom viszont erteljesen lecskkent a fekszinthez kpest. Erre a talajfelsznre enyhn laminlt, kavicsos agyagos ledk halmozdott r (107 90 cm kztt). Ennek a rtegnek a kpzdst gy modelleztk, hogy a csszrkori talajra a rmai tnak az rtrre vezet szakaszbl lejt irnyban lemosott talajjal, rtri ledkkel kevert kavicsok halmozdtak t, s ezeket a kavicsokat az rtri ledk s az erodldott talaj mtrixknt fogja kzre. A kavicsos horizontra kevs szerves anyagot tartalmaz, vrses szrksbarna szn rtri ledk (90 60 cm kztt) teleplt. A fekhz kpest ebben a szintben az agyagtartalom erteljesen, a homok s kavicsfrakci arnya drasztikusan lecskkent. Valsznsthet, hogy a patak vzhozamnak nvekedsvel s az rtri ledkkpzds kiterjedsvel alakulhatott ki ez a talajhorizontot fed alluvilis ledk rteg. A karbont tartalom nvekeds alapjn felttelezhet, hogy jelents mennyisg, a krnyez platkrl, lejtkrl szrmaz, thalmozdott lszszer ledk is keveredett ehhez az ledkes szinthez. A rteg enyhn laminlt, nvnyi maradvnyokat, limonitos foltokat, vasborskat tartalmaz. A npvndorls korra, honfoglals korra tehet rtri ledk felsznn egy jelents agyag- s szerves anyag tartalm, kzpkori kermikat tartalmaz, feketsbarna szn, polideres szerkezet, vzhats (hidromorf) talaj kpzdtt (60 40 cm kztt). Ez a talajrteg enyhn bolygatott, nvnyi maradvnyokat tartalmaz, valsznleg a kzpkorban legeltetett, szntott rti talaj lehetett eredetileg. A kzpkori talajrteg felett, egszen a felsznig hzd, rtri ledken kpzdtt, szntott, kevert szrksbarna szn talaj tallhat, eketalprteggel. Jelenleg gyomvegetcival bortott, de a biogalria nyomok s dnttt gykrfld labdk nyomn eredetileg fkkal bortott felszn lehetett. Ez a szntfldi s a kezelt ligeterd kztti tBlackish-brown meadow soil from the Imperial period evolved on the parent material, slightly disturbed by humans (between 96 and 107 cm). The clay and organic material content significantly increased in this horizon, but the carbonate content strongly decreased compared to the parent material level. Slightly laminated, gravel and clay sediment deposited on this soil surface (between 107 and 90 cm). The development of this layer can be modelled as the redeposition of soil and gravel mixed with alluvial deposits eroded from the section of the Imperial period road, which led to the alluvium. This mixture accumulated on the soil, and these gravels were surrounded by alluvial sediments and eroded soil as a matrix. A reddish, greyish-brown alluvial sediment layer with low organic remains content deposited on the gravel layer (between 90 and 60 cm). Compared to the parent material, the clay content significantly, the ratio of sand and gravel fraction drastically dropped in this level. This alluvial deposit layer covering the soil horizon was probably formed by the increase in the water yield of the creek and by the extension of alluvial sediment forming. Based on the increase in carbonate content it is very probable that significant amounts of loess-like sediments, originating from the surrounding plateaus and slopes and redeposited here, were also mixed with this deposit level. The layer is slightly laminated, containing plant remains, limonite patches and iron flecks. In the Migration period, at the time of the Hungarian Conquest the next layer was formed (between 60 and 40 cm). It has significant clay and organic material content, contains ceramics from the Medieval period, blackish-brown in colour, and its structure is polyhedral and shows the signs of hydromorph soil development. This soil horizon originally probably was a ploughed meadow soil, also used for animal grazing in the Medieval period. It is slightly disturbed and contains plantal remains. Above the Medieval sediment the soil is a ploughed, mixed greyish-brown soil also showing a layer of plough-sole. It evolved on the alluvial sediment and stretches to the surface. It is currently cov-

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 meneti nvnyzeti svban keletkezett recens rti talaj teljesen kevert, szntott A s az eketalprteg alatt tallhat, sttbarna szn B szintje egyarnt felismerhet. Az ledkgeokmiai (143. bra) s a bvtett talajtani (144. bra) vizsglatok alapjn is jl elklnthetk a talajszelvnyben feltrt egykori talajszintek s ledkes rtegek. A fekkzet egy vzoldhat elemekben, elssorban kalciumban s magnziumban gazdag, a szulft tartalma alapjn reduktv, magas talajvzlls krnyezetben kifejldtt, minimlis szerves anyagot tartalmaz rtri ledk volt. Az rtri ledken kpzdtt csszrkori talaj, valamint a fedjben kzvetlenl jelentkez kavicsokkal kevert thalmozdott tal ajszint jelents szerves anyag-, foszft-, nitrt-tartalm termkeny talaj volt. Valsznsthet, hogy a mezgazdasgi terleteket trgyztk mr ekkor is trgyztk a termer nvelse rdekben s a fldmvels sorn lepusztult talajbl thalmozdott, az rtren akkumulld, az rtren kpzd talajjal keveredett talajanyag hatsra nvekedett meg a vizsglt rtegben a nitrt, foszft, klium tartalom. A humusz s szerves anyag tartalom nvekedse is ehhez a talajpusztulsi, talajakkumulcis s talajkeveredsi folyamathoz kthet s a szerves anyag nvekedse nyomn emelkedhetett meg a szerves anyaghoz ktd rz s cink tartalom is (144. bra). A csszrkori talajszintet fed rtri ledkben a foszft, nitrt, humusz s szerves anyag tartalom jelents mrtkben visszaesett, a karbont, elssorban a kalcit tartalom, a vzoldhat magnzium s a szulft tartalom viszont jelents mrtkben megemelkedett. A talajszintet egyrtelmen egy rtri ledk fedte le, majd az rtri ledken ismt egy jelents nitrt, foszft, humusz s klium tartalm talaj kpzdtt a kzpkor folyamn. Ezen talajrteg feletti recens talajszint a termel emberi gazdlkods, sznts, erdirts ered with weeds, but it might have been a forested surface based on biogalery traces and tilted soil balls held by roots. This meadow soil that developed in the transitional vegetation zone between the plough land and cultivated grove forest is completely mixed. Its A-horizon, which is ploughed, and its B-horizon, which is dark brown and located below the layer of plough-sole layer, can be well distinguished. The former soil horizons and deposit layers explored in the soil section can also be distinguished very well by sediment geochemical (Fig. 143) and extended pedological (Fig. 144) examinations. The parent material is rich in water soluble elements, especially calcium and magnesium. Based on its sulphate content, it evolved in a reductive environment with high ground water levels, and once it was an alluvial sediment with minimal organic content. The soil from the Imperial period evolved on top of the alluvial sediment. It is covered by a soil horizon consisting of redeposited soil mixed with gravel. Both are fertile soils, and have a significant organic material, phosphate and nitrate content. The cultivated lands by this time were probably fertilised in order to enhance the fertility of the land. The increase in nitrate, phosphate and potassium content in the layer under examination was probably due to the redeposition of soil that eroded during land cultivation, which accumulated on the alluvium and were mixed with the alluvial soil. The increase in humus and organic content is also connected to these soil erosion, soil accumulation and soil mixing processes. The copper and zinc content also increased as these might be connected to the increase in organic material (Fig. 144). The phosphate, nitrate, humus and organic material content significantly dropped in the alluvial deposit covering the layer from the Imperial period. At the same time the carbonate content significantly increased, especially the calcite, the water soluble magnesium and sulphate content. It is clear that alluvial sediment covered the soil horizon, and during the Medieval period another layer evolved on top of the alluvial deposit, with high nitrate, phosphate, humus and potassium content.

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VIA 2 okozta rtegkevereds miatt mr nem rtkelhet. 11.9.2 A lelhely talajszelvnyn vgzett makrobotanikai vizsglatok eredmnyei A frsszelvnybl 28 mintt elemeztnk meg makrobotanikai sszettelre (145. bra). Az elkerlt makrobotanikai anyag megtartsi llapota az igen rossz s a rossz kategriba sorolhat. A makrobotanikai anyag sszettele s vltozsai alapjn a kt rtri szint s a csszrkori, kzpkori talajrteg kpzdsnek egykori loklis nvnyzeti httert lehetett jellemezni a talajszelvnyben. A talajszelvnyben feltrt als rtri szintbl nhny Mollusca hj mellett viszonylag jelents mennyisg nd- s gyknytredk kerlt el. gy az rtri terleten az ledk kpzdse, az rtri ledk lerakdsa sorn elssorban lgy szr nvnyzeti bortssal szmolhatunk. A csszrkori talaj szintjben a makrobotanikai anyag sszettele megvltozott, a gykny s nd maradvnyok teljesen eltntek a szelvnynek ebbl a szakaszbl, az gett pernye mennyisge ugrsszeren megemelkedett s igen jelentss vlt, mikzben a hatrozhatatlan nvnyi trmelk, kztk is elssorban az egyszik maradvnyok arnya, erteljesen megemelkedett. Valsznsthet, hogy a csszrkorban a fldmvels hatsra felgyorsult erzi s tteleptds hatsra alakult ki ez a jelents mennyisg, hatrozhatatlan nvnyi trmelk. A pernye mennyisgnek nvekedse egyrtelmen a megnvekedett emberi hatsokhoz (tzels, erdirts, kohszat) kthet. Az rtri nvnyek eltnse ebben a horizontban szintn emberi hatshoz kthet, valsznleg az rtri nvnyzetet egyszeren legettk s kiirtottk. A csszrkort kveten kifejldtt rtri ledkes szintben a pernye mennyisge drasztikusan lecskkent, ennek nyomn az emberi hats cskkensvel, a lakossgszm cskkenssel, s a termels intenzitsnak, tpusnak vltozsval szmolhatunk. Az emberi hats cskkenst (a gzl megThe recent soil horizon above this layer is not suitable for evaluation due to the mixture of layers caused by agricultural activities, ploughing and tree fallings. 11.9.2 The results of macrobotanical analyses conducted on the soil profile of the site Twenty-eight samples of the drilling core were analysed for macrobotanical composition (Fig. 145). The preservation of the macrobotanical material can be categorised as poor and very poor. Based on the composition and changes in the macrobotanical material it was possible to characterise the former local vegetation background of the development of the two alluvial levels and the soil profile from the Imperial period and the Medieval period. Significant amounts of reed and cattail fragments, and several mollusc shells were found in the lower alluvial layer of the explored soil profile. Therefore, we can deduce that during the development and deposition of the alluvial sediment a herbaceous vegetation cover was characteristic. The composition of macrobotanical material changed in the layer of the Imperial period. The reed and cattail remains disappeared, but the amounts of ash increased considerably and became very significant. At the same time the ratio of unidentifiable plantal remains, especially monocot remains, increased strongly. The significant amounts of unidentifiable plantal fragments probably originated from the faster erosion and redeposition due to the agricultural activities in the Imperial period. The increase in the amounts of ash clearly denotes increased human impacts (fire burning, forest cutting, smelting). The disappearance of alluvial fan vegetation in this horizon was also caused by human impacts, as the vegetation covering of the alluvium was probably simply burned or exterminated. After the Imperial period, in the next alluvial sediment layer, the amount of ash dropped sharply. This leads to the conclusion that human impact and the number of human inhabitants decreased, and the type and intensity of land cultivation also changed.

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 sznst?) jelzi a nd (Typha), a gykny (Phragmites) s a ss (Carex) maradvnyainak jbli megjelense, az rtri nvnyzet regenerldsa. A lgyszrak mellett a fz (Salix) s az ger (Alnus) maradvnyok megjelense azt jelzi, hogy az rtr a csszrkori nvnyzeti irtst kveten fzzel s gerrel bortott trsznn alakulhatott t. Ezek a makrobotanikai eredmnyek teljesen sszhangban vannak a Surnyi-patak alluvilis pollenszelvnynek eredmnyeivel, ahol a npvndorls korban a puhafs ligeterd elemeinek, a fz- s gerfknak a terjedst rekonstrultuk. A kzpkori talaj szintjben a makrobotanikai anyag sszettele ismt megvltozott, a fs szr nvnyek, a gykny s nd maradvnyok teljesen eltntek a szelvnynek ebbl a szakaszbl. Az gett pernye mennyisge ugrsszeren megemelkedett s igen jelentss vlt, mikzben a hatrozhatatlan nvnyi trmelk, kztk is elssorban az egyszik maradvnyok arnya erteljesen megemelkedett. Valsznsthet, hogy csak gy, mint a csszrkorban, a fldmvels hatsra felgyorsult erzi s tteleptds hatsra alakult ki ez a jelents mennyisg, hatrozhatatlan nvnyi trmelk. A pernye mennyisgnek nvekedse egyrtelmen a megnvekedett emberi hatsokhoz, a jelents szm letelepedett letmdot folytat lakossg tevkenysghez (tzels, erdirts, kohszat) kthet. Az rtri nvnyek eltnse ebben a horizontban is emberi hatshoz kthet, valsznleg az rtri nvnyzetet ekkor is egyszeren legettk s kiirtottk. 11.9.3 A lelhely talajszelvnyn vgzett pollenanalitikai vizsglat eredmnyei A frsszelvnybl 28 mintt elemeztnk meg pollenanyag sszettelre (146. bra). A pollenanyag megtarts az egyes ledktpusokban igen eltr volt, de tlagosan kzepesnek mondhat. Ennek nyomn a szelektv pollenmegrzds csak kisebb mrtkben befolysolhatta a pollen sszettelt. A pollenanyag sszettele s vltozsai alapjn a kt rtri szint s a csszrkori, The decrease in human impacts (disappearance of the ford?) also denoted by the reappearance of reed, cattail and sedge (Carex sp.,Typha sp., Phragmites sp.) remains, as the alluvial vegetation regenerated. The appearance of willow (Salix) and alder (Alnus) remains, besides the herbaceous remains, shows that the alluvial fan transformed into an area, which was covered with willows and alders after the vegetation extermination that took place during the Imperial period. These macrobotanical results are in line with the results of the alluvial pollen section from the Surnyi Creek, where the spread of softwood grove forest elements, willows and alders were reconstructed for the Migration period. The composition of macrobotanical material changed in the level of the Medieval period. The arboreals, and the reed and cattail remains completely disappeared from this part of the section. The amount of ash increased considerably and became very significant. At the same time the ratio of unidentifiable plantal remains, especially monocot increased strongly. The significant amounts of unidentifiable plantal fragments probably originated from the faster erosion and redeposition due to the agriculture, just like in the case of the Imperial period. The increase in the amounts of ash clearly denotes increased human impact (fire burning, forest cutting, smelting), inflicted on the area by a significantly large community leading a settled life. The disappearance of alluvial fan vegetation in this horizon was also caused by human impact, as the vegetation covering the alluvium was probably simply burned or exterminated here as well. 11.9.3 The results of pollen analyses conducted on the soil profile of the site Twenty-eight samples of the drilling core were analysed for pollen composition (Fig. 146). Pollen preservation was quite different in each sediment type but on average we could call it medium. Based on this the selective pollen preservation influenced the pollen content only to a small degree. Based on the composition and changes in the pollen material it was possible to characterise the

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VIA 2 kzpkori talajrteg kpzdsnek egykori regionlis nvnyzeti httert lehetett jellemezni a talajszelvnyben. A fek rtri szinten az rtri nedves krnyezetben l fafajok (fz, ger, nyr, tlgy) pollenjeinek arnya dominlt. A higrofil fajok mellett a gyertyn, a hrs, a bkk, a szil arnya is kiemelked. Ez alapjn fajgazdag, eltr erdtrsulsokba sorolhat nvnyzet borthatta a vizsglt trsg dnt rszt. Ugyanakkor a nylt terleteket kedvel nvnyek arnya is kiemelked volt ebben a szintben. St, gabonapolleneket is sikerlt kimutatni ebbl a horizontbl. Valsznsthet, hogy a vaskor vgnek, a La Tne kultra megtelepedsnek idhorizontjt sikerlt feltrni ebben a szintben. Ez klnsen azrt fontos, mert jl lthat a pollenszelvny alapjn, hogy mr bolygatott, alapveten mozaikos szerkezet, de fk dominancijval jellemezhet tjban telepedtek meg a kelta kzssgek s a megtelepedsi szintjket kveten, de mg a ks vaskor folyamn, a csszrkor eltt a fs szr nvnyek pollenarnya lecskkent, a lgy szr s termesztett nvnyek, kztk is elssorban a gabonaflk pollenarnya megemelkedett (146. bra). Ennek nyomn erteljes tjtalaktsra, erdirtsra, s a mvelt terletek arnynak nvekedsre kvetkeztethettnk. A csszrkori szintben a lgyszrak, elssorban a gyomok s a gabonaflk elretrse mellett kimutathat volt a fenyflk arnynak nvekedse is. Ezek a polleneredmnyek jl szinkronizlhatk a Borz-patak (115. s 116. bra) s a Surnyi-patak (133. s 134. bra) rtern vgzett pollenanalitikai vizsglatok eredmnyeivel, a csszrkorban kialakult pollenes sszettelvel. Kiemelked jelentsg a szl-, s dipollenek (Vitis s Juglans) megjelense a vizsglt szelvny ks vaskori s csszrkori szintjben, mert ez a kt nvny a ks vaskori kertkultra szerves rsze volt. A vizsglt szelvnybl szrmaz pollenadatok megerstik, hogy ez a csszrkorban a Dunntlon kiterjed rmai agrrium bza szl di termnyeken alapult. former regional vegetation background development of the two alluvial levels and the soil layer from the Imperial period to the Medieval period. On the parent material alluvial level the pollens of arboreals, favouring wetlands (willow, alder, birch, oak) were dominant. The ratio of hornbeam, lime, beech and elm is also significant besides the hygrophil species. According to this a vegetation of different forest compositions with many species covered the greater part of the study area. At the same time the ratio of plants favouring open areas was also significant in this level. Even cereal pollens were present in this horizon. It seems that the time horizon of the settlement of the La Tne period at the end of the Iron Age was explored in this level. It is especially important because it is clear by the pollen section that the area where the Celts settled was already disturbed, it had a mosaic-like layout but had arboreal dominance. After their settlement level, even during the Iron Age but before the Imperial period, the pollen ratio of the arboreals decreased, and the pollens of herbaceous plants and product plants, especially cereals increased (Fig. 146). On the bases of these we can deduce marked land shaping, forest cutting, and an increase in the size of the cultivated lands. Besides the increase in herbaceous plants, especially weeds and cereals in the level of the Imperial period, the increase in coniferous ratio is also present. These pollen results are well-correlated with the results of pollen analyses carried out on the alluvium of the Borz Creek (Figs. 115, 116) and the Surnyi Creek (Figs. 133, 134), and with the pollen cloud that evolved during the Imperial period. In the Late Iron Age level of the section the presence of grape vine (Vitis) and walnut (Juglans) has a high significance as these plants were important parts of the Late Iron Age garden culture. The pollen data of the section under examination support that the Roman agriculture, extended over the Transdanubian region, was based on wheat, grape vine and walnut. The pollen composition changed in the horizon following the Imperial period. The intensive land

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 A csszrkort kvet horizontban a pollenszszettel erteljesen megvltozott, a fz, tlgy, ger, bkk s a nyr elretrse nyomn a tgabb trsgben az intenzv tjhasznlat lecskkent. Ugyanakkor a fflk s a gyomok arnya is jelents maradt, de a gabonaflk pollenarnya erteljesen visszaeshetett s ennek nyomn a klterjes llattarts eltrbe kerlse zajlott a terleten a npvndorls korban. A kzpkori talajrtegben a gabonaflk s a lgyszrak pollenarnya erteljesen megemelkedett, a fs szr nvnyek, kztk is elssorban a puhafk (fz, nyr, ger) pollenarnya lecskkent, de a tlgy, a bkk, a gyertyn pollenarnya megemelkedett. Ez alapjn hosszabb tv erdgazdlkodsi stratgit rekonstrulhatunk, ahol az rtkesebb, de lassabban nv fafajokat helyeztk eltrbe. A pollensszettel alapjn az rpd-kor/kzpkor folyamn rtek, kaszlk, szntk, erdk, ligeterdk mozaikosan helyezkedhettek el a vizsglt trsgben, s az egyes mozaikok kiterjedse igen vltozatos lehetett, az rtri krnyezetben l fafajok jelentsen visszaszorultak, a ligeterdei mozaik arnya lehetett a legkisebb. A vzi, vzparti nvnyek maradvnyai alapjn az rtren kiterjedt ndas, gyknyes, ssos, geres s fzes zna is kialakulhatott. Ez alapjn a Surnyi-patak rtern jelents gazdlkods folyhatott, valsznleg kaszlknt vagy nyri legelknt hasznosthattk az rtri rtet. 11.9.4 A lelhely talajszelvnyn vgzett malakolgiai vizsglat eredmnyei A 35 ledkmintbl, mintnknt mintegy 2,6 kg ledkbl kiiszapolt Mollusca fauna 26 faj (10 vzi s 15 szrazfldi csiga-, valamint 1 kagyl taxon) 379 egyedbl llt, annak ellenre, hogy sszesen tbb mint msfl mzsa ledket iszapoltunk t s vlogattunk ki a Mollusca hjak kinyershez. Mivel a mintnknti egyedszm alatta maradt a statisztikai minimumnak, ezrt elssorban a fauna ltalnos sszettele s nem az egyes fajok dominancia viszonyai alapjn vonuse decreased in a larger area indicated by the increase in willow, oak, alder, beech and birch pollens. The ratio of grass and weeds remained significant but the pollen ratio of cereals strongly decreased. This implies extensive animal keeping in the area during the Migration period. The pollen ratio of cereals and herbaceous plants strongly increased in the layer from the Medieval period, and the pollen ratio of arboreals, especially softwood (willow, birch, alder) decreased. At the same time the pollen ratio of oak, beech and hornbeam increased. We can reconstruct a long term sylvicultural strategy based on this fact, where the more valuable species were grown, despite the fact that their growing time is much slower. Based on the pollen composition the location of meadows, fields, plough lands, forests and groves were mosaic-like in the study area, and the extensiveness of the mosaics may have showed great variability during the rpdian and Medieval periods since the arboreals inhabiting the alluvial environment decreased. The ratio of the grove forest mosaics was probably the smallest. The remains of aquatic and waterside plants denote an alluvial zone with extensive reed, sedge, cattail, alder and grassy vegetation. According to this, significant agricultural activity took place on the alluvium of Surnyi Creek, and the alluvial meadow was probably used as a crop field or for animal grazing during the summer. 11.9.4 The results of malacological analyses conducted on the soil profile of the site The mollusc fauna was flotated out from thirty-five sediment samples, where each sample was about 26 kg, consisted of three hundred seventy-nine pieces of twenty-six species (10 aquatic and 15 terrestrial snails, and 1 mussel taxa). Altogether 130 kg of sediments were flotated and sorted to obtain the mollusc shells. As the number of specimens in each sample remained below the statistical minimum, we focused on deductions regarding the general composition of the fauna, and not on the dominance of

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VIA 2 tunk le kvetkeztetseket. A fauna vltozsai alapjn 4 malakolgiai szintet lehetett elklnteni (147. s 148. bra). A jelents mennyisg ledkmintk ellenre megtallt rendkvl alacsony egyedszm miatt csak pontokkal jeleztk (147. s 148. bra) az egyes fajok jelenltt. Kt faunahorizontban, a csszrkori talaj fek s fedszintjben kialakult rtri ledkben a vzi fajok dominltak (147. bra), mg a csszrkori s rpd-kori/kzpkori talaj rtegben a szrazfldi elemek (148. bra) arnya volt a meghatroz. Mindkt rtri ledkhorizontban szinte azonos Mollusca fauna fejldtt ki, az idszakos vzbortst elvisel, seklyebb, nvnyzettel bevont vizeket kedvel kagyl- s csigafajok jelentkeztek. A mocsaras, lpos krnyezetet visszatkrz Valvata cristata, Lymnaeidae s Planorbidae fajok jelenlte dominlt, ppen ezrt meglep a jgkori rtegekre jellemz Valvata pulchella egy hjmaradvnya a fek rtegben. Valsznsthet, hogy jgkori rtegbl bemosdott vagy thalmozdott hjmaradvny lehetett a megtallt pldny. Az rtri ledkes szintekben a vzi fajok mellett az ersen higrofil krnyezetet kedvel, vzparti s vzi nvnyek szrn, leveln l szrazfldi csigafajok ( Carychium minimum, Succinea putris, Succinea oblonga, Oxyloma elegans, Perforatella rubiginosa) kerltek csak el. Kln figyelmet rdemel a nedves rtri erdkre jellemz Bradybaena fruticum jelenlte a ks vaskori rtri szintben, mert fs szr vegetci jelenltt bizonytja. A ks vaskor vgre, a csszrkor kezdetre tehet talajrtegben a fauna megvltozott s a szrazfldi fajok arnya vlt uralkodv (149. bra). A vltozs nyomn a vlgy feltltdse, elmocsarasodsa felgyorsult s valsznsthet, hogy a krnyez, magasabban fekv terletekrl erodldott ledk, elssorban jelents szerves anyag tartalm talaj halmozdott fel a vlgytalpon ebben a mlysgben. A rgszeti leletek alapjn ez a malakofauna alapjn rekonstrulhat feliszapolds a ks vaskor vgn s a csszrkorban jtszdott le. the given species. Based on the changes in the fauna four malacological levels were distinguished (Figs. 147, 148). Despite the significant amounts of sediment samples the number of specimens was very low, therefore the presence of the given species are only marked with dots (Figs. 147, 148). Aquatic species were dominant in the alluvial sediment deposited in the parent material and cover level of the soil that evolved during the Imperial period (Fig. 147). The sediment consisted of two faunal horizons. In the horizon of the soil from the Imperial period and from the rpdian Age/Medieval period the ratio of terrestrial species (Fig. 148) was significant. Almost completely similar mollusc fauna developed in both alluvial sediment horizons; mussel and snail species favouring shallow vegetation covered waters, and resilient to periodic water covers were present. Valvata cristata, Lymnaeidae and Planorbidae species were dominant reflecting a swampy marshland. Therefore, it was surprising to find the shell remains of a Valvata pulchella in the parent material level as this is more characteristic of glacial layers. The shell remains probably ended up here due to redeposition or illuviation from the glacial layer. Besides the aquatic species terrestrial snail species (Carychium minimum, Succinea putris, Succinea oblonga, Oxyloma elegans, Perforatella rubiginosa) were found in the alluvial sediment layers. These strongly favour hygrophil environments, and live on the stems and leaves of aquatic and waterside plants. The presence of Bradybaena fruticum in the Late Iron Age level of the alluvium must be noted, as this species favours wet alluvial forests. Thus it proves the presence of arboreal vegetation. In the soil level, which evolved at the end of the Late Iron Age and at the beginning of the Imperial period the fauna changed and terrestrial species became dominant (Fig. 149). Following the changes, the alluviation and waterlogging of the valley speeded up. Probably large amounts of sediments, mostly soil with significant organic content, eroded from the surrounding area from higher altitudes and were deposited on the valley floor in this horizon. Based on

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 A csszrkori talaj mlysgben is megvltozott a faunakp, az allviumnak az ltalunk vizsglt szakaszn megjelentek a xeromezofil fajok (Cepaea vindobonensis, Helix pomatia, Vallonia costata) s fokozatosan a fauna meghatroz rszt alkottk. A ksr faunban, alrendelten a nedves rtekre jellemz fajok (borostynkcsigk Succinidae s a Perforatella rubiginosa) is fennmaradtak, a vzi fajok szinte teljesen kiszorultak a terletrl (149. bra). A csszrkori rteg faunjban kiemelked jelentsg a rmaiak ltal is fogyasztott ti csiga (Helix pomatia) folyamatos jelenlte s jelentsnek mondhat arnya. Ugyancsak kiemelked jelentsg a csszrkori rtegben kimutathat tejfehr csiga (Monacha cartusiana) jelenlte, mert ez az adat is bizonytja, hogy ez az eredetileg balkni elterjeds faj a csszrkorban mr a Krpt-medencbe is bevndorolt s a faunnk rszv vlt. A malakofauna alapjn az allvium lvilga a csszrkort s npvndorls kort kveten is talakult, valsznleg a gyors feltltds hatsra egy ciklikusan kiszrad rtri erd s rt faunjv. A nylt s zrt vegetcit kedvel s ciklikus kiszradst is elvisel malakofauna elemek egyms melletti megjelense nyomn egy mozaikos szerkezet, erd s rtfoltokbl ll nvnyzetet rekonstrulhatunk a Surnyi-patak allviumn a csszrkort kveten. Ez a fauna a kzpkor folyamn kpzdtt talajrtegben is fennmaradt, de a szrazfldi fajok, kztk is a mezofil elemek, elssorban a pannon csiga ( Cepaea vindobonensis ) arnya rvn, vlt dominnss. A kzpkori rtegben feltrt fauna elemei gyjthetk ma is a Surnyi-patak vlgyben, s rdekes mdon annak ellenre, hogy a vlgytalp megfelel nedvessgnek tnik, a recens Mollusca fauna egyedszma is rendkvl alacsony, hasonlan a talajszelvnybl kinyert faunhoz. the archaeological finds this siltation, which is reconstructed by the malacofauna, took place at the end of the Late Iron Age and in the Imperial period. The fauna changed again in the Imperial period. Xeromesophil species (Cepaea vindobonensis, Helix pomatia, Vallonia costata) appeared on the presently examined alluvium and they gradually became the determinant part of the fauna. Succinidae and Perforatella rubiginosa characteristic of marshlands were also preserved in the accompanying fauna although in subdominance. The aquatic species almost completely disappeared from the area (Fig. 149). The presence and significant ratio of Helix pomatia, which the Romans considered as a source of food, in the fauna in the layer from the Imperial period had a high significance. Also important is the presence of Monacha cartusiana in the layer from the Imperial period as this proves that this species, originated from the Balkans, already spread in the Carpathian Basin and became the part of our fauna by the Imperial period. Based on the malacofauna, the fauna of the alluvium changed following the Imperial and the Migration periods. Due to the quick alluviation it probably became the fauna of an alluvial forest and meadow that desiccated periodically. Based on the malacofauna elements, favouring open and closed vegetation and resilient to cyclic desiccations, on the alluvium of the Surnyi Creek we can reconstruct a vegetation with a mosaic structure, consisting of forest and meadow patches after the Imperial period. This fauna prevailed in the soil horizon that evolved during the Medieval period, but it became dominated by the terrestrial species, especially by the ratio of mesophil elements, mainly the Cepaea vindobonensis. Fauna elements discovered in the layer from the Medieval period can be collected today in the valley of the Surnyi Creek. Interestingly the specimen number of the recent mollusc species is very low, just like in the case of the fauna obtained from the soil profile, despite the fact that the valley floor appears to be as wet as it is needed.

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11.10 Temetkezsi idpont meghatrozsa a zanati urnamezs kor temetben pollenanalitikai mdszerrel
Ilon Gbor, Smegi Pl, Trcsik Tnde 11.10.1 Bevezets A temetkezsi idpontok, szertartsok naptri ven belli pontos idejnek (vszaknak) meghatrozsra tbb termszettudomnyi mdszer is kialakult, de ezek elssorban a mellkletknt adott llatok levgsnak ideje nyomn vontak le kvetkeztetseket (Price 1991). Megkzelthet a temetkezs idpontja kagylanyag alapjn is (Rick et al. 2005), ha ugyanis a temetsi szertarts a kagylk tenyszidszakban trtnt, akkor szinte napra pontosan meghatrozhat a temetkezs idpontja a kagylhjon a nvekedsi vonalak alapjn. Ennek a mdszernek viszont jelents problmja, hogy a kagylanyagot gyjthettk a temetkezsi szertarts eltt akr tbb vvel is, gy jelenltk alapjn nem kvetkeztethetnk a temets pontos idpontjra (vszakra). Ezek a problmk klnsen tvolsgi kereskedelembl szrmaz kagylanyagra igazak, mert tbb httel, hnappal, esetleg vekkel ksbb a kiemels utn hasznlhattk fel temetkezsi mellkletknt. A kagylanyag mellett szrazfldi csigk tmeges jelenlte alapjn is prbltk lehatrolni mr a temetkezsek idpontjt, figyelembe vve a csigk aktivitsi idejt (Kvavadze et al. 2008). Ez klnsen olyan terleteken vezethet eredmnyre, ahol a nyr vgi szrazsg s a tli hideg kvetkeztben ketts inaktv (anabizis) llapot alakul ki a terleten l Mollusca fajoknl. Csont- s kagylmellklet nlkl is meghatrozhat azonban a temets idpontja pollensszettel alapjn (Rsch 2005; Tipping 1994; Tipping et al. 1994; Waterbolk 1958; Whittington 1993), gy, hogy a srban elhelyezett kermikban tallhat fldbl, mzbl (Rsch 1999, Kvavadze et al. 2007), az emberi maradvnyok krnyezetbl fldmintkat vesznk s a temets sorn begyazdott pollenanyagot feltrjuk, s megelemezzk. Elssorban a ks szi, tli idszakban (oktber februr kztt) trtn mintakiemelssel akadlyozhatjuk

11.10 Determination of the time of the burials in the Urnfield period cemetery of Zanat employing pollen analysis
Gbor Ilon, Pl Smegi, Tnde Trcsik 11.10.1 Introduction There are many scientific methods to determine the exact date (exact season) of burials and ceremonies but these are mostly based on consequences regarding the time of slaughtering the animals used as grave goods (Price 1991). The date of the burial can also be determined by the mussel material (Rick et al. 2005), because if the burial ceremonies took place in the breeding period of mussel then it is possible to determine the date of the burial almost to the day by the growth rings of the mussel. A serious problem of this method is that the shells might have been collected years before the actual burial ceremony, thus their presence will not lead us to determine the exact date (season) of the burial. This problem applies manifold to mussel material originating from long distance trading as these might have been used as grave goods after many weeks, months or even years of their collection. Attempts to determine the date of burials were also based on the mass presence of terrestrial snails, taking the activity period of the snails into account (Kvavadze et al. 2008). This approach could lead to results in areas where, as a result of a dry period at the end of summer and of the winter colds, dual inactive conditions (anabiosis) appear in the mollusc species living in the area. The date of the burial can be determined without bone or mussel grave goods by examining the pollen composition (Waterbolk 1958; Whittington 1993; Tipping 1994; Tipping et al. 1994; Rsch 2005) of soil samples from vessels and honey in the grave (Rsch 1999, Kvavadze et al. 2007), and samples also from the surroundings of the human remains. This pollen material, accumulated during the burial, is explored and analysed. Correct pollen analysis can be conducted if there is no recent pollen pollution. It can be avoided by collecting the samples

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 meg a recens virgpor szennyezds kialakulst s a korrekt pollen analitikai vizsglat elvgzst, mert a vegetcis peridusban kifejld pollenes jelents szennyezds veszlyt hordoz. Ilyen vizsglatra nylott lehetsg a Szombathely zanati lelhelyen a ks bronzkori urnamezs idszakhoz tartoz temet esetben, ahol az ednyekben tallhat fld tbb rtegbl, illetve a temetkezsi helyen feltrt betltsi rtegekbl ks nyri kora szi idszakban mintkat emeltek ki pollenelemzsre. 11.10.2 Felhasznlt mdszerek A pollenkoncentrci meghatrozshoz a Lycopodium spratabletts mdszert alkalmaztuk (Stockmarr 1971). Louis J. Maher Jr. (1972) mdszernek megfelelen minimum 300 db pollent szmoltunk meg mintnknt, gy biztostva a pollenkoncentrcijnak adott mintra trtn statisztikailag biztonsgosnak tekinthet meghatrozst. A napjainkban ltez recens pollenkoncentrci vszakos s havi vltozst, Szombathely krnyknek pollenkalendriumt egyrszt sajt, a rgszeti lelhelyeknl kihelyezett pollencsapdk feldolgozsa nyomn, valamint az llami Npegszsggyi s Tisztiorvosi Szolglat Nyugat-Dunntli rgira, a Szombathely s krnykre megadott, interneten is kzlt pollenadatai alapjn rajzoltuk meg. Az urnk elfldelsnek, az urnk elhelyezsnek idejt (vszakt) gy hatroztuk meg, hogy a feltrt pollenek jelenltt, hinyt s dominancia viszonyait hasonltottuk ssze a recens pollennaptrban az egyes nvnyi pollenek megjelensnek, visszaszorulsnak, illetve dominancia maximumnak idejvel korrelltuk (150. bra). Az brnl az urnbl kinyert pollenanyagban az egyes taxonok dominancijt a pollenek recens megjelensnek teljes idszakban feltntettk s a pollensszettel, az egyes nvnyek pollenjeinek tfed jelenlte alapjn kiemeltk a legvalsznbb idszakot, amikor a temetkezs megtrtnhetett (150. bra). Termszetesen mind a recens pollenkalendriumban in the late autumn or in the winter period (between October and February), because the pollen cloud forming in the vegetation period conveys significant pollution danger. In the case of the Late Bronze Age Urnfield period cemetery at Szombathely Zanat site we had the opportunity to conduct such examination. Samples were taken for pollen analysis from many of the layers in the fill of the vessels and from the fills of the burial ground in the late summer and early autumn months. 11.10.2 The methodology applied In order to determine the pollen concentration the Lycopodium spore tablet method was used (Stockmarr 1971). According to the method of Louis J. Maher Jr. (1972) we counted at least three hundred pollens in each sample, thus ensuring that the given sample has the pollen concentration, which is suitable for statistical determination. The recent seasonal and monthly pollen concentration changes and the pollen calendar of the surroundings of Szombathely were determined by many data sources. We partly used the pollen traps set up at the archaeological sites, and partly used the pollen data provided by the Hungarian National Public Health and Medical Officer Service regarding the pollen situation of the western part of Transdanubia and Szombathely and its surroundings. The data were also available on the Internet. The date (season) of burying the urns was determined by comparing and correlating the presence, lack and dominance factors of the pollen material from the excavation with the pollen presence, decrease and dominance maximum of the recent pollen calendar (Fig. 150). The dominance of the given taxa in the material collected from the urns is shown on the graph for the entire period of the recent presence of the pollen. By the overlapping presence of certain plants and by the pollen composition we pointed out the season in which the burials most likely took place (Fig. 150). Of course the efflorescence period of both species listed in the recent pollen calendar and

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VIA 2 feltntetett fajok virgzsi ideje, mind a fosszilis pollenek egykori megjelense idjrsfgg jelensg, gy mg szerencss esetben is, ezzel a mdszerrel csak minimum 2 6 hetes pontossggal lehet megllaptani a temetkezs (fldbe helyezs) idszakt. 11.10.3 Eredmnyek A 19/29. sr pollen elemzsnek eredmnyei (7, 47. bra) A temetkezsi helyen a 3 ednymellkletet kitlt ledk klnbz rtegeibl vettek sszesen 6 mintt pollenelemzsre. Valamennyi fldminta tartalmazott rtkelhet pollenanyagot (151. s 152. bra), valamint nedves fldben tenysz gombas algasprkat. A legjelentsebb tmegben, majd az elkerlt pollenanyag felt, fenyflk, elssorban Pinus pollenek alkottk. A fenyflk pollenjei napjainkban prilis kezdettl jnius vgig kerlnek el a rgi pollencsapdibl, s a legnagyobb tmegben prilis vgtl mjus kezdetig jelentkeznek ezek a virgporszemek. Ennek nyomn a temetkezs valsznsthet ideje erre a kt hnapra tehet. A tavaszi flvben (mrcius s jlius kztt) trtn szertartst s betemetst ersti meg a tlgy (Quercus), bkk (Fagus), kris (Fraxinus), szil (Ulmus), ger (Alnus), nyr (Betula), fz (Salix) pollenek jelenlte. Ugyanakkor a lrum (Rumex) pollenek jelenlte, a fflk (Gramineae) virgporszemeinek jelents arnya a tavasz vgi s nyr kezdeti, a mogyor (Corylus) vletlenszer, alrendelt jelenlte az prilis vgi, maximum mjus kezdeti begyazdst jelzi. A pollensszettel nyomn a legvalsznbb idszak prilis vge, mjus kezdete (150. bra). A 19/29. sr ednyhez hasonl, szinte azonos pollensszettel a 38/47. s a 39/48. (7, 59 60. bra) sr ednybl elkerlt pollenanyag. Ezek szerint ez a hrom sr azonos fenolgiai fzisba tartoz pollenesben, azaz vszakban kerlt elhelyezsre. A rgszeti kormeghatrozs szerint azonban a temet klnbz idrendi fzisaiban (I. fzis: 19/29, II. fzis: 39/48.) kerltek fldbe. the former appearance of fossil pollens greatly depends on the weather, thus this method provides an answer for the date of burying the urn with the accuracy, even in fortunate cases, of only two to six weeks. 11.10.3 Results The results of pollen analysis of Grave 19/29 (Figs. 7, 47). Six samples were taken for pollen analysis from different layers of the deposits filling up three vessels of the burial place. All soil samples contained pollen material suitable for evaluation (Figs. 151, 152), and fungi and algae spores living in wet environments were also present. Almost half of the pollen materials, very significant amounts, were coniferous pollens, especially Pinus pollens. Nowadays the coniferous pollens are present in the pollen traps of the region between the beginning of April and the end of June. The largest amounts are present between the beginning of April and the end of May. According to this the burial probably took place sometime during these two months. The spring date of burial (between March and July) and urn burying is supported by the presence of oak (Quercus), beech (Fagus), ash (Fraxinus), elm (Ulmus), alder (Alnus), birch (Betula) and willow (Salix) pollens. At the same time the presence of Rumex pollens and the significant amounts of grass (Gramineae) pollens denote the end of spring and beginning of summer. The very low presence of hazel (Corylus) shows embedment at the end of April or beginning of May. According to the pollen composition the most probable period is the end of April, beginning of May (Fig. 150). The pollen material found in the vessels of Graves 38/47 and 39/48 (Figs. 7, 59 60) is similar to the pollen composition of the vessel from Grave 19/29; in fact it is almost the same. It implies that these three burials took place during the pollen cloud representing the same phenological phase that is in the same season. According to archaeological dating, however, these were buried in different chronological phases of the cemetery (phase I: 19/29, phase II: 39/48).

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 A 8/17. sr pollen elemzsnek eredmnyei (6, 38. bra) A temetkezsi helyen egy ednymellkletet kitlt ledkbl, valamint az urna krl feltrt klnbz rtegekbl vettek sszesen 5 mintt pollenelemzsre. Valamennyi fldminta tartalmazott rtkelhet pollenanyagot s nedves fldben tenysz gomba- s algasprkat (153. s 154. bra). A legjelentsebb tmegben, az elkerlt pollenanyag majd felt, fenyflk, elssorban Pinus pollenek alkottk. A fenyflk pollenjei prilis kezdettl jnius vgig kerlnek el a rgi pollencsapdibl, s a legnagyobb tmegben prilis vgtl mjus kezdetig jelentkeznek ezek a virgporszemek. Ennek nyomn a temetkezs valsznsthet ideje erre a kt hnapra tehet, mint az elz temetkezsi helyek esetn, de itt a pollensszettel eltrt az elz srhelyek mintinak anyagtl. Ugyan a tavaszi flvben (mrcius s jlius kztt) trtn szertartst s betemetst ersti meg a tlgy (Quercus), bkk (Fagus), kris (Fraxinus), szil (Ulmus), ger (Alnus), nyr (Betula), fz (Salix) pollenek jelenlte, de arnyuk alrendelt, megjelensk ugyanakkor valamennyi mintban kimutathat. Ugyanakkor a lrum (Rumex) s a fflk (Gramineae) virgporszemeinek jelents arnya mr inkbb a tavasz vgi s nyr kezdeti betemetdst jelzi. Ezt tmasztja al cickafark (Achillea), az tif (Plantago), di (Juglans) s a gabonaflk (Cerealia) pollenek jelenlte is. A pollensszettel nyomn a legvalsznbb begyazdsi idszak mjus msodik fele (150. bra). A di s a gabonaflk jelenlte alapjn mvelt terletekre kvetkeztethetnk, mg a cickafark, tif jelenlte taposott, emberi hatsokkal terhelt, antropogn krnyezetet jell a temetkezs, a fldbe kerls krnykn. A pollensszettel nyomn a lakhely, temetkezsi hely s fldmvels szntere ekkor mg lesen nem vlt el egymstl. A 8/17. sr urnjnak betltshez hasonl, szinte azonos pollensszettel a12/21. (6, 44. bra) s 20/30. urnbl (6, 48. bra) elkerlt pollenanyag. Eszerint ez a hrom edny azonos fenolgiai fzisba tartoz pollenesben (vszakThe results of pollen analysis of Grave 8/17 (Figs. 6, 38). Five samples were taken for pollen analysis from the deposit, which filled up one of the vessels of the grave and from the different layers of the area surrounding the urn. All soil samples contained pollen material suitable for evaluation (Figs. 153, 154) and fungi and algae spores living in wet environments were also present. Almost half of the pollen materials, very significant amounts, were coniferous pollens, especially Pinus pollens. Coniferous pollens are present in the pollen traps of the region between the beginning of April and the end of June. The largest amounts are present between the beginning of April and the end of May. According to this the burial probably took place sometime during these two months, just like in the case of the previously discussed two burials, but the pollen composition here is different from the pollen composition of the samples from the graves mentioned above. The spring date of the burial ceremony and the actual burying (between March and July) is supported by the presence of oak (Quercus), beech (Fagus), ash (Fraxinus), elm (Ulmus), alder (Alnus), birch (Betula) and willow (Salix) pollens. Even though they are present in subdominance, they appear in all samples. At the same time the presence of Rumex pollens and the significant amounts of grass (Gramineae) pollens denote that burying took place at the end of spring and beginning of summer. It is further supported by the presence of yarrow (Alchillea), plantain (Plantago), walnut (Juglans) and cereal (Cerealia) pollens. Based on the pollen composition, the period of embedment was most likely in the second half of May (Fig. 150). The presence of walnut and cereals shows cultivated areas, and the presence of yarrow and plantagos denotes treaded, anthropogenic environment, effected by humans in the vicinity of the burial ground. According to the pollen composition the living areas, burial grounds and cultivated land patches were not significantly separated from each other at that time. The pollen material found in the urns of Graves 12/21 (Figs. 6, 44) and 20/30 (Figs. 6, 48) almost

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VIA 2 ban) kerlt elhelyezsre. A rgszeti kormeghatrozs szerint azonban a temet klnbz idrendi fzisaiban (I. fzis: 12/21, II. fzis: 20/30.). A pollenkalendrium alapjn Magyarorszgon elszr vgzett, rekonstrult temetkezsi idlehatrols jelenleg annyira egyedlll, hogy a zanati hat sr elemzse alapjn nehz komolyabb kvetkeztetseket levonni, de az rendkvl elgondolkodtat, hogy mind a hat ednybl elkerlt pollenanyag a tavasz vgt, maximum a nyr kezdett jelzi. Nem zrhat ki, hogy ez a homogn temetkezsi idszak jrvny(ok)hoz, esetleg ritulhoz ktdtt. A pollenanyag alapjn lehatrolt prilis vgtl jnius kezdetig tart idszak kapcsn ugyancsak hipotetikusan felvethet, hogy a temetkezsek fldbe helyezse, ritulja esetleg a j terms elfelttelnek tekinthet s a gabona virgzshoz kthet, mivel a gabonaflk virgzsa a Krpt-medencben prilis kzeptl jnius kzepig tart. Ugyanakkor nem kell valamifle vres szertartsra, emberldozatra kvetkeztetni, mivel a halottak hamvasztsa, a hamvak urnba helyezse, s a temetkezs, az urnk fldbe helyezse kztt akr jelents id is eltelhetett. gy az urnk fldbe helyezse s a gabona szrba szkkensnek, virgzsnak sszekapcsoldsa, a kzssg tagjai ltal a teremt fldnek adott ldozat s a kzssg fennmaradst, ltalapjt jelent, a fldbl kicsrz, a termesztett nvnyek venknti megjulsnak egy ltvnyos szakasza sszekapcsoldhatott, s ritulv fejldhetett. Tudjuk, hogy zanati vizsgldsaink s hipotzisnk csak egy kezdeti llapot. Ezen csak akkor lehetsges tllpni, ha ms urnamezs kori temetkezsek esetben is trtnnek hasonl mintavtelezsek s vizsglatok, illetve ezek sszevetse is megtrtnik. gy ellenrizhetv vlhat a fentebb lert hipotetikus rtelmezs. Ehhez azonban a termszettudomnyi szakembereknek s a rgszeknek folytatniuk kell a kzs munkt, a rgszeti lelhelyek sokcompletely matches with the pollen composition of the fill of the urn of Grave 8/17. It implies that these three vessels were buried during the pollen cloud representing the same phenological phase that is in the same season. According to the archaeological dating, however, these were buried in different chronological phases of the cemetery (phase I: 12/21, phase II: 20/30.). The reconstructed burial date determination by pollen calendar is unique in Hungary as it was conducted here for the first time. Based on the data of six graves it would be difficult to arrive to serious conclusions, but it is intriguing that the pollens in all six vessels denote the end of spring, or latest the beginning of summer. We shall consider whether this homogenous burial period was connected to an epidemic or maybe to rites. In connection with the period from the end of April to the beginning of June delineated by the pollen data it can also be considered hypothetically that the burials and rites might have been connected to the efflorescence of cereals as a prerequisite for a good crop, as the efflorescence period of cereals takes place between the middle of April and the middle of June in the Carpathian Basin. At the same time we do not consider some sort of bloody ritual or human sacrifice, as it is possible that significant time passed between the cremation of the dead, the placing of the ashes in the urns and the burials themselves. Therefore, the connection between the burial of the urns and the efflorescence of cereals might have led to rituals as the members of the community gave offerings to Mother Earth and this practice corresponded with the period of growth of product plants that gave solid bases to the sustainability of the community. We are aware of the fact that our examinations at Zanat and our hypothesis is only a starting phase. It can be further developed only if similar sampling and analysis would take place in the case of other Urnfield period burials, and the data series are compared to each other. That way the hypothetic interpretation discussed above can be verified. To this end natural scientists and archaeologists shall continue their joined activities, to process the archaeological sites

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 irny feldolgozst s az adatok kzs rtelmezst. from the point of view of many different disciplines and to interpret the data together.

11.11 A vizsglt terlet krnyezettrtneti fejldse


Smegi Pl, Nfrdi Katalin, Trcsik Tnde Felsznfejldsi modell A zanati rgszeti feltrs keleti elterben, a Borz-patak fel lejt domboldalon, a nemesbdi rgszeti feltrs nyugati elterben, a Surnyipatak fel lejt domboldalon, a Borz-patak s a Surnyi-patak allviumn, valamint a korbban a terleten (Hossz-vz-patak s a Kris-patak allviumn) vgzett vizsglatok nyomn a kvetkez felsznfejldsi modellt rajzolhattuk meg a Gyngysi-skra vonatkozan az elmlt 15 20 ezer vre vonatkozan: A lsz alatt a pleisztocn idsebb szakaszban felhalmozdott kavicsos sszlet hzdik, helyenknt srgsbarna szn, msutt vrsbarna szn agyagos foltokkal tagoltan, helyenknt lejt irnyban nyelvszeren thalmozdott kavicsanyaggal. A kavicstakar felett a patakok kztti, platjellegen kifejldtt dombhtak geolgiai felptse viszonylag egyszer, jelents agyag s finomkzetliszt tartalm, de durvakzetliszt dominancij, a tipikus lszhz kpest sttebb, barns sznrnyalat, vlyogosodott lsz vagy rgebbi nevn barnafld alkotja a termrteg alapkzett. Eredetileg ez az ledktpus eolikus lsz lehetett, amely talakult s vlyogosodott. Ez az ledktpus a lejt irnyban kivastagodott, majd fokozatosan az allvium peremn sszefogazdott egy szrkszld szrkssrga szn, kzetlisztben ds minerorganikus ledkrteggel. A patakok allviumn feltrt szrkszld szrkssrga szn, kzetlisztben ds minerorganikus (Smegi 2004) ledkrteg egyrtelmen a jgkor vgn, egy lehlsi peridusban fejldhetett ki. A rteg jelents mennyisg mllatlan szilikts durvakzetliszt tartalma, igen jelentktelen szervesanyag-tartalma a jgkor vgi krnyezettel,

11.11 The environmental historical development of the study area


Pl Smegi, Katalin Nfrdi, Tnde Trcsik Surface development model The following surface development model was created for the Gyngys Plain for the last 15000/20000 years, based on the examinations conducted on the eastern part of the Zanat archaeological site; at the hillside inclining towards the Borz Creek; on the western part of the archaeological site of Nemesbd; at the hillside inclining towards the Surnyi Creek, on the alluviums of the Surnyi and Borz Creeks; and on examinations carried out earlier in the area (alluvium of Hossz-vz Creek and Kris Creek): A gravel sediment layer stretches under the loess that was deposited there in the Late Pleistocene. It is divided at places by yellowish-brown or reddish-brown clay patches, and towards the slope at places there are redeposited gravel peninsulas. The geological structure of the plateau-like developed ridges that stretch above the gravel cover between the creeks is quite simple. It has significant clay and fine silt content, but is dominated by coarse silt. Loamy loess, or by its old name, brown earth forms the parent material of the productive layer. It is darker than the typical loess, and it has a brownish colour. This sediment type originally probably was Aeolian loess, which was transformed and became loamy loess. This sediment type increased in thickness towards the slope, and at the edge of the alluvium it gradually joined to a minerorganic sediment layer rich in silt. Its colour is greyish-green and greyish-yellow. The greyish-green and greyish-yellow minerorganic sediment layer with high silt content (Smegi 2004) was clearly formed at the end of the glacial period, in a cooling period. The significant amounts of non-weathered silicate and silt content of the layer, together with the insignificant amounts of or-

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VIA 2 a glacilisok hidegebb ghajlati szakaszaihoz kapcsold porakkumulcival, a mllshoz kedvez feltteleket biztost tenyszidszak idtartalmnak drasztikus lecskkensvel mutat sszefggst (Smegi 2004). Ennek a jgkor vgi alluvilis ledknek a kifejldse egyrtelmen bizonytja, hogy a Gyngysi-skot prhuzamos svokra, platszer htakra bont, Borz-, Surnyis Kris-patakok alkotta patakhlzat mr a jgkor vgn kialakult. A patakok allviumt a jgkori minerorganikus ledkrtegre teleplve egy szerves anyagban relatve dsabb ledk fedte le, amelynek felszn kzeli rsze talajosodott. Ez a mestersges talajvz szablyozs kvetkeztben kialakult rti talaj alatt helyenknt svnyosodott, talajosodott tzeg, homokbeteleplsekkel tagolt, kzetlisztben gazdag alluvilis hordalk hzdik, de az allvium peremn a dombhtrl lemosdott, tteleplt barna erdtalaj anyaga is megjelent a fedledkben. Mivel a rgszeti feltrs sorn a lejt thalmozdott, a lejt mentn lpsrl lpsre vltoz vastagsg ledkrtegeit sikerlt feltrni, ezrt a terleten a morfolgia viszonyokhoz alkalmazkodott, lejt mentt feltr rgszeti feltrs falt kihasznlva (123., 125. s 141. bra) megrajzoltuk a terleten a talaj- s geolgiai rtegek viszonyt (155. bra). Az elemzseink azt mutatjk, hogy a dombtetktl az allviumig tart lejt mentn kifejldtt hidroszeriesz fgg, ms nven catena menti (Dalrymple et al. 1968; Gerrard 1992) ledkkpzdst rekonstrulhattunk a jgkor vgn. Majd a holocn folyamn ugyanez a geomorfolgiai llapot a talaj kifejldst befolysolta. gy a vizsglt terleten a feltrt rgszeti kultrk egy morfolgiafgg, de vltozatos krnyezetben telepedtek meg, ahol talajvz magassga, az alapkzet, a talaj s a nvnyzet kifejldse a lejt mentn folyamatosan vltozott. A terleten a klnbz kultrk kzssgei gy a talajvz magassga, a szablyozatlan rtereken vltoz magassgban jelentkez rvizek, a lejtn kialaganic content show correlation with the environment at the end of the glacial period, with the dust accumulation related to the cooler periods of the glacial period, and with the drastic decrease in the duration of periods, which provided good conditions to weathering (Smegi 2004). The development of this alluvial sediment at the end of the glacial period clearly proves that the stream network of the Surnyi, Borz and Kris Creeks, which divides the Gyngys Plain into parallel patches and plateau-like ridges, was already formed at the end of the glacial period. A sediment layer relatively richer in organic materials covered the glacial minerorganic layer of the alluviums of the creeks. Its near-surface part developed into a soil. Below it meadow-type soil development took place. As a result of artificial flood control below the meadow-type soil an alluvial deposit layer is situated, which is mineralised at places, and interrupted by soiled peat and sand patches, and rich in silt. The brown forest soil, which eroded from the ridges and redeposited here, also appeared in the cover sediment. Since the slope was redeposited during the archaeological excavation, we were able to explore the sediment layers, the thickness of which along the slope changed step by step. Therefore, we took advantage of the wall of the archaeological excavation that followed the slope and the morphological conditions (Figs. 123, 125, 141) and we outlined the correlation of soil and geological layers of the area (Fig. 155). Our analysis show that along the slope that stretches from the ridges to the alluvium a hydro series dependent, in other words a catena edging sediment development took place at the end of the glacial period (Dalrymple et al. 1968; Gerrard 1992). This geomorphological situation influenced the soil formation during the Holocene period. The archaeological cultures excavated in the study area settled in a morphology dependent but diverse environment where the level of ground water, the parent material, and the development of soil and vegetation constantly changed along the slope. Therefore, the commu-

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 kul ledkfolyamatok rvn elssorban a dombhtak tetejn, a platjellegen jelentkez laposabb trszneken, valamint a patakok irnyban kifejldtt lejtk magasabb trsznein telepedtek meg. A lelhelyeket, megtelepedsi trszneket feltr satsi felsznen viszont a patak parton, st a patakok rtern alluvilis ledkkel fedetten is elkerltek rgszeti trgyak (141. bra). Ezek a rgszeti anyagok a lejt irnyban kivastagod, magasabb trsznekrl tteleplt, thalmozdott talajrtegekben helyezkedtek el. Valsznsthet, hogy a talajerzis folyamat llandan jelen lehetett a dombhtak irnybl az allviuma fel, de ez a folyamat akkor ersdhetett fel, amikor termel kultrt folytat kzssgek telepedtek meg a vizsglt rgiban. Ugyanis a megtelepeds s a termel tevkenysg sorn a kora-holocn folyamn kialakult lejtt bort zrt erdtakart elbb megbontottk, majd fokozatosan kivgtk s a nvnyzeti borts cskkense nyomn a talajerzi fokozatosan felersdhetett. Az Els s a Msodik katonai felmrs (2006a; 2006b) trkpei (107. s 108. bra) alapjn a terlet dnt rszn mg a 18. szzad msodik fele eltt az egsz dombhtakra kiterjedt erzi fejldtt ki, mert az erdterletet teljesen kivgtk Nemesbd s Zanat kztt. Ugyanakkor Nemesbd s Vt kztti htakra kiterjed erzi a 18. szzadot kveten, a 19. szzadban ersdhetett fel, mert a dombht mintegy 30%-t bort tlgyes erdt ekkor kivgtk, s az egsz terletet szntv alaktottk t, amelyet egyre intenzvebben s egyre mlyebb rtegekig mveltek. gy mintegy tbb ezer ves vltoz intenzits, organikus kultrkhoz ktd fldmvelssel, ciklikus tjregenercival s visszaerdslssel, valamint a tbb mint 200 vet tvel rendkvl intenzv talajmvelssel szmolhatunk a vizsglt rgiban. A ciklikusan felersd talajerzi kvetkeztben az allviumok peremn rtegzett talajszelvny alakult ki, az egyes rtegeket erodldott s magas talajvzlls krnyezetben jra talajosodott barna nities representing the different cultures by considering the level of ground water, the floods that reached to different heights in lack of flood control, and by the sediment processes that took place on the slope; they mostly settled on the ridges, on the plateau-like flat areas and at higher altitudes on the areas sloping towards the creeks. Archaeological features were found on the banks of the creeks, on the excavation surface of the sites and settlement areas, and features were also found on the alluvial flats of the creeks, covered by alluvial sediments (Fig. 141). These archaeological features were located in soil profiles thickening towards the slope, redeposited from the higher areas. The soil erosion process has probably always been present, moving from the ridges towards the alluvium, but it became more marked once the communities with agriculture settled down in the region. It was caused because due to the settlement and agricultural activities the forests, which developed and covered the slope in the Early Holocene, were gradually cut out. The soil erosion increased following the decrease in vegetation cover. Based on the First and the Second Military Surveys of Hungary (2005; 2006) (Figs. 107, 108) erosion, extending over the largest part of the area including ridges, took place even before the second half of the th 18 century, because the forests were clear cut between Nemesbd and Zanat. At the same time the erosion of ridges between Nemesbd and Vt beth came more prominent after the 18 century, in the th 19 century, because the oak forests previously covering about 30% of the ridges were cut, and the entire area was transformed into plough lands. These were cultivated with increasing intensity and to deeper and deeper layers. Thus we can assess the presence of agriculture of varying intensity for many thousands of years related to cultures, and with periodic landscape regeneration and reforestation, and with intensive land cultivation for over 200 years in the study area. As a consequence of the periodically strengthening soil erosion, a layered soil profile formed at the edge of the alluviums. The individual layers were formed from eroded brown forest soils,

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VIA 2 erdtalajbl szrmaz talajanyag s a fekjt alkot lszs ledk alkotta. A kzpkori kermikat tartalmaz talajrteg felett feltrt erodldott ledk anyag alapjn az elmlt 200 vben mintegy 25 35 cm vastagsg talaj- s ledkrteg pusztult le a htak felsznrl, mg a csszrkori kermik megjelense alapjn az kortl kezdden (az utols 2000 v sorn) akr mteres vastagsg talaj s ledk tteleptdssel (141. bra) is szmolhatunk. Ennek ellenre az egyrtelmen megllapthat volt, hogy az jkor kezdetig a terleten lt kzssgek termkeny barna erdtalajon alakthattk ki termterleteiket, s csak az elmlt ktszz vben alakult t ez a barna erdtalaj teljes mrtkben emberi hats talajj az intenzv fldmvels, trgyzs s mtrgyzs, talajvz szablyozs hatsra. Ugyanakkor mg egy rendkvl fontos geomorfolgiai jelensget sikerlt feltrni, nevezetesen egy jgkorhoz ktd tundrajelensget, Farkas Csilla szombathelyi rgsz ltal korbban mr feltrt s felismert fagyzskos, fagykes s poligonlis permafroszt (rkfagy) szerkezeteket (Farkas s Kszegi 2008). Ugyanis a vizsglt terleten fagymints talajszerkezet alakult ki (124. bra). gy tnik, hogy a jgkor hidegebb szakaszaiban, a prealpi rgiban ez az arktikus, szubartikus klmra jellemz talajtpus fejldhetett ki a nem folyamatos (Maruszcak 1987) permafroszt (rkfagy) hatsra. A talaj fels rsznek nyri flvben trtnt olvadsval, fagysval beindul folyamatok kvetkeztben az egykori talaj felsznn ll kdarabok, esetnkben a fekbl szrmaz kavicsok szinte polideres mintba rendezdtek. A felsznen ez gyrs szerkezet formjban jelentkezik, mg a jgkorban felhalmozdott s vlyogosodott lszs ledkbe lenyl zskos s kes formkat alkot a platszer dombhtakon. Ezeket a lszs alapkzetbe lenyl geomorfolgiai formkat tlttte ki a holocn kezdetn kifejldtt barna erdtalaj. gy egy vrsbarna szn kzetlisztes agyaggal kitlttt polideres mintzat fejldtt ki a platkon. Ugyanakkor a lejt irnyban ezek a gyrs szerwhich were altered by the high ground water environment and also by the loess sediments of the parent material. Based on the eroded sediment material explored above the soil layer containing Medieval ceramics, a soil and sediment layer about 25 to 35 cm thick eroded from the ridges in the last 200 years. The appearance of ceramics from the Imperial period indicate that we could account for soil and sediment about one metre thick redeposition since the Ancient period (during the last 2000 years) (Fig. 141). Despite these facts it is clear that the communities inhabiting the area until the end of the Medieval period formed their cultivated lands on fertile brown forest soils, and these brown forest soils were transformed only in the last 200 years because of human impacts: intensive land cultivation, fertilisation and ground water and flood control. At the same time an important geomorphological phenomenon was discovered, namely the tundra phenomenon related to the glacial period. It was explored and evaluated earlier by archaeologist Csilla Farkas from Szombathely (Farkas and Kszegi 2008). The structure is the so-called cryoturbation, frost wedge and polygonal permafrost. Patterned ground structure evolved in the study area (Figs. 124). It seems that in the Pre-Alps region, in the cooler phases of the glacial period this soil type evolved due to the non-continuous permafrost (Maruszcak 1987). It is characteristic of arctic and subarctic climate. The rocks on the surface of the former soil, in our case the gravel from the parent material, arranged in a polyhedral pattern due to the thawing of the upper section of the soil in the summer and its freezing in the winter. On the surface it appears as an annular structure, and on the plateau-like ridges it forms sac and wedgelike shapes reaching down into the loamy loess sediment deposited during the glacial period. These geomorphological formations stretching into the loess parent material were filled with brown forest soil that evolved at the beginning of the Holocene. Therefore, a polyhedral pattern developed on the plateaus, filled with reddish-brown silty clay. At the same time due to the erosion

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 kezetek a lejt folyamatok kvetkeztben elnylt cskos, girlandos elrendezdseket mutatnak. Figyelembe vve a terleten feltrt hidroszeriesz (catena) mentn vltoz ledkes rendszereket, talajokat, a pollenvizsglat eredmnyeit, a rtegek kialakulshoz szksges krnyezeti feltteleket, valamint a pollen alapjn rekonstrult nvnyzet ignyeit, a kvetkez fejldsi sorozatot lehetett felvzolni a jgkor vgtl a vizsglt terleten (155. bra): Az els fejldsi fzisban a jgkor vgn periglacilis krnyezetben tundrlis krnyezetben szerkezeti talaj kialakulsa zajlott a kavicsteraszon felhalmozdott lszs kpzdmnyben. A lejt irnyban a poligonlis tundratalaj elnylt girland szerkezetv formldott. A jgkor vgn mozaikos kifejlds, helyenknt lucfenyvel, magaskrs nvnyekkel (libatopflkkel, rmflkkel) kevert erdei fenyves fejldhetett ki a dombhton s a lejt mentn, mg a lejt aljn nyrrel, gerrel elegyes vzparti ligeterd, az allviumon pedig gyknyes, ndas, ssos vezet, esetleg magaskrssal jellemezhet nedves rtek fejldtek ki. A kora holocn sorn, valsznleg a Kr.e. IX. vezred folyamn, a hmrsklet nvekeds nyomn a fenyvesek visszahzdtak a terleten, a szillel, krissel, hrssal kevert tlgyerdk terjedtek el. A zrt lombos erd alatt fejlett agyagbemosdsos barna erdtalaj fejldtt ki, a patak rtert kemny s puhafs ligeterdk, elssorban fz- s gerfk, valamint nd, gykny s ss fedhette. A kzps neolitikumtl kezdden megteleped termel gazdlkodst folytat emberi kzssgek megtelepedsk s termel tevkenysgk nyomn megbontottk, majd fokozatosan elpuszttottk a kora holocn sorn kialakult lombos erdket. A fokozatosan megnveked, egyre jobban szervezett emberi kzssgek s a fejld technika kvetkeztben az erdslt terletek arnya lecskkent, majd a ks vaskortl csszrkortl kezdden az ember alkotta kultrtj vlt uralkodv a vizsglt terleten. Br a npvndorls korban s a kzpkorban az erdslt terletek rszlegesen reprocesses these annular shapes transformed into striped, garland-like patterns. Taking into account the deposit systems and soils explored in the area that followed the hydro series (catena), and the results of pollen analysis, the environmental conditions necessary to the development of the layers, and the requirements of vegetation reconstructed by the pollen data, the following development series can be outlined in the area from the end of the glacial period (Fig. 155): In the first development phase the formation of patterned ground took place on the loessy sediment deposited on the gravel terrace at the end of the glacial period, in tundra environment. The polygonal tundra soil formed a garland structure towards the slope. At the end of the glacial period Scots pine forests evolved, mixed with spruce and tall herb fringe vegetation (Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae) in mosaiclike patterns on the ridges and along the slope. At the bottom of the slope waterside grove forest with birch and alder evolved, and on the alluvium cattail, sedge and reed zone developed, maybe wetlands characterised by tall herb fringe vegetation. th During the Early Holocene, probably in the 9 millennium BC, the pine forests decreased in the area and oak forests mixed with elm, ash and lime appeared, due to the increase in temperature. Brown forest soil with clay illuviation evolved under the closed deciduous forests. The alluvium of the creek was mostly covered with reed, cattail and sedge, and hardwood and softwood grove forests, mainly willow and alder. The deciduous forests that evolved during the Early Holocene were gradually destroyed by the human communities due to their settlement and agricultural activities at the beginning of the Middle Neolithic. The growing human communities with their more and more advanced technologies and organisation caused decrease in forested areas. The cultivated land created by humans became dominant from the Late Iron Age and the Imperial period. The forest areas partially regenerated during the Migration and the Medieval periods, the

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VIA 2 generldtak, a 18. szzadban megindult jkori agrrtechnikai s mezgazdasgi felfogs nyomn a vizsglt terlet nvnyzete s talajbortsa teljes mrtkben emberi hats al kerlt. A fentebb lert ledkfldtani, talajtani, rtegtani adatokra alapozott fejldstrtneti kpet a radiokarbon adatokkal meghatrozott kor pollenszelvnyekkel, illetve a pollen eredmnyeknek a korbban a tgabb rgiban vgzett pollenelemzsek eredmnyeivel trtn sszehasonltsa rvn lehetett finomtani, s az egyes rgszeti kultrk horizontjban kialakult nvnyzetet, valamint a nvnyzetre gyakorolt emberi hatst megrajzolni. A pollendominancia grbk megrajzolsnl az izopollen mdszert hasznltuk fel (Huntley s Birks 1983), de azokban a horizontokban, amelyekben statisztikai mennyisg faszenet sikerlt rgszeti s krnyezettrtneti lelhelyeken feltrni, a faszenek taxon s dominancia sszettelt is feltntettk (156. bra). Az els archaeosztratigrfiai s nvnyfejldsi horizontot a jgkor vgi (156. bra), a Kr. e. XIII XI. vezred kztti epipaleolitikum (Smegi 2007) alkotja. A nvnyzet sszettelben egyrtelmen a fenyk (Pinus) dominltak. A fenyk dominancijnak trbeli megoszlsa nyomn egyrtelmen kirajzoldik, hogy a Kszegi-hegysgben, a Lajtahegysgben, a Keszthelyi-hegysgben kialakult jgkori refgiumaibl terjedhettek szt a fenyvesek a hegylbi s alfldi trsznekre s a fenyvesekkel elegyesen terjedtek el a nyrfk. A nyr (Betula) dominancia eloszlsa azt sejteti, hogy a mlyebb helyzet nedvesebb s hvsebb trszneken kolonizlhatott a jgkor vgn. Valsznsthet, hogy a nyr kisalfldi jelentsebb dominancija mgtt is a magasabb talajvzlls, nedves trsznek szmottev kiterjedse hzdhatott meg. Kiemelked jelentsg ennek a szintnek a kifejldse sorn a bkk (Fagus) pollenek jelents szm megjelense a Balaton neotektonikus rszmedenciben, mert egy teljesen j migrcis modell fellltst teszi lehetv (Smegi 2007) a korbbi elmletekkel szemben. A bkk (Fagus) esetben a hazai palinolgusok (Magyari 2001 s agri-technology and agricultural approach that began in the 18th century led to the total human control of the area, including vegetation and soil cover. The description of evolution outlined above based on sedimentological, pedological and stratigraphical data can further be refined by comparing it to the results of the radiocarbon dating of the pollen sections, and also by comparing it to the results of pollen analysis in the region, which was conducted earlier. Based on these data we can describe the vegetation developed in the horizons of the given archaeological cultures and the impacts of humans on the vegetation. The isopollen method (Huntley and Birks 1983) was employed in drawing the pollen dominance charts but in the case of those horizons where statistically adequate amounts of charcoal were found in archaeological and environmental historical sites, the taxa and dominance composition of the charcoal material is also shown (Fig. 156). The first archaeostratigraphic and vegetation evolution horizon was at the end of the glacial period (Fig. 156), in the Epipalaeolithic between the th th 13 and 11 millennia BC (Smegi 2007). The dominant plants of the vegetation composition were definitely the pines (Pinus). Based on the spatial distribution of pine dominance it is clear that the pine forests that spread to the piedmont and plain areas originated from glacial refugia in the Kszeg Mountains, Lajta Mountains and Keszthely Mountains. Birch also spread among the pines. The dominant distribution of birch (Betula) denotes that it colonised areas of lower altitudes and wet and cool places at the end of the glacial period. The reason for the more significant dominance of birch on the Little Hungarian Plain is probably the extension of wet areas with high ground water levels. The appearance of significant amounts of beech (Fagus) pollens in this level in the neotectonical partial basins of the Lake Balaton makes it possible to create an entirely new migration model (Smegi 2007). In the case of beech (Fagus) Hungarian palinologists (Magyari 2001; Juhsz 2001) explained the time transgression development of the pollen

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 Juhsz 2001) holocn kori migrcis folyamatokkal magyarzzk a bkk pollenhorizont idtranszgresszis kifejldst a Krpt-medencben. St, mindkt hazai palinolgus (Magyari 2001 s Juhsz 2001) a szlovniai bkk refgiumbl szrmaztatta a Krpt-medencebeli bkkerdket s ebbl az egyetlen refgiumbl trtn kiramlssal magyarztk a dunntli, az szaki-kzphegysgi, valamint az alfldi bkksk eredett. Ezt az egyetlen centrumbl trtn bkk kolonizcis modellt szinte a megjelense pillanatban lehetett cfolni a radiokarbon adatokkal korolt ks-glacilis s kora-holocn kor balatoni, nagybrknyi pollenadatokkal (Smegi 2005, 2007; Smegi et al. 2008, 2009b; Jakab et al. 2009) s a szintn radiokarbon adatokkal korolt ks-glacilis kor rejteki (Smegi 2005, 2007) s a kora-holocn kor alfldi (btorligeti) bkk faszn (Smegi 2004) adatok nyomn. gy nem vletlen, hogy a bkk pollen megjelense a vizsglt terleten s szelvnyben is jval korbbi (157. bra), mint az a bkk kolonizcis modell alapjn vrhat lenne s ezek az adatok jl prhuzamosthatak az Alpokalja osztrk oldaln, valamint a Burgenlandban (Drescher-Schneider 2004) vgzett pollenvizsglatok eredmnyeivel. Valsznsthet, hogy a bkkfa jgkor vgi refgiuma nem egyetlen jelents kiterjeds terletbl, hanem tbb diffz foltbl llt a szlovniai Alpok eltertl kezdden az Alpokaljn keresztl egszen a Dunntli kzphegysg dli peremig (Dli-Bakony, Keszthelyi-hegysg). Ezen prenorikumi, preillrikumi s pelsoi refugilis trsg mellett a Krpt-medence keleti rszn szintn diffz foltokbl ll nll bkk refgium ltezhetett (157. bra) mind az szaki-kzphegysgben, mind az Erdlyi-szigethegysg keleti oldaln (Smegi 2004, 2007). Ezek az adatok egyrtelmen altmasztjk a korbban megfogalmazott (Willis et al. 1995) krpt-medencei jgkori erdrefgiumokat, a mrskeltvi fk diffz foltokbl ll, jgkori ozisszer menedkeit (Willis et al. 2000). horizon of the beech in the Carpathian Basin with migrational processes in the Holocene period. Furthermore, both Hungarian palinologists (Magyari 2001; Juhsz 2001) originate the beech forests of the Carpathian Basin from the beech refugium of Slovenia, meaning that the origin of beech forests in the Transdanubian region, in the North Hungarian Range and in the Great Hungarian Plain originated from this single refugium. This one-centred beech colonisation model could be refused almost at the first moment it appeared by the radiocarbon dating of late glacial and Early Holocene pollen data of the Balaton and Nagybrkny (Smegi 2005, 2007; Smegi et al. 2008, 2009b; Jakab et al. 2009) and by the late glacial Rejtek (Smegi 2005, 2007) and Early Holocene Great Hungarian Plain (at Btorliget) beech charcoal data (Smegi 2004), both with radiocarbon dating. The appearance of beech pollen in the study area and in the section is much earlier (Fig. 157) than it could be expected by the beech colonisation model. These data are in direct correlation with the results of pollen analyses carried out in the Austrian side of the foreland of the Eastern Alps and in Burgenland (DrescherSchneider 2004). The refugium of beech at the end of the glacial period probably consisted of many diffused patches, not only one significantly extended area, starting at the edge of the Alps in Slovenia, through the foreland of the Eastern Alps, all the way to the southern brim of the Transdanubian Range (southern Bakony and Keszthely Mountains). Besides this Praenoricum and Praeillyricum refugial region another independent beech refugium may have existed in diffuse patches, in the eastern part of the Carpathian Basin (Fig. 157), in the North Hungarian Range and in the eastern side of the Munii Apuseni in Transylvania (Smegi 2004, 2007). These data clearly support earlier opinions (Willis et al. 1995) that there were glacial forest refugia in the Carpathian Basin, such as oasis-like sanctuaries consisting of diffuse patches of moderate climate trees in the glacial period (Willis et al. 2000).

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VIA 2 A msodik archaeosztratigrfiai s nvnyfejldsi horizontot a Kr. e. XI X. vezredbeli pleisztocn holocn hatrszintje (Smegi 2007) alkotja. A nvnyzet sszettelben mg ekkor egyrtelmen a fenyk (Pinus) dominltak. Jelents a nyr (Betula) arnya is. A nyugat-magyarorszgi szelvnyekben jelentkez pollensszettel az eddigi adatok alapjn a korbban megfogalmazott kora-holocn feny nyr fzishoz (Zlyomi 1952) hasonlthat leginkbb, de kiemelked jelentsg, hogy mr ekkor jelents arnyban jelentek meg a termomezofil fk s cserjk pollenjei (158. bra) s ezek kzl elssorban a mogyor (Corylus) pollenarnya emelkedett ki. Ugyanakkor tbb pollenszelvnyben a fenyflk rvid idej, de rendkvl jelents viszszaesse mellett heliofil lgyszrak s cserjk pollenanyagnak dominancia nvekedse is megfigyelhet. Ezt a korbbi irodalmak eltren rtkeltk, elssorban lehlssel s a jgkor vgi fiatalabb Dryas szinttel prhuzamostottk (Juhsz 2001). Viszont a recens borelis erdkben vgzett kolgiai elemzsek nyomn felttelezhet, hogy ezek, a lgyszrak dominancijval jellemezhet, rvid idszakot fellel pollenszakaszok a knnyen gyullad, jelents gyanta tartalm fenyvesek ciklikus autokatalitikus gst kveten fejldtek ki s a fenyerdk bels fejldshez, szukcesszis folyamataihoz kapcsolhatak, nem pedig ghajlati vltozsokhoz (Smegi 1996, 2007). A harmadik archaeosztratigrfiai s nvnyfejldsi horizontot a Kr. e. X VI. vezred kztti mezolit kronolgiai szint (Smegi 2007) alkotja a vizsglt terleten. A regionlis pollen-egyttes zna egy olyan idszakot jelez, amikor a vegetciban a feny (Pinus) s nyr (Betula) sszetevk fokozatosan visszaszorulnak s a mrskeltvi lombos erdei elemek uralma alakul ki. Egy nagymrtk klmajavuls idszaka ez, amikor a tlevel erdk klimatikus okokbl trtn felnylsval az elegyes tlgyes erd is megtelepedett s fokozatosan elterjedt. A hrssal, szillel, helyenknt bkkel s gyertynnal kevert tlgyerdk mellett a The second archaeostratigraphic and vegetation evolution horizon was outlined at the transition of the th th Pleistocene and Holocene, between the 11 and 10 millennia BC (Smegi 2007). The dominant plants of the vegetation composition are definitely still the pines (Pinus). The ratio of birch (Betula) is also significant. Based on the data available so far, the pollen composition of the section from western Hungary can be compared to the Early Holocene pine-birch phase stated earlier (Zlyomi 1952) but it is very important that pollens of thermomesophil trees and shrubs appeared by that time in significant amounts (Fig. 158). Amongst them the pollen ratio of hazel (Corylus) was outstanding. At the same time a significant drop in pines can be observed in many pollen sections although it was short in duration. This process was contemporary with the increase in pollen dominance of heliophyl herbaceous plants and shrubs. Earlier studies interpreted this phenomenon in different ways, considered to be contemporary with a cool off period and the younger Dryas level at the end of the glacial period (Juhsz 2001). According to ecological analyses conducted in recent boreal forests it can be supposed that these short pollen phases characterised by the dominance of herbaceous plants were caused by the cyclic autocatalytic burning of pine forests, which have a significant resin content and combust easily. In this case these phases are related to the internal development of pine forests and to succession processes, and not to climatic changes (Smegi 1996, 2007). The third archaeostratigraphic and vegetation evolution horizon appeared in the Mesolithic chronological level in the study area, between the th th 10 and 6 millennia BC (Smegi 2007). The regional pollen composition zone denotes a period when the pine (Pinus) and birch (Betula) elements of the vegetation gradually decreased, and in the dominance of the temperate climate deciduous forests came to the fore. It was a period of a significant climate improvement, when the coniferous forests opened up due to climatic reasons, and the mixed oak forests settled and gradually spread. Apart from the oak forests mixed with lime, elm, at

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 vzpartokat ger-, fz-, s nyrfkbl ll ligeterdk bortottk (159. bra). Az ltalnosabb, regionlis jelleg, egsz Nyugat-Dunntlra jellemz pollenkp mgtt egy krnyezeti okokra visszavezethet mozaikos trbeli szerkezetet jelz (Smegi 1995, 1996), rendkvl vltozatos loklis pollensszettel mutathat ki, helyenknt jelents mennyisg, egszen a neolitikum ksbbi szakaszig fennmarad holocn fenyrefgiumokkal, valamint igen korai, korbban mr trgyalt bkk s gyertyn pollenek megjelensvel. A tlgyesek uralma egyrtelm ebben a fzisban, de a magasabb trszneken s a mlyebb, hidegebb vlgyekben fenyvel, bkkel, gyertynnal kevert erdket alkotva, mg az tlagos trsznt alkot plat jelleg terleteken egyrtelmen hrssal, szillel, a vzpartokon gerrel, fzzel, nyrrel elegyesen. Kiemelked jelentsg a mogyor dlnyugatdunntli erteljes dominancija s a borostyn szinte egsz nyugat-dunntli megjelense, mert egyrtelmen bizonytja, hogy ekkor fejldtt ki az holocn klmaoptimum, amelynek ideje a korbbi felfogssal (Jrai-Komldi 1966, 1969) szemben nem korltozdik az atlantikumra, hanem a klasszikus elnevezs preborelis fzistl egszen az atlantikum vgig, mintegy 4000 5000 naptri ven keresztl tarthatott. Ezen klmaoptimum alatt a fejlett cserjeszinttel jellemezhet, eltr llomny sszettel, de a tlgy uralmval jellemezhet lombos erdk alatt fejldtt ki a vizsglt terleten a rgszeti satsok ltal feltrt agyagbemosdsos barna erdtalaj, amely az emberi hatsokra, a fldmvels erdregenerlds, erdllomny sszettel vltozs, valamint a talajerzi nyomn a termel gazdlkods kifejldstl kezdden tbb terleten is jelentsen mdosulhatott. Ez az erdtpus emberi hatsoktl szinte mentesnek tekinthet, br az egyes terleteken a mogyor (Corylus) s az iszalag (Clematis vitalba) jelents dominancija nyomn felmerl a lehetsge annak, hogy a neolit termel gazdlkods kialakulsa eltt, a mezolitikum sorn is jelents some places beech and hornbeam, grove forests consisting of alder, willow and birch appeared at the watersides (Fig. 159). Due to environmental reasons a very diverse local pollen composition with mosaic-like structure can be demonstrated (Smegi 1995, 1996) in the background of the general regional pollen description of the western part of Transdanubia, which shows Holocene pine refugia at places that existed until the Late Neolithic, and the early appearance of beech and hornbeam pollens discussed above. The dominance of oak forests is definite in this phase but they were mixed with pine, beech and hornbeam in higher altitude areas or in deep cool valleys, and mixed with lime and elm on the plateau-like surfaces of general areas. On the waterside the oak was mixed with alder, willow and birch. The high dominance of hazel in south-western Transdanubia and the appearance of ivy in the entire western Transdanubia are very significant as they prove that the Early Holocene climate optimum developed at this time, stretching from the Preboreal phase until the end of the Atlantic phase, lasting for about 4000 to 5000 calendar years, and was not limited to only the Atlantic phase as was stated earlier (Jrai-Komldi 1966, 1969). This climate optimum can be characterised by a well-developed shrub level, and with diverse deciduous forests with the dominance of oak. Under this forest type a Luvisol developed, which was explored in the archaeological excavations. The soil underwent changes at many different locations as a result of agricultural production, human impacts, land cultivation and forest regeneration, changes in the composition of forested areas and soil erosion. This forest type can be considered to be free of human impacts but based on the significant dominance of hazel (Corylus) and clematis (Clematis vitalba), it is also possible that human communities might have had a significant effect on the forest environment during the Mesolithic, before the development of Neolithic agriculture (Smegi 1998, 1999, 2001, 2005).

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VIA 2 hatssal lehettek az emberi kzssgek az erdei krnyezetre (Smegi 1998, 1999, 2001, 2005). A vizsglt terleten a mezolitikum vgn elkezddtt, tudatosnak is tekinthet krnyezet-talaktsok kzl kiemelkedik a szeglyvegetci, a mozaikos erdei krnyezet kialaktsra trekvs, mert ez az erdk szeglyn l, napfnykedvel mogyor terjedst nagymrtkben elsegtette (Smith 1970; Behre 1988). Az rkzld, takarmnyknt is felhalmozhat, tprtkt szrts utn is jelents mrtkben megrz borostyn linjainak, leveleinek begyjtse s felhalmozsa pedig az idszakos llattartshoz (Price 1987; Bnffy 2004), a vadszat alkalmval befogott s tli idszakban borostynnal etetett, majd a tl vgn a tpllkhinyos idszakban levgott nvnyev llatok tartsra is alkalmas volt. A vizsglat al vont szelvnyeink mellett hasonl folyamatokat trtak fel tbb nyugat-dunntli pollenelemzsek sorn is (Ilon et al. 2005; Bnffy et al. 2009). Ennek nyomn nem zrhatjuk ki, hogy a borostynt, hasonlan, mint a nyugat-eurpai kora-holocn kor zrt erdei terleteken lt mezolit kzssgeknl megfogalmaztk, itt az Alpokaljn is lombetetsre hasznltk a terleten lt mezolit kzssgek. gy a kora-holocn, felteheten a IX. vezredtl kialakul mrskeltvi serdkben is jelents, de csak idszakosan jelentkez hatssal lehettek a mezolit kzssgek. A ks mezolitikum sorn elkezddtt s tudatosnak tekinthet, a vizsglt terleten is kimutathat, vegetcivltozst, a mozaikos erdei krnyezet ltrehozst okoz emberi tevkenysgnek igen nagy a jelentsge, mert azt bizonytja, hogy a mezolitikum msodik felben a Krpt-medencben l vadsz halsz gyjtget npcsoportok is eljutottak az n. szubsztitcis fzisba (Zvelebil s Rowley-Conwy 1986). Vagyis a sajt, aktv beavatkozsaik nyomn felhalmozott ismereteik rvn nyitott vltak az lelmiszertermelsi, a produktv gazdlkodsi tapasztalatok tvtelre (Zvelebil 1986). Ezt tmasztjk al a dunntli kora neolit lelhelyeken Bnffy Eszter rgsz ltal vgzett legjabb elemzsek (Bnffy 2004) is. The attempt to create marginal vegetation and mosaic forest environment stands out of other attempts to change the environment. It started at the end of the Mesolithic in the study area and can be considered to be deliberate. It significantly helped the extension of photophil hazel, which prefers to live at the margins of forests (Smith 1970; Behre 1988). The gathering and accumulating of ivy stems and leaves seems to be connected to seasonal animal keeping (Price 1987; Bnffy 2004). The evergreen ivy can be used as forage as it is high in nutrients even after drying. It was adequate to feed the animals that were caught during hunting, and at the end of winters when food was scarce these animals were slaughtered for provision. Similar processes were discovered by other pollen analyses from western Transdanubia (Ilon et al. 2005; Bnffy et al. 2009). For this reason we cannot rule out the possibility that ivy was used by the Mesolithic communities that once lived here at the foreland of the Eastern Alps to feed animals with foraged leaves, similarly to other western European Mesolithic communities that lived in the closed forest areas of the Early Holocene. It means that Mesolithic communities might have had a significant but only periodic impact on the temperate virgin forests that evolved in the Early th Holocene, presumably from the 9 millennium BC. This deliberate human activity that started at the end of the Late Mesolithic is very significant, and it could be observed in the study area. This practice created a mosaic forest environment and resulted in vegetation change. It proves that the hunting, gathering and fishing human communities that lived in the Carpathian Basin in the second half of the Mesolithic reached the so-called substitution phase (Zvelebil and Rowley-Conwy 1986). That is, by the accumulated knowledge from their own active interference they opened up to utilise food producing and productive agricultural experiences (Zvelebil 1986). This is also supported by the newest research of archaeologist Eszter Bnffy (2004) regarding Early Neolithic sites in Transdanubia. The fourth archaeostratigraphic and vegetation evolution is represented by the Neolithic and Cop-

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 A negyedik archaeosztratigrfiai s nvnyfejldsi horizontot a Kr. e. VI IV. vezredbeli neolit s rzkor (Smegi 2007) alkotja. A nvnyzet sszettelben vltozs indult meg, a bkk s a gyertyn pollenek dominancija minden szelvnyben megnvekedett s a tlgy, valamint a hrs, szil, kris, mogyor dominancija ezzel prhuzamosan lecskkent. A pollenek nyomn kialakult kpet egyrtelmen altmasztjk a rgszeti lelhelyekrl elkerlt faszenek, mert az elemzett kora-, kzps-, s ks neolit lelhelyeken mindentt elkerltek mind a bkk, mind a tlgy faszenek. A tlgy s bkk faszenek arnya lelhelyenknt s objektumonknt vltozott, de a tlgy bkk faszenek tlaga 5:1 s 3:1 kztt vltozott (160. bra). A rgszeti lelhelyekrl szrmaz faszenek egyrtelmen altmasztjk a pollenanyag nyomn rekonstrult erdk sszettelt, de a faanyag minsgben igen jelents emberi szelekci is kimutathat, amikor a pollen alapjn rekonstrulhat 1:1 s 3:1 kztti tlgy bkk pollenarny 3:1 s 5:1 kztti arnyra romlott a faszenek esetben a neolitikum s a rzkor sorn. Ennek nyomn a ftsre, ptkezsre felhasznlt faanyag esetben egyrtelm emberi szelekci bizonythat. A dlnyugat-dunntli szelvnyekben a kora neolitikumtl (Kr. e. 6000 5500 vek kztt), a nyugat-dunntli s az szaknyugat-dunntli szelvnyekben a kzps neolitikumtl (Kr. e. 5500 5400 vek kztt) megjelentek a termesztett gabonra jellemz pollenek (161. bra). Ezek az adatok sszhangban vannak a dunntli lelmiszertermels kialakulsnak, terjedsnek rgszeti (Bnffy, 2004) s krnyezettrtneti modelljvel (Juhsz, 2002, Ilon et al. 2005, Bnffy et al. 2009). A gabonaflk arnya a neolitikum fiatalabb szakaszban, illetve a rzkor kezdetvel fokozatosan jelentsebb vlt (161. bra) s az els skori gabonatermesztsi horizont maximuma egyrtelmen a lengyeli kultra kialakulshoz s egzisztlshoz ktdik. gy tnik, hogy ennek a kultrnak a kifejldse jelenti az els jelentsebb kiterjeds emberi krnyezettformldst a nyugat-dunntli terleteken, az per Age, between the 6th and 4th millennia BC (Smegi 2007). The composition of vegetation began to change. The pollen dominance of beech and hornbeam increased in all sections, and at the same time the dominance of oak, lime, elm, ash and hazel decreased. Charcoal material found at the archaeological sites support the description based on pollen data as both beech and oak charcoals were found at Early, Middle and Late Neolithic sites that were examined. The ratio of oak and beech charcoal was different feature by feature and site by site but on average their ratio fluctuated between oak-beech 5:1 and 3:1 (Fig. 160). The compound of forests reconstructed by pollen analysis is clearly supported by the charcoal assemblage (Figure 160) from the archaeological sites and significant human selection is evident in the quality of the wood since the oak and beech pollen ratio of 1:1 and 3:1, reconstructed by pollen data, changed into pollen ratio of 3:1 and 5:1 in the case of charcoals during the Neolithic and Copper Age. According to this a definite human selection can be proved in the case of wood materials used for heating and building. Pollens of cereals appeared (Fig. 161) in the sections from south-western Transdanubia since the Early Neolithic (between 6000 and 5500 BC), and in the sections from western and north-western Transdanubia since the Middle Neolithic (between 5500 and 5400 BC). The data are in line with the archaeological (Bnffy, 2004) and environmental historical (Juhsz, 2002, Ilon et al. 2005, Bnffy et al. 2009) models of the evolution and spread of provision production in Transdanubia. The ratio of cereals started to gradually become more significant in the Late Neolithic and at the beginning of the Copper Age (Fig. 161). The peak of the first Prehistoric cereal product horizon is clearly related to the development and existence of the Lengyel culture. It seems that the development of this culture brought the first significantly extensive environmental transformation by humans in western Transdanubia. The original forested environment was greatly disturbed, large plough lands and an-

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VIA 2 eredeti erdei krnyezet jelents mrtk megbontst, kiterjedtebb szntfldi s llattenysztsi vezetek kialaktst az getssel kialaktott erdei irtvnyokon (Smegi et al. 2009b). A kultra szntfldi terleteinek lokalizcijt (161. bra) is sikerlt megoldani, mert egyrtelmen ltszik, hogy hegylbi s dombsgi lsszel fedett terletek fel haladva a gabonapollenek arnya emelkedik. Ez klnsen akkor szembetn, ha a j pollen megrzdssel jellemezhet lpi, tavi, alluvilis ledkekbl kiemelt ks neolit/kora rzkori pollenmintkat hasonltjuk ssze a lengyeli kultra telepein feltrt gdrkbl szrmaz gabonapollen dominancia viszonyokkal (161. bra). A dominancia viszonyok alapjn a hegylbi, a nedves alluvilis terletekbl kiemelked, termkeny erdei talajjal fedett lszs felszneken, kzvetlenl a telepek krnyezetben vagy diffz, halmaztelepls szerkezettel szmolva magn a telepen zajlott a gabonatermeszts. Az tdik archaeosztratigrfiai s nvnyfejldsi horizontot a Kr. e. III II. vezredbeli rzkor vge s a bronzkor (Smegi 1998, 2004, 2007) alkotja. A klmaviszonyok erteljes fluktucija jellemzi ezt a horizontot, a bronzkor s a kora vaskor vgn bekvetkezett erteljes lehlssel (Smegi 2007). A bronzkor vgn a feny (Pinus) elretrse figyelhet meg. Az urnamezs kultra szintjben ez a lehlssel s intenzv nvnytermesztssel prhuzamba hozhat fenyterjeds nemcsak a pollenanyagban, hanem az urnamezs lelhelyeken feltrt jelents mennyisg feny fasznmaradvnyokban is megnyilvnul (162. bra). A fs szrak (Arbor Pollen) arnya erteljesen lecskkent ebben az idhorizontban a Dunntl nyugati rszn s a nylt terletre jellemz nvnyek (Nor Arbor Pollen) arnya kiemelkedv, 30 50% kzttiv emelkedett (162. bra). Nylt nvnyzet ilyen erteljes elretrse egyrtelmen emberi hatsra fejldtt ki s az skori, prehisztorikus mezgazdasg egyik legfejlettebb tpusa alakult ki ekkor a Krpt-medence nyugati rszn az Urnamezs kultra hatsra. Az Urnamezs kultra horizontjban kifejldtt emberi hats a vaskor els felben, a Hallstatt kultra szintimal keeping areas were formed at the forest clearings created by burning (Smegi et al. 2009b). The problem of localisation of the plough lands of this culture is also solved (Fig. 161) as it is clear that the number of cereal pollens increased towards the loess covered piedmont and hill areas. It is especially notable when pollen samples from the Late Neolithic/Early Copper Age, which were collected from alluvial, swamp or lake sediments that have good pollen preservation properties, are compared to the dominance relations of cereal pollens originating from the pits excavated in the settlements of the Lengyel culture (Fig. 161). Based on pollen dominance relations, cropping took place in the immediate environment of the settlements; or in case of diffuse settlement groups cereals were grown within the settlements. This took place on loessy surfaces covered with fertile forest soil at the foreland, elevated from wet alluvial areas. The fifth archaeostratigraphic and vegetation evolution horizon started at the end of the Copper Age and the beginning of the Bronze Age, between the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC (Smegi 2007). This horizon is characterised by a strong fluctuation in climatic conditions, with strong cooling at the end of the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age (Smegi 2007). Pines (Pinus) became much more widespread at the end of the Bronze Age. The expansion of pines is correlated by the cooling and intensive agriculture in the Urnfield period level is denoted by not only pollen data but also by the significant amounts of pine charcoal remains found at Urnfield period sites (Fig. 162). In western Transdanubia the arboreal (Arbor Pollen) ratio decreased significantly, and the ratio of open field vegetation (Nor Arbor Pollen) increased to 30 to 50% in this time horizon (Fig. 162). Such powerful increase in the open field vegetation clearly denotes the effect of humans of the Urnfield culture and proves the existence of one of the most advanced types of Prehistoric agriculture in the western part of the Carpathian Basin. The human impact that developed during the Urnfield period continued in the first half of the Iron Age, during the Hallstatt period. This impact that developed at the end of the Bronze Age

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11. Fejezet / Chapter 11 jben folytatdott, de ezt a bronzkor vgn kifejldtt jelents emberi hatst a rgiban egszen a vaskor msodik felig, a keltk megtelepedsig nem haladta meg egyetlen kzssg sem. Ennek nyomn jelentsen megnvekedett, jl szervezett s relatve fejlett agrrgazdlkodssal jellemezhetjk az Urnamezs kultrt. A hatodik archaeosztratigrfiai s nvnyfejldsi horizont a Kr. e. 3. szzadtl a Kr. u. 5 6. szzadig tartott, tfogva a ks vaskort s a csszrkort (Smegi 1998; Smegi et al. 2008, 2009a). A csszrkori objektumokbl, ks-vaskori/csszrkori szelvnyszakaszbl elkerlt pollenanyagban a fs szr nvnyzet rendkvli mrtkben lecskkent, valsznsthet, hogy az egsz trsg mr ekkor kultrtjj alakulhatott, ahol az antropogn hatsra kialakult nylt vegetcival bortott trsgben a termesztett nvnyek s a gyomok dominlhattak. A gabona, kztk a bza pollenarnya, valamint a szntfldeket ksr gyomok jelenlte nyomn igen jelents s kiterjedt, intenzven mvelt gabonafldeket rekonstrulhatunk nemcsak loklis, hanem regionlis kiterjedsben. A csszrkori objektumokbl elkerlt pollenanyagban mind a di (Juglans), mind a szl (Vitis) pollenanyaga megjelent, bizonytva, hogy regionlis szinten ezek a nvnyek a csszrkori kertkultra szerves rszt alkothattk. Az skort kveten kifejldtt klasszikus kori nvnytermeszts a Mediterrneumban bzra, szlre s olajbogyra alapozdott (Fall et al. 1998; Deckers s Riehl, 2004, 2007; Deckers, 2007), viszont az olajbogy termesztsnek a klimatikus felttelei nincsenek meg a Krpt-medencben. gy a bzra, szlre, dira (s valsznleg szeldgesztenyre) alapozdott kelta s rmai agrriumnak a pollensszettel alapjn rekonstrult, a ks vaskorban s csszrkorban kifejldtt (163. bra) helyi, dunntli gazdlkodsi formjt szubmediterrn gazdlkodsnak neveztk el (Smegi et al. 2008). A lgyszrak, elssorban a legeltets, taposs hatsra terjed gyomok elretrse mellett kimutathat volt a fenyflk arnynak nvekedse is. Ezeknek a fajoknak a rmai kori elretrse sszefggst mutat az kor egyik was not exceeded in the region by any other communities until the second half of the Iron Age until the settling of the Celts. Therefore, we can characterise the Urnfield culture by an increased, a well-organised and a relatively advanced agriculture. The sixth archaeostratigraphic and vegetation evord lution horizon lasted from the 3 century BC until the th th 5 to 6 centuries AD, and it included the Late Iron Age and the Imperial period (Smegi 1998; Smegi et al. 2008, 2009a). The ratio of deciduous trees drastically decreased in the area, based on the pollen found in Late Iron Age/Imperial period features, and it is highly probable that the entire region became a cultivated land, where open vegetation covered the area by anthropogenic impact, and the dominant plants are agricultural products and weeds. Based on the ratio of cereal pollens, including wheat, and by the presence of weeds common on plough lands, we can reconstruct extensively and intensively cultivated cereal crop fields, not only locally but regionally as well. The pollen material found in the features from the Imperial period contained both walnut (Juglans) and grape vine (Vitis), proving that these plants were vital parts of the garden culture in the Imperial period on the regional level. The classic Ancient product culture that evolved after the Prehistoric period was based on wheat, grape vine and olives in the Mediterranean region (Fall et al. 1998; Deckers and Riehl 2004, 2007; Deckers 2007), but the climatic conditions in the Carpathian Basin do not work in favour of olive growing. Therefore, the local Celtic and Roman agriculture in Transdanubia, based on wheat, grape-wine and walnut (and probably chestnut) was termed Submediterranean (Smegi et al. 2008). This agriculture, which is reconstructed by pollen composition developed in the Late Iron Age and in the Imperial period (Fig. 163). Besides the increase in herbaceous plants, especially weeds that spread because of animal grazing and treading, the increase in coniferous ratio is also present. The increase in these species in the Imperial period shows a relationship with the development of one of the most advanced agricultures of the Ancient period. This agriculture spread into Southern, Central

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VIA 2 legfejlettebb mezgazdasgnak kibontakozsval s szinte egsz Dl-, Kzp-, s Nyugat-Eurpra trtn kiterjedsvel, a lombos fk kivgsval, visszaszortsval, az szak-eurpai borelis, tlevel erdk pollenjnek levegbeli egyeduralmval, a ks vaskori s csszrkori eurpai pollenes sszettelvel. Ezek a vltozsok is jl szinkronizlhatk a velemi (Jakab s Smegi 2007), mezlaki szelvnyekben (Ilon et al. 2005) a ks vaskorban, csszrkorban kimutathat vltozsokkal (163. bra) s a Fert-t krnykn kimutathat kelta megtelepedssel kezdd erdirtsokkal (Jerem et al. 1985, 1986). A pollensszettel vltozsa jl szinkronizlhat a talajtani s szedimentolgiai vizsglatok alapjn kirajzold ks vaskori/csszrkori erteljes talajerzival, talajthalmozdssal s szinte az egsz rgi kultrtjj alakulsval. A csszrkort kvet horizontban a pollensszettel nyomn a terlet intenzv tjhasznlata lecskkent s a npvndorlskorban klterjes llattarts, a rvidtv haszonnal kecsegtet fafajtk eltrbe kerlse zajlott az egsz rgiban (Smegi et al. 2008). gy tnik, hogy a npvndorlskort kveten az erdterletek rszleges regenercija indult meg s ez a folyamat a kzpkorban is megfigyelhet, de az erdei pollenek ciklikus visszaesse nyomn felttelezheten az emberi hats intenzitsa is ciklikusan vltozhatott. A regionlis pollenvizsglatok eredmnyei megerstettk a korbbi, a jgkor vgi, jelenkor kezdeti ghajlati vltozsok ltal irnytott termszetes nvnyvltozsokrl, az skori, kori, npvndorls kori s kzpkori nvnytermesztsrl s vegetci talaktsrl kialaktott elkpzelseinket. Ugyanakkor eddigi krnyezettrtneti elemzseinket paleoklimatolgiai adatokkal, alpi s kzp-eurpai krnyezettrtneti adatokkal kiegsztve kitekintst adhatunk a tgabb alpi s kzp-eurpai rgira is s megrajzolhatjuk a tgabb krnyezet fejldsi irnyait, a nyugat-dunntli rgi s a kzp-eurpai nagyrgi azonos s eltr krnyezettrtneti trendjeit. and Western Europe as well. It also shows connection with the cutting of deciduous forests and their decrease, the dominance of airborne pollens of the boreal coniferous forests of Northern Europe, and with the composition of pollen clouds in the Late Iron Age and the Imperial period. The changes are also well-correlated with the changes in the Late Iron Age and the Imperial period observed in the sections of Velem (Jakab and Smegi 2007) and Mezlak (Ilon et al. 2005) (Fig. 163), and also with the forest cuttings around the Fert Lake starting with the settling of the Celts (Jerem et al. 1985, 1986). The changes in the pollen material correspond to the marked soil erosion and soil redeposition in the Late Iron Age/Imperial period described by pedological and sedimentological evaluations. Almost the entire area was transformed into a cultivated land. Based on the pollen composition, after the Imperial period the intensive land use of the area decreased, and extensive animal keeping became prominent in the Migration period. Arboreal species with short term benefits came to the fore in the entire region (Smegi et al. 2008). It seems that after the Migration period a partial regeneration of the forests began, and this process could still be observed in the Medieval period. Based on the periodic drop in forest pollens it is highly probable that the intensity of human impacts also changed in a cyclic way. The results of regional pollen analysis support our earlier theories regarding the natural vegetation changes caused by the climatic changes at the end of the glacial period and at the beginning of the Holocene; and the agriculture and vegetation change in the Prehistoric, Ancient, Migration and Medieval periods. At the same time we can supplement our environmental historical analysis with palaeoclimatological data, environmental historical data regarding the Alps and Central Europe, and we can provide an outlook on the wider region including the Alps and Central Europe. By these data it is possible to outline the evolution of the wider environment, and similar and different environmental historical trends in western Transdanubia and Central Europe.

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89. bra. A vizsglt terlet s a pollenanalitikai frsok elhelyezkedse Nyugat-Magyarorszgon Figure 89. The pilot area and the location of drilling cores for pollen analysis in western Hungary Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. A vizsglt terlet, SzombathelyZanat, Nemesbd, Vt rgszeti lelhelyek, valamint a Borz-patak, Hossz-vz-patak, Kris-patak, Surnyi-patak elhelyezkedse/The pilot area: archaeological sites of SzombathelyZanat, Nemesbd and Vt, and the Borz, Hosszvz, Kris and Surnyi Creeks; Pollen mintavteli helyek/Pollen sampling sites: 2. Velem; 3. Bucsu; 4. Dozmat; 5. Kemeneskpolna (Ilon et al. 2006a, b); 6. Mezlak (Smegi et al. 2009a); 7. Csgle (Juhsz 2002); 8. Szce (Cserny s/and Bodor 2006); 9. Orfalu (Cserny s/and Bodor 2006); 10. Fenkpuszta (Smegi 2009); 11. Balta-t (Smegi et al. 2009b); 12. Alsphok (Juhsz 2007a) s/and Keszthelysztatmajor (Medzihradszky 2001); 13. Zalavr (Juhsz 2007b); 14. Fnyed (Medzihradszky 2005); 1516. ) Ptrte, Plske (Juhsz 2007c); 17. Rohr-Heugraben (DrescherSchenider 2004); 18. Osli; 19. Hidegsg

90. bra. A vizsglt terlet s az anthrakolgiai mintavteli helyek elhelyezkedse Nyugat-Magyarorszgon Figure 90. The pilot area and the location of anthracological samples in western Hungary Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. A vizsglt terlet/The pilot area: SzombathelyZanat, Nemesbd, Vt rgszeti lelhelyek/archaeological sites; 2. SzombathelyOladiplat; 3. SzombathelyOrszgti-dl; 4. Szeleste; 5. Lukcshza; 6. ZalacsbKrtvlyes s/and Malom-tanya; 7. BagodKelet; 8. PkaszepetkKall; 9. VrvlgyNagylz-hegy; 10 VonyarcvashegyManduls lakpark; 11. Zalacsny; 12. Balatonmagyard; 13. NagyrcseBarka-dl; Baknaki-patak; s/and Tskevri-dl; 14. Nagykanizsa-PalinAnyagnyerhely s/and Szocilis otthon; 15. SormsMntai-dl s/and Trk-fldek; 16. TornyiszentmiklsZabostelek; 17. Sopron krnyk/in the Sopron area (Rudner 2003); 18. Mnfcsanak; 19. Lbny; 20. Mosonmagyarvr; 21. Gny

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91. bra. Nyugat-magyarorszgi kavicstakark trkpe a vizsglt terlettel Figure 91. The map of gravel covers of western Hungary with the pilot area Jelmagyarzat/Legend: I. Rba-jobbparti kavicstakar/Gravel cover along the right side of the Rba River; II. Rba-balparti kavicstakar/Gravel cover along the left side of the Rba River; III. Pinka-patak kavicstakarja/Gravel cover of the Pinka Creek; IV. Gyngys-patak kavicstakarja/Gravel cover of the Gyngys Creek; V. Rpce foly kavicstakarja/Gravel cover of the Rpce River; VI. IkvaVulka kavicstakarja/Gravel cover of Ikva-Vulka Creeks; VII. Kszegi-hegysg szgletes lepelkavicsa/The square-shaped gravel of the Kszeg Mountains; VIII. Soproni-hegysg miocn kavicstakar/Miocene gravel cover of the Sopron Mountains; IX. Pliocn kavics/Pliocene gravel; X. Rghegysgi zna (Soproni-hegysg, Kszegi-hegysg, Vas-hegy)/Faulted mountain zone (Sopron Mountains, Kszeg Mountains, Vas Hill)

300

HOLOCN / HOLOCENE
jholocn / New Holocene

PLEISZTOCN / PLEISTOCENE
Fels-pleisztocn-holocn / Upper Pleistocene Holocene

PLEISZTOCN / PLEISTOCENE
holocn / Early Holocene Fels-pleisztocn / Upper Pleistocene Als-kzps-pleisztocn / LowerMiddle Pleistocene Folyvzi / Fluvial

Als-pleisztocn / Lower Pleistocene

Holocn ltalban / General Holocene

MIOCN-PLIOCN / MIOCENEPLEISTOCENE
Fels-pannniai (a.I.) / Upper Pannonian (a.I.)

11. Fejezet / Chapter 11

92. bra. Gyngys-patak kavicstakarjnak fldtani trkpe (M 1:100.000) Figure 92. Geological map of the gravel cover of the Gyngys Creek (M 1:100.000)

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93. bra. Gyngys-patak kavicstakarjnak szintvonalas trkpe Figure 93. Contour line map of the gravel cover of the Gyngys Creek

94. bra. Gyngys-patak kavicstakarjnak digitlis domborzati trkpe (Magassgtorzts: 25) Figure 94. Digital relief map of the gravel cover of the Gyngys Creek (Altitude distortion: 25) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: Tengerszint feletti magassg (m)/Altitudes above sea level (m): 1. Magas/High 233,75; 2. Alacsony/Low 160

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95. bra. A vizsglt terlet elhelyezkedse a Gyngys-patak kavicstakarjnak digitlis domborzati trkpn (Magassgtorzts: 25) Figure 95. The position of the pilot area on the digital relief map of the gravel cover of the Gyngys Creek (Altitude distortion: 25) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: Tengerszint feletti magassg (m)/Altitudes above sea level (m): 1. Magas/High 233,75; 2. Alacsony/Low 160; 3. Telepls/Settlement; 4. 86-os szm ft/Main Road No. 86

96. bra. A rgi ghajlati adottsgai a kapuvri meteorolgiai lloms adatai nyomn kszlt Walther Lieth diagramon Figure 96. Walther-Lieth chart showing the climatic characteristics of the region, based on the data of the meteorological station of Kapuvr

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97. bra. A vizsglt terlet jelenlegi fldmvelsi megoszlsa digitlis domborzati trkpen Figure 97. Digital relief map of the distribution of recent agricultural lands in the pilot area Jelmagyarzat / Legend: Tengerszint feletti magassg (m) / Altitudes above sea level (m): 1. Magas / High 233,75; 2. Alacsony / Low 160; 3. Telepls / Settlement; 4. 86-os szm ft / Main Road No. 86

98. bra. A vizsglt terlet (rsgiVasi, ms nven Castriferreicum flrajrs) s krnyezetnek flrabeosztsa Figure 98. The flora of the pilot area (rsgVas, also called Castriferreicum flora area) and its surroundings Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Alfld/Great Hungarian Plain; a. Kisalfld/Small Plain; b. Dli-Alfld/Southern Great Hungarian Plain; c. Mezfld s Duna mente/Mezfld and floodplain of the River Danube; d. Duna-Tisza kze/Danube-Tisza Interfluve; e. Tiszntl/Tiszntl Region; f. Nyrsg; g. szaki-Alfld/Northern Great Hungarian Plain; 2. szaki-kzphegysg/North Hungarian Mountains; a. Zemplni-hegysg/Zempln Mountains; b. Tornai-karszt/Tonai Karst; c. Bkk-hegysg/Bkk Mountains; d. Mtra; e. Brzsny; f. Dunazug-hegysg/Dunazug Mountains; 3. Dunntli kzphegysg/Transdanubian Mountains; a. PilisBudai-hegysg/PilisBuda Mountains; b. VrtesBakony; c. Balaton-vidk s Keszthelyihegysg/Lake Balaton Region and Keszthely Mountains; 4. Dl-Dunntl/Southern Transdanubia; a. Villnyi-hegysg/Villny Mountains; b. Mecsek; c. Kls-Somogy/Outer Somogy; d. Bels-Somogy/Inner Somogy; e. Zalai-dombvidk/Zala Hills ; 5. Nyugat-Dunntl/Western Transdanubia; a. Gcsej; b. rsgVasi-dombvidk/rsgVas Hills; c. Keleti-Alpok/Eastern Alps; d. Lajta-hegysg/Lajta Mountains; 6. Flratartomny/Flora range; 7. Flravidk/Flora area; 8. Flrajrs hatra/Boundary of the flora area

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99. bra.A vizsglt terlet talajtpusainak kiterjedse M 1:50.000 trkp alapjn Figure 99. Expansion of the soil types in the pilot area based on M 1:50.000 map. Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Kves s fldes koprok/Barren areas with stone; 2. Savany, nem podzolos barna erdtalajok/Acidic, non-podzolic brown forest soils; 3. Agyagbemosdsos barna erdtalajok/Brown forest soils with clay illuviation (Luvisols); 4. Pszeudoglejes barna erdtalajok/Pseudogley brown forest soils; 5. Barnafldek (Ramann-fle barna erdtalajok)/Brown earths (Ramann brown forest soils); 6. Csernozjom-barna erdtalajok/Chernozem brown forest soils; 7. Rti szolonyecek/Meadow solonetz; 8. Rti talajok/Meadow soils; 9. Rti ntstalajok/Meadow fluvisols; 10. Lpos rti talajok/Peaty meadow soils; 11. Sklp talajok/Peats; 12. Fiatal, nyers ntstalajok/Fluvisols

100. bra. Vt s krnyknek talajtani trkpe: A vizsglt terlet erdtalajainak kiterjedse (Kszlt 2009-ben a Szegedi Tudomnyegyetem Termszettudomnyi s Informatikai Kar Fldtani s slnytani Tanszkn, 1:100.000 AGROTOPO adatbzisok felhasznlsval) Figure 100. Pedological map of Vt and its surroundings: The expansion of forest soils in the pilot area (Made in 2009 at the Department of Geology and Palaeontology of the University of Szeged Faculty of Science and Informatics, 1:100.000, using AGROTOPO databases) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Agyagbemosdsos barna erdtalajok/Brown forest soils with clay illuviation; 2. Barnafldek/Brown forest soils

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101. bra. A vizsglt terlet a Krisztus utni II. szzadi Ptolemaios-fle trkpen nd Figure 101. The pilot area shown on the map of Ptolemaios from the 2 century AD

102. bra. A vizsglt terlet a Krisztus utni II. szzadi Ptolemaios-fle trkpen (rszlet) Figure 102. The pilot area shown on the map of Ptolemaios from the 2nd century AD (detail)

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103. bra. Pannonia tartomnyok teleplsrekonstrukcija Kr. u. 2. szzadi Ptolemaios-fle trkp alapjn (Mcsy Andrs 1975 s 1984 nyomn) Figure 103. The settlement reconstruction of Pannonia provinces, based on the map of Ptolemaios from the 2nd century AD (after Andrs Mcsy 1975 and 1984)

104. bra. Sabaria s krnyknek t- s teleplshlzata, vz- s hegyrajza Tabula Peutingeriana (4 5. szzadi rmai ti trkpen) Figure 104. Road and settlement network, and the hydrology and geography of Sabaria and its surroundings Tabula Peutingeriana (on a th th Roman road map from the 4 5 centuries AD)

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105. bra. Sabaria s krnyke a Lzr-dek fle (1528) trtnelmi trkpen Figure 105. Sabaria and its surroundings shown on the historical map (1528) of Lasarus secretarius

106. bra. Sabaria s krnyke a Zsmboky Jnos fle (1579) trtnelmi trkpen Figure 106. Sabaria and its surroundings shown on the historical map (1579) of Jnos Zsmboky

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107. bra. A vizsglt terlet az Els Katonai Felmrs trkplapjain (17631785) Figure 107. The pilot area shown on The First Military Survey of Hungary (17631785)

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108. bra. A vizsglt terlet a Msodik Katonai Felmrs trkplapjain (18061869) Figure 108. The pilot area shown on The Second Military Survey of Hungary (18061869)

11. Fejezet / Chapter 11

109. bra. A vizsglt terlet a msodik vilghbor idszakbl (1938 1944) fennmaradt topogrfiai trkpeken Figure 109. The pilot area shown on the Topographic maps of Hungary in the period of World War II (19381944)

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Kd / Code Poz-31361 BP v / year

CAL BP v / year 598 38 cal BP 2407 49 cal BP 8123 73 cal BP

CAL BC / AD v / year 1352 38 cal AD 457 49 cal BC 6173 73 cal BC

cm 3032 7476 126128

590 30 BP 2370 35 BP 7310 70 BP

Poz-31362 Poz-31363

110. bra. A Borz-patak allviumn mlytett zavartalan magfrs szelvnyn vgzett radiokarbon (AMS) vizsglatok s kalibrci eredmnyei Figure 110. The results of calibrated radiocarbon dates (AMS) from the undisturbed drilling cores on the alluvium of the Borz Creek

111. bra. A Borz-patak allviumn (47 15 22,69 N s 16 40 55,44 E) mlytett ketts, tlapol frs rtegsora Figure 111. Series of layers of the parallel overlapping drilling carried out on the alluvium of the Borz Creek (47 15 22,69 N and 16 40 55,44 E)

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112. bra. A Borz-patak allviumn (47 15 22,69 N s 16 40 55,44 E) mlytett ketts, tlapol frs szedimentolgiai vizsglatnak eredmnyei Figure 112. The results of the sedimentological analysis of the parallel overlapping drilling on the alluvium of the Borz Creek (47 15 22,69 N and 16 40 55,44 E) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. 14C kor (BC/AD vek)/14C date (BC/AD years); 2. Agyag (0,002 mm)/Clay (0.002 mm); 3. Finomkzetliszt (0,0020,02 mm)/Fine silt (0.0020.02 mm); 4. Durvakzetliszt (0,020,06 mm)/Coarse silt (0.020.06 mm); 5. Finomhomok (0,060,1 mm) /Fine sand (0.060.1 mm); 6. Aprhomok (0,10,2 mm)/Small-grained sand (0.10.2 mm); 7. Kzphomok (0,20,32 mm)/Mediumgrained sand (0.20.32 mm); 8. Szerves anyag / Organic matter; 9. Karbont / Carbonate; 10. Szervetlen anyag / Inorganic material

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113. bra. A Borz-patak allviumn (47 15 22,69 N s 16 40 55,44 E) mlytett ketts, tlapol frs geokmiai vizsglatnak eredmnyei Figure 113. The results of the geochemical analysis of the parallel overlapping drilling on the alluvium of the Borz Creek (47 15 22,69 N and 16 40 55,44 E) Jelmagyarzat / Legend: 1. 14C kor (BC / AD vek)/ 14C date (BC / AD years); 2. Mg; 3. Na; 4. Fe; 5. Ca; 6. K; 7. Szerves anyag / Organic matter; 8. Karbont / Carbonate; 9. Szervetlen anyag / Inorganic material

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114. bra. A Borz-patak allviumn (47 15 22,69 N s 16 40 55,44 E) mlytett ketts, tlapol frs makrobotanikai vizsglatnak eredmnyei Figure 114. The results of the macrobotanical analysis of the double drilling on the alluvium of the Borz Creek (47 15 22,69 N and 16 40 55,44 E) Jelmagyarzat / Legend: 1. 14C kor (BC / AD vek) / 14C date (BC / AD years); 2. gett faszn, pernye / Macrocharcoal (13 mm); 3. Nem gett fa / Wood; 4. Csiga s kagyl / Mollusca; 5. Hatrozhatatlan nvnyi tredk / UOM; 6. Hatrozhatatlan egyszik tredk / Monocot Undiff; 7. Nd / Phragmites australis; 8. Gykny / Typha sp; 9. Ss / Carex sp; 10. Fz / Salix sp; 11. ger / Alnus sp; 12. Kkny / Prunus spinosa

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115. bra. A Borz-patak allviumn (47 15 22,69 N s 16 40 55,44 E) mlytett ketts, tlapol frs pollen vizsglatnak eredmnyei: Fk, cserjk, linok Figure 115. The results of the pollen analysis of the double drilling on the alluvium of the Borz Creek (47 15 22,69 N and 16 40 55,44 E): Arboreals, shrubs, lianas Jelmagyarzat / Legend: 1. 14C kor (BC / AD vek) / 14C date (BC / AD years); 2. Feny / Pinus; 3. Borka / Juniperus; 4. Nyr / Betula; 5. Mogyor / Corylus; 6. Tlgy / Quercus; 7. Hrs / Tilia; 8. Szil / Ulmus; 9. Bkk / Fagus; 10. Gyertyn / Carpinus; 11. ger / Alnus; 12. Borostyn / Hedera; 13. Fz / Salix; 14. Di / Juglans; 15. Szl / Vitis; 16. Fsszrak / Arbor pollen

116. bra. A Borz-patak allviumn (47 15 22,69 N s 16 40 55,44 E) mlytett ketts, tlapol frs pollen vizsglatnak eredmnyei: Lgyszrak Figure 116. The results of the pollen analysis of the double drilling on the alluvium of the Borz Creek (47 15 22,69 N and 16 40 55,44 E): Herbaceous plants Jelmagyarzat / Legend: 1. 14C kor (BC / AD vek) / 14C date (BC / AD years); 2. Fflk / Gramineae; 3. rmflk / Artemisia; 4. Libatopflk / Chenopodiaceae; 5. Gabonaflk / Cereale; 6. Vzi nvnyek / Glyceria; 7. Rti tif / Plantago media; 8. Lndzss tif / Plantago lanceolata; 9. Lrum / Rumex; 10. Boglrkaflk / Ranunculaceae; 11. Keserf / Polygonum; 12. Nylt terletre jellemz nvnyek / Nor Arbor Pollen; 13. Ndflk / Phragmites; 14. Ssflk / Cyperaceae; 15. Szleslevel gykny / Typha latifolia; 16. Vzinvnyek / Aquatic plants

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117. bra. A Borz-patak allviumn (47 15 22,69 N s 16 40 55,44 E) mlytett ketts, tlapol frs malakolgiai vizsglatnak eredmnyei: Vzi fajok Figure 117. The results of the malacological analysis of the double drilling on the alluvium of the Borz Creek (47 15 22,69 N and 16 40 55,44 E): Aquatic species Jelmagyarzat / Legend: 1. 14C kor (BC / AD vek) / 14C date (BC / AD years); 2. Valvata pulchella; 3. Valvata cristala; 4. Bithynia leachi; 5. Bithynia tentaculata; 6. Lymnaea palustris; 7. Planorbarius corneus; 8. Planorbarius planorbis; 9. Anisus spirorbis; 10. Anisus leucostoma; 11. Amiger crista; 12. Pisidium; 13. Unio crassus; 14. Vzi fajok / Aquatic species

118. bra. A Borz-patak allviumn (47 15 22,69 N s 16 40 55,44 E) mlytett ketts, tlapol frs malakolgiai vizsglatnak eredmnyei: Szrazfldi fajok Figure 118. The results of the malacological analysis of the double drilling on the alluvium of the Borz Creek (47 15 22,69 N and 16 40 55,44 E): Terrestrial species Jelmagyarzat / Legend: 1. 14C kor (BC / AD vek) / 14C date (BC / AD years); 2. Carychium minimum; 3. Succinea putris; 4. Succinea oblonga; 5. Oxyloma elegans; 6. Vallonia pulchella; 7. Vallonia costata; 8. Perforatella rubiginosa; 9. Trichia hispida; 10. Cepaea vindobonensis; 11. Helix pomatia; 12. Szrazfldi fajok / Terrestrial species

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119. bra. A zanati elkerl t rgszeti feltrsnak objektumaibl elkerlt faszn anyag Figure 119. The charcoals found in the archaeological features of Zanat

11. Fejezet / Chapter 11

120. bra. A zanati elkerl t rgszeti feltrsnak objektumaibl elkerlt pollenanyag: Arbor Pollenek szelektlt taxonok Figure 120. Pollen found in the features of Zanat: Arbor pollen selected taxa

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121. bra. A zanati elkerl t rgszeti feltrsnak objektumaibl elkerlt pollenanyag: Nor Arbor Pollenek szelektlt taxonok Figure 121. Pollen found in the features of Zanat detour road: Nor Arbor pollen selected taxa

11. Fejezet / Chapter 11


Kd/Code Beta-263951 Beta-263950 Poz-30078 BP v/year 1530 40 BP 6950 50 BP 9990 50 BP CAL BP v/year 1497 58 cal BP 7985 45 cal BP 11420 123 cal BP CAL BC/AD v/year 504 54 cal AD 6043 33 cal BC 9520 123 cal BC cm 4345 109 111 189 191

122. bra. A Surnyi-patak allviumn mlytett zavartalan magfrs szelvnyn vgzett radiokarbon (AMS) vizsglatok s kalibrci eredmnyei Figure 122. Calibrated radiocarbon dates (AMS) from the undisturbed drilling cores on the alluvium of the Surnyi Creek

123. bra. A Surnyi-patak allviumn (47 15 42,16 N s 16 42 44,65) mlytett ketts, tlapol frs rtegsora Figure 123. Layers of the double drilling carried out on the alluvium of the Surnyi Creek (47 15 42,16 N 16 42 44,65 E)

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124. bra. 1 2. A zanati elkerl t nyomvonaln vgzett rgszeti sats sorn feltrt egykori poligonlis tundrafelszn okozta ledkszerkezet mlyedseit kitlt szubreliktum jelleg agyagbemosdsos barna erdtalaj Figure 124. 1 2. Subrelict brown forest soil with clay illuviation (Luvisol) filled up the depressions of sediment structure caused by the former polygonal tundra surface exposed by the archaeological excavation of Zanat detour road

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125. bra. 1. A zanati elkerl t nyomvonaln vgzett rgszeti sats sorn feltrt, lejt irnyban kivastagod talajfelszn; 2. A talajfelszn rtegsora Figure 125. 1. The soil surface thickening towards the incline exposed by the archaeological excavation of Zanat detour road; 2. Stratigraphy of the soil surface Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Szntott, kevert szrksbarna szn talaj, eketalprteggel, gyomvegetcival bortott, biogalria nyomok s dnttt gykrfldlabdk nyomn eredetileg fkkal bortott felszn lehetett. A szntfldi s a kezelt ligeterd kztti tmeneti nvnyzeti svban keletkezett/Ploughed and mixed greyish-brown soil, with a plough-sole layer, covered with weed vegetation. It might have been a forested surface based on biogalery traces and tilted soil balls held by roots. Evolved on the borderline of ploughing field and grove forest; 2. Vrsesbarna szn, jelents agyagtartalm, szubreliktum jelleg, enyhn lejt domboldalon, krioturbcis reliktum felszneken kifejldtt agyagbemosdsos barna erdtalaj B szintje, jelents agyagtartalommal, helyenknt rgszeti kultrk ltal keverten/B level of subrelict brown forest soil with clay illuviation (Luvisol) with high clay content, reddish brown in colour, developed on cryoturbation relictum surfaces of slight inclines mixed by archaeological cultures at places; 3. thalmozdott pleisztocn rteg krioturbcis szerkezeti jegyekkel, az agyagbemosdsos barna erdtalaj anyagval keverten/Redeposited Pleistocene layer with cryoturbation structure mixed with the clayey material of the Luvisol; 4. Srgsbarna szn, helyenknt fagyzskos, krioturbcis formkat tartalmaz, kaviccsal kevert finomkzetlisztes durvakzetliszt, alapkzet/Parent material, coarse silt with fine silt mixed with pebbles, yellowish-brown in colour, with frost wedge and cryoturbation forms

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126. bra. A zanati elkerl t nyomvonaln vgzett rgszeti sats sorn feltrt, lejt irnyban kivastagod talajfelszn rtegsorn vgzett ledkfldtani vizsglatok eredmnyei Figure 126. The results of sedimentological analysis of the soil layers, which thicken towards the incline at the archaeological excavation of Zanat detour road Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Agyag (0,002 mm) / Clay (0.002 mm); 2. Finomkzetliszt (0,0020,02 mm) / Fine silt (0.0020.02 mm); 3. Durvakzetliszt (0,020,06 mm) / Coarse silt (0.020.06 mm); 4. Finomhomok (0,060,01 mm) / Fine sand (0.060.1 mm); 5. Aprhomok (0,10,2 mm) / Small-grained sand (0.10.2 mm); 6. Durvbb, mint aprhomok (>0,2 mm) / Medium-grained sand (>0.2 mm); 7. Szerves anyag / Organic matter; 8. Karbont / Carbonate; 9. Szervetlen anyag / Inorganic material

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127. bra. A zanati elkerl t nyomvonaln vgzett rgszeti sats sorn feltrt, lejt irnyban kivastagod talajfelszn rtegsorn vgzett geokmiai vizsglatok eredmnyei Figure 127. The results of geochemical analysis of the soil layers, which thicken towards the incline at the archaeological excavation of Zanat detour road Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Mg; 2. Na; 3. Fe; 4. Ca; 5. K; 6. Szerves anyag/Organic matter; 7. Szervetlen anyag/Inorganic material

128. bra. A zanati elkerl t nyomvonaln vgzett rgszeti sats sorn feltrt, lejt irnyban kivastagod talajfelszn rtegsorn vgzett bvtett talajtani vizsglatok eredmnyei Figure 128. The results of extended geological analysis of the soil layers, which thicken towards the incline at the archaeological excavation of Zanat detour road Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Mg; 2. Na; 3. P2O5; 4. K2O; 5. Zn; 6. Mn; 7. Cu; 8. NO2+NO3-N; 9. SO4-N; 10. pH; 11. sszes s/All salines; 12. KA; 13. Humusz; 14. CaCO3

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129. bra. A zanati elkerl t nyomvonaln vgzett rgszeti sats sorn feltrt, lejt irnyban kivastagod talajfelszn fekkzete a jgkori kavicsanyag Figure 129. The substratum of the soil surface is the glacial pebble layer, which thickens towards the incline at the archaeological excavation of Zanat detour road

130. bra. A Surnyi-patak allviumn (47 15 42,16 N s 16 42 44,65) mlytett ketts, tlapol frs szedimentolgiai vizsglatnak eredmnyei Figure 130. The results of sedimentological analysis of the double drilling carried out on the alluvium of the Surnyi Creek (47 15 42,16 N and 16 42 44,65 E) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. 14C kor (BC/AD vek)/14C date (BC/AD years); 2. Agyag (0,002 mm)/Clay (0.002 mm); 3. Finomkzetliszt (0,0020,02 mm)/Fine silt (0.0020.02 mm); 4. Durvakzetliszt (0,020,06 mm)/Coarse silt (0.020.06 mm); 5. Finomhomok (0,060,01 mm)/Fine sand (0.060.1 mm); 6. Aprhomok (0,10,2 mm)/Small-grained sand (0.10.2 mm); 7. Kzphomok (0,20,32 mm)/Medium-grained sand (0.20.32 mm); 8. Szerves anyag/Organic matter; 9. Karbont/Carbonate; 10. Szervetlen anyag/Inorganic material

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131. bra. A Surnyi-patak allviumn (47 15 42,16 N s 16 42 44,65) mlytett ketts, tlapol frs geokmiai vizsglatnak eredmnyei Figure 131. The results of geochemical analysis of the double drilling carried out on the alluvium of the Surnyi Creek (47 15 42,16 N and 16 42 44,65 E) Jelmagyarzat / Legend: 1. 14C kor (BC / AD vek) / 14C date (BC / AD years); 2. Mg; 3. Na; 4. Fe; 5. Ca; 6. K; 7. Szerves anyag / Organic matter; 8. Szervetlen anyag / Inorganic material

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132. bra. A Surnyi-patak allviumn (47 15 42,16 N s 16 42 44,65) mlytett ketts, tlapol frs makrobotanikai vizsglatnak eredmnye Figure 132. The results of macrobotanical analysis of the double drilling carried out on the alluvium of the Surnyi Creek (47 15 42,16 N and 16 42 44,65 E) Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. 14C kor (BC/AD vek)/14C date (BC/AD years); 2. gett faszn, pernye/Macrocharcoal (13 mm); 3. Nem gett fa / Wood; 4. Csiga s kagyl/Mollusca; 5. Hatrozhatatlan nvnyi tredk/UOM; 6. Hatrozhatatlan egyszik tredk/Monocot Undiff; 7. Nd/Phragmites australis; 8. Gykny/Typha; 9. Ss/Carex; 10. Fz/Salix; 11. ger/Alnus

133. bra. A Surnyi-patak allviumn (47 15 42,16 N s 16 42 44,65) mlytett ketts, tlapol frs pollenanalitikai vizsglatnak eredmnyei: Fk, cserjk, linok Figure 133. The results of pollen analysis of the double drilling carried out on the alluvium of the Surnyi Creek (47 15 42,16 N and 16 42 44,65 E): Arboreals, shrubs, liana Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. 14C kor (BC/AD vek)/14C date (BC/AD years); 2. Feny/Pinus; 3. Nyr/Betula; 4. Tlgy/Quercus; 5. Hrs/Tilia; 6. Szil/Ulmus; 7. Bkk/ Fagus; 8. Gyertyn / Carpinus; 9. Kris / Fraxinus; 10. ger / Alnus; 11. Borostyn / Hedera; 12. Fz / Salix; 13. Di / Juglans; 14. Mogyor / Corylus; 15. Szl / Vitis; 16. Fsszrak/Arbor pollen

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134. bra. A Surnyi-patak allviumn (47 15 42,16 N s 16 42 44,65) mlytett ketts, tlapol frs pollenanalitikai vizsglatnak eredmnyei: Lgyszrak Figure 134. The results of the pollen analysis of the double drilling carried out on the alluvium of the Surnyi Creek (47 15 42,16 N and 16 42 44,65 E): Herbaceous plants Jelmagyarzat / Legend: 1. 14C kor (BC / AD vek) / 14C date (BC / AD years); 2. Fflk / Gramineae; 3. rmflk / Artemisia; 4. Libatopflk / Chenopodiaceae; 5. Gabonaflk / Cerealia; 6. Bza / Triticum; 7. Napvirg / Helianthemum; 8. Nylt terletre jellemz nvnyek / Nor Arbor Pollen; 9. Ndflk / Phragmites; 10. Ssflk / Cyperaceae; 11. Bkabuzogny / Sparganium; 12. Szleslevel gykny / Typha latifolia; 13. Vzinvnyek / Aquatic

135. bra. A Surnyi-patak allviumn (47 15 42,16 N s 16 42 44,65) mlytett ketts, tlapol frs malakolgiai vizsglatnak eredmnyei: Vzi fajok Figure 135. The results of the malacological analysis of the double drilling carried out on the alluvium of the Surnyi Creek (47 15 42,16 N and 16 42 44,65 E): Aquatic species Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. 14C kor (BC/AD vek)/14C date (BC/AD years); 2. Valvata pulchella; 3. Valvata cristata; 4. Lymnaea palustris; 5. Planorbarius corneus; 6. Planorbarius planorbis; 7. Anisus spirorbis; 8. Anisus leucostoma; 9. Amiger crista; 10. Pisidium; 11. Unio crassus; 12. Vzi fajok/Aquatic species

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136. bra. A Surnyi-patak allviumn (47 15 42,16 N s 16 42 44,65) mlytett ketts, tlapol frs malakolgiai vizsglatnak eredmnyei: Szrazfldi fajok Figure 136. The results of the malacological analysis of the double drilling carried out on the alluvium of the Surnyi Creek (47 15 42,16 N and 16 42 44,65 E): Terrestrial species Jelmagyarzat / Legend: 1. 14C kor (BC / AD vek) / 14C date (BC / AD years); 2. Carychium minimum; 3. Succinea putris; 4. Succinea oblonga; 5. Vallonia pulchella; 6. Vallonia costata; 7. Perforatella rubiginosa; 8. Trichia hispida; 9. Cepaea vindobonensis; 10. Helix pomatia; 11. Szrazfldi fajok / Terrestrial species

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137. bra. A hrom nemesbdi lelhely rgszeti satsa sorn feltrt objektumokbl elkerlt anthrakolgiai (faszn) anyag Figure 137. Anthracological (charcoal) samples found in the features of the three excavations at Nemesbd

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138. bra. A hrom nemesbdi rgszeti sats sorn feltrt objektumokbl elkerlt pollenanyag: Fsszrak Figure 138. Pollen found in features at the archaeological excavations of the three Nemesbd sites: Arboreals

11. Fejezet / Chapter 11

139. bra. A hrom nemesbdi rgszeti sats sorn feltrt objektumokbl elkerlt pollenanyag: Lgyszrak Figure 139. Pollen samples found in features at the archaeological excavations of the three Nemesbd sites: Herbaceous plants

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140. bra. A hrom nemesbdi rgszeti sats sorn feltrt objektumokbl elkerlt malakolgiai anyag Figure 140. Malacological samples found in features at the archaeological excavations of the three Nemesbd sites

11. Fejezet / Chapter 11

3 5
Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Szntott, kevert szrksbarna szn talaj, eketalprteggel, gyomvegetcival bortott, biogalria nyomok s dnttt gykrfldlabdk nyomn eredetileg fkkal bortott felszn lehetett. A szntfldi s a kezelt ligeterd kztti tmeneti nvnyzeti svban keletkezett/Ploughed and mixed greyish-brown soil, with a plough-sole layer, covered with weed vegetation and windthrow holes. It might have been a forested surface based on biogalery traces and tilted soil balls held by roots. Evolved on the borderline of ploughing field and grove forest; 2. Kzpkori kermikat tartalmaz, feketsbarna szn, polideres szerkezet, vzhats (hidromorf) talaj, enyhn bolygatott, nvnyi maradvnyokat tartalmaz, valsznleg a kzpkorban keletkezett, szntott rti talaj/Blackish brown polyhedral structured hydromorph soil containing Medieval ceramics, ploughed meadow soil, slightly disturbed, containing plant remains, probably evolved in the Medieval period; 3. Enyhn laminlt, nvnyi maradvnyokat, limonitos foltokat, vasborskat kevs szerves anyagot tartalmaz, vrsszrksbarna szn rtri ledk/Slightly laminated reddishgreyish-brown alluvial flat sediment containing plant remains, limonite patches, iron flecks, and some organic materials; 4. Enyhn laminlt, kavicsos agyagos ledk, a rmai tnak az rtrre vezet szakasza rtri ledkkel kevert kavicsokkal/Slightly laminated sediment with clay and pebble, the part of the Roman road leading to the alluvial fan contains pebbles mixed with sediments; 5. Emberi hatsra enyhn turblt, csszrkori feketsbarna szn rti talaj/Blackish brown meadow soil from the Imperial period, bearing the signs of anthropogenic disturbance; 6. Enyhn laminlt, nvnyi maradvnyokat, limonitos foltokat, vasborskat, kevs szerves anyagot tartalmaz, srgsszrksbarna szn rtri ledk/Slightly laminated yellowishgreyish-brown alluvial fan sediment containing plant remains, limonite patches, iron flecks and some organic materials

4
141. bra. A Surnyi-pataknl vgzett rgszeti sats sorn feltrt csszrkori t: 1. Az t vzelvezet rkokkal s korabeli kerknyomokkal; 2. A csszrkori t vge a Surnyi-patak allvium; 3. A csszrkori t vgn, a Surnyi-patak allviumnak peremn kialaktott talajszelvny; 4. A csszrkori trl thalmozdott, a Surnyi-patak allviumnak peremn felhalmozdott, alluvilis ledk s lejtn tteleptett talaj ltal cementlt kavicsanyag; 5. Az t nyomvonaln kialaktott talajszelvny rtegsora Figure 141. A Roman road discovered during the excavations near the Surnyi Creek: 1. The road with water drainage trenches and contemporary wheel tracks; 2. The end of the Roman road is the alluvium of the Surnyi Creek; 3. Soil section formed at the end of the Roman road, which is the edge of the alluvium of the Surnyi Creek; 4. Pebbles cemented by the soil carried over to the inclines and the alluvial sediment redeposited from the Imperial period road deposited on the edge of the alluvium of the Surnyi Creek; 5. Soil section formed along the Roman road

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142. bra. A Surnyi-pataknl kialaktott talajszelvny szedimentolgiai vizsglatnak eredmnyei Figure 142. The results of sedimentological analysis of the soil section at the Surnyi Creek Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Agyag (0,002 mm)/Clay (0.002 mm); 2. Finomkzetliszt (0,0020,02 mm)/Fine silt (0.0020.02 mm); 3. Durvakzetliszt (0,02 0,06 mm)/Coarse silt (0.020.06 mm); 4. Finomhomok (0,060,01 mm)/Fine sand (0.060.1 mm); 5. Aprhomok (0,10,2 mm)/Small-grained sand (0.10.2 mm); 6. Darakavics (2,565,12 mm)/Qranule (2.565.12 mm); 7. Aprkavics (5,1210,24 mm)/Small pebble(5.1210.24 mm); 8. Kzpkavics (10,2420,48 mm)/Medium pebble (10.2420.48 mm); 9. Durvakavics (20,4840,96 mm)/Large pebble (20.4840.96 mm); 10. Szerves anyag/Organic matter; 11. Karbont/Carbonate; 12. Szervetlen anyag/Inorganic material

143. bra. A Surnyi-pataknl kialaktott talajszelvny vzoldhat elemtartalmi vizsglatnak eredmnyei Figure 143. The results of water soluble element content analysis of the soil section at the Surnyi Creek Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Na; 2. K; 3. Ca; 4. Mg; 5. Fe; 6. Szerves anyag/Organic matter; 7. Karbont/Carbonate; 8. Szervetlen anyag/Inorganic material

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144. bra. A Surnyi-pataknl kialaktott talajszelvny bvtett talajtani vizsglatnak eredmnyei Figure 144. The results of extended geological analysis of the soil section at the Surnyi Creek Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Na; 2. Mg; 3. Zn; 4. Mn; 5. Cu; 6. K2O; 7. P2O5; 8. NO2+NO3N; 9. SO4S; 10. pH; 11. sszes s/All salines; 12. KA; 13. Humusz; 14. CaCO3; 15. Szervetlen/Inorganic material

145. bra. A Surnyi-pataknl kialaktott talajszelvny makrobotanikai vizsglatnak eredmnyei Figure 145. The results of macrobotanical analysis of the soil section at the Surnyi Creek Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. gett faszn, pernye/Macrocharcoal (13 mm); 2. Nem gett fa/Wood; 3. Csiga s kagyl/Mollusca; 4. Hatrozhatatlan nvnyi tredk/UOM; 5. Hatrozhatatlan egyszik tredk/Monocot Undiff; 6. Nd/Phragmites australis; 7. Gykny/Typha; 8. Ss/Carex; 9. Fz/Salix; 10. ger/Alnus

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146. bra. A Surnyi-pataknl kialaktott talajszelvny pollenanalitikai vizsglatnak eredmnyei (Szelektlt taxonok): Figure 146. The results of pollen analysis of the soil section at the Surnyi Creek (Selected taxa): Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Feny/Pinus; 2. Nyr/Betula; 3. Mogyor/Corylus; 4. Hrs/Tilia; 5. Szil/Ulmus; 6. Tlgy/Quercus; 7. Bkk/Fagus; 8. Gyertyn/Carpinus; 9. Fz/Salix; 10. ger/Alnus; 11. rmflk/Artemisia; 12. Libatopflk/Chenopodiaceae; 13. Fflk/Poaceae; 14. Gabonaflk/Cereale

147. bra. A Surnyi-pataknl kialaktott talajszelvny malakolgiai vizsglatnak eredmnyei: Vzi fajok Figure 147. The results of malacological analysis of the soil section at the Surnyi Creek: Aquatic species Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Valvata cristata; 2. Valvata pulchella; 3. Bithynia tentaculata; 4. Lymnaea stagnalis; 5. Lymnaea palustris; 6. Planorbarius corneus; 7. Planorbarius planorbis; 8. Anisus spirorbis; 9. Anisus leucostoma; 10. Amiger crista; 11. Pisidium; 12. Vzi fajok Db/Aquatic species Piece; 13. Vzi fajok/ Aquatic species%

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148. bra. A Surnyi-pataknl kialaktott talajszelvny malakolgiai vizsglatnak eredmnyei: Szrazfldi fajok Figure 148. The results of malacological analysis of the soil section at the Surnyi Creek: Terranean species Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Carychium minimum; 2. Succinea putris; 3. Succinea oblonga; 4. Oxyloma elegans; 5. Vertigo angustior; 6. Pupilla muscorum; 7. Chondrula tridens; 8. Vallonia costata; 9. Vallonia pulchella; 10. Vallonia enniensis; 11. Bradybaena fruticum; 12. Monacha cartusiana; 13. Perforatella rubiginosa; 14. Cepaea vindobonensis; 15. Helix pomatia; 16. Szrazfldi fajok/Terrestrial species; 17. Szrazfldi fajok/Terrestrial species

149. bra. A Surnyi-pataknl kialaktott talajszelvny malakolgiai vizsglatnak eredmnyei: Paleokolgiai csoportok Figure 149. The results of malacological analysis of the soil section at the Surnyi Creek: Palaeoecological groups Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Vzi fajok (Abundancia)/Aquatic species (Abundance); 2. Vzi fajok (Dominancia)/Aquatic species (Dominance); 3. Szrazfldi fajok (Abundancia)/Terrestrial species (Abundance); 4. Szrazfldi fajok (Dominancia)/Terrestrial species (Dominance); 5. Vzparti fajok (Abundancia)/Waterside species (Abundance); 6. Vzparti fajok (Dominancia)/Waterside species (Dominance); 7. Mezofil fajok (Abundancia)/Mesophilous species (Abundance); 8. Mezofil fajok (Dominancia)/Mesophilous species (Dominance); 9. sszes/Total

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150. bra. A recens pollennaptr s a zanati urnasrokban feltrt pollenanyag sszettele, az egyes urnk fldbe helyzsnek rekonstrult idszaka Figure 150. A recent pollen calendar and the pollen composition of the urn graves at Zanat, and the reconstructed season of placing the urns in the graves

Pinus Picea Abies Betula Tilia Ulmus Fagus Carpinus Fraxinus Juglans Salix Alnus

Corylus Quercus

11. Fejezet / Chapter 11

151. bra. A 19 / 29. sr pollen elemzsnek eredmnyei: Arbor Pollen Figure 151. The results of pollen analysis of Grave 19 / 29: Arbor pollen

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Urtica

Cereale

Rumex

Rosacea

Artemisia

Gramineae

Centaurea

Plantago

Cenopodiaceae

Ranunculacea

Concentricystes

Fungi sp.

152. bra. A 19 / 29. sr pollen elemzsnek eredmnyei: Nor Arbor Pollen Figure 152. The results of pollen analysis of Grave 19 / 29: Arbor pollen

Sprs sszesen/ Spores total

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153. bra. A 8 / 17. sr pollen elemzsnek eredmnyei: Arbor Pollen Figure 153. The results of pollen analysis of Grave 8 / 17: Arbor pollen

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154. bra. A 8/17. sr pollen elemzsnek eredmnyei: Nor Arbor Pollen Figure 154. The results of pollen analysis of Grave 8/17: Nor Arbor pollen

11. Fejezet / Chapter 11

155. bra. A Zanat-tbla elnevezs dombtet s a Borz-patak allviuma kztti lejt fejldstrtnete a jgkortl napjainkig, a Gyngyssk fejldstrtneti modellezse Figure 155. The geological evolution of the incline situated between the hilltop called Zanat-tbla and the alluvium of the Borz Creek from the glacial period until present, the geological evolution model of the Gyngys Plain Jelmagyarzat / Legend: A = Jgkor vgi hidegmaximumban kialakult fejldsi kp / The landscape evolution model evolved during the Pleistocene terminal glacial maximum: 1. Kavicsoshomokos aljzat / Pebble and sand substrate; 2. Jgkori allvium magaskrs nvnyzete / Tall herb fringe vegetation of the glacial alluvium; 3. Dombht s a lejt tundrlis nvnyzete / The tundra vegetation of the hillside and the incline; 4. A tundrlis krnyezetben, a fagyvltozkony idben kifejldtt ledkmozgsok, a szerkezeti talaj kialakulsa / The movements of sediments developed during freeze-thaw alternations in tundra environment, the evolution of patterned ground; 5. Kavicsot fed vlyogosodott lsz / Loamy loess covering the pebbles. B = Pleisztocn s holocn hatrn kialakult fejldsi kp / Landscape evolution model in the transition of the Pleistocene and the Holocene: 6. Zrt erdei fenyves / Closed coniferous forest; 7. Erdtzek nyomn kialakult termszetes tisztsok / Natural glades created by forest fires; 8. Allvium peremn kifejldtt nyrfeny vegyeslombozat erd / Mixed deciduous birch and coniferous forest evolved at the edge of the alluvium; 9. Erdei fenyvel elegyes lucfenyves / Scots pine forest with spruce pine; 10. Az allviumon kialakult ss, gykny s ndas nvnyzeti borts / Sedge, reed and straw plant cover on the alluvium. C = A holocn hatrn kialakult fejldsi kp / Landscape evolution model in the Holocene transition: 12. Barna Erdei talaj kifejldse a zrt, fejlett cserjeszinttel jellemezhet lomboserd alatt / The development of brown forest soil under deciduous forest with closed and well-developed shrub vegetation; 13. Tlgyerd / Oak forest; 14. Tlgyerdvel kevert hrs s kris / Oak forest mixed with lime and ash trees; 15. Tlgyerdvel kevert szil / Oak forest mixed with elms; 16. Allvium peremn kialakult ger, fz s nyr ligeterdk / Alder, willow and poplar grove forest evolved at the edge of the alluvium. D = A termel gazdlkodst folytat kzssgek nyomn kialakult fejldsi kp / Landscape evolution model evolved due to communities carrying out agricultural activities: 17. Az emberi megtelepeds s a termel gazdlkods nyomn degradld, mvelt talajszintt alakul barna erdei talaj horizont / Brown forest soil horizon transformed into degraded, cultivated soil due to human settlements and agricultural activities; 18. Talajerzi s talajpusztuls irnya / The direction of soil erosion and soil degradation; 19. thalmozdott talajanyag felhalmozdsa a lejt aljn, az rtr peremn / Redeposited soil accumulated at the bottom of the incline, at the edge of the alluvial fan; 20. Emberi hats alatt ll, degradldott alluvilis nvnyzet /Degraded alluvial vegetation effected by humans

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156. bra. A jgkor vgi (epipaleolitikum) nvnyzet rekonstrukcija Figure 156. Reconstruction of the vegetation at the end of the glacial period (Epipalaeolithic) Jelmagyarzat / Legend: 1. Pinus (feny) szvet s famaradvny / Conifer tissue and tree remain; 2. Fagus (bkk) pollen jelenlte / Presence of Fagus (beech) pollen

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157. bra. A bkkfa terjedsnek modellezse bkk pollenadatok (Gardner 1998, 1999; Gardner-Willis 1999; Magyari 2001; Juhsz 2002), valamint sajt adatok alapjn s a modell kialaktst kvet j radiokarbon adatokkal korolt pollenadatokkal kiegsztve (Drescher-Schneider 2004; Magyari in Jakab et al. 2004; Trcsik 2005, 2006; Juhsz 2005), valamint a bkk loklis jelenltnek bizonytka faszn (Stieber 1965, 1967; Rudner et al. 2004) lelhelyekkel s radiokarbon vizsglatok eredmnyeivel kiegsztve (Smegi 2004) Figure 157. Model of beech distribution based on beech pollen data (Gardner 1998, 1999; Gardner-Willis 1999; Magyari 2001; Juhsz 2002), and own data, also supplemented by new radiocarbon dated pollen data, which followed the development of the distribution model (Drescher-Schneider 2004; Magyari in Jakab et al. 2004; Trcsik 2005, 2006; Juhsz 2005). Local presence of beech supplemented by charcoal samples (Stieber 1965, 1967; Rudner et al. 2004) and radiocarbon data (Smegi 2004) Jelmagyarzat / Legend: 1. Juhsz (2002) s Magyari (2002) ltal felhasznlt adatok / Data employed by Juhsz (2002) and Magyari (2002); 2. Smegi (2007) ltal felhasznlt adatok / Data employed by Smegi (2007); 3. Bkk jgkor vgi s kora holocn faszn anyaga (Smegi 2004, 2005) / Charcoal samples of beech from the end of the glacial period and Early Holocene (Smegi 2004, 2005)

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158. bra. A pleisztocn / holocn hatrn kialakult nvnyzet rekonstrukcija pollenadatok alapjn Figure 158. Reconstruction of vegetation developed in the Pleistocene / Holocene transition, based on pollen data Jelmagyarzat / Legend: 1. Termomezofil fk s cserjk pollenjeinek jelenlte / Presence of pollen of thermomesophil trees and shrubs

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159. bra. Az holocn, mezolit kor nvnyzetnek rekonstrukcija pollenadatok alapjn Figure 159. Reconstruction of vegetation developed in the Pleistocene / Holocene transition, based on pollen data Jelmagyarzat / Legend: 1. Ulmus (szil), Tilia (hrs), Fraxinus (kris) s Corylus (mogyor) pollen dominancija / The dominance of Ulmus (elm), Tilia (lime), Fraxinus (ash) and Corylus (hazel) pollen; 2. Jelents feny (Pinus) pollendominancia (minimum 30%) / Significant pine (Pinus) pollen dominance (minimum 30%); 3. Mezolit krnyezet talakt hats / Mesolithic environment transformation effect

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160. bra. A neolit s a kora rzkor nvnyzetnek rekonstrukcija pollenadatok alapjn: Tlgy s bkk Figure 160. The reconstruction of vegetation of the Neolithic and Early Copper Age by pollen data: Oak and beech Jelmagyarzat / Legend: 1. Tlgy faszn / Oak charcoal; 2. Bkk faszn / Beech charcoal

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161. bra. A neolit s a kora rzkor nvnyzetnek rekonstrukcija pollenadatok alapjn: Gabona- s llattenysztsi nyomok Figure 161. The reconstruction of vegetation of the Neolithic and Early Copper Age by pollen data: Traces of cereal cultivation and animal husbandry Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Kora- s kzps neolit gabonatermesztsi s llattenysztsi (gyomok) nyomok a pollenszelvnyben/Traces of Early and Middle Neolithic cereal cultivation and animal husbandry in the pollen section; 2. Gabonapollenek minimlis jelenlte (=%) a ks neolitikum s a kora rzkor sorn/Minimal presence (=%) of cereal pollen during the Late Neolithic and Early Copper Age

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162. bra. A ks bronzkor (urnamezs kor) szintjben kifejldtt nvnyzet rekonstrukcija pollenadatok s faszn maradvnyok alapjn Figure 162. The reconstruction of vegetation of the Late Bronze Age (Urnfield period) based on pollen data and charcoal remains Jelmagyarzat/Legend: 1. Feny makromaradvny/Pine macro remains; 2. Gabonapollenek jelenlte, a jelek nagysga arnyos a gabona pollenek dominancijval/Presence of cereal pollen, the size of the bars is in ratio with the dominance of the pollen grains

352

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163. bra. A ks vaskori s csszrkori (kelta s rmai kor) szintjben kifejldtt nvnyzet rekonstrukcija pollenadatok alapjn Figure 163. Reconstruction of the vegetation of the Late Iron Age and Imperial period (Celtic and Roman period) based on pollen data Jelmagyarza/Legend: 1. Szl (Vitis) pollen jelenlte/ Presence of vine (Vitis) pollen; 2. Di (Juglans) pollen jelenlte/Presence of walnut (Juglans) pollen; 3. Nylt terletre jellemz nvnyek/Nor Arbor Pollen

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A lelhely nem urnamezs kor jelensgeinek lersa s keltezse


Ilon Gbor

Dating and description of the non Urnfield period features of the site

12

Gbor Ilon

A nem a rszletesen trgyaland urnamezs idszakhoz tartoz jelensgeket kor szerint, s azon bell a jelensgek numerikusan nvekv sorrendjben trgyalom. Az 1999-ben feltrt jelensgek esetben csak azok rvid szveges lerst s kormeghatrozst kzlm. A 2008. vi feltrs esetben a dokumentcit, s a fontosabb trgyi leletanyagot is bemutatom, de az ltalnos keltezsen tl rszletes rtkelst itt sem adok.

Let me discuss the non Urnfield period features, according to their periods, not discussed yet in detail, and within that in an increasing numerical order. I will provide only a brief textual description and dating in the case of features found in 1999. In case of the finds of 2008 I will introduce both the documentation and the more important features but will not go into a detailed discussion beyond general dating.

1. Az 1999. vi feltrs
1. objektum: ngyszgletes, kelet nyugati irny, fekete elsznezdsknt az 1. srtl nyugat fel, mellette jelentkezett. szaki oldaln egy clplyuk is van. Sekly s leletmentes. Kora ismeretlen. 2. objektum: 83+390 385 kztt, a kzptengelyen fekete elsznezdsknt jelentkezett. Leletmentes, kora ismeretlen. 3. objektum: a 6. srtl dlre, a 7. srtl nyugatra jelentkezett fekete elsznezdsknt. A tetejn egy ersen srga, de fekete mikrortegekkel sznezett sv (rigolrozs s sznts) volt. Ebbl egy jkori (?) vasszeg kerlt el a gpi markols s a kzi nyesst kvet msodik spaklinyomban, teht a relatv mlysget tekintve kb. 45 cm mlyen. Ez alatt egy egysges, ersen fekete betltsbl a bonts sorn badeni kermia s patics kerlt el. 4. objektum: gdrkomplexum a nyomvonalszakasz keleti legvgn, a patakterasz leszakadsa miatt keleti rsze hinyzik. Az objektumbl, rgtn a humuszols utni felsznrl rpd- s kzpkori kermiatred-

1. Excavation in 1999
Feature 1: appeared as a square-shaped, black discolouring, oriented east-west. It is situated west from Grave 1, next to it. There is a posthole on its northern side. It is shallow and there were no finds in it. Its age is undetermined. Feature 2: appeared as a black discolouring on the axis, between 83+390 385. Its age is undetermined and there were no finds in it. Feature 3: appeared as a black discolouring, south from Grave 6 and west from Grave 7. There was a very yellow patch on top of it, coloured with a black micro layer (trenching and ploughing). A recent (?) iron nail was found following the mechanical removal of the soil and manual scraping in the second putty knife layer, in a relative depth of about 45 cm. Baden ceramics and daub fragments were found in the solid black fill during the excavation. Feature 4: is a pit complex located at the easternmost end of the track of the road, its eastern portion is missing due to the collapse of the creeks terrace. rpdian and Medieval pottery fragments were found on the surface of the feature just below

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VIA 2 keket emeltnk ki. Ugyanakkor egy kzpkori edny is (fekete, fenkkel felfordulva) elkerlt, de kzben egy vasszeg is. Tovbbi badeni, ersen kavicsos sovnyts, vrsbarna ednytredkek a felfordtott ednytl dlre bukkantak napvilgra. A gdrkomplexum datlhat jelensgei az albbiak: 4 a = rzkori ednyek szintje, padl (?), 4 b = fenkkel felfel ll kzpkori edny gdre, 4 c = a b-t vgja, attl keletre, ersen kavicsos betlts, amelybl zldmzas, 18 19. szzadi fazkperem is szrmazik, 4 d = paticsos folt, benne egy kis, 4-level lhere alak, kzpkori (?) felszegelhet bronz dsz, 4 e = benne, a tetejn tgla, paticsok s sok rpd- s kzpkori ednytredk, 4 f = vas lemeztrgy, egy 14 15. szzadi kps, vas nylcscs, szmszerjhoz s kzpkori kermia. Az objektum kzepn egy ovlis clplyuk elsznezdse, ami valahol a sznts szintjbl (ismeretlen jrszint) indul, betltse srgs. tvgja a srga rteget s belemlyed az objektum fekete betltsbe. Az objektum dli, lejts szln kis tmrj clplyuk volt. sszegzsknt megllapthat, hogy itt eredetileg a Baden kultra teleplsjelensgei voltak. Ez kiegszti az 2008. vi feltrs badeni jelensgeinek trbeli helyzett (4. bra), egyttal sszhangban van azzal, hogy a Borz-patak tloldaln (3. bra, 10. lelhely) badeni srok kerltek el. Majd a rzkori objektumokat az rpd- s ks kzpkorban, de az jkorban is megbolygattk. Az rpdkor emlkei bizonyosan a 10. lelhely falujhoz tartoztak. the mechanically removed topsoil. We also found a Medieval vessel (black, upside down) and an iron nail. More Baden vessel fragments were found south from the upside down vessel. The fragments represent the Baden culture, reddish-brown, heavily tempered with pebbles. The following features of the pit complex can be dated: 4 a = level of Copper Age vessels, floor (?), 4 b = pit of a Medieval vessel, upside down 4 c = it cuts b; east from b, it shows increased amount of pebble fillings, in which a rim of a green glazed vessel from the 18th 19th centuries was found. 4 d = patch with daub fragments, amongst the fragments there was a small Medieval (?) bronze ornament, four-leaved clover-shaped, which can be nailed to something, 4 e = in it and on top of it bricks, daub fragments, and many rpdian and Medieval vessel fragments were found, 4 f = object made of an iron plate, a socketed iron arrowhead for crossbow from the 14th 15th centuries, and Medieval pottery. There is the discolouring of an oval posthole in the middle of the feature, starting somewhere in the level of ploughing (unknown level), its fill is yellowish. It cuts through the yellow layer and goes right into the black fill of the feature. At the southern, sloping edge of the feature a posthole was found, small in diameter. We can summarize that the features originally belonged to the Baden culture settlement. It supplements the spatial distribution of the Baden features found during the excavation in 2008 (Fig. 4) and is in agreement with the fact that Baden graves were found on the other side of the Borz Creek (Site 10 on Fig. 3). The Copper Age features were disturbed during the rpdian and Late Medieval periods, and also in recent times. The finds of the rpdian period definitely belonged to the village of Site 10.

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12. Fejezet / Chapter 12

2. A 2008. vi feltrs
2.1 Ismeretlen kor Leletanyaguk nem volt, illetve egy esetben csak llatcsont, azaz ismeretlen korak (4, 5. bra): 29/38. clplyuk a JJ-11 kutatsi mezben. 5042 cm-es nagysg, relatv mlysge 13 cm. 42/51. clplyuk az IJ-12 kutatsi mezben. 52/58. rok az IA-2 kutatsi mezben (166. bra 2). Hossza: 1320, szlessge: 35 40, relatv mlysge 22 cm. Leletanyaga: csak llatcsont: Nyerges va meghatrozsa szerint nagy pats. 58/5. gdr az IA-4 kutatsi mezben. tmrje 120, relatv mlysge 34 cm. 59/6. gdr az IA-4 kutatsi mezben. Mrete: 222180, relatv mlysge 40 cm. 60 63/59. clplyukak a JJ-21-22 kutatsi mezben. tmrjk 28 34, relatv mlysgk 7 14 cm. 72/63. gdr a JJ-22 kutatsi mezben. tmrje 67, relatv mlysge 56 cm. 74/64. clplyuk a JJ-23 kutatsi mezben. tmrje 28, relatv mlysge 11 cm. 75/65. clplyuk a JJ-25 kutatsi mezben. tmrje 41, relatv mlysge 11 cm. 2.2 Rzkor, a Baden kultra jelensgei (4, 5. bra) s leletanyagaik SNR 1. humuszbl:
Kzzel formlt, apr kaviccsal s homokkal sovnytott, vrsbarna szn, kannelurzott dszts, kihajl perem edny tredkei. Fv: 6 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.1.113. (164. bra 1).

2. Excavation in 2008
2.1 Undetermined Age There were no finds, except for animal bones in one case, and for this reason their age is undetermined (Figs. 4, 5): Posthole 29/38 in excavation unit JJ-11. Its size is 5042 cm; its relative depth is 13 cm. Posthole 42/51 in excavation unit IJ-12. Trench 52/58 in excavation unit IA-2 (Fig. 166.2). Length: 1320; width: 35 40; its relative depth is 22 cm. Finds: only animal bones: that of a large ungulate, according to the identification of va Nyerges. Pit 58/5 in excavation unit IA-4. 120 cm in diameter, its relative depth is 34 cm. Pit 59/6 in excavation unit IA-4. Its size is: 222180 cm, its relative depth is 40 cm. Postholes 6063/59 in excavation unit JJ-21-22. 28 34 cm in diameter, their relative depths are 714 cm. Pit 72/63 in excavation unit JJ-22. 67 cm in diameter, its relative depth is 56 cm. Posthole 74/64 in excavation unit JJ-23. 28 cm in diameter, its relative depth is 11 cm. Posthole 75/65 in excavation unit JJ-25. 41 cm in diameter, its relative depth is 11 cm.

2.2 Copper Age, the features and finds of the Baden culture (Figs. 4, 5) SNR 1 from the humus:
Fragments of a handmade, reddish-brown vessel with oblique channelling and everted rim, tempered with small pebbles and sand. Wt: 6 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.1.113. (Fig. 164.1).

Az 53/13. jelensg az IA-2 kutatsi mezben egy kermia- s paticsomladk, amelynek kiterjedse 8060 cm (164. bra 2). A 73/13. rzkori gdr megbolygatott s tmozgatott (azaz msodlagos helyzetben lv) anyagnak tnik. Leletanyaga kztk Nyerges va meghatrozsa szerint juh/kecskecsont a 48.67817.53.1 56. nyilvntartsi szmok alatt kerlt tadsra a Savaria Mzeumnak. Csak a lerajzolt jellegzeteseket rom le.

Feature 53/13 in excavation unit IA-2 is a ceramic and daub debris with an extension of 80x60 cm (Fig. 164.2). It seems to be the disturbed and redeposited (it is in secondary position) material of a Copper Age Pit 73/13. Its finds included goat and sheep bones, according to the identification of va Nyerges, and were submitted to the Savaria Museum under Id. No.: 48.67817.53.1 56. I describe only the more characteristic ones, which were drawn.

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Peremtredk. Durva kaviccsal s homokkal sovnytott, szrksbarna, rosszul kigetett. Fv: 10 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.53.4. (164. bra 4). Peremtredk. Kermiarlemnnyel s homokkal sovnytott, szrksbarna, rosszul kigetett. Fv: 9 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.53.5. (164. bra 5). Kermiarlemnnyel s homokkal sovnytott, szrksbarna, rosszul kigetett, gmbs test edny szles, hrmas bordzat alagtfles vlltredke. Fv: 8 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.53.12. (164. bra 3). Kzzel formlt, homokkal, apr kaviccsal s kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott, szrks szn, jl kigetett, ferde vonalktegekkel dsztett oldaltredk. Fv: 5 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.53.13. (164. bra 6). Bgre. Homokkal sovnytott, szrksbarna, jl kigetett, fgglegesen bekarcolt vonalkteggel dsztett vlltredke. Fv: 4 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.53.14. (164. bra 7). Kermiarlemnnyel s homokkal sovnytott, vilgosbarna, rosszul kigetett, benyomkodott dszts oldaltredk. Fv: 7 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.53.16. (164. bra 8). Peremtredk, kt sor benyomkodssal disztett. Fv: 6 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.53.44. (164. bra 9). Rim fragment. It is tempered with coarse pebbles and sand, greyish-brown, badly burnt. Wt: 10 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.53.4. (Fig. 164.4). Rim fragment. It is tempered with grit and sand, greyish-brown, badly burnt. Wt: 9 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.53.5. (Fig. 164.5). Shoulder fragment of a badly burnt spherical-shaped vessel, with wide tunnel handle decorated with three ribs, greyish-brown, tempered with grit and sand. Wt: 8 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.53.12. (Fig. 164.3). Handmade body fragment, greyish in colour, decorated with slanted groups of lines, well-burnt, tempered with small pebbles and grit. Wt: 5 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.53.13. (Fig. 164.6). Mug shoulder fragment, decorated with vertically incised groups of lines, well-burnt, greyish-brown, tempered with sand. Wt: 4 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.53.14. (Fig. 164.7). Body fragment with impressed decoration, tempered with grit and sand, light brown, badly burnt. Wt: 7 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.53.16. (Fig. 164.8). Rim fragment, decorated with two lines of impressions. Wt: 6 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.53.44. (Fig. 164.9).

54/1. gdr az IA-3 kutatsi mezben. Bontva szeptember 3-n. tmrje 168; relatv mlysge 58 cm. Betltsnek leletanyaga (Nysz.: 48.67817.54.113):
Kermia, patics, s kevs, apr llatcsontknt dokumentlt, de valjban indiff. 15 x ves homo csontjai (6 g).

Pit 54/1 in excavation unit IA-3 (3rd September). It is 168 cm in diameter; its relative depth is 58 cm. The finds (Id. No.: 48.67817.54.1 13) in the fill:
Ceramics, daub fragments; and small amount of bones, documented as animal bones, but after the analysis they were determined as belonging to a human, indiff. 15 to x years old (6 g).

55/2. gdr az IA-3 kutatsi mezben. Bontva szeptember 3 4-n. tmrje 180; relatv mlysge 76 cm. Betltsnek leletanyaga (Nysz.: 48.67817.55.1 10):
Kermia, nhny patics, szarvasmarhacsontok (Nyerges va meghatrozsa).

Pit 55/2 in excavation unit IA-3 (3rd 4th September). It is 180 cm in diameter; its relative depth is 76 cm. The finds (Id. No.: 48.67817.55.1 10) in the fill:
Ceramics, some daub fragments, cattle bones (identified by va Nyerges).

56/3. gdr az IA-3 kutatsi mezben (165. bra 1). Bontva szeptember 3 4-n. tmrje 192; relatv mlysge 43 cm. Betltsnek leletanyaga (Nysz.: 48.67817.56.1 45):
Kihajl perem, perem alatt ketts-lcdszes s kannelurzott fazk, stb. (Csak a lerajzolt jellegzetesek kerltek lersra.) Fazk. Kermiarlemnnyel s homokkal sovnytott, szrksbarna, a perem alatt kt sorban plasztikus dszts peremtredke. Fv: 8 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.56.1. (165. bra 2). Bgre (?). Homokkal s kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott, szrksbarna, jl kigetett, fggleges kanne-

Pit 56/3 in excavation unit IA-3 (Fig. 165.1). It was excavated on the 3rd and 4th of September. It is 192 cm in diameter; its relative depth is 43 cm. The finds in the fill (Id. No.: 48.67817.56.1 145):
Everted rim, pot with double rib ornament under the rim and with oblique channelling etc. (I describe only the more characteristic finds, which were drawn.) Pot. Rim fragment with plastic decoration in two lines under the rim, tempered with grit and sand, greyish-brown. Wt: 8 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.56.1. (Fig. 165.2). Mug (?). Body fragment, decorated with vertical channelling, tempered with sand and grit, greyish-brown, well-

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lurval dsztett oldaltredke. Fv: 3 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.56.3. (165. bra 4). Fazk. Homokkal sovnytott, szrks vrses, foltos, jl kigett, pereme alatt benyomkodott lcdsszel. Fv: 5 mm; Nysz. :48.67817.56.12. (165. bra 3). Tl (?). Homokkal, apr kaviccsal s kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott, barnsvrses peremtredke, bels felletn kannelura-dsszel. Fv: 4 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.56.15. (165. bra 5). Bgre. Kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott, szrksbarna, jl kigetett, kannelurzott vlltredke. Fv: 4 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.56.20. (165. bra 6). Peremtredk. Apr kaviccsal s homokkal sovnytott, szrksbarna, foltos, kls oldaln kt plasztikus dsz lthat. Fv: 4 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.56.35. (165. bra 8). Tl (?). Homokkal s apr kaviccsal sovnytott, barna, bell s kvl is kannelurzott oldaltredk. Fv: 5 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.56.23. (165. bra 7). Kermiarlemnnyel s homokkal sovnytott, szrke, jl kigetett, fgglegesen kannelurzott fenkoldal- s oldaltredk. Fv: 4 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.56.29. (165. bra 9). burnt. Wt: 3 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.56.3. (Fig. 165.4). Pot. Tempered with sand, greyish-red with spots, well-burnt, there is an impressed rib ornament under the rim. Wt: 5 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.56.12. (Fig. 165.3). Bowl (?). Rim fragment, reddish-brown, tempered with fine pebbles, sand and grit, there is oblique channelling on the interior surface. Wt: 4 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.56.15. (Fig. 165.5). Mug. Shoulder fragment with oblique channelling, wellburnt, greyish-brown, tempered with grit. Wt: 4 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.56.20. (Fig. 165.6). Rim fragment. It is tempered with small pebbles and sand, its colour is greyish-brown with spots, and there are two plastic ornaments on its exterior. Wt: 4 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.56.35. (Fig. 165.8). Bowl (?). A body fragment with oblique channelling, tempered with sand and small pebbles, brown. Wt: 5 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.56.23. (Fig. 165.7). Bottom and body fragment, tempered with grit and sand, grey, well-burnt, decorated with vertical channelling. Wt: 4 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.56.29. (Fig. 165.9).

57/4. gdr az IA-3 kutatsi mezben. Bontva szeptember 3 4-n. tmrje 120 130 cm, szgletesed, relatv mlysge 58 cm. Betltsnek leletanyaga (Nysz.: 48.67817.57.1 6):
Kevs jellegtelen kermia s szarvasmarhacsont (Nyerges va meghatrozsa).

Pit 57/4 in excavation unit IA-3. It was excavated on the 3rd and 4th of September. It is 120 130 cm in diameter, squarish; its relative depth is 58 cm. The finds in the fill (Id. No.: 48.67817.57.1 6):
Small amount of insignificant ceramics and cattle bones (identified by va Nyerges).

73/13. gdr az IA-2 kutatsi mezben (164. bra 10). Bontva szeptember 5 9-n. tmrje 154; relatv mlysge 74 cm. Betltsnek leletanyaga (Nysz.: 48.67817.73.1 44) kztt volt:
Szarvasmarhacsont (Nyerges va meghatrozsa) s egy jellegtelen kzpkori ednytredk is. (Csak a lerajzolt jellegzetesek kerltek lersra.) - Kermiarlemnnyel, homokkal, durva kaviccsal sovnytott, szrksbarna, hengeres nyak edny nyakperem tredke. Fv: 10 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.73.22. (164. bra 12). - Kermiarlemnnyel, homokkal sovnytott, szrksbarna, bell szrke foltos, ktsoros benyomkodott mintval dsztett oldaltredk. Fv: 9 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.73.25. (164. bra 13). - Bgre. Kermiarlemnnyel, homokkal sovnytott, szrksbarna, foltos, kannelurzott dszts oldaltredk. Fv: 6 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.73.26. (164. bra 11).

Pit 73/13 in excavation unit IA-2 (Fig. 164.10) (5 9th September).


th

It is 154 cm in diameter; its relative depth is 74 cm. The finds (Id. No.: 48.67817.73.1 44) include an insignificant Medieval vessel fragment and cattle bone (identified by va Nyerges). (I describe only the more characteristic finds, which were drawn.) - Neck and rim fragment of a greyish-brown vessel with a cylindrical neck, tempered with grit, sand and coarse pebbles. Wt: 10 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.73.22. (Fig. 164.12). Body fragment, tempered with grit and sand, greyish-brown, with grey spots on the interior, it is decorated with impressed pattern in two lines. Wt: 9 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.73.25. (Fig. 164.13). Mug. Body fragment, greyish-brown with spots, tempered with grit and sand, decorated with oblique channelling. Wt: 6 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.73.26. (Fig. 164.11).

76/11. gdr rszlete a JJ-22 kutatsi mezben, a feltrsi fellet dli szln. Mrete: 13234, relatv mlysge 34 cm. Betltse:

Part of Pit 76/11 in excavation unit JJ-22, on the southern side of the excavation area. Its size is: 13234 cm, its relative depth is 34 cm. Finds (Id. No.: 48.67817.76.1 4):

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Kevs jellegtelen apr kermia s ktredkek (Nysz.: 48.67817.76.1 4). Small amount of insignificant small ceramic and rock fragments (Id. No.: 48.67817.76.1 4).

77/12. gdr az IA-3 kutatsi mezben. Bontva szeptember 8 9-n. Mrete: 350150; relatv mlysge 20 cm. Betltsnek leletanyaga (Nysz.: 48.67817.77.1 9):
Kermia, kztk kis talpgyrs is, valamint szarvasmarhacsont (Nyerges va meghatrozsa).

Pit 77/12 in excavation unit IA-3. (8th 9th September). Its size is: 350150 cm, its relative depth is 20 cm. The finds (Id. No.: 48.67817.77.1 9) in the fill:
Ceramics, including ones with a small base ring, cattle bones (identified by va Nyerges).

2.3 Bronzkori jelensg Szrvnyknt a 44/53. clplyuk bontsa kapcsn, attl dl dlkeletre nhny centimterre az IJ-16 kutatsi mezben (4. bra), a humuszolt felsznrl llatcsontok kzelbl, egy 5041 cm-es nagysg elsznezdsrl, amely kibontsa utn vlt clplyukk
egy nttt, lapos, korongos fej bronz tt (Nysz.: 48.67817.44.1) szedtnk fel a gpi humuszolst kveten. Szra megtekert, szgletes keresztmetszet huzalbl kszlt. A fej alatt megvastagodik s tlyukasztott. Feje apr rovtkolssal dsztett. Kt darabban. A fejtmrje: 20; huzal vastagsga: 2; hossza: 35 s 87 mm; slya: 5,18 g (166. bra 1, 82. bra 6).

2.3 Bronze Age features Following the mechanical removal of the topsoil, a pin was found as a stray find on the surface, from which the topsoil was removed. It was close to the animal bones, in a discolouration with the size of 50x41 cm that turned out to be a posthole after it was excavated. It was found in excavation Unit IJ16 (Fig. 4), located at a few cm south southeast from Posthole 44/53, and was discovered during the excavation of the latter.
The pin is moulded, flat bronze disc-headed. The shaft was made of twisted wire, square in cross-section. It thickens below the head and pierced. Small incisions decorate its head. It was found in two pieces. The diameter of the head: 20; wire thickness: 2; its length: 35 and 87 mm; weight: 5.18 g. (Id. No.: 48.67817.44.1) (Figs. 166.1, 82.6).

Prhuzama a Gusen-i temet terletrl, de szintn szrvnyknt kerlt el. Fejnek dsztse azonban eltr. A korai halomsros/koszideri idszak emlke, azaz a Bz B1 idszakra keltezhet. (Trnka 1992, 87, Abb. 40.1, Taf. 15.5). A most vizsglt temetnl teht jval korbbi emlk. Valsznleg a temetnktl nyugatra kb. 200 m-re (3. bra) kezdd kzps bronzkori teleplsrl (12. lelhely a 2008. vi, s I/2. szm lelhely az 1999. vi satsi kampnyon) kerlt ide. 2.4 Rzkornl fiatalabb, de pontosan nem meghatrozhat kor jelensg 52/58. rok az IA-2 kutatsi mezben (166. bra 2). 132030 40 cm-es mret, sekly (22 cm), V-keresztmetszet:
kevs paticcsal s nagy pats (Nyerges va meghatrozsa) llat csontjaival a betltsben.

Its analogy was found, also as a stray find, in the cemetery of Gusen. The decoration of the head is different. It represents the Early Tumulus/Koszider period, which is dated to the Bz B1 period (Trnka 1992, 87, Abb. 40.1, Taf. 15.5). This implies that it is much earlier than the cemetery discussed in this study. It probably originates from the Middle Bronze Age settlement situated about 200 m west (Fig. 3) from the cemetery (Site 12 of the excavation in 2008, and Site I/2 of the excavation in 1999). 2.4 Features younger than the Copper Age that cannot be dated accurately Trench 52/58 in excavation unit IA-2 (Fig. 166. 2). Its size is 132030 40 cm, shallow (22 cm), with a V cross-section, its fill contained:
small amount of daub fragments and the bones of a large ungulate (identified by va Nyerges).

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12. Fejezet / Chapter 12 2.5 A Hallstatt kultra emlkei (4, 5. bra) SNR 1. humuszbl (csak a lerajzolt jellegzetesek kerltek lersra).
Apr kaviccsal, homokkal sovnytott, jl kigetett, besimtott vonalkteggel dsztett oldaltredk. Fv: 10 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.1.52. (166. bra 4). Homokkal, apr kaviccsal s kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott, vrsesbarna, jl kigetett, plasztikus dsszel elltott perem- s oldaltredk. Fv: 4 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.1.101. (166. bra 3). Homokkal s apr kaviccsal sovnytott tl egy helytt megvastagod peremtredke. Fv: 5 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.1.105. (166. bra 7). Apr kaviccsal s homokkal sovnytott, szrke szn, jl kigetett, oldaln besimtott s benyomkodott dsztssel elltott oldaltredkek. Fv: 7 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.1.106. (166. bra 5 6). Kaviccsal s homokkal sovnytott, vrsbarna szn, jl kigetett, vrsre festett de kefvel tltiszttott edny oldaltredkei. Fv: 6 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.1.104. (80. bra 9). Kaviccsal s homokkal sovnytott, fekete szn, jl kigetett edny vlltredke btykkel. Fv: 7 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.1.108. (166. bra 8).

2.5 Features of the Hallstatt culture (Figs. 4, 5) SNR 1 from humus (I describe only the more characteristic finds, which were drawn).
Body fragments with smoothed group of lines, tempered with small pebbles and sand, well-burnt. Wt: 10 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.1.52. (Fig. 166.4). Rim and body fragments, reddish-brown, tempered with sand, small pebbles and grit, decorated with plastic ornaments. Well-burnt. Wt: 4 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.1.101. (Fig. 166.3). Rim fragment of a bowl, thickening at one place, tempered with sand and small pebbles. Wt: 5 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.1.105. (Fig. 166.7). Body fragments with impressed and smoothed decoration on the exterior, grey and well-burnt, tempered with small pebbles and sand. Wt: 7 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.1.106. (Figs. 166.56). Body fragments of a vessel, tempered with pebbles and sand, reddish-brown, well-burnt, painted in red but it is excessively cleaned with a brush. Wt: 6 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.1.104. (Fig. 80.9). Shoulder fragment of a black, well-burnt vessel with knob, tempered with pebbles and sand. Wt: 7 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.1.108. (Fig. 166.8).

46/26. gdr (46. bra 1 3, 62. bra 1 2, 4) az IJ-14-15 kutatsi mezben. Hosszks nyolcas alak, 320100 144 cm-es mret, relatv mlysge 26 cm. Vgja a 16/25. s 48/56. srokat, azoknl fiatalabb indiff. 30 45 ves homo csontokat is tartalmaz, amelyek valsznleg a 48/56. srhoz tartozhatnak. A gdr leletei (Nysz.: 48.67817.46.1 21) kzl csak a lerajzolt jellegzetesek kerltek lersra.
Tl, enyhn behzott perem. Finom s durva kaviccsal valamint kermiarlemnnyel sovnytott, foltosan vrsre s szrkre gett edny perem- s oldaltredke. Szjtmrje: 152 mm. Pereme enyhn behzott. Nysz.: 48.67817.46.1. (167. bra 1). Kpos nyak edny vlltredke, szrke. A vll alatt eredetileg btykt keretez hrmas besimtssal. Fv: 9 10 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.46.16. (167. bra 5). Kpos nyak edny homokkal s kaviccsal sovnytott, sttszrke, fnyezett oldaltredke, amelyen besimtott dszts s egy hegyes btyk kombincija lthat. Fv: 8 10 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.46.2. (167. bra 2, 80. bra 5). Ugyanezen edny tovbbi tredkei a 16/25. srba voltak (167. bra 3) bekeveredve, azaz a feltrskor onnan lettek kiemelve. Lerst lsd ott. Kpos nyak edny vlltredke, szrke, apr kaviccsal s csillmmal sovnytott, vll alatt eredetileg

Pit 46/26 (Figs. 46.1 3; 62.1 2, 4) in excavation unit IJ-14-15. Its shape is reminiscent of an elongated eight, its size is 320100144 cm, its relative depth is 26 cm. It cuts Graves 16/25 and 48/56, but contains human bones younger than those, belonging to indiff. 30 to 45 year old person, probably part of Grave 48/56. From the finds (Id. No.: 48.67817.46.1 21) I describe only the more characteristic finds, which were drawn.
Bowl, with a slightly inverted rim. Rim and body fragment of the vessel, burnt to red and grey in spots, tempered with fine and coarse pebbles and grit. Its mouth diameter is: 152 mm. Its rim is slightly inverted. Id. No.: 48.67817.46.1. (Fig. 167.1). Grey body fragment of a vessel with a conical neck. There is a triple smoothing below the rim, which originally framed a knob. Wt: 9 10 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.46.16. (Fig. 167.5). Burnished body fragment of a vessel with a conical neck, tempered with sand and pebbles. It is decorated with a combination of smoothing and a pointed knob. Wt: 8 10 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.46.2. (Figs. 167.2, 80.5). Further fragments of the same vessel were mixed with the finds of Grave 16/25 (Fig. 167.3), so they were lifted out from the latter grave. See the description of the fragments at Grave 16/25.

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btykt keretez hrmas besimtssal. Fv: 9 11 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.46.17. (167. bra 2). Kpos nyak edny / urna (?). Homokkal s kaviccsal sovnytott, 4 vzszintes, a vllon krbefut, besimtott kannelurval, hegyes btykkel dsztett, sttszrke vll- s oldaltredkei. Fv: 12 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.46.7. (167. bra 10, 80. bra 6). Kpos nyak edny szrke vlltredke, a vll besimtssal hangslyozott. Fv: 10 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.46.14. (167. bra 8). Gmbs test edny, szrke, bell szrksbarna szn, apr kaviccsal s csillmmal sovnytott, kihajl peremtredke. Fv: 8 9 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.46.15. (167. bra 9). Cssze oldaltredke. Homokkal s kaviccsal sovnytott, vrsesbarna, ferde kannelurval dsztett. Fv: 5 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.46.13. (167. bra 7). Bronz karperec tredke. Vge laposra kalaplt s visszapdrtt. A trstl 11 mm hosszsgban csavarssal dsztett. Hossza: 84, tmrje: 1,5 3 mm; slya: 2,2 g; Nysz.: 48.67817.46.21. (167. bra 6, 82. bra 7). Shoulder fragment of a grey vessel with a conical neck, tempered with small pebbles and mica, it is decorated with triple smoothing below the shoulder, originally framing a knob. Wt: 9 11 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.46.17. (Fig. 167.2). A vessel/urn (?) with a conical neck. Dark grey shoulder and body fragments, tempered with sand and pebbles, decorated with a pointed knob and four horizontal smoothed channelling run around the shoulder. Wt: 12 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.46.7. (Figs. (69).10, 80.6). Grey shoulder fragment of a vessel with a conical neck, the shoulder is emphasized by smoothing. Wt: 10 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.46.14. (Fig. (69).8). Everted rim fragment of a spherical-shaped vessel, grey in colour, on the interior it is greyish-brown, tempered with small pebbles and mica. Wt: 8 9 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.46.15. (Fig. 167.9). Body fragment of a cup. It is tempered with sand and pebbles, reddish-brown, decorated with oblique channelling. Wt: 5 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.46.13. (Fig. 167.7). Fragment of a bronze bracelet. Its ends are flattened and twisted back. It is twisted in a length of 11 mm from the breaking point. L: 84; d: 1.5 3 mm; we: 2.2 g; Id. No.: 48.67817.46.21. (Figs. 167.6, 82.7).

A besimtssal / rkolssal keretezett, vllon elhelyezett btykkel rendelkez nagymret ednyek a Hallstatt kultra sajtjai. Jellegzetes darabjai azonban Kelet-Magyarorszgra is (pl. Mezkvesd Mocsolys telep: Kalicz 1998, 423, 426, Abb. 6.13) elkerltek. Ugyanakkor e megoldst a Mezcst csoport fazekassgnak termkei kztt szintn megtalljuk (pl. Mezcst Hrcsgs 27. sr: Patek 1993, Abb. 27.14; Metzner-Nebelsick 1998, Abb. 9). 2.6 Kelta kori jelensgek (4, 5. bra) A 21/31. sr (168. bra) az IJ-15 kutatsi mezben volt. Augusztus 18 19-n lett feltrva a 60 cm tmrj srgdr, ami szrks talajelvlsknt jelentkezett a humusz aljn. Talajmvelssel bolygatott. Az 1. sz. ednyt in situ emeltk ki. A sr (?) leletei Nysz.: 48.67817.21.1 4.
Mellkletek 1. Kpos nyak edny, a vlln s a perem alatt borda. A nyakon kt tfrs, omphalosos alj. Korongolt, homokkal sovnytott, sttszrke. Magassga: 190; fenktmrje: 76 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.21.1. (168. bra 3, 75. bra 5). 2. Kpos nyak edny perem- s oldaltredkei, a vlln borda. Az 1. sz. edny mellett nyugatra, illetve az all. Korongolt, homokkal sovnytott, vrs. Szjt-

The large vessels with knobs on their shoulder framed by smoothing/channelling are characteristic of the Hallstatt culture. Its most distinctive artefacts spread even to eastern Hungary (for example Mezkvesd Mocsolys telep: Kalicz 1998, 423, 426, Abb. 6.13). At the same time this practice of decoration is also present among the pottery products of the Mezcst group (for example Grave 27 in Mezcst Hrcsgs: Patek 1993, Abb. 27.14; Metzner-Nebelsick 1998, Abb. 9). 2.6 Celtic features (Figs. 4, 5) Grave 21/31 (Figs. 168) in excavation unit IJ15 (18th 19th August). Its diameter is 60 cm. It appeared at the bottom of the humus as a distinct grey soil. It was disturbed by ploughing. Vessel 1 was lifted out in situ. The finds of the grave (?) Id. No.: 48.67817.21.1 4.
Grave goods 1. Vessel with a conical neck, with applied rib below the rim and on the shoulder. There are two holes on the neck, its bottom is omphalic. Dark grey, tempered with sand, produced on a potters wheel. H: 190; bd: 76 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.21.1. (Figs. 168.3, 75.5).

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mrje: 210 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.21.2. 3. Edny oldaltredke (8 db-bl ragasztott). Az 1. sz. edny mellett dlre, illetve az all. Korongolt, homokkal sovnytott, vrs. Fv: 5 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.21.3. 4. Fazk oldaltredke, fss dsszel. Az 1. sz. edny mellett dlre, illetve az 1, 2. s a 3. sz. ednyek all. Korongolt, homokkal sovnytott, szrke. Fv: 10 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.21.4. 2. Rim and body fragments of a vessel with a conical neck, with applied rib on the shoulder. It was found west from Vessel 1, and underneath it. It is red, tempered with sand, and produced on a potters wheel. Md: 210 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.21.2. 3. Body fragment of a vessel (put together from 8 pieces with adhesive). It was found south from Vessel 1, and underneath it. It is red, tempered with sand, and produced on a potters wheel. Wt: 5 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.21.3. 4. The body fragment of a pot with combed decoration. It was found south in Vessel 1, and underneath Vessels 1, 2 and 3. It is grey, tempered with sand, and produced on a potters wheel. Wt: 10 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.21.4.

50/9. gdr a JJ-9 kutatsi mezben. 250x120cm-es nagysg, relatv mlysge 20 28 cm. Leletanyaga (Nysz.: 48.67817.50.1 7):
Nagy pats s szarvasmarha csontjai (Nyerges va meghatrozsa), s paticstredk.

51/10. gdr a JJ-9 kutatsi mezben (169. bra 1). 310206 centimteres, relatv mlysge 40 cm. Betltsben faszn, kermiatredkek, patics, tapasztstredkek, kis- s nagy pats, juh/kecse, szarvasmarha, vad (?) serts csontjai (Nyerges va meghatrozsa) s vastrgyak darabjai voltak (Nysz.: 48.67817.51.1 30). Csak a lerajzolt jellegzetesek kerltek lersra.
Hombr. Korongolt, kaviccsal sovnytott, szrksbarna peremtredke. Fv: 7 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.51.2. (169. bra 2). Tl. Korongolt, csillmmal s homokkal sovnytott, szrksbarna peremtredke. Fv: 5 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.51.3. (169. bra 4). Kors. Korongolt, csillmmal sovnytott, szrke peremtredke. Fv: 3 mm; Nysz. 48.67817.51.4. (169. bra 3). Tl. Korongolt, apr csillmmal sovnytott, szrke s fekete, jl kigetett, bell grafitos hullmdsz s vonaldsz kombincijval elltott oldaltredke. Fv: 5 mm; Nysz. 48.67817.51.13. (169. bra 5, 80. bra 5).

Pit 50/9 in excavation unit JJ-9. Its size is 250120 cm; its relative depth is 20 28 cm. Its finds (Id. No.: 48.67817.50.1 7):
Bones of large ungulate and cattle (identified by va Nyerges), and daub fragments.

Pit 51/10 in excavation unit JJ-9 (Fig. 169.1). Its size is 310206 cm, relative depth is 40 cm. Its fill contained charcoal, pottery fragments, daub fragments, plaster fragments, bones of small and large ungulate, sheep/goat, cattle, wild (?) pig (identified by va Nyerges), and pieces of iron objects (Id. No.: 48.67817.51.1 30). I describe only the more characteristic finds, which were drawn.
Storage vessel. A rim fragment, greyish-brown, tempered with pebbles, produced on a potters wheel. Wt: 7 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.51.2. (Fig. 169.2). Bowl. A greyish-brown rim fragment, tempered with mica and sand, produced on a potters wheel. Wt: 5 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.51.3. (Fig. 169.4). Jug. A grey rim fragment, tempered with mica, produced on a potters wheel. Wt: 3 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.51.4. (Fig. 169.3). Bowl. A body fragment, grey and black, well-burnt, tempered with small mica, its interior is decorated with the combination of wavy and straight lines made with graphite, produced on a potters wheel. Wt: 5 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.51.13. (Figs. 169.5, 80.5).

64/7. gdr a JJ-23 kutatsi mezben. Mrete: 214186, relatv mlysge 38 cm. Leletanyaga (Nysz.: 48.67817.0064.1 4) tl, fazk, fenk, kis- s nagy pats, juh/kecske, szarvasmarha s sertscsontok (Nyerges va meghatrozsa).
Korongolt, homokkal sovnytott, szrke szn, jl kigetett, gmbs test edny perem- s oldaltredke. Fv: 6 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.64.2. (169. bra 6). Fenk (?). Ngyzetes tmetszet, gla alak homokkbl kszlt. Hossza: 79, szlessge: 27 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.64.4. (169. bra 7).

Pit 64/7 in excavation unit JJ-23. Its size is: 214x186 cm, its relative depth is 38 cm. Its finds (Id. No.: 48.67817.0064.1 4): bowl, pot, whetstone; bones of small and large ungulate, goat/sheep, cattle and pig, (identified by va Nyerges).

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VIA 2 2.7 rpd-kori s ks kzpkor / kora jkori jelensgek (4, 5. bra) SNR 1. humuszbl szrmazik (Nysz.: 48.67817.1.103) egy ks rpd-kori, korongolt, apr kaviccsal s homokkal sovnytott, szrke szn, jl kigetett, rdli-dszes edny vlltredke. Fv: 5 mm (169. bra 8). 67/62. rok a JJ-9, 14 mezben. Hossza 600, szlessge 60 90, relatv mlysge 10 cm. A felsznrl 2 db vastrgy (48.67817.67.1 2) kerlt el.
Vasszeg, kovcsolt. Lapos fej, szra tglalap tmetszet, hegye hinyzik. H: 57; feje: 26x17 mm; Nysz.: 48.67817.67.1. (169. bra 9). Body and rim fragments of a well-burnt grey spherical-shaped vessel, tempered with sand, produced on a potters wheel. Wt: 6 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.64.2. (Fig. 169.6). Whetstone (?). Its cross-section is squarish, made of pyramidal-shaped sandstone. L: 79; wi: 27 mm. Id. No.: 48.67817.64.4. (Fig. 169.7).

2.7 rpdian and Late Medieval/Early Modern features (Figs. 4, 5) SNR 1. From the humus:
a shoulder fragment of a well-burnt, grey, Late rpdian vessel was found, tempered with small pebbles and sand, produced on a potters wheel, decorated with roller stamping. Wt: 5 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.1.103. (Fig. 169.8).

2.8 Recens jelensgek (4, 5. bra) az SNR 27. a JJ-11 s az SNR 68, 69, 70. a JJ-23 kutatsi mezben voltak.

Trench 67/62 in excavation unit JJ-9, 14. Its length is 600 cm, its width is 60 90 cm and its relative depth is 10 cm. Two iron objects (Id. No.: 48.67817.67.1 2) were found on its surface. The finds were submitted to the Savaria Museum under.
Iron nail, forged. Its head is flat, its shaft has a rectangular cross-section, and its tip is missing. L: 57; its head is: 26;17 mm; Id. No.: 48.67817.67.1. (Fig. 169.9)

2.8 Recent features (Figs. 3, 4) SNR 27 was found in excavation unit JJ-11, SNR 68, 69 and 70 were found in excavation unit JJ-23.

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164. bra. Rzkori (Baden kultra) objektumok, leletek: 1. Humuszolsbl szrvny (SNR 1) ednytredk (Nysz.: 48.67817.1.113); 2 9. 53 / 13. kermia s paticsomladk: 2. Rszletfot az omladkrl ; 3 9. Jellegzetes dszts ednytredkek az omladkbl (Nysz.: 48.67817.53.4 5, 12 14, 16, 44); 10 13. 73 / 13. gdr: 10. A teljesen feltrt gdr; 11 13. Jellegzetes dszts ednytredkek a gdrbl (Nysz.: 48.67817.73.22, 25 26) Figure 164. Copper Age, the features and finds of the Baden culture: 1. Scattered vessel fragment (Id. No.: 48.67817.1.113) from the humus (SNR 1); 2 9. Ceramic and daub debris 53 / 13: 2. Section photo; 3 9. Characteristically decorated vessel fragments from the debris (Id. Nos.: 48.67817.53.4 5, 12 14, 16, 44); 10 13. Pit 73 / 13: 10. The excavated pit; 11 13. Characteristically decorated vessel fragments from the pit (Id. Nos.: 48.67817.73.22, 25 26)

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165. bra. Rzkori (Baden kultra) objektumok, leletek: 56 / 3. gdr: 1. Metszetfot; 2 8. Jellegzetes ednytredkek (Nysz.: 48.67817.56.1, 3, 12, 15, 20, 23, 35) Figure 165. Copper Age, the features and finds of the Baden culture: Pit 56 / 3: 1. Section photo; 2 8. Characteristic vessel fragments (Id. Nos.: 48.67817.56.1, 3, 12, 15, 20, 23, 35)

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3 4

166. bra. 1 2. Bronzkori, 3 8. Kora vaskori (Hallstatt kultra) objektumok, leletek: 1. T (Nysz.: 48.67817.44.1), szrvny a 44 / 53. clplyuk melll; 2. 52 / 58. rok; 3 8. Humuszolsbl szrvny (SNR 1) ednytredkek (Nysz.: 48.67817.1.101, 52,105,106,108) Figure 166. 1 2. Bronze Age, 3 8. Early Iron Age (Hallstatt culture) features and finds: 1. Pin (Id. No.: 48.67817.44.1), stray find near Posthole 44 / 53; 2. Trench 52 / 58; 3 8. Scattered vessel fragments (Id. Nos.: 48.67817.1.101, 52,105,106,108) from the humus (SNR 1)

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167. bra. Kora vaskori (Hallstatt kultra) objektumok, leletek: 46 / 26. gdr: 1. Tl (Nysz.: 48.67817.46.1); 2 5, 8 9. Ednytredk (Nysz.: 48.67817.46.16 17, 16.1, 2, 13 14); 6. Bronztredk (Nysz.: 48.67817.46.21); 10. Edny / urna (Nysz.: 48.67817.46.7) Figure 167. Early Iron Age (Hallstatt culture) features and finds: Pit 46 / 26: 1. Bowl (Id. No.: 48.67817.46.1); 2 5, 8 9. Vessel fragments (Id. Nos.: 48.67817.46.16 17, 16.1, 46.2, 46.13 14); 6. Bronze fragment (Id. No.: 48.67817.46.21); 10. Vessel / urn (Id. No.: 48.67817.46.7)

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168. bra. 21 / 31. kelta kori sr: 1. Feltrs kzben; 2. Alap- s metszetrajz; 3. Edny (Nysz.: 48.67817.21.1) Figure 168. Celtic Grave 21 / 31: 1. The grave during excavation; 2. Outline and section drawing of the grave; 3. Vessel (Id. No.: 48.67817.21.1) Jelmagyarzat / Legend: 1 3. Edny / Vessel; 4. Fazk / Pot; 5. Srgsbarna, humuszos-agyagos talaj / Brownish-yellow humiferous and clayey soil

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169. bra. 1 7. Kelta kori s 8 9. Kzpkori objektumok, leletek: 1 5. 51 / 10. kelta gdr: 1. Teljesen feltrt; 2 5. Ednytredkek a gdrbl (Nysz.: 48.67817.51.2 4, 13); 6 7. 64 / 7. kelta gdr leletei: 6. Ednytredk (Nysz.: 48.67817.64.2); 7. Fenk (Nysz.: 48.67817.64.4); 8. Humuszolsbl szrvny (SNR 1), rpd-kori ednytredk (Nysz.: 48.67817.1.103); 9. Ks kzp- kora jkori szrvny, vasszeg (Nysz.: 48.67817.67.1) a 67 / 62. rok foltjbl Figure 169. 1 7. Celtic and 8 9. Medieval features and finds: 1 5. Celtic Pit 51 / 10: 1. Completely excavated; 2 5. Vessel fragments from the pit (Id. Nos.: 48.67817.51.2 4, 13); 6 7. Finds of the Celtic Pit 64 / 7: 6. Vessel fragment (Id. No.: 48.67817.64.2); 7. Whetstone (Id. No.: 48.67817.64.4); 8. Scattered rpdian vessel fragment (Id. No.: 48.67817.1.103) from the humus (SNR 1); 9. Scattered Late Medieval / Early Modern iron nail (Id. No.: 48.67817.67.1) found on the surface of Trench 67 / 62

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sszefoglals
Ilon Gbor

Summary

13

Gbor Ilon

A temet egy lelhelykomplexum (3. bra) rsze. Tle dlre kb. 150 m-re, a falu belterletnek hatrn a 207,5 mteres szintvonalon helyezkedik el egy lekopott, magnyosnak tn, a krnyezetbl kb. 0,5 mterrel kiemelked halomsr. Felsznrl rgszeti emlkek ugyan nem gyjthetk, de akr a temetnk kzssghez tartoz egyik vezet (alapt atya/s? vagy Hallstatt-kori leszrmazott?) srjt is rejtheti. E krds megvlaszolsa egy esetleges ksbbi sats feladata. A temettl kb. 500 mterre szakra, a 20. szzad kzepn, vzrendezs okn megszntetett Zanati-pataktl szakra s a KozrBorz-patak teraszn egy nagykiterjeds, tbb korszakos kztk ks bronz- kora vaskori telep tallhat. Ennek az ez ideig kutatatlan teleplsnek az sszefggse a temetvel s a halomsrral ugyancsak egy ksbbi szondz feltrssal dnthet el. Mindenesetre a holtak s az lk kztti hatrknt rtelmezhet a hajdani vzfolys, ami hasonlan ms eurpai esetekhez (Wirth 1999, 587, Abb. 15; Nebelsick 2007) nyilvn ldozatok bemutatsi helyszneknt is szolglhatott. A lelhelykomplexum krnyezetrgszeti szempont rekonstrukcijt Smegi Pl s munkacsoportja vgezte el. Vizsglt lelhelynk a Gyngysi-skon, a Borz-, Surnyi- s a Kris-patakok ltal szabdalt, egymssal prhuzamos egyik platszer hton, a Borz-patak teraszn fekszik, amely mr a jgkor vgn kialakult. Az alapkzetet jelent kavicson, vlyogos lszre (rgebbi nevn Barna Erdei Talaj) teleplt az ember. A neolit-, rz-, bonz- s a vaskori kzssgek tevkenysgnek ksznheten br a frsok s a talajszelvnyek radiocarbon adatokkal korolt feldolgozsbl (lsd 11.5 alfejezet) visszaerdsltsgek is do-

The cemetery is part of a site complex (Fig. 3). South from the cemetery in a distance of about approximately 150 metres, in the village municipality, on the elevation of 207.5 m above sea level, a worn, seemingly individual tumulus can be found, elevated to about 0.5 meter from its surroundings. No archaeological finds were found on its surface but it might contain the grave of a leader of the community (founder/ancestor? or a descendant from the Hallstatt period?). The answer to this question might come from a later excavation. An extensive multiperiod site, including Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages, can be found on the terrace of the KozrBorz Creek, at about 500 metres north from the cemetery, and north from the former Zanati Creek. The latter ceased to exist in the middle of the 20th century due to hydrological rearrangements. The relationship between the so far unexplored settlement with the cemetery and the mound grave can only be assessed by later excavations. The former creek can be considered as a borderline between the living and the dead, and probably served as a place to perform rituals, similarly to other European cases (Wirth 1999, 587, Abb. 15; Nebelsick 2007). The environmental archaeological reconstruction of the site complex was carried out by Pl Smegi and his team. The examined site is located on the Gyngysi Plain, on the terrace of the Borz Creek, which was formed at the end of the Glacial period. The site itself is situated on one of the plateau-like structures. These structures are situated parallel to each other and were formed by the Borz, Surnyi and Kris Creeks, which cut through the terrace of the Borz Creek. Humans settled on the loam loess (called brown forest soil before), which is on top of the gravel bedrock. Due to the activities of Neolithic, Copper, Bronze and Iron Age communities the alluvium of the creeks of the study area (Fig. 95) might

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VIA 2 kumentlhatk a vizsglt terlet patakjainak allviumn (95. bra) az kortl kezdden akr mteres vastagsg talaj s ledk erzival (125. s 141. bra) is szmthatunk. A rgszeti lelhelyekrl szrmaz faszenek (156. bra) egyrtelmen altmasztjk a pollenanyag nyomn rekonstrult erdk sszettelt, de a faanyag minsgben igen jelents emberi szelekci is kimutathat, amikor a pollen alapjn rekonstrulhat 1:1 s 3:1 kztti tlgybkk pollenarny 3:1 s 5:1 kztti arnyra romlott a faszenek esetben a neolitikum s a rzkor sorn (160161. bra). A csupn nhny km-re tallhat nemesbdi lelhelyek kora bronzkori objektumainak pollenkpe alapjn a lombos fk pollenarnyban a tlgygerfzkrisbkkgyertyn dominancia sorrendet lehetett kimutatni. Azaz egy jellegzetes hidroszerieszt kvet vegetci fejldhetett ki a Surnyi-patak krnykn, a vlgytalpon gerrel kevert kemny- s puhafs ligeterdvel, a magasabb trszneken bkkel, gyertynnal kevert tlgyesekkel. A nyriszi pollenes adatai szerint az objektumok kzvetlen krnyezett viszont jellegzetes, taposott, gyomokkal tarktott, de a fflk dominancijval jellemezhet gyepek veztk. Ennek nyomn, br alrendelten, a gabonaflk pollenanyaga is megjelent a bronzkori anyagban. gy elssorban lakott s llattart trsget rekonstrulhatunk alrendelten szntfldekkel. (Bvebben lsd a 11.8 alfejezetet.) Temetnk a zanati vizsglatok tdik archeosztratigrfiai s nvnyfejldsi horizont idejnek (Kr. e. IIIII. vezredbeli rzkor vge s a bronzkor: Smegi 1998, 2004, 2007) vgn volt hasznlatban. A klmaviszonyok erteljes fluktucija jellemzi ezt a horizontot, a bronzkor vgn bekvetkezett erteljes lehlssel (Smegi 2007). A bronzkor vgn a feny (Pinus) elretrse figyelhet meg. Az urnamezs idszak szintjben ez a lehlssel s intenzv nvnytermesztssel prhuzamba hozhat fenyterjeds nemcsak a pollenanyagban, hanem az urnamezs lelhelyeken feltrt jelents mennyisg have experienced even a one metre thick soil and sediment erosion (Fig. 125, 141) starting in antiquity. Nevertheless, reforestation is detected in the data from radiocarbon dating obtained from drillings and sediment cross-sections (see Chapter 11.5). The composition of forests reconstructed by pollen analysis is clearly supported by the charcoal assemblage (Fig. 156) from the archaeological sites and significant human selection is evident in the quality of the wood as the oak and beech pollen ratio of 1:1 and 3:1, reconstructed by pollen data, has changed into a ratio of 3:1 and 5:1 in the case of charcoals during the Neolithic and Copper Age (Figs. 160161). Based on the pollen data of Early Bronze Age features of the sites at Nemesbd, situated only a few kilometres away, the dominance order of arboreal pollen ratio is oakalderwillowashbeech hornbeam. This implies that a typical hydro series following vegetation developed in the vicinity of the Surnyi Creek, with hardwood and softwood riparian forests mixed with alder on the valley floor, and oak forests mixed with beech and hornbeam at higher altitudes. According to the summer and autumn pollen fall, the immediate surroundings of the features were typical, treaded, weedy grasslands dominated by Gramineae species. Therefore cereal pollens are present in the Bronze Age material although underrepresented. As a result an inhabited land with animal husbandry can be reconstructed with underrepresented crop fields (for more details see Chapter 11.8). The cemetery at Zanat was in use at the end of the fifth horizon of archaeostratigraphic and vegetation evolution (3rd and 2nd millennia BC at the end of the Copper Age and in the Bronze Age: Smegi 1998, 2004, 2007). This horizon is characterized by a strong fluctuation in climatic conditions, with strong cooling at the end of the Bronze Age (Smegi 2007). Pines (Pinus) became much more widespread at the end of the Bronze Age. The expansion of pines analogous with the cooling and intensive agriculture at the Urnfield period level is denoted by not only pollen data but also by the significant amount of pine

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13. Fejezet / Chapter 13 feny fasznmaradvnyokban is megnyilvnul (162. bra). A fs szrak (Arbor Pollen) arnya erteljesen lecskkent ebben az idhorizontban a Dunntl nyugati rszn s a nylt terletre jellemz nvnyek (Nor Arbor Pollen) arnya kiemelkedv, 3050 % kzttiv nvekedett (162. bra). Nylt nvnyzet ilyen erteljes elretrse egyrtelmen az urnamezs kori emberi hatsra utal s a prehisztorikus mezgazdasg egyik legfejlettebb tpusnak ltezst bizonytja a Krpt-medence nyugati rszn. A srok fldjbl kimutatott di s a gabonaflk jelenlte alapjn mvelt terletekre kvetkeztethetnk, mg a cickafark s tif jelenlte taposott, emberi hatsokkal terhelt, antropogn krnyezetet jell a temetkezsek, a fldbe kerls krnykn. A pollensszettel tansga szerint a lakhely, temetkezsi hely s a fldmvels szntere ekkor mg nem klnlt el nagyon egymstl. Vagyis ez a fent lert lelhelykomplexum (telepmvelt fldektemet) megltt hitelesti. Az urnamezs kor srokat sszesen 71-et ugyangy a humuszrtegben, illetve annak legaljn talltuk, ahogy azt a jl dokumentlt St. Andr (Eibner 1974, 98, 100, Abb. 11) s Stillfried (Kaus 1984, 9, 13) temeti esetben korbban mr megfigyeltk. Temetnk anyagban nincsenek jelen a Kemenczei-fle (1996b, Abb. 37) V. kincshorizont (Ha B3) fmtrgyai. Ugyanakkor a temet j plda arra is, hogy a hossz idn keresztl hasznlatban lv s megrztt bronz trgyak mellett a cserpednyekkel esetleg pontosabb eredet- s kormeghatrozs rhet el, hiszen ennek a trkeny runak a divatja gyorsabban vltozott. Ugyanakkor nem felejthetjk el azt sem, s vatossgra int az a vlelmezett tny, hogy a kermia-archaizmus jelen van temetnkben. Pldul a 6.1.6.3 gmbs/nyomott gmbs test bgrk (21. bra 1, 27. bra 4, 28. bra 4, 47. bra 5) s a 6.1.7.7 profilllt tl (14. bra 4) esetben kell a ks halomsros-/korai urnamezs kori, illetve a 6.1.5b vll alatt ferdn rkolt fles vagy fl nlkli csszk (19. bra 4, 22. bra 3, 39. bra 2 3, 77. bra 3, 49. charcoal remains found at Urnfield period sites (Fig. 162). In the western part of Transdanubia the arboreal (Arbor Pollen) ratio decreased significantly in this time horizon, and the ratio of open field vegetation (Non Arbor Pollen) increased to 30 to 50 % (Fig. 162). Such powerful increase in the open field vegetation clearly shows the effect of humans in the Urnfield period, and implies the existence of one of the most advanced prehistoric agriculture in the western part of the Carpathian Basin. The presence of walnut and cereals detected in the soil of the graves shows cultivated areas, and the presence of yarrow and plantain denotes treaded, anthropogenic environment, effected by humans in the vicinity of the burial ground. According to the pollen composition the living area, the burial ground and the cultivated land were not significantly separated from each other at the time. All these corroborate the existence of the above described site complex (settlementcultivated landscemetery). The Urnfield period graves, altogether seventyone, were found in the humus layer and at the bottom of it as well as it was observed earlier in the case of the well-documented St. Andr (Eibner 1974, 98, 100, Abb. 11) and Stillfried (Kaus 1984, 9, 13) cemeteries. Presently there are no metal objects in the cemetery from the treasure horizon V (Ha B3) described by Kemenczei (1996b, Abb. 37). At the same time the cemetery is a good example of providing a possibility for a more accurate origin and age determination based on ceramic vessels beside the bronze objects, because the latter were in use and kept for a long time, but the trend of the more fragile pottery changed more rapidly. At the same time one must not forget, that archaism in the ceramic tradition is present in the cemetery, which requires consideration. In the case of 6.1.6.3 spherical/squat-shaped mugs (Figs. 21.1, 27.4, 28.4, 47.5) and the 6.1.7.7 profiled bowl (Fig. 14.4) the Late Tumulus/Early Urnfield period traditions must be considered. Moreover, in the case of 6.1.5b cups with or without handle, with oblique channelling below the shoulder

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VIA 2 bra 1 2, 54. bra 3) esetben a korai urnamezs kori hagyomnyokra figyelemmel lennnk. Ezt ersti meg, igaz egy Baden-Wrttemberg-i anyagon trtnt feldolgozs (Grimmer-Dehn 1991, Tabelle I) is, miszerint az urnamezs kor telepeken a hossz let kermai-hagyomnyok jl lthatk. Tovbb bonyoltja a kpletet, hogy termszetesen az archaizmus s a modernizmus kettssge egyidejleg van jelen. J plda erre: a 18. sr helyi, archaikus formj fles bgrje (21. bra 1) s fgglegesen kannelrzott, dli eredet fles ednye (21. bra 3), valamint a 9/18. sr hasonl szituciknt rtkelhet ednyei (41. bra 5,9). Azt sem szabad figyelmen kvl hagynunk, hogy egy-egy ednyforma ltalnos divatja mellett ltez tny az egyes kzssgek fazekassgnak nll alkotkszsge. Azaz a kisebb vagy nagyobb terleteken jl megfigyelhet ednytpusbeli hasonlsgok mellett egyidejleg vannak jelen a kzssgek fazekassgnak egyedi termkei is. Pldul a kpos nyak ednyek (lsd 6.1.1) is igazoljk ezt az lltst. Az ltalnos forma mellett (6.1.1) helyi jtsnak tnik a flkr alak besimts-kteggel keretezett btyks (6.1.1b.2: 50. bra 8, 75. bra 6) s szalagfles (6.1.1e.2a: 24. bra 1) vltozat. sszegzsknt vlemnyem szerint megllapthat, hogy az urnamezs idszakban egy kln, alpokaljai kermia-tartomnyrl beszlhetnk, amely elklnl mind a Dunakanyar-krnyki Vl csoport/tpus, mind a dl-pannoniai (vezrlelhelyei: Batina, Dalj, PcsJakab-hegy) csoport/tpus, de a Stillfried csoport/tpus anyagtl is. Ugyanis hinyoznak anyagunkbl a vli temetkre jellemz talpas tlak s az egy szakaszon felhzott vagy cscsks perem csszk, de a Dalj-i csoportban nagymennyisgben jellemz kantharos tpus s a cscsks fl ednyek is (rszleteiben lsd a 6.1 alfejezetben hivatkozott pldkat). A gyanta hasznlata (ragasztknt s bevonatknt) cserpednyeknl trtn hasznlatt temetnkben 3 alkalommal figyeltk meg. Kt esetben (31/40, 48/56. sr) srlt ednyeket ja(Figs. 19.4, 22.3, 39.2 3, 77.3,49.1 2, 54.3) the Early Urnfield period must be considered. This implies that the long-lasting ceramic traditions found in Urnfield sites are clearly visible and it is also supported, even though by Baden-Wrttemberg data (Grimmer-Dehn 1991, Tabelle I). The situation is even more complicated due to the dual presence of modernism and archaism at the same time. A good example is the mug with a handle showing an archaic form found in Grave 18 (Fig. 21.1) and the vessel with handle and vertical channelling, which show southern origin (Fig. 21.3), and the vessels from Grave 9/18 with similar characteristics (Figs. 41.5,9). It must also be taken into consideration that besides the common trend of the different vessel shapes the individual communities had independent creative skills with regards to pottery. Therefore, besides the similarities in smaller or larger areas regarding vessel types, individual pottery productions are present as well in these communities. For instance the vessels with conical neck also support this hypothesis (see 6.1.1). Apart from the common shape (6.1.1) vessels with knob (6.1.1b.2: Figs. 50.8, 75.6) or strap handle (6.1.1e.2a: Fig. 24.1) framed by semi-circular smoothing also seem to be local innovations. In my opinion we can summarize that we can distinguish a separate ceramic range in the Urnfield period in the foreland of the Eastern Alps, which is different from the Vl group/type in the Danube Bend region, and also different from the south Pannonian (main sites: Batina, Dalj, PcsJakabhegy), and even from the Stillfried group/type. This assumption is supported by the fact that our finds lack the pedestalled bowls and cups with their rims pulled up in sections or with cornered rims characteristic of the cemeteries of the Vl group/type. Our material also lacks canthari and vessels with cornered handle, which are present in large quantities in the Dalj group (see the examples in Chapter 6.1). The use of resin (as adhesive and coat) with regards to ceramics was noted on three occasions in our cemetery. In two cases it was used (Graves 31/40 and 48/56) to repair damaged vessels. In case

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13. Fejezet / Chapter 13 vtottak segtsgvel. A 9/18. sr urnjnak pedig teljes fellett kezeltk vele (lsd a 7. fejezetet.) A Stillfried-i temet tbb srjban kpus nyak ednyeken (6a, 6u, 19a, 38a) nyrfbl ksztett gyantt mutattak ki (Kaus 1984, 38). Esetnkben a mszeres vizsglatokkal (lsd 8. fejezet) valamilyen pontosan nem azonosthat gyanta kimutatsa sikerlt, amit a korabeli Alpokaljai pollenkplet s a helyi adatok alapjn (89, 115, 133, 150. s 162. bra) Smegi Pl erdei fenybl kinyerhetnek vl. A temet 69 temetkezse urns (46 biztosan megllapthatan az), csupn kt esetben felttelezhet a szrthamvas rtus. Mindssze kt, felntt s gyermek maradvnyait tartalmaz (3/15. s 38/47.) kettstemetkezs kerlt el. Ez sszhangban van az ltalnos urnamezs kori kppel, hiszen ez a megolds meglehetsen ritka (210 %) jelensg a korabeli temetkben (Sperber 1999, 627. s 37. jegyzet). Felttelezhet, hogy Kzp-Eurpa keleti rgijban, az urnamezs idszak msodik felben s vgn a ngy s kt edny srba helyezse mellett a hrom edny mellkelse a standard megolds. A zanati temetre (16 sr esetben) is ez a jellemz. A srba szjval lefordtva behelyezett ednyre pldkat a zanati temetben is talltunk (lsd 11, 18, 32. valamint 26/36. s 39/48. srok). A jelensg rtelmezst szmos irodalom (pl. Makkay 1963, 1992; Sgi 1967; Ilon 1999) taglalja. Sokan rtenek egyet jmagam is a jt/rosszat egyarnt megkt, elzr jelentstartalommal. Hrom temetkezs ednyein (19/29. sr: 75. bra 3; 20/ 30. sr: 49. bra 8 s a 26/36. sr: 54. bra 2) fordul el a lleklyuk alkalmazsa, ami az elbbi gondolattal ellenttes tartartalm megoldst a llek kiszabadulsnak/kiszabadtsnak gondolata sugall. A bronz ednnyel eltemetett felntt (9/18: 41. bra 8, 83. bra 1) a temet/a kzssg letnek egy szakaszban (II. peridus) valsznleg az egyik, ha nem a legrangosabb ember lehetett. A bronz edny magas sttusz-szimbof the urn of Grave 9/18 the whole surface of the vessel was treated with this substance (see Chapter 7). Resin made from birch was detected in the case of vessels with conical neck found in several graves in the cemetery of Stillfried (6a, 6u, 19a, 38a) (Kaus 1984, 38). In our case a resin of unidentified source was detected by instrumental analysis (see Chapter 8). According to the contemporary pollen data of the foreland of the Eastern Alps and local data, Pl Smegi considers that the resin may have been obtained from forest pine (Figs. 89, 115, 133, 150, 162). Out of all the burials of the cemetery sixty-nine are urn burials (46 are certainly), and in only two cases can we suppose a scattered cremation rite. Only two double burials were discovered (3/15 and 38/47), both containing adult and child remains. It is in line with the general view of the Urnfield period since double burials appear very rarely (210 %) in the cemeteries (Sperber 1999, Notes: 627 and 37). We can suppose that in the eastern part of the Central European region, in the second half and at the end of the Urnfield period, the standard approach was to place three vessels in the grave, besides the practices of placing two or four vessels. It is also characteristic of the Zanat cemetery (in case of 16 graves). We also found examples of vessels placed in the grave upside down in the cemetery of Zanat (see Graves 11, 18, 32, 26/36 and 39/48). Many studies discuss the interpretation of this practice (for instance Makkay 1963, 1992; Sgi 1967; Ilon 1999). It is widely agreed by researchers, and I am among them, that this practice carries the meaning of binding good as well as bad, or block. Vessels of three burials have soul holes (Grave 19/29, Fig. 75.3; Grave 20/30, Fig. 49.8; and Grave 26/36, Fig. 54.2), which suggest an opposing practice to the previous one. That is suggesting the freeing of the spirit. The adult buried with the bronze vessel (Grave 9/18, Figs. 41.8, 83.1) probably was one of the highest in rank, if not the highest, in the relevant period of the cemetery/community (period II). International research has many times highlighted

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VIA 2 lumknti rtelmezst tbb esetben rgztette mr a nemzetkzi kutats (Kytlicov 1988; Brestrich 1998, 272; Clausing 1999, 336, 340, Abb. 9, Abb. 30; Bockisch-Bruer 1999, 546; Wirth 1999, 591, 601). Az sem mellkes, hogy a korabeli Krpt-medencbl mig mindssze egy temetbl ismeretes ez trgytpus, a Budapestbksmegyeri 26. srbl (Kalicz-Schreiber 1991, 194, 196, Abb. 9.14; Clausing 1999, 391, Abb. 30). Ugyanezen elhunyt, taln megklnbztetett trsadalmi helyzetre utal, a fiatal serts rszleges tlvilgi eledell sznt (Nebelsick 1997, 380, Abb. 1) bronz ednybe mellkelse is, amit a Haunstetten-i temet nhny (Wirth 1999, 591) s a Singen-i temet kt ednykszletes s egy-egy bronz ednyt is tartalmaz srja (Brestrich 1998, 264, 361365, 370375, Tab. 14) esetben szintn megfigyeltek. Azaz az eltemetettnek valsznleg meghatroz szerepe lehetett a kzssg lelmezsben, lelmiszernek biztostsban. Ezzel fgghet ssze a nagy vgks srba ttele is (Tomedi 1999, 681). Klentnicn meggett ldozatknt, vagy az gst gyorst zsros anyagknt s nem gett tel-mellkletknt szmos srbl ismertek llatcsontok (hovsk 1965, 45). Kln tanulmnyt ignyelne e tny vizsglata a bronz- s a vaskorban. Csak nhny kiragadott pldt emltek: Nagydmen a Halomsros kultra egyik temetkezsben (Vrs 1995, 149, 2. kp, 2. tblzat) fiatal serts is meghatrozsra kerlt. Tovbb tbb nagydmi kora vaskori srbl malac csontokat is emltettek s kzltek (Nagy 1939, 12; Vrs 1995, 154). Serts fog volt St. Andr temetjnek 10. srjban s csont a 23. srban (Eibner 1974, 180, 224). Ugyanitt azonban fiatal juh/kecske csontjai a 11, 14B, 16, 22, 26, 31, 37AB. s 39. (Eibner 1974, 184, 194, 199, 217, 233, 245, 261, 267), marha csontjai a 13, 19, 20, 38. s 40. (Eibner 1974, 192, 206, 210, 266, 270), juh/kecske, marha s l csontjai s fogai a 21. (Eibner 1974, 214) srbl stb. kerltek el. Vadkanagyar elkerlsrl tudunk az that bronze vessels refer to high social status (Kytlicov 1988; Brestrich 1998, 272; Clausing 1999, 336, 340, Abb. 9, Abb. 30; BockischBruer 1999, 546; Wirth 1999, 591, 601). It is also important that this type of object is known only from one grave in the contemporary Carpathian Basin, from Grave 26 of BudapestBksmegyer (Kalicz-Schreiber 1991, 194, 196, Abb. 9.14; Clausing 1999, 391, Abb. 30). Part of a young pig was placed in the bronze vessel as food for the afterlife, and it perhaps also denotes the privileged status of the deceased (Nebelsick 1997, 380, Abb.1). This custom was also observed in the case of a few graves in the cemetery of Haunstetten (Wirth 1999, 591) and in the case of two graves in the cemetery of Singen (Brestrich 1998, 264, 361 365, 370375, Tab. 14), which contained vesselsets and there was one bronze vessel in each grave. The deceased probably had a significant role in providing food and provision for the community. The presence of a large cutting knife placed in the grave might also be connected to this (Tomedi 1999, 681). Animal bones are known from Klentnice from many graves, not as burnt food offerings but as sacrifices or used as fatty material to speed up combustion (hovsk 1965, 45). A separate study would be required to analyze this subject in the Bronze and Iron Ages. I list a few examples only: A young pig was identified in one of the Tumulus culture burials at Nagydm (Vrs 1995, 149, Kp 2, Tblzat 2). Pig bones were also mentioned in the publications from many Early Iron Age graves at Nagydm (Nagy 1939, 12; Vrs 1995, 154). Pig tooth was identified in Grave 10 and bone in Grave 23 in the cemetery of St. Andr (Eibner 1974, 180, 224). In the same cemetery the bones of young sheeps/goats were found in Graves 11, 14B, 16, 22, 26, 31, 37AB and 39 (Eibner 1974, 184, 194, 199, 217, 233, 245, 261, 267), cattle bones were found in Graves 13, 19, 20, 38 and 40 (Eibner 1974, 192, 206, 210, 266, 270), and goat/sheep cattle and horse bones and teeth amongst others came to light from Grave 21 (Eibner 1974, 214).

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13. Fejezet / Chapter 13 ugyancsak halomsrosokhoz sorolt emdi temet 116. srjbl (Hellebrandt 2004). A keltk klnleges vadkan vaddiszn(?) diszn tisztelete s kultusza, azaz a hall llataknti tisztelete, netn a hroizci kellkeknti rtelmezse (Szab 2005, 103) pedig jl ismert. sszegzsknt teht megllapthat: a hziastott s vad serts a halomsros idszaktl a keltkig bezrlag bizonyosan megklnbztetett szerepet jtszott a halottkultuszban. Ugyanakkor rdemes arra felfigyelni, hogy bronz ednyes srunk a temetnek majdnem a nyugati szln s ltvnyosan az I, de a II. fcsoporttl is elklnlten helyezkedik el. A msik klnleges figyelmet rdeml sr a 33. (36. bra). Az ebbe eltemetett mell a vaskarikkon tl egy vszzadok ta az eurpai szrazfldn, gy a Krpt-medencben, tovbb a Mykenei s post-Mykenei trsadalmakban is a hatalom s az elit jelkpeknt hasznlatos motvum (madrnap/kerkbrka = Vogel-Sonnen-Barken: Borgna 1999, 171) vzi madr (esetnkben gulipn) miniatr bronz kpmst helyeztk. Ez a dsz s az esetleg lszerszmzat rszeknt rtkelhet vaskarikk szintn egy a kzssgen bell magasabb presztzzsel br egynre utalnak. Ugyanakkor a sr a temet keleti szln helyezkedik el s egy msik, a legfiatalabb (III.) peridusra keltezhet. Az eltemetsek idpontjnak (vszaknak) meghatrozsval Magyarorszgon elszr a srok ednyeibl vett fldmintk pollenanalzise segtsgvel 6 sr (19/29, 38/47. s 39/48.) esetben jrtunk sikerrel. 3 eltemetett prilis vgemjus kezdete krl, a msik 3 sr (8/17, 12/21. s 20/30. ember maradvnyai) pedig mjus msodik felben kerlhettek fldbe (150. bra). Termszetesen a temet eltr kronolgiai fzisaiban (rszletesen lsd a 11.9 alfejezetet). St. Andr temetjt egy nagycsald/6 kiscsald temetkezsi helyeknt rtelmezte Clemens Eibner (1974, 107), ahogy az t kvet Margarete Kaus (1984, 18) is ilyen kzssget A wild boar tusk was discovered in Grave 116 in the Tumulus culture cemetery of Emd (Hellebrandt 2004). It is well known that the Celts had a special cult respecting the boar wild boar (?) pig as the animals of death, and perhaps also as a paraphernalia of heroism (Szab 2005, 103). In summary it can be ascertained that pig and wild boar played a distinguished role in the death cult from the Tumulus culture period to the Celtic era. At the same time we must pay attention to the fact that the grave with a bronze vessel in the Zanat cemetery is located almost at the western edge of the cemetery, and is situated intriguingly separately from main groups I and II. There is another grave, which requires special attention that is Grave 33 (Fig. 36). ). In this grave the dead was provided, besides the iron rings (!), with a miniature bronze statue of a water bird, in our case a scooper. Water birds (bird-Sun/wheel-bark = Vogel-Sonnen-Barken: Borgna 1999, 171) were used for centuries in the main land of Europe as the symbol of power including the Carpathian Basin, and farther by Mycenaean and Post-Mycenaean societies. This ornament and the iron rings, which might be considered as part of a horse gear, also denote a person who had a high prestige in the community. At the same time the grave is situated at the eastern edge of the cemetery, and is dated to another, the youngest (III) Urnfield period. For the first time in Hungary, the determination of the date of the burials (season) was attempted, based on pollen analysis of the soil samples from the vessels found in the graves. The determination of the season was successful in six cases (Graves 19/29, 38/47, 39/48). Three people were buried around the end of April or beginning of May another three were buried in the second half of May (Graves 8/17, 12/21, 20/30) (Fig. 150) but of course, in different chronological phases of the cemetery (for more details see Chapter 11.9). The cemetery of St. Andr was considered by Clemens Eibner (1974, 107) to be the burial ground of one extended family/six small families, and following this Margarete Kaus (1984, 18) also recon-

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VIA 2 rekonstrult Stillfried esetben. Az elbbi hasznlatt IIV. (Ha C), utbbit I. (Ha B2) s II. (Ha B3) fzisra bontottk (Kaus 1984, 19). Volders esetben (Bz D Ha B3, azaz Kr. e. 1330 825), temetrszenknt 1 4 csaldi egysgben, 7 9 tag csaldok 19 genercin keresztli temethasznlatt rekonstrultk (Sperber 1999, Abb. 20). Ktsgtelen, hogy temetnk klnbz fzisaiban (72. s 73. bra) is temetkeztek az I. s II. srcsoportba, s az azon belli egysgekbe. Azaz nem csak egytt s egyszerre indul a kt kiscsaldi csoport, de mindegyiknek folyamatos a hasznlata. A zanati temetben teht rszben eltr hagyomny legalbb kett, ahogy azt a kt f srcsoport igazolja rokonsgi csoportok helyeztk fldbe kzssgk elhunyt tagjait. Ezt tbb rtuselem is jl tkrzni ltszik. Pl. a bronz s vas trgyak mellkelsnek (68. bra) mdja. Ugyanez a tny a nagy (I. s II.) csoportok s azon belli kisebb egysgek egyidejsgt is igazolja. Ezek a tnyek pedig szintn a kiscsaldi rendben trtn temethasznlatra utalnak. A temet a Hallstatt kultra kelet-alpi kialakulsi terletn bell (Stillfried Sg-hegy Csnge Jnoshza) tallhat. Vlemnyem szerint jl tkrzi a Hallstatt kultrba trtn tmenetet, amellyel prhuzamosan kialakult a kalenderbergi csoport (Kemenczei 1996, 127). Topogrfiai helyzete az Alpok elterben, egy zld folyosban, melynek f terei az n. Borostynk-t (Kossack 1983) s az szak-balkni trtneti t (Bnffy 1999) kiegszti a korbban a Patek Erzsbet (1984, 166167) ltal a Sopron krnyki Urnamezs kultra, a keleti elemek s a Hallstatt kultra viszonyrl mondottakat. Ez a folyamat hasonl lehetett, mint amit a Dl-Dunntlon Pcs Jakab-hegy esetben (Metzner-Nebelsick 1998, 391) figyelhetnk meg. Az ilyen kor urnamezs temetk anyagbl tbbnyire hinyoznak az elitet jelz fegyverek, ellenttben a korbbi idszakkal. A rgiban ilyen volt pl. SopronKrautacker Ha B1-re keltezett, lndzss 127. srja: Jerem s Metzner-Nebelsick 2002. Temetnket a velemi structed a similar community in the case of Stillfried. The use of the former one was divided into phases IIV (Ha C), and the latter one into phases I (Ha B2) and II (Ha B3). In the case of Volders (Bz D Ha B3, that is 1330 825 BC) the use of the cemetery was reconstructed as one to four families were buried in each cemetery parts; one family contained seven to nine members; and the cemetery was used for nineteen generations (Sperber 1999, Abb. 20). It is certain that in the different phases of the cemetery (Figs. 72, 73) both grave groups, I and II, and within these different smaller units were used as well for burying the dead. Therefore, the two small family groups do not begin together and were used at the same time but they were used continuously. In the cemetery of Zanat at least two lineages, as it is proven by the two main grave groups, with partly different traditions used the burial ground to lay their dead to rest. It seems to be well reflected by many elements of the burial rites. For instance the method of placing iron and bronze objects (Fig. 68) in the graves. At the same time this fact supports the contemporariness of the main (I and II) groups and their subgroups. These facts also support the assumption that the burial ground was used by small families. The cemetery is located at the eastern Alps, where the Hallstatt culture developed (Stillfried Sg-hegy Csnge Jnoshza). In my opinion the cemetery illustrates very well the transition in the Hallstatt culture and the contemporary emergence of the Kalenderberg group (Kemenczei 1996, 127). Its topographical location, that it is situated in the rim of the Alps, in a green corridor, the main backbones of which are the so-called Amber Route (Kossack 1983) and the Northern Balkan historical road (Bnffy 1999), supplements earlier opinions regarding the relationships between the Urnfield culture in the area surrounding Sopron, the eastern elements and the Hallstatt culture, as noted by Erzsbet Patek (1984, 166167). This process may have been similar to the one we can observe in the case of PcsJakab-hegy in the southern Transdanubian region (Metzner-Nebelsick 1998, 391).

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13. Fejezet / Chapter 13 Szent Vid magaslati telepls s hatalmi kzpont (lgvonalban mindssze 18 km s jl lthat) territriumn (Kszegi 1988, 28, 44 45, 48; Kemenczei 2005, 7 8, 16, 19; Ilon 2007) l egyik ksi urnamezs hagyomny, ugyanakkor a keleti Hallstatt kultra kialakulsa s bizonyos keleti preszkta elemek egyttes hatsra ltrejv kzssg egyik nekropolisnak tartjuk. Utbbiak megjelense nem tekinthet a rgiban egyedinek, hiszen a jl keltezhet Celldmlk nagysgi dep (Kemenczei 1996a, 470, Abb. 13.17 21), de a Szent Vid jabb feltrsokbl szrmaz s feldolgozsra kerl leletanyaga (Nagy Marcella PhD feldolgozsnak (Budapest) trgya a Bndi Gbor s Fekete Mria (1973 1986) vezette satsok feldolgozsa. Szves szbeli informciit e helytt is ksznm), valamint GrKpolnadomb bizonyos (pl. antropolgiai Zoffmann 2001, 2006) jelensgei hatsukat bizonytjk. Msknt fogalmazva s egyetrtve Kszegi Frigyes (1988, 56) megllaptsval a temett az autochton, de a tbb irnybl rkez hatsokra talakul urnamezs kor npessg temetjnek tartom, amelynek ksi fzisban keleti/preszkta/Mezcst csoport kulturlis hatsok jelentkeznek, illetve mutathatk ki. A temet utletvel kapcsolatosan fel kell hvnom a figyelmet a 16/25. s 48/56. srokat megbolygat 46/26. gdr (62. bra) szuperpozcis helyzetre, ami esetleg egy az eltemetst kvet ritulis cselekmnyknt is rtelmezhet, de lehet vletlen is. A 48/56. srt a temet III. fzisra (Ha B3) kelteztem, mg a 46/26. gdrt fiatalabbnak (Ha C1) tartom. A fazekastermkek vltozsa a Hallstatt-kor anyagi kultrja fel trtn helyi folyamatos (?) tmenet bizonytalan igazolsaknt is felfoghat. S ha a szrvny, vrs fests ednytredk (80. bra 9) is Hallstatt-kori, akkor ez a hipotzisem ersthet... Innen azonban nem rdemes tovbblpnem, hiszen rendkvl ingovnyos talajra rek. A krds esetleges trsgbeli megoldst csak a jv rgszeti kutatstl remlhetjk. Finds of the cemeteries from this Urnfield period usually lack weapons denoting the presence of the elite, as opposed to earlier periods. Such a grave was for instance Grave 127 in Sopron Krautacker, in which a spear was found dated to Ha B1 (Jerem and Metzner-Nebelsick 2002). We consider the cemetery to be a necropolis of a community living in the territory of Velem Szent Vid, which was situated on a high altitude and it was a ruling centre (it is only 18 km from the cemetery and is well visible from there) (Kszegi 1988, 28, 44 45, 48; Kemenczei 2005, 78, 16, 19; Ilon 2007). The community had a Late Urnfield period tradition and was jointly influenced by the developing eastern Hallstatt culture, and by certain eastern Pre-Scythian elements. This latter one is not an isolated case in the region as the well-dated Celldmlk Nagysg depot (Kemenczei 1996a, 470, Abb. 13.17 21), and the finds of the new excavations at Szent Vid, waiting to be processed (the PhD thesis of Marcella Nagy (Budapest) assesses the excavations of Gbor Bndi and Mria Fekete (1973 1986). I would like to thank her for the information), and certain features of GrKpolnadomb (for example anthropologicalZoffmann 2001, 2006) also support these influences. In other words, and in agreement with Frigyes Kszegi (1988, 56), I consider the cemetery to be the burial ground of an autochthon Urnfield period community, which was transformed by influences arriving from many different directions. In the late phase of the community the cultural influences of eastern/Pre-Scythian/Mezcst groups appear, and these influences can be demonstrated. With regards to the afterlife of the cemetery I must call attention to the superposition of Pit 46/26 (Fig. 62), disturbing Graves 16/25 and 48/45. This pit might have been the result of a rite following the burial but it might have been an accident. Grave 48/56 is dated to phase III (Ha B3) of the cemetery, Pit 46/26 is younger (Ha C1). The changes in the ceramics might be considered as an uncertain proof of the local continuous (?) transition to the material culture of the Hallstatt period. If the red painted stray

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VIA 2 Zr megjegyzsek a zanati temet idrendi helyzethez A korszak tagolsa s abszolt kronolgija megleheten ellentmondsos. Ez konkrtan tettenrhet pldul a 6.1 s 6.2 alfejezetekben idzett tipolgiai prhuzamok keltezse, de az egyes kutatk megllaptsainak kapcsn is. Richard Pittioni (1954, 496, 502 505, bersichtstabelle 3) a Baierdorf-Velatice elzmnyeken s nagyjbl ugyanazon a terleten, azt kveten kialakul, a Ha B1 2 peridusban (Kr. e. 10 8. szzad els fele, azaz 2 s fl vszzadig) l Stillfried-tpusknt hatrozta meg azt a leletanyagot, ami rszben temetnkben is feltrsra kerlt. Lothar Sperber (1987, 144, 255; 1999, Abb. 20) a Ha B1 B3 idszakot Kr. e. 1085 740 vek kz helyezi, azaz b 3 vszzadra takslja. Elisabetta Borgna (1999, 164) vlemnye szerint a bronzkor vgt a Ha B1, a 11 10. szzad jelenti. A kora vaskor kialakulsi fzisa a Ha B2/B3, azaz a 10 9. szzad, mg a kora vaskor kifejldsnek fzisa a Ha C, azaz a 8. szzad. Gerhard Trnka SchilternBurgstall leletanyagnak feldolgozsa s C14 kormeghatrozsi adata alapjn a ks urnamezs-/korai Hallstatt kultra (Ha B3/C1) tmenetnek idszakt a Kr.e. 8. szzad vgre, azaz Kr. e. 700 krlre keltezte (Trnka 1983, 148, 152 153). Patek Erzsbet (1993, 5152, Abb. 36.) Sopron Burgstall halomsrjai alapjn a Ha B3 Ha D idszakot a Kr. e. 8. szzadtl 600-ig tartnak gondolta. Kemenczei Tibor (1996, Abb. 21) relatv kronolgiai vgkvetkeztetse szerint a trsgben a fiatal (jngere) Urnamezs kultra emlkei a Sg-hegyi anyaggal indulnak, majd ezt Csnge temetje kveti, ami a ksi (spt) Urnamezs kultrba is thzdik, amit majd Jnoshza srjai kvetnek. Szerinte Pcs Jakab-hegy tumulusai Csngvel rszben egyidsek, majd Jnoshzval prhuzamosan lnek. Lois D. Nebelsick et al. (1997, 6872, Tabelle 3) a Ha B3 peridust a ks urnamezs/urnamefind sherd (Fig. 80.9) is from the Hallstatt period, this hypothesis is strengthened further. It is not worth to venture any further from this hypothesis since it is a very problematic subject. Future archaeological research is hoped to resolve this problem within the region. Closing comments regarding the chronology of the cemetery of Zanat The division and the absolute chronology of the period are contradictory. It is evident for example in Chapters 6.1 and 6.2, with reference to the dating of typological analogies but also in connection with statements of certain researchers. A part of the finds, which were discovered in our cemetery is classified as Stillfried type. This type was established by Richard Pittioni (1954, 496, 502 505, bersichtstabelle 3) who based his classification on Baierdorf-Velatice precedents, which was followed by the development of the Stillfried group in Ha B1-2 in roughly the same area (from the 10th to the first half of the 8th centuries BC, for about two and a half centuries). Lothar Sperber (1987, 144, 255; 1999, Abb. 20) places the Ha B1B3 period between 1085 and 740 BC, estimating it to last for more than three centuries. According to Elisabetta Borgna (1999, 164) the end of the Bronze Age is Ha B1, that is 11th and 10th centuries BC. The evolving phase of the Early Iron Age is Ha B2/B3, that is 10th and 9th centuries BC, and the development phase is Ha C, 8th century BC. Gerhard Trnka (1983, 148, 152 153), based on the processing of Schiltern Burgstell finds and on C14 dating, placed the transitional period of the Late Urnfield/Early Hallstatt culture (Ha B3/C1) to the end of the 8th century BC, at about 700 BC. Erzsbet Patek (1993, 5152, Abb. 36.), based on the tumuli of Sopron Burgstall, considers the Ha B3Ha D period to last from the 8th century BC to 600 BC. According to the relative chronological conclusions of Tibor Kemenczei (1996, Abb. 21) the Sg-hegy

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13. Fejezet / Chapter 13 zs kor vgeknt rta le, amit Kr. e. 900 800 kz keltez s Csnge, Sg-hegy anyagval, valamint a Stillfried-stlus ednyekkel jellemez. A kora vaskort a kelet-ausztriai trsgben a Kalenderberg kultra Ia fzisval (Kr. e. 750-ig), majd az idsebb (Ha C1), azaz a Kalenderberg kultra Ib (Kr. e. 650-ig) fzisval rja le. Christopher F. E. Pare (1998, 429, Tab. 5) a Kr. e. 10. szzad msodik feltl 800-ig (Ha B3) tartknt trgyalja a bronzkor s a vaskor tmenett, amit a kora vaskor els peridusnak tart. Georg Tiefengraber (2005. Abb. 39) Kalsdorf temetjnek Ia-b fzist a Ha B1 B3 (Kr. e. 1050800: Pare 1998, Tab. 5) Ic s II. fzist a Ha C1a (Kr. e. 800730/720) idszakra keltezte. A kutatsnak a keltezsre vonatkoz bizonytalansgt Kemenczei Tibor (2005, 3340; Taf. I) sszelltsa s kifejtsre kerl rvei jl megvilgtjk a korszak vonatkozsban. Csak kettt emelnk ki a sokat idzett etalon-temetkezsek kzl. PcsJakab-hegy 1. s 15. halom temetkezseit a 10 9. illetve a 8 7. szzad els felre, Brno Obrany 169. srjt a 109. illetve a 8. szzadra datltk az utbbi kt vtizedben. Azaz a datls finoman fogalmazva meglehetsen szles skln mozog. Egyre biztosabbnak tnik, hogy hasonl kpletben kell gondolkodnunk, mint amire svjci kollgink jutottak, azaz egy hoszsz msfl vszzadig tart Ha B1 peridusra, amely tfedsben van a Ha B3 peridussal. Kezdetn s vgn pedig keverk-stlusok alakulnak ki (Rychner 1995, 483 485, Abb. 24). sszegezve teht, a zanati temett a Ha B1 vge Ha B3 fzisokra keltezem, hrom idhorizontra (I III: 73. bra) bontom, amely 1 2 1 generci srjait tartalmazza s mintegy 100 120 vig lnek gondolom, a Kr.e. 10. szzad utols negyedtl kezdden s a 9. szzadban. Mindezeket az lltsaimat azonban pillanatnyilag abszolt kronolgiai dtumokkal nem finds represent the young (jngere) period of the Urnfield culture, followed by the cemetery of Csnge, which also extended into the late (spt) phase of the Urnfield culture, and it is followed by the graves of Jnoshza. In his opinions the tumuli of Pcs Jakab-hegy are partly contemporary with Csnge, and existed contemporaneously with Jnoshza. Lois D. Nebelsick et al. (1997, 68 72, Tab. 3) described the Ha B3 period as the end of the Late Urnfield/Urnfield period, dating it to between 900 and 800 BC, and characterises with the finds of Csnge, Sg-hegy and Stillfried type vessels. He characterises the Early Iron Age in the eastern Austrian region by the Ia phase (until 750 BC), and the older (Ha C1) Ib phase (until 650 BC) of the Kalenderberg culture. Christopher F. E. Pare (1998, 429, Tab. 5) discusses the transitional period of the Bronze and Iron Ages as lasting from the second half of the 10th century BC to 800 BC (Ha B3), considering it to be the first period of the Early Iron Age. Georg Tiefengraber (2005. Abb. 39) dated the Iab phases of the cemetery of Kalsdorf to Ha B1B3 (1050 800 BC: Pare 1998, Tab. 5), and phases Ic and II to Ha C1a (800730/720 BC). The uncertainty of research regarding the dating of this period is highlighted and well-demonstrated by Tibor Kemenczeis (2005, 33 40; Taf. I,) table and discussion. I would only point out two of the frequently cited burials considered as references. During the last two decades Tumuli Nos. 1 and 15 of Pcs Jakab-hegy were dated to the 10th and 9th centuries BC as well as to the first half of the 8th and 7th centuries BC. Grave 169 of BrnoObrany was dated to the 10th and 9th centuries BC and also to the 8th century BC. These examples show that there is a wide variability in dates, to say the least. It seems more and more likely that a different scenario has to be considered and we shall follow the opinion of the Swiss colleagues and consider that the Ha B1 period lasted for one and a half centuries, and overlapped the Ha B3 period. In its beginning and end mixed styles developed (Rychner 1995, 483 485, Abb. 24).

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VIA 2 tudom megersteni. gy gondolom, hogy ebbl a helyzetbl csak a mielbb mondjuk a nmet s a svjci kutats irnymutatst kvet (Sperber 1987, Taf. 45, Taf. 47; Rychner 1995; Moinat s David-Elbiali 2003, 44 51) megvalstand, nagyszris dendrokronolgiai s radiocarbon koradatokkal, valamint a kzeli telepls s a halomsr megkutatsval trhetnk ki. In summary I date the cemetery of Zanat to the end of the Ha B1 Ha B3 phases. I divide it into three chronological horizons (I III: Fig. 73), containing the graves of 1 2 1 generations, and I consider that it was used for about 100 to 120 years, in the last quarter of the 10th and during the 9th centuries BC. My considerations, however, at present cannot be supported by absolute chronological data. This situation will only be solved, following the footsteps of German and Swiss researchers (Sperber 1987, Taf. 45, Taf. 47; Rychner 1995; Moinat and David-Elbiali 2003, 44 51), by a large series of dendrochronological and radiocarbon dating, and by exploring the close-by settlement and tumulus.

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Kzremkdk / Contributors

satsi felvtelek 1999 Ilon Gbor: 8 9, 11 12, 14, 16 20, 22 23, 25, 27 34, 36, 64. bra 2008 Basticz Zoltn, Btsch Enik, Csuti Tams, Halsz Ferenc, Hekli Hajnalka, Ilon Gbor, Kolonits Lszl, Kovcs Zoltn, Knczl Laura, Mricz Eszter, Radics Andrs, Skriba Pter, Takcs Tibor, Vgusz Anina: 1, 38, 40, 42 44, 46 48, 50 63, 65, 164 166, 168 169. bra Lgifotk 2008 Rkczi Gbor: 1 2. bra

Excavation photos 1999 Gbor Ilon: Figs. 8 9, 11 12, 14, 16 20, 22 23, 25, 27 34, 36, 64 2008 Zoltn Basticz, Enik Btsch, Tams Csuti, Ferenc Halsz, Hajnalka Hekli, Gbor Ilon, Lszl Kolonits, Zoltn Kovcs, Laura Knczl, Eszter Mricz, Andrs Radics, Pter Skriba, Tibor Takcs, Anina Vgusz: Figs. 1, 38, 40, 42 44, 46 48, 50 63, 65, 164 166, 168 169 Aerial photographs 2008 Gbor Rkczi: Figs. 1 2 Excavation drawings Magdolna Mtyus: Figs. 8, 9, 11 12, 14 16, 19 20, 22 23, 26 33, 35 36 Gbor Vmos (based on the surveys of Geomontn Ltd.): Figs. 37 38, 40, 42 48, 50 53, 55 65, 168 Object photographs Ceramics Gbor Papp: Figs. 74 80 Metal and bone objects Gbor Papp: Figs. 81 83 Animal bones Tibor Takcs: Fig. 88 Object drawings Magdolna Mtyus: Figs. 8, 10 11, 13 19, 21 22, 24, 26 33, 35 37, 39, 41, 44 47, 49 50, 52, 54, 56 65, 164 169 Summarising gure of the grave goods Gbor Ilon, Magdolna Mtyus, Tibor Takcs: Fig. 73 Maps and cumulative site maps Istvn Eke (based on the surveys of Geomontn Ltd.): Figs. 4 6 Gbor Vmos: Figs. 3, 7 Gbor Vmos (based on the designs of Gbor Ilon): Figs. 67, 69 72 Typeset and computer graphics Erika Gal, Gabriella Jelinek, dr. Judit Kvassay, Bori Nmeth and Nra Romankovics

satsi rajzok Mtyus Magdolna: 8, 9, 11 12, 14 17, 19 20, 22 23, 26 33, 35 36. bra Vmos Gbor (Geomontn Kft felmrse alapjn): 37 38, 40, 42 48, 50 53, 55 65, 168. bra Trgyfotk Kermia Papp Gbor: 74 80. bra Fmek, csont Papp Gbor: 81 83. bra llatcsontok Takcs Tibor: 88. bra Trgyrajzok Mtyus Magdolna: 8, 10 11, 13 19, 21 22, 24, 26 33, 35 37, 39, 41, 44 47, 49 50, 52, 54, 56 65, 164 169. bra Tpustbla Ilon Gbor, Mtyus Magdolna, Takcs Tibor: 73. bra Trkpek, sszest alaprajzok Eke Istvn (Geomontn Kft felmrse alapjn): 4 6. bra Vmos Gbor: 3, 7. bra Vmos Gbor (Ilon Gbor tervei alapjn): 67, 69 72. bra Nyomdai elkszts s szmtgpes graka Gal Erika, Jelinek Gabriella, dr. Kvassay Judit, Nmeth Bori, Romankovics Nra

398

A ktet szerzi / List of authors

Ilon Gbor / Gbor Ilon


Magyar Nemzeti Mzeum, Nemzeti rksgvdelmi Kzpont, II. sz. Regionlis Iroda, Szombathely/Hungarian National Museum, National Cultural Heritage Protection Centre, Regional Office II, Szombathely; Irodavezet/Head of office H-9704 Szombathely Pf. 12; ilon.gabor@mnm-nok.gov.hu Kutatsiterlet/Research field: Bronz- s vaskor, rgszeti topogrfia, krnyezetrgszet, archaeometria/Bronze and Iron Ages, archaeological topography, environmental archaeology, archaeometry

DSc Habil Smegi Pl / Pl Smegi


Szegedi Tudomnyegyetem, Termszettudomnyi s Informatikai Kar, Fldtani s slnytani Tanszk/University of Szeged, Faculty of Natural Science and Informatics, Department of Geology and Palaeontology; Tanszkvezet egyetemi docens/ Head of Department, Associate professor s/and Magyar Tudomnyos Akadmia Rgszeti Intzete/Archaeological Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Tudomnyos munkatrs/Main research fellow sumegi@geo.u-szeged.hu Kutatsiterlet/Research field: Rgszeti geolgia s negyedidszaki krnyezettrtnet/Geoarchaeology and Quaternary environmental history

PhD Tth Gbor / Gbor Tth PhD


Nyugat-magyarorszgi Egyetem Savaria Egyetemi Kzpont, Termszettudomnyi Kar, Biolgiai Intzet/University of West Hungary Savaria Campus, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biology; Egyetemi docens/Associate professor H-9700 Szombathely Krolyi Gspr tr 4.; tgabor@ttk.nyme.hu Kutatsiterlet/Research field: Antropolgia, humnbiolgia/Anthropology, human biology

Nfrdi Katalin / Katalin Nrfrdi


Szegedi Tudomnyegyetem, Termszettudomnyi s Informatikai Kar, Fldtani s slnytani Tanszk/University of Szeged, Faculty of Natural Science and Informatics, Department of Geology and Palaeontology; Tanszki munkatrs/Research assistant nafradi@geo.u-szeged.hu Kutatsiterlet/Research field: Vegetci rekonstrukci anthrakolgiai adatok alapjn/Vegetation reconstruction on the basis of anthracology

PhD Persaits Gerg / Gerg Persaits PhD


Szegedi Tudomnyegyetem, Termszettudomnyi s Informatikai Kar, Fldtani s slnytani Tanszk/University of Szeged, Faculty of Science and Informatics, Department of Geology and Palaeontology; Egyetemi tanrsegd/Professors assistant e-mail: persaitsg@yahoo.de; www.oslenytan.hu Kutatsi terlet/Research field: Rgszeti geolgiai kutatsok fitolitelemzs alapjn/Geoarchaeological researches based on phytolith analysis

Pll Dvid Gergely / Dvid Gergely Pll


Szegedi Tudomnyegyetem Termszettudomny s Informatikai Kar, Fldtani s slnytani Tanszk/University of Szeged, Faculty of Natural Science and Informatics, Department of Geology and Palaeontology; PhD hallgat/ PhD Student pall.david.gergely@gmail.com Kutatsiterlet/Research field: Paleotalajokbl kszlt vkonycsiszolatok elemzse/Investigation of thin section from paleosoils

Smegin Trcsik Tnde / Tnde Smegi-Trcsik


Szegedi Tudomnyegyetem Tanulmnyi s Informcis Kzpont/University of Szeged; Munkatrs/Assistant sumegi.tunde@tik.u-szeged.hu Kutatsiterlet/Research field: Rgszeti geolgia s pollenanalzis/geoarchaeology and pollen analysis

Nyerges va / va Nyerges
Szellemi szabadfoglalkozs/Freelance scholar H-1026 Budapest, Endrdi Sndor u. 29/A; nyergesevaagnes@gmail.com Kutatsiterlet/Research field: Archaeozoolgia/Archaeozoology

PhD Mihly Judith / Judith Mihly PhD


Magyar Tudomnyos Akadmia Kmiai Kutatkzpont, Szerkezeti Kmiai Intzet/Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Chemical Research Centre, Institute of Structural Chemistry; Tudomnyos munkatrs/Main research fellow H-1025 Budapest, Pusztaszeri t 5967.; mihaly@chemres.hu Kutatsiterlet/Research field: Rezgsi spektroszkpia/Vibrational spectroscopy

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Sndorn Kovcs Judit / Judit Sndor-Kovcs


Bngyi Szakrti s Kutatintzet, Fizikai-Kmiai Szakrti Osztly, Morfolgiai s Szervetlen Analitikai Laboratrium/Institute for Forensic Sciences of Hungary, Department of Physico-Chemistry, Laboratory of Morphology and Inorganic Analytics; Okleveles mszeres analitikai szakmrnk/Professional technical analytics engineer judit.sandor@egnet.hu Kutatsiterlet/Research field: Mszeres analitika, archaeometria/archaeometry

Radics Andrs /Andrs Radics


Magyar Nemzeti Mzeum, Nemzeti rksgvdelmi Kzpont, II. sz. Regionlis Iroda, Szombathely/Hungarian National Museum, National Cultural Heritage Protection Centre, Regional Office II, Szombathely H-9704 Szombathely Pf. 12; radics.andras@mnm-nok.gov.hu Kutatsiterlet/Research field: Fm- s kermiamvessg/Metal and ceramics production

Udvardi Balzs / Balzs Udvardi


Savaria Mzeum H-9701 Szombathely Pf. 14.; udvardibalazs@gmail.com Kutatsiterlet/Research field: Fazekassg/Pottery

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