ENVIRONMENTAL EGINEERING

BFC 32403
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BFC 32403
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
BFC 32403
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO
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INTRODUCTION TO
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Introduction
Firman Allah
Berlakulah kerosakan (bencana) di
daratan dan di lautan oleh kerana usaha
manusia sendiri, sehingga Allah manusia sendiri, sehingga Allah
menimpakan pada mereka sebahagian
azab daripada perbuatan mereka itu,
agar mereka kembali ke jalan yang
benar (bertaubat).
(Surah Ar Rum ayat 41)
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ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Environmental engineering is
manifest by sound engineering
thought and practice in the solution of thought and practice in the solution of
problems of environmental sanitation
(cleanliness), notably in the provision
of safe, palatable (pleasant), and
ample of environmental fields.
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Environmental Scientists and
Engineers
Environmental Science
Identify and quantify pollution problem
Environmental Engineering
Solve pollution problem
Environmental Scientist
1. Evaluate source and nature of pollution problem
2. Evaluate environmental impact
Environmental Engineer
1. Evaluate possible solutions
2. Design, build and operate pollution control systems
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Major Global Meetings Issues
1972 Stockholm United Nations
Conference on the Human Environment
Pollution, rates of depletion of non
renewable fossil fuels and population
growth
1987 World Commission on Environment
and Development (WCED), Brundtland
report: Our Common Future
Idea of sustainable development
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO THE EMERGENCE
OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
report: Our Common Future
1987 Montreal Protocol
Substances that deplete the ozone layer
1992 Rio Summit in Brazil (Earth Summit):
Agenda 21
Ozone depletion, tropical deforestation,
loss of biodiversity, and global warming
1997 Kyoto Protocol Controlling the emissions of greenhouse
gases
2001 Johannesburg Earth Summit Energy, freshwater, food security and
health
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
SOILS SOILS SOILS SOILS
AIR AIR AIR AIR
WATER WATER WATER WATER
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ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
SOLID & HAZARDOUS WASTE SOLID & HAZARDOUS WASTE SOLID & HAZARDOUS WASTE SOLID & HAZARDOUS WASTE
Human Activities = Impacts
Ozone depletion Ozone depletion
Global warming Global warming
Loss of Loss of
biodiversity biodiversity
Population increase Population increase
Economic growth Economic growth
Air ,water & land
pollution
Resource depletion Resource depletion
WHAT IS GLOBAL CHANGE ?
Global change includes
natural and human- induced
changes in the Earth's
environment .
Global change can be
defined as changes in the
global environment global environment
(including alterations in
climate, land productivity,
oceans or other water
resources, atmospheric
chemistry, and ecological
systems) that may alter the
capacity of the Earth to
sustain life.
Human Population Growth
Population growth is the
central cause of the
environmental crisis.
It also depends on the
nature and degree of
industrialization. industrialization.
The worlds population
presently grows by about
250,000 people per day.
Latest official current world
population estimate, for
mid-year 2011, is estimated
at 6,928,198,253.
Year Population
1 200 million
1000 275 million
1500 450 million
1650 500 million
1750 700 million
1804 1 billion
1960 3 billion
1965 3.3 billion
1970 3.7 billion
1975 4 billion
1980 4.5 billion
1985 4.85 billion
1990 5.3 billion
1995 5.7 billion
1804 1 billion
1850 1.2 billion
1900 1.6 billion
1927 2 billion
1950 2.55 billion
1955 2.8 billion
1960 3 billion
1995 5.7 billion
1999 6 billion
2006 6.5 billion
2009 6.8 billion
2011 7 billion
2025 8 billion
2043 9 billion
2083 10 billion
Over-population leads to:
Resource
depletion
Resource
degradation
Pollution Pollution
Loss of
biodiversity
Impact of Over Population
Environmental Pollution
Pollution : A Silent Killer
People are exposed to harmful
pollutants in the air they breathe, the
liquids they drink, the food they eat,
the surface they touch, and the
products they use.
When the environment can not process the
load of pollutants , pollution takes place.
Every environmental system has a carrying
capacity.
Over 1 billion people lack access to safe
water supplies, while 2.6 billion people
lack adequate sanitation.
Water-associated infectious diseases
Water Pollution
Water-associated infectious diseases
kills 3.2 million lives each year,
approximately 6% of all deaths globally.
The burden of disease from inadequate
water, sanitation, and hygiene totals 1.8
million deaths.
Water Pollutants
Industrial Effluents
Mining and Agricultural
Wastes
Agricultural pesticides,
fertilizers and
herbicides
Sewage Disposal and
Domestic Wastes
Impact of Water Pollution
Nutrient loading may lead to
eutrophication .
Organic wastes cause oxygen depletion.
Industrial discharges contain heavy Industrial discharges contain heavy
metals , organic toxins, oils, nutrients, and
solids.
Discharges from power stations can also
have thermal effects, and these too reduce
the available oxygen.
Impact of Water Pollution
Heavy metals cause immune suppression,
reproductive failure or acute poisoning.
Organic pollutants deplete DO and mass
fish-kills. fish-kills.
Suspended particles reduce quality of
drinking water, amount of light penetration
and growth of photosynthetic plants and
microorganisms.
Risk to swim, drink in polluted lake?
SIGNPOST WARNING :
Lake water contains
high level of arsenic.
Public is strongly Public is strongly
advised not to fish,
swim and bathe in the
lake or to use lake
water for drinking or
other purposes
(Lembaga Sumber Air dan Persekitaran
Sarawak)
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AIR POLLUTION
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Causes of Air Pollution
Anthropogenic (man-made) sources:
Stationary Sources include smoke stacks of power plants,
manufacturing facilities (factories) and waste incinerators, as well
as furnaces and other types of fuel-burning heating devices. In
developing and poor countries, traditional biomass burning is the
major source of air pollutants; traditional biomass includes wood,
crop waste and dung. crop waste and dung.
Mobile Sources include motor vehicles
Chemicals, dust and controlled burned practices in
agriculture and forest management.
Fumes from paint, hair spray, varnish, aerosol spray and other
solvents
Waste deposition in landfills, which generate methane.
Military resources, such as nuclear weapons, toxic gases, germ
warfare and rockets
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Causes of Air Pollution
Natural sources:
Dust from natural sources, usually large areas of land with few or no
vegetation
Methane emitted by the digestion of food by animals, for example
cattle
Radon gas from radioactive decay within the Earths crust. Radon is
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a colorless, odorless, naturally occurring, radioactive noble gas that
is formed from the decay of radium. It is considered to be a health
hazard. Radon gas from natural sources can accumulate in
buildings, especially in confined areas such as the basement and it
is the second most frequent cause of lung cancer, after cigarette
smoking.
Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires
Volcanic activity, which produces sulfur, chlorine, and ash
particulates
Heat - trapping gases -Greenhouse gases
(GHGs)
GHGs
Carbon Dioxide Nitrous oxide
Methane
Green House Gases
GHGs
Methane
Halons (halocarbons)
Fire-extinguisher
Chlorofluorocarbons
(CFC) (e.g. Freon)
A refrigerant
Greenhouse Gases..
One of the first things scientists learned is that there are
several greenhouse gases responsible for warming, and
humans emit them in a variety of ways.
Most come from the combustion of fossil fuels in cars,
factories and electricity production. The gas
responsible for the most warming is carbon dioxide,
CO2.
responsible for the most warming is carbon dioxide,
CO2.
Other contributors include methane released from
landfills and agriculture (especially from the digestive
systems of grazing animals), nitrous oxide from
fertilizers, gases used for refrigeration and industrial
processes, and the loss of forests that would otherwise
store CO2.
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Green House Gases
Different greenhouse gases have very different heat-
trapping abilities.
Some of them can even trap more heat than CO2. A
molecule of methane produces more than 20 times the
warming of a molecule of CO2.
Nitrous oxide is 300 times more powerful than CO2. Nitrous oxide is 300 times more powerful than CO2.
Other gases, such as chlorofluorocarbons (which have
been banned in much of the world because they also
degrade the ozone layer), have heat-trapping potential
thousands of times greater than CO2. But because
their concentrations are much lower than CO2, none of
these gases adds as much warmth to the atmosphere as
CO2 does.
Heat trapping cause GLOBAL WARMING!!!!!!!!
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Global Warming
maya@kuittho.edu.my, copyright 2007 27
maya@kuittho.edu.my, copyright 2007 28
Global Warming
maya@kuittho.edu.my, copyright 2007 29
Impact of Air Pollution
Visibility reduction - airborne
particles
Material damage - damage to
rubber goods and textiles
Agricultural damage damages
all kinds of crops all kinds of crops
Psychological effects
psychosomatic diseases (such
as stress)
Physiological and health effects
respiratory / cardiovascular
diseases and lung cancer
Impacts
Some impacts from increasing temperatures are
already happening.
Ice is melting worldwide, especially at the Earths
poles. This includes mountain glaciers, ice sheets
covering West Antarctica and Greenland, and Arctic
sea ice.
Researcher Bill Fraser has tracked the decline of the Researcher Bill Fraser has tracked the decline of the
Adlie penguins on Antarctica, where their numbers
have fallen from 32,000 breeding pairs to 11,000 in 30
years.
Sea level rise became faster over the last century.
Some butterflies, foxes, and alpine plants have moved
farther north or to higher, cooler areas.
Precipitation (rain and snowfall) has increased across
the globe, on average.
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Other effects could happen later this
century, if warming continues.
Sea levels are expected to rise between 7 and 23 inches
(18 and 59 centimeters) by the end of the century, and
continued melting at the poles could add between 4 and 8
inches (10 to 20 centimeters).
storms are likely to become stronger.
Floods and droughts will become more common. Rainfall
in Ethiopia, where droughts are already common, could in Ethiopia, where droughts are already common, could
decline by 10 percent over the next 50 years.
Ecosystems will changesome species will move farther
north or become more successful; others wont be able to
move and could become extinct. Wildlife research
scientist Martyn Obbard has found that since the mid-
1980s, with less ice on which to live and fish for food,
polar bears have gotten considerably skinnier.
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Acid Rain
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Acid Rain
Impact of Acid Rain on the Environment
Contamination of lakes and forests.
Reducing the populations of small invertebrates and
decomposers.
Reducing agricultural yields. Reducing agricultural yields.
Causing extensive structural damage by corroding
marble, metal, and stonework.
Degrading water supplies by leaching heavy metals
from the soil.
Increasing lung cancer and colon cancer.
Impact of Acid Rain
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Trees killed by acid rain in
Republic Czech
Acid rain had also impacted Taj
Mahal, the historical grand
monument
Health Effects of Pollution-Overview
GREEN PEACE
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GREENPEACE
Greenpeace is a non-governmental environmental organization with
offices in over forty countries and with an international coordinating
body in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Greenpeace states its goal is to "ensure the ability of the Earth to
nurture life in all its diversity and focuses its campaigning on world
wide issues such as global wide issues such as global
warming, deforestation, overfishing, commercial whaling, genetic
engineering, and anti-nuclearissues.
Greenpeace uses direct action, lobbying and research to achieve its
goals.
The global organization does not accept funding from governments,
corporations or political parties, relying on 2.9 million individual
supporters and foundation grants.
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High cancer
rates in Malaysia
Almost 20% of the population
would suffer from at least one
form of cancer, the first
National Cancer Registry
report revealed today.
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report revealed today.
Probably due to:
Contaminated food & water
Polluted environment
Lifestyle
END
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END