10/2/2013

Name : seela Gunalan

Class : 4 excellent
School : SMK Gunsanad II

CHAPTER 9
MANUFACTURE SUBSTANCE IN
INDUSTRY




SULPHURIC ACID

1.The manufacture of sulphuric acid is one of the most important
chemical industries at the presend time
2.Sulphuric acid , H2SO4 non-volatile disprotic acid.
3.Concentrated sulphuric acid is a viscous colourless liquid.
4. Sulfuric acid is the most widely used acid in industry.
5. It is used to make detergents, dyes, drugs, explosives, pigments,
fertilizers, and many other products. It is also the acid in lead-acid
electric batteries.


THE USES OF SULPHURIC ACID IN DAILY LIFE

1.There are many uses for the acid including the manufacture of
fertilisers, rubber,other acids, detergents, dyes, some
medicines and in oil refining.
2.Because it is so widely used in industry, exposure may occur in
many work places.
3.Burning fossil fuels also releases sulphur dioxide which can react
with water in the air to form sulphuric acid.



4.Sulphuric acid is also used to harvest potatoes; the acid damages
the leaves killing the plant and making it easier to lift the potatoes
from the ground.
5.At home the main sources of sulphuric acid are
and some
solutions for unblocking drains.




THE INDUSTRIAL PROCESS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC ACID.

1.Sulphuric acid is manufactured by the Contact process in industry.
2.The raw materials used in the Contact process are sulphure (or
sulphide minerals) , air and water.



3.The flowchart of the contact process is shown in the figure.It
describes how sulpure or metal sulphuride is convertrd to
concentrated sulphuric acid , throught regulated step in process.



The Manufacture Of Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4)...

sulpur or metal
sulphide
sulphur
dioxide
sulphur
trioxide
oleum
concentrated
sulphuric acid



Sulphuric acid is manufactured in industry through Contact Process.The raw materials used are
sulphur, air and water.The Contact Process consists of three stages.
Stage 1 - Preparation and purification of sulphur dioxide (Furnace)
Molten sulphur is burnt in dry air (oxygen) to produce sulphur dioxide.The gas produced is
purified and cooled.
450C to produce sulphur trioxide.
2SO
2
(g) + O
2
(g) 2SO
3
(g)
Stage 2 - Catalytic oxidation (using vanadium oxide catalyst) of sulphur dioxide to sulphur
trioxide (Converter)
Sulphur dioxide and excess oxygen gas are passed over a few plates of vanadium(V)
oxide,V
2
O
5
catalyst at 450C to produce sulphur trioxide.
2SO
2
(g) + O
2
(g) 2SO
3
(g)
Stage 3 - Conversion of sulphur trioxide to sulphuric acid (Absorber)
The sulphur trioxide is first reacted with concentrated sulphuric acid to form a product called
oleum, H
2
S
2
O
7
.
SO
3
(g) + H
2
SO
4
(l) H
2
S
2
O
7
(l)
The oleum, H
2
S
2
O
7
is then diluted with water to produce concentrated sulphuric acid in large
quantities.
H
2
S
2
O
7
(l) + H
2
O(g) 2H
2
SO
4
(l) LT
AMMONIA AND ITS SALT

Ammonia, NH3, is a very important raw material with many industrial usages.
It is gaseous at room temperature and colorless with a pungent smell. The
density of ammonia gas is lower than air. It is very soluble in water and has
low boiling and melting points, -34C and -78C respectively.

Ammonia has base properties when it dissolves in water and reacts with acid
effectively. The neutralisation reaction of ammonia and acid produces



ammonium salt. In the presence of water, the ammonia reacts with the metal
ion to form the hydroxide metal.To produce ammonium chloride used as an
electrolyted in dry cell.Used in the manufacture of nitrogenous fertilizers.


Uses of Ammonia
Ammonia is used in several ways in industries. These include their usage in
the production of fertilisers such as ammonium salts and urea, production of
nitric acid and as electrolytes in dry cells. We shall at each of them in detail.

Fertilisers
The most important use of ammonia is in the fertiliser industry. Ammonia
undergoes the neutralisation reaction with different acids to form ammonium
salts which are fertilisers. The equations below shows an example of the
production of ammonium salts used as fertilizers.





Production of urea
The urea fertiliser is also synthesised using ammonia. At a sufficiently high
temperature and pressure, ammonia gas reacts with carbon dioxide gas to
produce urea. Urea contains a high amount of nitrogen suitable for the healthy
growth of plants.

Production of nitric acid
Nitric acid is also an important industrial chemical and is used in the
production of nylons, explosives, paints, varnishes, etc. Ammonia is used as
raw materials in the production of nitric acid and the process is called the
Ostwald process. In this process, ammonia is oxidised in excess of oxygen to
form nitrogen monoxide. Platinum is used as the catalyst. Subsequently,
nitrogen momoxide is oxidised again to form nitrogen dioxide. The nitrogen
dioxide and air are dissolved in water to form nitric acid.

Electrolytes in dry cells
Ammonium chloride has good electrical conductivity. It can be used in dry
cells as an electrolyte. Ammonium chloride is produced by the reaction of
ammonia with hydrochloric acid.





THE PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA
Other Uses of Ammonia
The properties of ammonia it is a very volatile liquid and has a high heat
capacity makes it suitable to be used as a cooling agent in refrigerators.
Ammonia is also used in the rubber industry to prevent the coagulation of
latex. This ensures that the rubber remains in its liquid form. Ammonia is also
used to make explosive materials. Ammonia reacts with toluene to form
trinitrotoluene (TNT) which is an explosive material.

THE INDUSTRIAL PROCESS IN THE
MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIA
The process of synthesising ammonia in the industries on a large scale is called the Haber
process. The raw materials for the Haber process are hydrogen and nitrogen gas. They are
combined directly to form ammonia. Nitrogen gas is obtained by the fractional distillation
process of liquid air whereas hydrogen gas is obtained by the catalysed reaction of methane
CH
4
gas with steam. See the equation below for the production of hydrogen gas. ere are several
optimal conditions required in the Haber process. The nitrogen and hydrogen are mixed at the
ratio of 1:3 respectively. The mixture is compressed at a pressure of about 200 atm 500 atm
and the temperature of the reaction is maintained at around 450C 500C. Iron filings are also



added in the reaction chamber to speed up the reaction .The ammonia is liquefied in the cooling
chamber and it flows out from the chamber in liquid form. The diagram below shows the
sequence of the Haber process

The manufacture of ammonia gas by the Haber process.

AMMONIUM FERTILISERS

The essential ingredients for plants to grow are carbon dioxide, light, water as well nutrients
such as nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and calcium. Nitrogen is the important ingredient for
the synthesis of protein of plants at the leaves. Nitrogen is absorbed by the roots of the plants in
the form of soluble nitrate ions. These nitrate ions are produced by bacteria from ammonium
fertilisers such as ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, urea and ammomium phosphate.
We have seen above how these ammonium fertilisers can be produced.

The amount of nitrogen in the fertilisers determines their effectiveness. The percentage of
nitrogen, N, in the fertiliser can be calculated using the formula:


Percentage of nitrogen by mass



= mass of nitrogen x 100 %
Molar mass of fertilizer

ALLOYS
Meaning and Purpose of Making Alloys

1.An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements with a certain composition in
which the major component metal.
2.Pure metals are weak and soft because the arrangement of atoms in pure
metal makes them ductile and malleable.
3.Arrangement of the pure metal atoms.A pure metal contain atoms of the
same size arranged in a regular and organized closedpacked structure (figure
1.1)


Pure gold is too make jewellery.916 gold consiststs of 91.6% gold The some of alloys





Figure 1.1 Arrangement of atoms in a pure metal

4.Weakness of pure metal
(a) Ductility
: Pure metal are soft because the ordely arrangement of atoms enables the
layers of atom to slide over each other easily when an external force is applied
on them.This makes the metal ductile and metal can be drawn to form long
wires ( figure 1.2)


Figure 1.2 Ductility of pure metal



(b) Malleability



: There are imperfection in the natural arrangement of metal atoms.Empty
space exists in the structures of pure metals.When hammered or passed ,
group of metal atom may slide into new position in these empty space.This
makes metals malleable, able to be made into different shapes or pressed into
thin sheets ( figure 1.3)

5.The making of alloys
(a) In an alloy , these atoms of foreign elements disrupt the orderly
arrangement of the metal atom and also fill u any empty spaces in the metal
crystal structure.
(b)Hence the layer of metal are prevented from sliding over each other
easily.This make the alloy harder and stronger, less ductile and less malleable
than its pure metals.

SYNTHETIC POLYMERS




(a) The meaning of polymers
1.The word polymers originared from the Greek polumeros which means
have many parts.
2.Polymerisation is the chemical process by which the monomers are joined
together to form the big molecule known as the polymer.




(b)Naturally Occurring Polymers
1.Naturally occurring polymers exist in plants or animals.
*protein : in muscles , skin , hair , wool and fur
*carbohydrates : in starch and cellulose
*natural rubber : in latex





(c)Synthetic Polymers
1.Synthetic polymers are polymers made in the industry from chemical
substances.
2.Many of raw materials for synthetic polymers are obtained from petroleum ,
after the refining and cracking processes.
3.Thermoplastics
a) Thermoplastic is a polymer which when subjected to heat becomes soft
so they can be moulded into various shape.
4.Synthetic fibres
a) Synthetic fibres are long chained polmers withstand stretching.
5.Elastomer
a)An elastomer is a polymer that can reagain its original shape after being
stretched or pressed.






Issues Of Use Of Synthetic Polymers In Every Day Life.
1.Synthetic polymers have been used widely to replace natural material
a)Strong and light
b)Cheap
c)Able to resist corrosion
d)Inert to chemical reaction
e)Easily moulded


Pollution problem caused by Synthetic Polymers.
1.Most polymers are non-biodegradable that is they cannot be
decomposed by bacteria or other micro-organisms.This will cause



disposal problems as the polymers will not decay like other organic
garbage.Discarded plastic items may cause blockage of the drainage.
2.Plastic bottles and containers that are not buried in the ground
will become breeding grounds for mosquitoes which will cause
diseases such as dengue.
3.The main source of raw materials for the making of synthetic
polymers is petroleum.Petroleum is a non-renewable resource


GLASS AND CERAMICS
1.The raw materials for making glass and ceramics are obtained
from the Earths crust.
2.The main component of both glass and ceramics is silica or silicoa
dioxide, SIO2

GLASS CERAMIC
Transparent Opaque
softens when heated
High melting point , hence retain shape on heating
Impermable
Usually porous except when glazed
The differences in the properties between glass and ceramic








The Uses Of Glass
Property of galss
Uses Example
Inert household materials lamp,bottles,glasses,plates,bowls and
kichen wares
Transparent building materials mirrors and window glass
Intert and easily cleaned scientific apparatus lens,burrettes,beaker,test
tube,conical flask,glass tube and
prisms







The uses of ceramics
1.Ceramics is manufactured substance made from clay that is dried and then
baked in a kiln at high temperature.
2.The main constituent of clay is aluminate , silica and feldspar.
Property of ceramics Example
Hard and strong Bricks , tiles , and cement
Intert and hard Artificial hands , legs and teeth
Semiconductor type of ceramics To make microchips in computers , radio and
television.







COMPOSITE MATERIALS
The meaning of composite materials

1.A composite material is a structural material formed by combining
two or more materials with different physical properties , producing
and a complex mixture.


Composite materials Components
Reinforced concrete Concrete (cement, sand and small pebbles ) and
steel
Superconductor Yttrium oxide (Y2O3),barium carbon
(BaCO3) and copper(II) oxide (CuO)



Fibre Optic Glass,sodium carbonate and calcium
oxide
Fibreglass Class fibre and polyester (a type of
plastic)
Photochromic glass Glass and silver chloride or silver
bromide



Reinforced concrete


Superconductor




Fibre Optic


Fibreglass






Photochromic glass


R eference
http://www.slideshare.net/faridahhamat/chapter-9-
manufacture-substances
http://0812intesaber.blogspot.com/2011/09/folio-
chemistry-chapter-9.html
https://www.google.com/search?q=chemistry+chapter+9+f
orm+4&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=3ppnUpjCMIeJrQ
e-4YD4CA&ved=0CAkQ_AUoAQ&biw=1366&bih=567
The Success SPM series of oxford fajar is a reavisin guides.















__________________________________
( Chemistry Teacher )