FLOW CHART

I nt roduct i on
Devel opment
Fact ors af f ect i ng shri nkage:
a. C f act or.
b. Sof t st art pol ymeri zat i on.
c. St ress breaki ng l ayers.
d. I ncrement al i nsert i on t echni ques.
e. i ght posi t i on!di rect i on of curi ng.
f . "mount of f i l l ers.
g. Si ze of f i l l ers.
h. #at er sorpt i on.
i . Chemi st ry of resi n mat ri $.
Concl usi on
POLYMERI ZATI ON SHRI NKAGE OF COMPOSI TES
I NTRODUCTI ON:
%he i nsert i on of bonded resi n composi t es i nt o cavi t y preparat i ons
l eads t o a compet i t i on bet &een pol ymeri zat i on cont ract i on f orces ' t he
st rengt h of bonds t o t he t oot h st ruct ure. " t horough underst andi ng of t he
pri nci pl es t hat permi t s t he cl i ni ci an t o e$erci se more cont rol over t he
vari abl es t hat promot es st ress i s necessary t hereby i mprovi ng t he qual i t y
of t hei r bonded rest orat i ons.
POLYMERI ZATI ON SHRI NKAGE
Composi t e mat eri al s shri nk &hi l e hardeni ng. I n a nonconf i ned
set t i ng( such as t he rest orat i on of an i nci sal edge( most of t he shri nkage
i s t ransmi t t ed t o t he rel at i vel y l arge surf ace area( and t hus i t does not
cause any si gni f i cant probl ems.
)o&ever( &hen pl aced composi t e i s pl aced i n a conf i ned set t i ng(
such as a Cl ass I preparat i on( l ess of t he pol ymeri zat i on shri nkage &i l l be
e$pressed at t he f ree surf ace. *ecause i t i s const rai ned by i t s adhesi on t o
t he &al l of t he cavi t y( t hi s unresol ved pol ymeri zat i on shri nkage l eads t o
i nt ernal st ress( &hi ch can e$ceed t he st rengt h of t he bond &i t h t he
surroundi ng t oot h st ruct ure and cause t he i nt erf ace t o f ai l . %he resul t i ng
margi nal gap can l ead t o post operat i ve sensi t i vi t y and may provi de a si t e
f or recurrent cari es t o devel op.
+ol ymeri zat i on shri nkage usual l y does not cause si gni f i cant
probl ems &i t h rest orat i ons cured i n preparat i on havi ng al l enamel
margi ns. )o&ever( &hen a t oot h preparat i on has e$t ended on t o t he root
surf ace( pol ymeri zat i on shri nkage can cause gap f ormat i on at t he , unct i on
of composi t e &i t h root surf ace. %hi s probl em can be mi ni mi zed &i t h
appropri at e t echni que( but probabl y not el i mi nat ed. %he - shaped gap
occurs because t he f orce of pol ymeri zat i on of composi t e i s great er t han
t he i ni t i al bond st rengt h of t he composi t e t o t he dent i n of t he root . %he -
shaped gap i s probabl y composed of composi t e on rest orat i on si de and
hybri di zed dent i n on t he root si de.
C Factors:
.at i o of bonded surf aces t o t he unbonded or f ree surf aces i n a
t oot h preparat i on. %he hi gher t he C Fact or( great er t he pot ent i al f or bond
di srupt i on f rom pol ymeri zat i on ef f ect s. For e$ampl e( a Cl ass I -
rest orat i on /0 bonded surf ace &i t h 1 unbonded surf aces2 &i t h a C f act or
of 3. 45 i s at l o& ri sk f or adverse pol ymeri zat i on shri nkage ef f ect s.
)o&ever( a Cl ass I rest orat i on &i t h a C f act or of 5 /5 bonded
surf aces( 0 unbonded surf ace2 i s at much hi gher ri sk of bond di srupt i on
associ at ed &i t h pol ymeri zat i on shri nkage( part i cul arl y al ong t he pul pal
f l oor. /%he margi nal seal can general l y be preserved around a Cl ass I
cavi t y preparat i on( &herever ci rcumf erent i al aci d!et ched enamel i s
present because of t he st ronger adhesi on achi eved t o enamel 2. %he
2
cl i ni cal consequences of t hi s are l ess seri ous( because t he gap creat ed
by t he f ai l ed bond t o t he pul pal f l oor does not communi cat e &i t h oral
cavi t y. )o&ever( pat i ent s may f eel post operat i ve sensi t i vi t y &henever
t hey bi t e on t he rest orat i on done t o t he composi t e of f l ui ds i n t he f l ui d
f i l l ed gap bet &een dent i n &i t h resi n or due t o f l e$ure of resi n composi t e
under occl usal l oads. %he rol e of C f act or &as demonst rat ed by Fei l zer(
Dehec( and Dari chon 0678.
L ! !"s:
+ol ymeri zat i on st resses can be absorbed by a l i ni ng or base made
of a more el ast i c mat eri al such as a t hi ck bondi ng resi n l ayer /Davi dson et
al 06612( a f l o&abl e composi t e /9l sburgh et al ( 43333( a gl ass i onomer or
compomer / ut z et al 067:( Fri edl et al 06682. I t i s part i cul arl y usef ul t o
appl y such a base!l i ner &hen appl yi ng a so cal l ed ; one bot t l e adhesi ve< .
"l t hough most modern adhesi ve syst ems provi des bond st rengt h val ues i n
a si mi l ar range /%anumi hi , ara et al ( 43332( t hey do not necessari l y provi de
t he same qual i t y of rest orat i on adapt at i on. "ct ual l y( unl i ke t hi ck f i l ed
adhesi ves( ; one bot t l e adhesi ves< rel y on t he f ormat i on of very t hi n
adhesi ve l ayers /a f e& mi crons onl y2 &hi ch has no pot ent i al of st ress
absorpt i on.
F# o$a%# & co'(os t&:
I nt roduced i n l at e 066: and &ere charact eri zed by f l ui d i n, ect abi l i t y
i nt o cavi t i es. %he f i l l er part i cl e si ze used i s si mi l ar t o hybri d( but t he
vol ume cont ent ranges bet &een t hat of hybri d and mi crof i l l ed /*ayne et
al 06672. /:3 =83> by &t 2( /1: =83> by vol ume2 and a great er proport i on
of resi n mat ri $. %hi s may cont ri but e t o t hei r great er pol ymeri zat i on
shri nkage. I n a rel at ed sense( t he el ast i c modul us of f l o&abl e composi t e
resi ns i s l o&er t han t hat of hybri d resi ns. %heref ore( t hey act s l i ke a
cushi on and absorbs t he st ress t hat resul t s f rom pol ymeri zat i on shri nkage
' t hi s l ayer mi ni mi zes t he ef f ect s
?9@ = 8. 8 Apa vol umet ri c pol ymeri zat i on shri nkage = 5. 5-ol >.
S&# )* C+r !" R&s ! Co'(os t&s
Sl o&er pol ymeri zat i on of sel f curi ng composi t es has several
advant ages. I ncreased f l o& and del ayed devel opment of st i f f ness( and
t hereby reduced pol ymeri zat i on st ress( gap f ormat i on and l eakage.
Furt hermore porosi t y i ncorporat ed duri ng mi $i ng of composi t es has been
f ound t o reduce pol ymeri zat i on shri nkage st ress. %he ef f ect has been
3
at t ri but ed t o i ncreased f l o& caused by del ayed set t i ng due t o o$ygen
i nhi bi t i on and B or by i ncreased f ree surf ace area f ormed by t he pores.
%he &armt h of t he t oot h &i l l enhance pol ymeri zat i on of sel f curi ng
composi t e cl osest t o t he t oot h and t hi s i nhi bi t t he t endency of composi t e
t o shri nk t o&ards t he cent re of i t s mass and t o pul l a&ay f rom t he gi ngi val
&al l .
T,& +s& o) s&# ) c+r&- a-,&s .& ,as %&&! (ro(os&- to ,a.& t,& sa'&
&))&ct/
Other materi al s that acts as stress breakers are:
.?AI l i ni ng
Compomer l i ni ng
AC f u, i bond
by accel erat i ng pol ymeri zat i on of sel f curi ng composi t e.
So)t start (o# 0'&r 1at o!:
?ost composi t e onl y can be pract i cal l y cured t o l evel s of 55> !:5>
of consversi on of t he react i ve monomer si t es. Duri ng conversi on of t he
monomer i nt o pol ymer( a composi t e undergoes pol ymeri zat i on shri nkage.
I n t he earl y st ages of conversi on( t here are onl y a l i mi t ed number of
pol ymer chai ns and t hey are not &el l connect ed /cross l i nked2. )o&ever(
i n t he range appro$i mat el y 43> conversi on( t he pol ymer net &ork i s
suf f i ci ent t o creat e a gel . "t t hi s poi nt ( t he syst em changes f rom behavi ng
l i ke a l i qui d t hat can f l o&( t o a sol i d t hat has i ncreasi ngl y st ronger
mechani cal propert i es. %heref ore( duri ng t he 0
s t
43> or so of chemi cal
conversi on( t he accompanyi ng pol ymeri zat i on shri nkage i s accommodat e
by f l ui d changes i n t he di mensi on of t he syst em. )o&ever( af t er t he gel
poi nt ( pol ymeri zat i on shri nkage produces bot h i nt ernal st resses &i t h i n
t he net &ork and st ress al ong al l t he surf aces of t he syst em.
%o decrease or el i mi nat e t hi s probl em( qui t e a range of al t ered
curi ng cycl es /st ayed curi ng2 has been e$pl ored.
Set t i ng st ress of l i ght act i vat ed composi t es i s hi gher t han
chemi cal l y act i vat ed composi t es. %hi s has been at t ri but ed t o t he capaci t y
of f l o& t hat occurs and sl o&er devel opment of modul us i n chemi cal l y
4
act i vat ed mat eri al s. Fl o& i s t hought t o be t he abi l i t y of mol ecul es t o sl i p
i nt o ne& ori ent at i ons duri ng t he pol ymeri zat i on process. Fl o& t ended not
occur i n l i ght act i vat ed composi t es because of t hei r rapi d pol ymeri zat i on
achi evement of cross l i nkage and el ast i c l i mi t .
For l i ght curi ng composi t es( a decrease i n l i ght curi ng i nt ensi t y &i l l
resul t i n an i ncrease i n set t i ng t i me( t hereby reduci ng t he pol ymeri zat i on
st ress. )o&ever( bel o& a cert ai n i nt ensi t y l evel ( t he composi t e l ayer may
not be cured adequat el y and physi cal and mechani cal propert i es may be
i nf l uenced negat i vel y.
So)t start:
033 ?#B Cm
4
out put f or 03sec( i mmedi at el y , umped t o :33?#B cm4
f or C3 sec.
P+# s& -&# a0 ra- at o!:
033?#B cm
4
f or Csec /Cmi n del ay2 '
533?#B cm
4
f or C3sec.
%he ai m i s t o prol ong t he t i me span bef ore reachi ng t he gel poi nt
by l o& l i ght curi ng i nt ensi t i es and t o i ncrease t he f l o& capabi l i t y of t he
mat eri al . "f t er&ards( hi gh l i ght i nt ensi t i es are necessary f or a compl et e
pol ymeri zat i on ' opt i mal mechani cal propert i es.
Co* C+r !":
Fl o&abl e composi t e cured t oget her &i t h t he f ol l o&i ng( 0
s t
i ncrement
of hybri d composi t e. Co curi ng may be specul at ed t o ma$i mi ze t he st ress
absorbi ng abi l i t y of f l o&abl e composi t e as t he el ast i c modul us devel ops
concomi t ant l y &i t h t he curi ng of bot h i ncrement s.
Si nce bot h i ncrement are cured si mul t aneousl y( because of t he
i ncreased pol ymeri zat i on st ress creat ed i n a bi gger vol ume of
pol ymeri zat i on mat eri al ( hi gher degree of pol ymeri zat i on shri nkage
occurs.
%&o opposi ng ef f ect s count er bal ances each ot her. )ybri d
composi t e &as pl aced i mmedi at el y af t er appl i cat i on of sel f curi ng
composi t e( but di d not l i ght cure unt i l af t er i ni t i al cure of sel f curi ng
composi t e. %he i dea i s t hat appl i cat i on of t he 4
n d
i ncrement &i l l f orce ai r
bubbl es out of t he sel f curi ng composi t e and t he shri nkage &i l l be
di rect ed t o&ards gi ngi val &al l so t hat t hi s 0
s t
i ncrement may resi st bei ng
l i f t ed of f &hen t he 4
n d
i ncrement i s cured.
5
i ght curi ng composi t e &as cured i mmedi at el y af t er appl i cat i on and
bef ore i ni t i al cure of sel f curi ng composi t e. %hi s gi ves t he l o&est resul t
as pract i cal l y no compensat i ng f l o& t akes pl ace duri ng curi ng of 0
s t
i ncrement f rom t he al ready cured ' f i red 4
n d
i ncrement .
S&# )* c+r !" co'(os t&s:
*ei ng cl osest t o t he body( /gi ngi val &al l Cl ass I I 2 i t i s &armer t han
t he rest of cavi t y. Consequent l y( pol ymeri zat i on &i l l begi n f rom here(
di rect i ng al l t he vect ors of pol ymeri zat i on t o t hi s area( t he cervi cal
margi n( t hus i mprovi ng seal .
Several ne& adhesi ve resi n syst ems rel y on si mul t aneous et chi ng
of enamel &i t h aci d &eaker t han t he t radi t i onal C3> t o 13> )C +91
et chant s. Cl earf i l l i ner bond 4 i s one of t hi s ne& syst ems t hat et ches t he
t oot h surf ace &i t h a sel f et chi ng pri mer &i t h a p) 0. 1. %he bondi ng agent
of t hi s syst em of f ers a l ayer of i nt ermedi at e el ast i c. I t i s al so suggest ed
t hat t he hi gh vi scosi t y of bondi ng agent may provi de a l ayer of subst ant i al
t hi ckness t hat are as a st ress absorber.
*ond st rengt h of t hi s dent i n bondi ng agent s &ere 08?pa. @namel
cracks are report ed. Cohesi ve enamel cracks may resul t f rom t he good
adhesi on propert y of rest orat i ve mat eri al t o t he dent i n and of
pol ymeri zat i on cont ract i on of rest orat i ve mat eri al . *ut t he hi gher bond
st rengt hs are usual l y obt ai ned af t er 41hrs of bondi ng. I f a smal l f ract i on
of t he bond i s broken duri ng pol ymeri zat i on cort i cat i on of t he resi n( t he
rest orat i on of resi n composi t e may not si gni f i cant l y af f ect edD ho&ever( t he
seal of t he rest orat i on i s compromi sed and l ead t o undesi rabl e
consequences. %hi s e$pl ai n t he l ack of good correl at i on bet &een bond
st rengt h and margi nal l eakage. %o achi eve good dent i n bondi ng( t he
f orces of pol ymeri zat i on cont ract i on must be mi ni mi zed and dent i n bond
st rengt h must be ma$i mi zed.
D r&ct o! o) # ",t so+rc&:
%he concept of gui di ng t he di rect i on of pol ymeri zat i on shri nkage
t o&ards t he cavi t y margi n i s based on t he assumpt i on t hat t he cont ract i on
of C composi t e i s di rect ed t o&ards l i ght source. /Sel f cure = t o&ards
cent er of mass = mai nt ai ns mat eri al adapt at i on. 2 "ccordi ng t o t hi s
6
hypot hesi s( pl aci ng t he l i ght source cl ose t o t he cavi t y margi n and
i rradi at i ng t he resi n based composi t e f rom t hi s si t e &i l l cause t he
composi t e t o shri nk t o&ards t he margi n rat her t han a&ay f rom i t and
reduce margi n gap f ormat i on.
2 s t&- # ",t c+r !" t&c,! 3+&: 4L+t!"5 O# -&!%r+" &t a# 5 67889/
I n case of i nt erpro$i mal bo$! shaped post eri or cavi t i es( a cervi cal
i ncrement i s pl aced and i rradi at ed i ndi rect l y f rom a cervi cal di rect i on
usi ng l i ght ref l ect i ng &edges. %he rest of t he cavi t y i s f i l l ed appl yi ng a
buccal and l i ngual i ncrement ( bot h of &hi ch are l i ght cured( t hrough t he
respect i ve cavi t y &al l s.
*ut t hi s has been chal l enged. .ecent report s have provi ded a ne&
i nt erpret at i on of underl yi ng phenomena. /"smussen and +eut zf el dt ( 0666D
Suh ' #an, ( 43302.
I f a bo$ shaped cavi t y i s f i l l ed &i t h a rat her t hi ck l ayer of resi n
based composi t e( most of t he l i ght i s absorbed i n t he l ayer cl osest t o t he
l i ght source. I n t hi s case( t he surf ace hardens and bonds t o t he margi n
and t he mat eri al shri nks t o&ards t he regi ons t hat cured f i rst ( t hat i s(
t o&ards t he l i ght source. I n cont rast ( i f t he composi t e l ayer i s t hi n enough
t o l et t he l i ght go st rai ght t hrough i t ( t he mat eri al &i l l cure i nst ant aneousl y
and shri nk t o&ards t he underl yi ng surf ace( especi al l y i f t he surf ace i s f l at
rat her t han bo$ shaped. ?oreover( i r radi at i ng i ndi rect l y vi a l i ght
ref l ect i ng &edges or t hrough dent al hard t i ssues &i l l consi derabl y reduce
t he l i ght i nt ensi t y and t he benef i t s of t he t hree! si t ed l i ght curi ng t echni que
may be at t ri but ed t o t hi s reduced l i ght i nt ensi t y rat her t han t o t he
gui dance of shri nkage. /osche( 06662.
)o&ever( radi at i on i nt ensi t y must not be reduced t o t he degree
&here compl et e pol ymeri zat i on i s compromi sed and t hi s &oul d produce
i nf rei or mechani cal propert i es( i ncrease &at er sorpt i on and cont ent of
resi dual monomer ' compromi se t hei r bi ocompat i bi l i t y. /Coughman et al
06602. %hese di sadvant ages &oul d t hen out &ei gh t he f avorabl e margi nal
seal .
/9D 4334( E. )of mann et al ( 2 t he hybri d resi n composi t e can be
successf ul l y phot o act i vat ed even &i t h a curi ng l i ght provi di ng
453m&B cm4 or &i t h a curi ng uni t produci ng :33m&B cm4 used f rom 03mm
7
di st ance f or :3sec. %he at t empt t o gui de shri nkage t o&ards t he cervi cal
margi n adversel y af f ect ed margi nal seal .
Wat&r sor(t o!:
.esi n composi t es are sub, ect ed t o &at er sorpt i on. 9nce a resi n
rest orat i on i s e$posed t o )49( i t may absorb t he sol vent i nt o t he
rest orat i on( causi ng a vol umet ri c e$pansi on t hat part i al l y compensat es f or
pol ymeri zat i on cont ract i on. #at er sorpt i on vari es &i t h cavi t y desi gn and
resi n vol ume. +ol ymeri zat i on cont ract i on i s rapi d ' occurs duri ng curi ng(
&hi l e t he &at er e$pansi on i s a sl o&er process t hat may t ake days. %he
st ress rel a$at i on by &at er sorpt i on may var y f rom one t ype of resi n t o
anot her. %he hydrophi l i c and sat urat ed nat ure of t ri cycl odecane
di met hacryl at e = based resi n permi t s ver y l i t t l e hydrophi l i c rel a$at i on
compared t o more hydrophi l i c *i s!A?"B %@AD?"! based resi ns.
9n t he ot her hand( &at er sorpt i on may cause erosi on of t he f i l l erB
mat ri $ i nt er surf ace and sof t eni ng of t he pol ymer net &ork. %hi s may l ead
t o reduct i on i n st rengt h( st i f f ness and &ear resi st ance. %o mi ni mi ze t here
probl ems( more hydrophi l i c monomers such as et ho$yl at ed versi on of
*I S! A?" /*I S! @?" Ei l sen et al 066C2 ho&ever( t he st ress rel a$at i on by
&at er sorpt i on i s l o&er. %he t ype of f i l l er and > f i l l er l oadi ng al so pl ayer
a rol e i n on t he degree of &at er sorpt i on and subsequent st ress rel a$at i on
/Cal ai s et al 06772. %he hi gher t he concent rat e of organi c mat ri $ i n t he
composi t e resi n( t he hi gher &i l l be t he t endency f or &at er sorpt i on.
ayi ng t echni que dependi ng on si ze and posi t i on of cavi t i es
/9D4330 Duet schi et al .
0. 9ccl usal cavi t y l ess t han 0B C
r d
of t he bucco l i ngual t oot h &i dt h
hori zont al l ayi ng t echni que.
4. 9ccl usal cavi t y( more t han 0B C
r d
of t he bucco l i ngual &i dt h =
obl i que l ayi ng t echni que
C. +ro$i mal cavi t y &i t hi n cont act poi nt area = hori zont al l ayi ng
t echni que
1. +ro$i mal cavi t y out si de cont act poi nt area = t hree si t ed l i ght
curi ng met hod.
A'o+!t o) ) # # &rs
8
I t has been demonst rat ed t hat an i nverse rel at i onshi p e$i st s
bet &een i norgani c f i l l er l oadi ng and monomer conversi on. /.azak and
)ari son 06682 t he l o&er t he f i l l er > great er t he mean shri nkage>. ?ore
hi ghl y f i l l ed composi t e are prone t o undergo l ess shri nkage. %hi s coul d be
pri mari l y e$pl ai ned by t he f act t hat t he l o&er t he vol ume of t he f i l l er( t he
hi gher t he vol ume of resi n mat ri $. Si nce t he gl ass f i l l ers are sol i ds( t hat
do not shri nk( i t i s t he f l ui d resi n mat ri $ past e t hat shri nks due t o bond
f ormat i on and physi cal def ormat i on i n t he t ransmi ssi on f rom a gel t o a
sol i d st at e. #i t h more resi n( more bond f ormat i on i s possi bl e &hen
pol ymeri zed. %hi s resul t s i n great er physi cal def ormat i on and l arger
shri nkage f orm one &i t h more f i l l er and l ess resi n t hat resul t s i n smal l er
shri nkage.
F # # &r S 1&:
Composi t es &i t h smal l er f i l l er part i cl es may undergo l ess
shri nkage. " smal l part i cl e has a l arge surf ace area t o vol ume rat i o
compared t o a l arge part i cl e( &hi ch has a smal l surf ace area = t o vol ume
rat i o. %heref ore( f or a gi ven vol ume of f i l l er( t he l arger t he si ze of t he
f i l l er( t he l ess resi n i s requi red t o envel op t he f i l l er part i cl es and t he
great er t he mass of resi n mat ri $ i n bet &een. smal l er f i l l er part i cl es resul t s
i n smal l er i nt er part i cl e di st ance and smal l er masses of resi n mat ri $ i n
bet &een f i l l er part i cl es. Smal l er cont i nuous mass of composi t e can resul t
i n l ess bonds and short er chai n f ormat i on occurri ng( resul t i ng i n
decreased shri nkage. "l so &i t h great er spread and di spersi on of smal l er
f i l l er part i cl es i n resi n mat ri $( great er di f f ract i on and di f f usi on of curi ng
l i ght beams can occur /9ysaed 0674 et al 2 resul t i ng i n l ess uni f orm and
decreased pol ymeri zat i on of resi n mat ri $. I n cont rast ( l arger f i l l er
part i cl es &oul d al l o& f or great er l i ght t ransmi ssi on and penet rat i on
t hrough t he resi n /i et al 06752 and hence more pol ymeri zat i on and
shri nkage.
+rodi gy i s one resi n composi t e t hat seems anamol ous t o t he
e$pect ed out come &i t h hi gh f i l l er vol ume( l o& f i l l er si ze ' yet ( t he hi gher
shri nkage. So( t he resi n chemi st ry coul d be t he great er det ermi nant of
shri nkage t han f i l l er charact eri st i cs.
C,&' str0 o) r&s ! 'atr ::
9
I t has been &el l demonst rat ed t hat di f f erences i n t he nat ure of
monomer ' cat al yst can al t er t he pol ymeri zat i on of mat eri al ' t hus
shri nkage as &el l . /+eut zf el dt ( 06682.
.esi n cont ai ni ng %@AD?" have a great er shri nkage. %@AD?" i s a
monomer &i t h l o&er mol ecul ar &ei ght /t hus smal l er si ze 2. shri nkage
occurs by bond f ormat i on bet &een monomers duri ng pol ymeri zat i on. %he
di st ance bet &een monomers due t o -ander &al l s f orces are t ransf ormed
i nt o t he di st ance of t he coval ent bonds of t he pol ymer t hat i s f ormed.
%hus t he magni t ude of t he shri nkage i s det ermi ned by t he number of
coval ent bonds f ormed /degree of conversi on2 ' al so by t he si ze of t he
monomers.
Smal l er monomers are used t o l o&er t he vi scosi t y( but t hey al so
have t he ef f ect of i ncreasi ng pol ymeri zat i on shri nkage.
/Ferri cane( 06652. "ddi ng monomers of l arge mol ecul ar &ei ght s t o t he
mi $t ure can mi ni mi ze t he cont ract i on per uni t vol ume of resi n.
Devel opment of ne& phot ocurabl e composi t e resi n &i t h reduced
curi ng shri nkage: /Chung et al ( D?( 43342.
%ri s /1!4!hydro$y! C!met hacryl oyl o$ypropo$y phenyl met hane2.
?ol ecul ar &ei ght s :
%%@?" : 806 gB mol .
FD?" : 180 gB mol .
*I S!A?": 50C gB mol .
%@AD?": 47: gB mol
C: 4 %%@?""! %@AD?" resi n of f ered a reduct i on i n pol ymeri zat i on
shri nkage compared t o t radi t i onal resi n /C: 4 *I SA?"!%@AD?"2. t hi s
benef i t coupl ed &i t h ease of synt hesi s ' rel at i vel y hi gh pol ymeri zat i on
react i vi t y makes %%@?" a good candi dat e f or dent al appl i cat i on.
%he use of novel monomer /G"D"( 4333D Ferri cane et al 2 such
as ?S"" /met hacryl at ed deri vat i ve of st yrene al l yl al cohol 2 reduces t he
pol ymeri zat i on st ress of t he composi t e( &hi l e provi di ng i mproved
compressi ve st rengt h ' degree of conversi on of met hacryl at e groups. %he
mobi l i t y of met hacryl at e groups seems t o be abl e t o resol ve i nt ernal
10
st resses( possi bl y by produci ng a st ruct ure t hat i s more prone t o changes
i n mol ecul ar conf ormat i on or by redi rect i ng t he shri nkage t o&ards f ree
surf aces. %he ?S"" appears t o l ose i t s ef f ect i veness at hi gher
concent rat i ons because i t seems t o be operat e as a st ress rel i evi ng
agent . i t i s possi bl e t hat once t he st ress has been reduced t o a cert ai n
l evel ( f urt her addi t i ons of ?S"" provi des l i t t l e benef i t .
"ddi ng l o&er l evel s of ?S"" coul d l ead t o si gni f i cant reduct i ons i n
pol ymeri zat i on st ress i n vari ous composi t es( i ncl udi ng heavi l y f i l l ed ones.
Co!c# +s o!:
%he cl i ni cal success of bonded resi n composi t e rest orat i ons i s
achi eved by t he above procedures t hat can reduces t he f orces of
pol ymeri zat i on cont ract i on.
11