Page 1 of 58

Chapter I
THE CONTEXT OF THE POLICY STUDY
The youth is the hope of our fatherland Jose P. Rizal
Society is run, dominated and controlled by adults, but statistics show that there
are more young people in the society, i.e., people who belong to the age bracket of 15
and 24 years old (United Nations General Assembly, 1995). These young people have
their needs which have to be fully taken into account. We need to pay special attention
in the process of shaping the cities or towns, in order to secure the living conditions of
children and of youth, to mold their insights, and thought on their environment (UNHCS,
1996). They are rapidly developing their ability to make public decisions, and the quality
of their environment affect them to a large degree, because they are the generation who
will experience the results of their own decisions for the longest time (Frank, 2006).

Children become adults and ascend this hierarchy when they accomplish
certain tasks (Argenti, 2002). In order to understand these tasks and social factors that
affect the youth and how they impact on them, it is imperative to look at the youth not as
the young individual, but as a dynamic structure of the society (Butler, 2009). As such,
society has to care for the youth for the continuance of their existence to the future. The
Philippines has to recognize the need of youth participation in the affairs of society.

In 1975, President Ferdinand Marcos issued Presidential Decree (PD) 684 to
announce the formal creation of the Kabataang Barangay (KB), which had autonomy in
the management, expenditure of its funds, and was headed by his daughter, Imee
Marcos, as the national chairman. But, after its notable accomplishments, the KB was
later criticized for having been enforced under authoritarian rule and caused student
activism. Congress youth representatives worked to craft the Sangguniang Kabataan
representation proposal, which was later incorporated in the Constitution.
Republic Act No. 7160 of the Local Government Code of 1991, also known as
the Local Autonomy Law, formally abolished the KB and provided the youth another
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opportunity to directly participate in governance from the grassroots level to the national
level through the Sangguniang Kabataan, SK, as popularly known.

The mission of the aforementioned sub-barangays organization is to tap and
harness the enthusiasm, and idealism of young people. Those aged 15 to 17 years old
in the barangay could register in the KK and have the right to vote and be voted into the
SK. The SK chairperson has given a seat in the barangay council, and is given full
powers and authority.

Presently, the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) is the governing body of the youth
assembly in every barangay. It is an assembly of youths in every barangay whose
primary objective is to enhance the social, political, economic, cultural, intellectual,
moral, spiritual, and physical development of the youth in the country.

With good guidance and serious, respectful attention by people in authority, the
SK can provide the much needed force for the reform of the Philippine society.
Unfortunately, despite the powers vested on the SK officials, however, many noted that,
at their young age in government service, there were allegations and incidences of
corruption and ineffectiveness. The SK system has defeated the purpose for which it
was created for: to train and mold Filipino youth as able, good and upright leaders and
citizens. Majority believe that SK, as part of the local government has been obsolete all
these years. Many also say that the Philippine Government lacks adequate funds to
sustain the costs for its election. Another sector of society which does not believe in the
power of SK to affect the youths vision, believes that the fund should rather be given to
this government body should have been used for a lot more productive program of the
government (Balod & Gono, 2010).

Thus, the SK, which was envisioned as a venue to develop the next generation of
leaders, has been receiving criticisms of its alleged flaws and failure to respond to the
needs of the sector it represents as well as to transform them into statesmen and
stateswomen who will lead and steer the nation in their time.
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THE POLICY ISSUE

The Local Government Code of 1991 mandates the SK to safeguard the welfare
and development of the youth. This policy of involving the youth in local government
affairs may have to be amended. However, there has yet been no known review or
assessment to date of the SKs effectiveness and relevance although there were verbal
insinuations that it has outrun its usefulness, is no longer relevant, and has introduced
the youth to corruption contrary to the purposes for which it was created. This study
shall deal with this dilemma on the existence of the SK.


OBJECTIVES

This paper aimed to evaluate the opinion of the youth and hence, be able to
review the existence of SK, and its relevance to Philippine society. Specifically, the
study tried to:
1. Solicit the peoples perceptions of the SK;
2. Review the milestones of SK from its existence;
3. Determine the benefits and costs to the local governments in maintaining
the SK;
4. Verify the criticisms and allegations as well as the positive comments on
the implementation of its programs and projects; and
5. Submit policy directions for the enhancement of the SK, and/or any such
effort to involve the youth in governmental affairs.




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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study is significant to the government because it provides a tool or inputs as
guide in the decision making as to whether or not to abolish or strengthen the SK. It will
also provide current data and analysis on the state or condition of SK failure for
purposes of policy formulation, and budgetary items that will develop or improve SK,
and will enable the government to strengthen the role of young Filipinos in leadership
and in community services. The study is also expected to be a reorientation and
revisiting by the students and out-of-school youth on the meaning of the Sangguniang
Kabataan (SK) and hence, solicit their support for the projects and programs in their
communities. It will also encourage the youth to participate in political activities in their
respective communities, as well as at the national level. For the incumbents and former
SK officials, the study may help in self analysis, and in the evaluation of SKs
effectiveness.
The study also provides baseline data and other valuable information for the
policymakers and future researchers.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The study evaluated the role of Sangguniang Kabataan in addressing the
problems of the youth today, such as sexual behaviour, pregnancy, drugs, and violence
or involvement in armed conflict (Utas, 2005).

The data gathered was from 2011-2012, because of the limited information
available. Money, secondary information and other resource constraints have hindered
the conduct of a more thorough analysis of the policy problem.


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Definition of Terms

Abolition - the act to formally put an end (system, practice, or institution), or the
state of being abolished; an annulling; abrogation; utter destruction; as, the abolition
of slavery or the slave trade; the abolition of laws, decrees, ordinances, customs,
taxes, debts, etc. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2008)
Administration - a body of administrators, especially in government. (English mini
Dictionary, 2008)
Amendment - the process of amending by parliamentary or constitutional
procedure. ((Encyclopedia Britannica, 2008)
Anomalies - deviation or departure from the normal or common order, form, or rule.
(US English Dictionary, 2010)
Barangay - is the smallest administrative division in the Philippines and is the native
Filipino term for a village, disttrict or ward. (Collins English Dictionary, 2012)
Community - A society where peoples relations with each other are direct and
personal and where a complex web of ties link people in mutual bonds of emotion
and obligation. In the social sciences, especially sociology, the idea of community
has provided a model to contrast to the emergence of more modern less personal
societies where cultural, economic and technological transformation has uprooted
tradition and where complexity has created a less personal and more rationalized
and goal-directed social life. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2008)
Corruption - dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power, typically involving
bribery. (US English Dictionary, 2008)
Generation: the entire body of individuals born and living at about the same
time. (Cambridge Online Dictionary, 2009)
Good Governance: is an indeterminate term used in government literature to
describe how public institutions conduct public affairs and manage public
resources in order to guarantee the realization of human rights. (Dannug and
Campanilla, 2003)

Page 6 of 58

Government - is broadly defined as the administrative organization with authority to
govern a political state. Government is the means by which state policy is enforced,
as well as the mechanism for determining the policy of the state. A form of
government, or form of state governance, refers to the set of political institutions by
which a government of a state is organized. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2008)
Hierarchy - a structuring of social statuses and roles within an organization or
society ranked according to differentiations of power, authority, wealth, income,
etc. Related terms are ranking or stratification. (Oxford Dictionary, 2011)
Jurisdiction - the right, power, or authority to administer justice by hearing
and determining controversies. (Cambridge Online Dictionary, 2009)
Policy - a definite course of action adopted for the sake of expediency, facility,
etc (Dannug and Campanilla, 2003)
Relevance - the condition of being relevant, or connected with the matter at
hand. (Collins English Dictionary, 2010)
Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) - is the youth legislature in every local village or
community. They are in the age bracket of 15 to 18 years old during the time of
election. They initiate policies, programs and projects for the development of
youth in their respective political territories.(UNESCO, 2011)
Tax - a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on
workers income and business profits. (Dannug and Campanilla, 2003)
Welfare - financial or other assistance to an individual or family from a city,
state, or national government. (Dannug and Campanilla, 2003)
Youth - persons between the ages of 15 and 24. It is best understood as a
period of transition from the dependence of childhood to adulthoods
independence and awareness of our interdependence as members of a
community. (UNESCO, 2012)



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Chapter II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Related Literature

The right of the youth to participate in the governance of the barangay was
exercised through the government body comprised of youth, called Sangguniang
Kabataan (SK). The SK is the venue where the youth can exercise their leadership
skills and confidence. This will be further discussed by the following studies related to
SK below.

It was the late President Marcos who started the idea to garnish the potentials of
the youth. It was Mid 70s when the Kabataang Barangay (KB) was formed. This aimed
to propagate the Filipino ideology to counter the leftist, who nearly tumbled his regime
(Gonzales, 1998).

Even before it became a signatory to the UN Convention on the Rights of a Child
(UN CRC), the Philippines had already enacted a law to ensure that the voices of
children and young people were heard on issues that directly concern them. So far, it is
the only country in the world to have a government funded political body for young
people that is recognized nationwide (Balanon, 2007).

The Philippine youth, from which the Sangguniang Kabataan emanates, is the
biggest segment of the Philippine society. It is not only dynamic but also essentially
enlightened in the sense that these are children of school age going from high school
level towards the college level. These young people are also receptive to democratic
ideas which they would like to put into practice (SK Primer Book I, p10).

The effective and appropriate garnishment of this great potential on any given time
for productive activities would undoubtedly spell out a difference. Even our national
hero, Dr. Jose Rizal emphasized that, on the hand of the youth, lies the fair hope of our
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fatherland (Zaide, 2002). Thus, it is imperative for the state, for the enhancement of
national security, to prepare and involve the youth with a more define role in society with
concerted effort to develop the country.

B. Related Studies

Some articles about the governance of Sangguniang Kabataan say that, this
organization is just a waste of money. The funds of SK are included in barangay funds
wherein 10% are for the Sangguniang Kabataan which they are using for their projects
and also for their salaries. But, despite the funds allotted to them, SK officials are still
failing to do their responsibilities (Cayanan, 2008).

In addition, some elected SK officials do not have enough knowledge on their
function in the government as well as the youth (Singson, 2001). This dilemma might
have rooted from the fact that the youth have minimal awareness on social and political
issues. McCann-Erickson conducted a survey with young people ranging 13-21 years
old. The survey, which was conducted in 2000, says that only 10% of the youth are
concerned about politics. Another study by NFO-Trends 2001, surveyed children and
youth with ages ranging from 7-21 years old, which found out that the youth have low
awareness towards cultural values and national affairs. (NYC, 2004).

Therefore, Sangguniang Kabataan should be abolished to re-allocate their funds
to give importance on providing more funds for public education system so that more
Filipinos will be educated. The SKs main objective is to enhance social, political,
economic, cultural, intellectual, moral, spiritual, and physical development has been lost
and turns into the existence of miserable performance (Liporda, 2007).

This is especially true as seen in the study in terms of coming up with
legislations, promoting the development of young people, submitting reports and
holding consultations with their constituents, it failed to implement youth development
Page 9 of 58

projects and programs at the national level (transparencyreporting.net/Sangguniang-
Kabataan-in-limbo, Razal: 2004, accessed on January 29, 2012).


Stressing to weigh the excellence of the Sangguniang Kabataan, the National
Youth Commisssion (NYC) would find other ways to engage the youth sector in national
development. The NYC wants to postpone the election so that the Commission on
Elections can still implement programs to still make the elections credible (Ligalig,
2007).

However, after all the alleged anomalies, the SK still has its saving grace. The
impact of the SK can be measured by how it has shaped the lives of its members. It
has imparted good values, and skills to the youth representatives, especially their self
confidence (Ong, 2005).

The millions of pesos spent for SK should not be wasted. Taking into account our
present debacle, it is the height of irresponsibility if we remained remiss in identifying
the problem and offering solution to the SK predicament. It is hypothesized that there is
a need to re-examine the very fundamental; the creation of the SK and its relevance to
our society with a democratic system of government (Cardinoza, 2010).

Kabataan Paty-list Rep. Raymond V. Palatino, filed for House Bill No. 1963
which calls to strengthen and reform the Sangguniang Kabataan, amending for that
purpose certain provisions of Republic Act No. 7160, otherwise known as the The
Local Government Code of 1991.





Page 10 of 58

CHAPTER III
ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK

A. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter discusses theories that are related and essential to this study. It
focuses on how an individual could be an effective leader, and how an effective leader
could contribute to the development of his city and constituents.

The theoretical framework of this study was connected from the theory of David
McClellands Achievement Motivation Theory (1961). The said theory is related to
this study with its claim that individual has its own needs to be learned and to acquire
socially as they interact to its environment (McClelland, 1961). The said theory,
Achievement Motivation Theory, explains and predicts the behavior and performance of
an individual based on the need for achievement, power, and affiliation. McClelland
believes that every individual has its own needs and that needs are the cause of
individuals behavior.

The SK is created primarily for the purpose of involving the youth in a wide range
of civic and community development activities. The relationship of Achievement
Motivation theory to SKs revisiting is how this youth officials work effectively with their
motivations in providing the needs of the barangay they belong to as what the theory
stated. Every projects and activities of SK depends on the needs of the barangay and
also to the budget allotted to them. The youth representatives must know the needs and
the must haves in their barangay, hence, to solve any problems and to make the
community a progressive and a competitive one.

The Need for Achievement (nAch) explains that an individuals goal is to excel
and gain success with exertion of his own ability and effort. They want challenging task
that can prove his superiority over others. It is also a person that desires to accomplish
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something difficult, attain a high standard of success, master complex tasks, and
surpass others (Daft, 2008). The achievers need to hear regular feedbacks - whether
they are doing right or wrong - in order to monitor the progress of their achievements. In
order to be an effective SK official, he/she must know how to be an achiever.

The Need for Power (nPow) refers to individuals that has the need to be
influential, effective, and seeks authority. Daft (2008) defined the need for Power as the
desire to influence or control others, be responsible for others, and have authority over
others. People with high nPow are those who enjoy competition, recognition and loves
winning arguments. They do well due to the fact that they are goal oriented. For a
leader to gain the cooperation that he needs, he must be powerful enough to protect
people within his community. He must also be influential enough to make people follow
or support his actions, projects or programs.

The Need for Affiliation (nAff) are the people who seek close relationships with
others, want to be liked by others, enjoy lots of social activities, and seek to belong; so
they join groups and organizations (McClelland, 1961). It is said that they are the
individuals who establish close friendship and are highly concerned for others. In
contrast, this people are more concerned on what others will think of them so they act
based on how people will treat them. However, having high affiliation makes the work of
a leader easier because they are at ease towards others. SK must be approachable to
everyone, not only to the youth involved in their barangay, but also to the members of
different barangays. With this, youth must consider other people in every action he has
to do to have a peaceful community to live. SK leaders must be open-minded enough to
different ideas that other people suggests.

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FIGURE I: Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

Theory of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs reinforces the theory of McClellands
Achievement Motivation Theory. The Hierarchy of Needs helps to explain how these
needs motivate us all. It states that we must satisfy each needs in turn, which starts with
the first, which deals with the most obvious needs for survival itself. It is said to be that if
one of these needs lacks, we will not satisfy on our lives (Abraham Maslow, 1954).

Biological and Physiological Needs It is believed that these needs are the
most basic and instinctive needs in the hierarchy because all needs become
secondary until these needs are met.
Safety Needs These includes needs for safety and security. Security needs
are deem important for human survival, but not as demanding as the
physiological needs.
Love and Belongingness includes need for belonging, love & affection.
Maslow considered these needs to be less basic than physiological and security
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needs. Relationships like friendships, families and romantic attachments that will
help to fulfill this need for companionship and acceptance, which involved in
social, community, or religious groups.
Esteem Need after the first three needs fulfilled, esteem needs become very
important. These include the need for the things that reflect on self-esteem,
personal worth, self-recognition and accomplishment.
Self- Actualization people are self-aware which main concern is individuals
personal growth, less concerned with the opinion of others, and interested in
fulfilling their potential. It is a desire to realize humans full potential, people need
a complete understanding of themselves and to accomplish the desire goals.

As humans, we all need to achieve all of these needs that the hierarchy of needs
stated in order for us to have a happy and contented life. Being a youth representative,
he or she must possess these needs in order to be an effective leader within the
community.

Building relationships with constituents will add up to the open communication in
the community, and the feeling of being in the right position to enforce, and implement
youth projects and policies efficiently. By means of effective communication to its
constituents, co-SK officials, members of the society, and etc. helps to ensure that a
certain task will be completely delivered through understanding another. (Ong; Torre;
Balanon, 2005-2006)

As stated in the above description, Esteem Needs include achievement and
confidence. Fulfilling the responsibilities and duties of every SK official help them feel
the achievements when it comes to project implementation, and build up confidence
that will later drive them to do more successful venture for the community.

The achievement on what the Maslows hierarchy must be attained first, before
the attainment of the powers that the McClelland Achievement Motivation theory
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indicates. It should start on the basic human needs, then the needs of our human minds
and soul.

The fulfilment of the needs as a human can make a person a better citizen
(Maslows Hierarchy of Needs) then the fulfilment of the needs as a leader can make
the Sangguniang Kabataan Federation be effective and efficient.

The foundation of the two theories will answer what is in the objective of the
study, which is to review the milestone of the SK from the years that it has been
created, and to answer the criticisms that SK is facing from different sectors of the
government which makes the youth think that SK is no longer effective.













Page 15 of 58

B. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK





P.D. 684 was made in 1975, when President
Marcos announce the formal creation of Kabataang
Barangay.

The Kabataang Barangay became less popular with the
youth wherein the youth turned into student activism.

R. A. 7160 of the local Government Code of 1991
formally abolished the KB and provided the youth
another opportunity to directly participate in the
governance (Sangguniang Kabataan).
They are not performing their functions as
it is established.
SK has become the breeding ground for corruption.
SK is not a solitary avenue to train future leaders.
Sangguniang Kabataan calls for abolition since their
performance has not seen through the society.

P
R
O
C
E
S
S


O
U
T
P
U
T




I
N
P
U
T

The effective performance can be seen through
their trainings and as well as the execution of
projects and programs.
The budget was spent for projects that do not answer the
concerns and problems of the youth. (Sports
development is the most common project made by SK).
The SK is not consistent in addressing the youths
demands and interests, it appears to have a gap
in coming up with the projects that focus on the
youths more pressing concerns.
Page 16 of 58

The study made use of the input-output process, an approach that fully explains
the performance of the Sangguniang Kabataan in the community.
It was in 1975 when the first youth council was established. Former President
Ferdinand Marcos issued Presidential Decree (PD) 684 which formally announced the
creation of the Kabataang Barangay which aimed to give the youth an opportunity to be
involved in community affairs. However, controversies have surrounded the KB during
those times, like the enforcement of authoritarian rule among the youth, opposition of
militant youth activity. As the KB grew less popular among the youth, student activism
became the trend in youth participation in governance.
Sangguniang Kabataan was incorporated into the 1991 Local Government Code
(known as Local Autonomy Law or Republic Act 7160), formally abolished the KB, and
provided the youth with a new opportunity to involve themselves in government affairs
through the SK.
The Sangguniang Kabataan which was supposed to serve as the voice of the
youth in the local government; is believed, by the youth, is not performing their functions
as mandated in the law. It gives the youth the privilege to be heard in the world of
politics. It is mandated in the Constitution that the youth should be part of national
affairs. However, various arguments arise emphasizing that the Sangguniang Kabataan
is ineffective and no longer relevant. With this, the continuous existence of the
Sangguniang Kabataan becomes highly questionable and calls for abolition.
Youth leaders as exposed to situations that make them vulnerable to dishonest
practices, they cannot perform their responsibilities as SK leaders well because they still
have to attend school, and youth as exposed to dirty tricks in election are some of the
arguments associated in SK that made it dubbed and inefficient.


Page 17 of 58

The SK was created, with its privilege of having its own budget, to accomplish its
tasks and responsibilities on their youth-focused projects. However, there is still a
mismatch of projects made by SK and what the youth really needs, making them
inefficient in project implementations.
The present ideology regarding the organization made the society call for
its abolition and look for alternative youth representation. These proposals argue that
school council/government is a sufficient venue for the youth to participate in
governance and train in becoming the future leaders of the land.











Page 18 of 58

C. METHODS AND METHODOLOGIES

The study used descriptive method, using both quantitative and qualitative
approaches. This method was used to describe the nature of the SK situation, as it
exists at the time of the study and to explore the cause of any dilemma. As for the
quantitative approach, a survey has been conducted.
The Slovins formula was used to identify the sample size of respondents. The
10, 456 population of youths in Sta. Mesa (NSO, 2012) was used as one of the
variables in the formula.
n = N / (1 + Ne
2
)
Where:
n = Number of samples
N = Total population
e = Error tolerance

Percentage and weighted mean were the statistical tools used in analyzing the
data: Percentage was used to describe a relationship of a data to the whole tally. The
following formula was used:
P=F x 100
N
Where:
P = Percentage
F = Frequency
N = Number of classes



Page 19 of 58

SURVEY TOOL. The survey used the questionnaire as its main tool for
gathering primary data on peoples perception of the SK, which is composed of 23
survey questions for SK officials, and 19 questions for non-SK officials. The first
question is about the respondents profile, the second part is on measuring the
respondents awareness on SK, the third part of the questionnaire is about the
frequently implemented programs, and the fourth question asked for the respondents
perception on SKs significance. The fifth question solicited the respondents awareness
on the perceived incentives or benefits of the officials. Anomalies that the SK
encountered was asked in the sixth question, and the relevance of retaining the SK and
the respondents plan in running for SK was on the seventh part.
The last part of the survey questionnaire was answered only by the SK officials
who were surveyed.

RESPONDENTS AND STUDY AREA. A total of 400 respondents from the area
coverage of 51 barangays in District 6, Sta. Mesa, Manila, were involved in this study,
with a 100% retrieval. The respondents were segregated into three classes; 80 SK
officials (incumbent or former), 160 students, and 160 out-of-school youths. The
clustered data was used to gauge the effectiveness of the Sangguniang Kabataan, as to
the awareness of the informants, including its officials. Central tendency was used in
analyzing the gathered data or statistics.

Along with the primary data, secondary resources in the form of published
articles and literatures, data from agencies like, National Youth Congress (NYC)
Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) was utilized, to support the survey
results.



Page 20 of 58

CHAPTER IV
DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

This chapter discusses the results and findings of the study, and its analyses and
relation to the secondary data, as to whether or not the Sangguniang Kabataan has
achieved its goals and maintained its relevance. Conversely, it examines calls for its
abolition.

A. RESULTS AND FINDINGS

The 400 respondents surveyed come from 51 different barangays in Sta. Mesa,
Manila. There were 160 in-school youths, another 160 of them are out-of-school youths,
and the remaining 80 respondents were from the SK, both current and former officials.


Out of the 400 respondents, 60% (240) were females, while only 40% (160) were
males. Majority or 33% of the surveyed respondents were 17 years old (see Table 1-A
and B).


Table 1-A. Respondents Profile by Gender

GENDER No. %
Female 240 60
Male 160 40
TOTAL 400 100

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Table 1-B. Respondents Profile by Age

AGE No. %
15 years old 49 12
16 years old 129 32
17 years old 132 33
18 years old & above 90 23
TOTAL 400 100

Throughout Philippine history, the youth, from both sexes, have actively
exercised their right to participation in governance affairs by joining various political
movements, and student organizations during the dark phase against the Marcos
government during the Martial Law years, the EDSA revolution, as well as the following
EDSA protest actions.
Political campaigns also welcome youth participation by allowing them to
endorse political candidates. Mainstream political participation comes from the right to
suffrage which is given to young people from the age of 18, which is provided in Article
II, Section 13 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution (NYC, 2004).
Despite these political freedom that the SK enjoys, there are more unregistered
SK voters compared to those youths who have had registered themselves as part of the
organization (refer to Table 2).
A large number of unregistered voters say that they are not members of the
organization due to some factors, (do not permanently reside in the area, wrong
information on the age requirement, and lack of campaign regarding SK registration.)
Page 22 of 58

Table 2. Number of Registered from Unregistered Respondents


Registered
No. %
180 45
Not Registered 220 55
TOTAL 400 100


As to the joining the organization, it is noted that majority of respondents (55%) in
the population are not interested to run for SK. Some said they do not have time to lead
a community; others think that the organization is not efficient, and that being involved
in SK will just show them the way to anomalies and early corruption. Nevertheless,
there are still 16% of the respondents who would want to try exploring politics and be of
service to their barangay (Table 3).

Table 3. Preference for joining SK
CATEGORY
In-
School
Out-of-
School
TOTAL Percentage
Interested 64 63 132 33
Not Interested 146 122 268 67

100


Similar to the events in 1980s, instead of supporting the KB, majority of the youth
joined other cause-oriented organizations where they developed their potentials as
leaders. As the KB grew less popular among the youth, student activism became the
trend in youth participation in governance. Led by the League of Filipino Students (LFS),
students lobbied for the reestablishment of student councils and other rights that
students lost during Martial Law.
Page 23 of 58


In relation to the analysis in Table 3 that the youth have lost its fondness to the
organization, SK beneficiaries are slowly losing their desire to participate and be active
to it because of its ineffectiveness and its reputation that this youth organization,
through time, was being used as a lucrative social venture for abusive youth officials. In
addition, great number of the respondents said that they are not interested in joining SK
because it has failed to address the real and pressing problems of the youth.

Majority of the barangays have projects which involve recreational activities such
as beauty pageants, basketball competition, sing & dance contest, and parties. Only a
small percantage goes to social programs which include giving scholarships.
Breakdown of SK implemented projects are as follows:

Table 4. Classification of SKs Implemented Projects in 51 Barangays

PROJECTS
No. %
Beauty Pageants 160 29
Basketball competition 353 66
Sing & Dance contest 181 43
Parties 108 24
Livelihood Programs 55 10
Outreach Program 77 15
Scholarship Program 58 11
Community Service 212 41


As mentioned in the previous chapters, Sangguniang Kabataan is only a
successor of former President Ferdinand Marcos Kabataang Barangay. This original
form of SK was able to extend a helping hand to its beneficiaries, through its purposeful
projects and programs.

Page 24 of 58

Implementation of the Youth Development Training Program was one of KBs
accomplishments, which aimed to develop youths commitment to service, nationalism,
and other skills, to help them become productive members of the community.
Another KBs successful program was its In-plant Training Project that has given
In-Plant Industrial Training to its members. Alay-Hanapbuhay Project is also one of
them, which taught practical skills training towards self-employment, and another hit
project was the Kabataang Barangay Sakahan Para Sa Kaunlaran Project which
taught in rural towns agricultural skills. In the realm of education, the KB organized
school chapters to facilitate the participation of the students in the KBs activities. The
KB also had several scholarship programs for its members and other deserving youth.
It also accomplished projects in the field of sports training, competitions and the
promotion of indigenous sports and culture.
As compared with the aforementioned data, it is undeniably seen that the status
of the present national youth organization is gradually losing its fame, especially to the
allocation programs. Most of the time, the budget was spent for projects that do not
answer the concerns and problems of the youth, but was spent for other tasks that
could be done by the barangay, instead.

According to Bueno (1998), the KB was created to oppose militant youth activity
of the left and supposedly served to plant seeds of pro-Marcos ideologies. Its
existence for more than 10 years is said to have entrenched in its members the practice
of traditional politics by exposing the youth to graft, corruption and opportunism during
their formative years. Despite various meaningful projects, one of the biggest criticisms
against the KB was the creation of reactionary defense measure of the late president
Marcos.

Given this data of comparison, it appears that there is no one-to-one
correspondence of the actual projects of the SK and the perceived needs of the youth.
Sports Development are the most commonly implemented projects of the SK in the
Page 25 of 58

society. The SK is not consistent in addressing the youths demands and interests, it
appears to have a gap in coming up with the projects that focus on the youths more
pressing concerns.

Table 5. Other Perceptions on SK
Did the SK accomplish
important projects for the
community?
No. %
YES
101 25
NO
299 75
TOTAL 400 100

Do the SK in your barangay
play a significant role in the
development of your
community?
YES 101 25
NO 299 75
TOTAL 400 100

Do you know if SK
representatives receive
salary?
YES 304 76
NO 96 24
TOTAL

400 100


In your perception, are there
anomalies in the
Sangguniang Kabataan,
including the formulation of
their projects?
YES 239 60
NO 101 40
TOTAL 400 100


From the percentages of answers, more than half disagreed that the SK have
accomplished important projects in their community, and that they no longer play a
significant or vital role for the development of the community.
Page 26 of 58

SK candidates run for office either because they have the desire and
commitment to serve the youth or they were influenced to run by other people. Asked in
the last part of the questionnaire (Appendix B), majority of the respondents said that
they have decided to engage in youth governance because they were urged by other
people. Some also noted that a major hindrance in their active participation is the
interference of the adult local officials.

In like manner, majority of the respondents are strongly aware that the SK
chairman receives monthly salary. But, regardless of the salary and the annual budget
given to them, many still agreed that there are anomalies in Sangguniang Kabataan
including in the project budget.

This relates to their own insufficient resources to sustain their personal and basic
needs as defined in Maslows Theory (see Chapter IV - Theoretical Framework). Almost
two-thirds of the respondents believe that there are anomalies in the SK (60%). On
early age, some of the SK officials are already involved in anomalies making them
unreliable. Making the projects they build unsupported by its constituents.

The determination in the implementation of the programs and projects of the SK
is viewed as a significant dimension in assessing their performance. In order to carry
out the projects and programs, the financial resources must be taken into consideration.
There have been misconceptions among the supposed beneficiaries of the organization
when it comes to the projects that are being conducted by the Sangguniang Kabataan.
Whereas, majority of the programs that they have accomplished does not correspond to
the timely and urgent needs in empowering the youth, which was the sole reason for
which it was created. Barangay budgets are on an annual basis. Ten (10 %) of the
barangays revenue is allotted to government organizations under the barangay, such
as the Sangguniang Kabataan. Data about the SK chairpersons salary and the budget
allotted to them, which differs from the number of commercial and industrial tax-payers
in the area, were gathered from two (2) SK chairpersons in the area of coverage. In
Brgy. 592 Zone 58 of District VI, its Sangguniang Kabataan receives a given budget of
Page 27 of 58

P160,000 a year, and its chairperson gets P16,000 a month. On the other hand, Brgy.
593 Zone 58 of the same district, receives P124,000 on the previous year, and its SK
chairman gets P13,000 monthly wage- (as of 2012).

SK officials who were part of the surveyed respondents shared that they submit
annual accomplishment and audit reports to the higher SK Federations. They also
submitted monthly financial statements and documentations of accomplished projects to
the Barangay Council. However, some SKs also said that their Barangay Council does
not require them to submit any documents. Subsequently, they do not have to tally and
justify their accomplished projects.

A large number of respondents stressed that SK is no longer vital today because
at an early age, the youth learn corruption, and that they should not be entrusted with
power and public funds for they are just beginning to learn what responsibility and
accountability are all about. Majority of them also noted that SK is a double edged
sword. It teaches the youth about the government, but it also exposes them to the harsh
reality of it. In accordance to the respondents views vis-a-vis the survey results,
physical development projects are the most frequently implemented ones.
Assuming that these represent the general sentiments of the youth sector, these
concerns could speak of the disappointment, indifference, and apathy of the youth
sector towards the government and youth-directed government programs. This is
manifested in low levels of youth participation in SK and government-related programs
as well as the popular views among some people that the government is self-serving.






Page 28 of 58

Table 6. Values From Joining SK
Skills and Knowledge
Gained
Values/ Qualities Acquired
New Opportunities
Met
Time Management Being Responsible
Financial Benefits (e.g.,
honoraria)
Knowledge of legal matters
(law implementation, the
justice system and legal
processes)
The value and importance of
gaining their constituents' trust
Scholarships
Decision-Making Skills
A better understanding of how
to interact with others ("you
cant please everyone)
Opportunities to Travel
Prioritization Skills Selflessness
Meeting important people
(e.g. high-ranking
government officials)
Management Skills
How to handle pressure and
negative feedback
Making new friends
Leadership Skills
Tiyaga or hard work and
perseverance
Opportunity to serve as
role models for the youth
Parliamentary Procedures
That service means love (for
constituents), treating them as
hindi ibang tao (not different
from oneself)
Opportunity to serve the
community through
projects
Interpersonal Skills Independence
Opportunity to practice
legislative capacities
Confidence (e.g. in public
speaking)
How to fight for one's rights and
be vigilant
Immersion in the 'real
world' contributed to
social awareness
Teamwork Nationalism


The value of transparency

SOURCE: United Nations Childrens Fund (2007)

Page 29 of 58

The data was adopted from the study of UNICEF Philippines (2007) where they
confirmed these results from the previous studies in youth participation and involvement
in local governance to promote the full and healthy development of young people
(United Nations Childrens Fund, 2007). Moreover, this data proves that being a part of
this organization could impart values that will develop a sense of responsibility and will
further encourage them to become public servants.

In contrary with the positive or benefit effects of SK to its members, there are still
some off-putting traits that the organization conveys among its members which
associated them from entering in politics.
Table 7. Costs/ Disadvantages of Being SK Member
Negative Behaviors
Learned
Challenges
Dislikes Associated with
Politics
Became "PLASTICS"
(phoney/fake)
Pressure from high expectations of
community residents and LGU officials
Gained a negative image/
reputation
Became "MATARAY"
(snobbish/ quick-
tempered)
Less time for school, family, friends,
reigious duties, etc.
SK affected by politicking
of government officials
Were exposed to
corruption and nepotism
Facing failure when plans do not push
through
Gaining enemies
automatically (through
elections)
Were invovled in
corruption and nepotism
Constant public scrutiny
Lack of acknowledgement
for their services

Dealing with conflicts between the SK
and other officials

Dealing with uncooperative SK Officials


Non-Participative youth


Misunderstandings between the SK and
Community members
SOURCE: United Nations Childrens Fund
Page 30 of 58

The involvement of SK in politics is really a big task. From the above data, it
shows that the participation in SK also has negative effects.

The performances of the chosen leader are not all the same. Some chose to see
this opportunity as an advantage for they will develop and share the skills and
knowledge they have but some of them also have different understanding about it. As
what the previous chapter discusses, human has its own needs to perform well that
could make an effective leader or a member in the community.

Some have acquired negative behaviors due to not being valued lack of nAff,
their power as a youth entity are not recognized lack of nPow, their programs or
projects are not being participated by the other member of the youth lack of nAch. The
Theory of Motivation discusses the needs that leader must have to impeccably play
the duty that is given to them.

Various negative criticisms that SK is receiving provokes the rising uproar of its
abolition. Even the President Benigno Aquino III, former DILG Sec. Jesse Robredo and
COMELEC Commissioner Rene Sarmiento are in favor of this constitutional action.
Abolishing SK, can not only save billions of pesos in the conduct of their elections and
budgets, but will also save the nation from the newly trained traditional politicians
(HB#2422 introduced by Bernardo Piol).









Page 31 of 58

B. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

The findings show that most of the respondents believe that SK should not be
retained and thus be abolished. The respondents who disagreed outnumbered those
who are in favor of retaining the Sangguniang Kabataan, with 47% saying that they
disagree and 24% saying that they strongly disagree. This signifies that majority of the
youth does not consider the existence of the SK. It is due to its weak performance in
accomplishing tasks that are essential for reaching the predicament and delinquent
youths. Furthermore, majority of the surveyed members of the SK stated that it has lost
the significance of its mission, and the depth of its function is not visible.

Table 8. Percentage in Retaining SK
No. %
Strongly Disagree 95 24
Disagree 186 47
TOTAL 400 100


Abolition appears to be the principal recommendation of the majority of the
respondents. However, abolishing this traditional youth organization means amending
the Philippine constitution. It must undergo through a lot of re-examination to further
ensure its relevance, and by doing so, the government must go over the status quo of
the organization, and whether it has achieved the presumed role that it was expected to
play, and do better in meeting their tasks compared to what they are already doing.
Youth must be involved voluntarily as much as possible to cultivate among them the
sense and value of voluntarism in youth participation in governance, rather than making
it compulsory to them.



Page 32 of 58

The Presidential Council for Youth Affair which is tasked to attend to the needs
and development of the youth must be utilized to the fullest so as not to waste the
money of the government for under utilized bureaucracy. This government agency, as
mandated by law must be tasked to its full extent for the benefit of the youth.

CONCLUSION

From the analyses of the facts as brought about by the research, it is clear that
the Sangguniang Kabataan has totally lost its heritage. Youth, who are the solitary
beneficiaries of this organization, no longer believe in its efficiency. The organizations
name is already accompanied with series of allegations, and accusations of
ineffectiveness. It has been slowly receiving less support by the government, when it
comes to leading them in the right path of good governance, and compelling them to be
educated on how to enact right bureaucracy through attending trainings and seminars.
Youth leaders today have reduced enthusiasm on being a part of the government, as to
be compared to the original statute in 1970s.
Page 33 of 58

Chapter V
POLICY OPTIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter recommends a policy or action to be taken, as well as other options.
Possible implementation, agencies involved and potential results of the policy
recommendation will also be discussed.

ABOLISH THE SANGGUNIANG KABATAAN

There are emerging arguments and propositions on the Sangguniang Kabataan
abolition for it is no longer serving its function. Various Senate bills that were passed in
Congress stressed out the prevailing sentiments in the local communities that the SK
officials have neglected and were unable to discharge their duties, and deliver services
that are expected of them because they are preoccupied with other things although they
still continue to receive salary.

The abolition of SK will be beneficial not only for the youth leaders, who are aside
from participating, are studying at the same time, but also for the government because
there will be lesser expenditure for the elections, and the budget for the officials salary
will be spent for other projects. It will also save the government approximately P3.5B
election expenses (DILG, 2010).

This policy alternative will call for the repeal of Section 423 to 439 of the Local
Government Code that will in effect totally abolish the Sangguniang Kabataan.
However, abolishing the organization will provoke rebellion in various youth
organizations, and it will be a long and arduous process for it tobe passed.


Page 34 of 58

REFORM THE SANGGUNIANG KABATAAN

Lawmakers should consider reforming the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) rather
than push for its abolition. As mentioned, this study revealed that Sangguniang
Kabataans relevance is no longer achieved by its officials and most of the people
surveyed have suggested that SK should be abolished. But, abolishing the organization
would be a huge step for it will change or amend the constitution.

However, abolition of this youth sector is an enormous decision. The survey
results showed that there are still 25% of the respondents who still believe in the
relevance of SK. This percentage should not be neglected nor ignored.

As an alternative, there is a need for reforming the SK and strengthen its
purpose and function by building concrete and vital projects that should be supported
and assisted by the concerned government agencies. In addition, adjusting the age of
the officials from 18 yrs old but less than 25 yrs old will also be helpful to the youth
organization because the officials will then be part of legal transactions given that they
are in the right age to sign legal documents.

SKs priority projects that must concern on Environment, Livelihood, Education,
Capability-building, Moral recovery, Barangay Council for the protection of Children,
Health, Sports Development program, Anti-drug Abuse Campaign Programs which will
help the youth enhance their skills and practice it with their fullest potential. It must also
be compulsory for every sangguniang barangay to submit audited report of their yearly
expenses with the issued budget allotted to them.
With proper guidance and assistance of these agencies, it helps to regain the
SKs damage reputation and would build more effective leaders and they could perform
the said responsibility given to them.


Page 35 of 58

ESTABLISHMENT OF NEW YOUTH REPRESENTATION

Although Sangguniang Kabataan is the governing body of every chapter in youth
federation, the study we conducted indicates that it is still a need to establish a new
genuine youth representation in the government. Since SK is no longer efficient
throughout its implementation of programs and projects which calls for abolition, a new
federation must be created to serve as the youth representative in the local governance.

With all the arguments for reform or abolition, the Sangguniang Kabataan
undoubtedly faces a lot of problems. There is something wrong with it that should be
changed. Youth representation needs a new face and authority, and a new instrument
to operate is needed. To suit the growing needs and changing environment of the youth,
the Sangguniang Kabataan needs to be reinvented, or a new youth representation shall
be established.

The youth will continue to be represented having only one youth representative
who shall be elected by the youth during national elections. The representative must be
18-25 years old, matured enough to handle the responsibility of being representative.
He/she must also undergo relevant trainings, and every project or program that is to be
passed shall be first discussed with the youth constituents

The youth representative in the local councils shall be the voice of the young
people in the policy-making bodies of the local government. They will ensure the youths
vital participation in public and civic affairs in their respective communities (Pimentel,
2008).






Page 36 of 58

POLICY RECOMMENDATION

The study showed a strong call for SK abolition. Findings of the study further
show that the Sangguniang Kabataan had not served its purpose and been obsolete
for the past two decades of its establishment.
Numerous SK officials were reported to be involved in several anomalies and
series of allegations about corruption and abusive use of power. Some of these
officials use their position to influence the decisions for this government entity and
put over the resolutions or decisions by themselves. Given this power vested in
them, the youths have become hungrier for power, which have made them
ambitious, selfish, and obnoxious. These negative effects contributed to the strong
call for SKs abolition.
The proposals for SK abolition offer an alternative way in which the youth can
represent themselves. The SK is not the solitary avenue to train the youth for
effective leadership. In fact, schools and universities have their student government
that programs which make every youth official and member more exposed in
handling programs and projects, and is more capable of involving them in decision
making with proper help and guidance from higher school authorities. The
government also has its National Youth Commission (NYC) which also promotes
and protects the youths physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social well-being,
which is also part of SKs mission. In addition, the youth can still be represented in
the Congress by partylists like Kabataan Partylist, to ensure that the youths welfare
and concerns are being addressed by the government. However, constitutional
constraint would be a major restriction for its abolition because empowering the
youth is a constitutional and moral mandate.
What is needed for government is to ensure that there are agencies that will
support these schools, and church youth organizations to be just and morally upright
citizens. The budget could be allotted to other projects and programs in the country.
Good money that could be spent for better social purposes. Funding its abolition
could be obtained through the annual budget of SKNF.
Page 37 of 58

APPENDIX. A

SOURCE: United Nations Childrens Fund
APPENDIX. B

TRAININGS/SEMINARS
A. Barangay Administration Training Program
1. Development Planning
2. Local Legislation
3. Financial Administration
4. Barangay Administration
B. Barangay at Pulisya laban sa Krimen
C. Environmental Management
SOURCE: National Youth Council
Page 38 of 58

APPENDIX. C
Chi
2
Tables- Question 11 and 15 from Survey Questionnaire

QUESTION 11:
Do you know if SK representatives receive salary?
Question No. 11
SK Officials
In-School
Youth
Out-of-School
Youth
Total Percent
YES 44 127 132 303 75.75
NO 36 33 28 97 24.25
Total 80 160 160 400 100

X
2
= 23.864 P-Value = 0.000 Interpretation = Significant
Above data shows that three- fourths (3/4) of the respondents were aware that SK officials
receive salary. However, there are still thirty-six (36) SK Officials who were not aware that
their co-officials receive salary.



QUESTION 13:
In your perception, are there anomalies in SANGGUNIANG
KABATAAN, including the formulation of their projects?
Question No. 15
SK Officials
In-School
Youth
Out-of-School
Youth
Total Percent
YES 54 82 105 240 60
NO 26 79 55 160 40
Total 80 160 160 400 100

X
2
= 9.844 P-Value = 0.007 Interpretation = Significant
The majority of the interviewed respondents (60%) answered that anomalies exist in the
Sangguniang Kabataan, with 54 SK Officials who also agreed.

Page 39 of 58

APPENDIX. D
2011 Barangay Budget for Sta. Mesa, Manila, District 6
ZONE BGY.
BUDGET
(in Pesos)
SK FUND
58 587 1 842 045.79 184 105
587-A 1 274 929.64 127 393
588 1 263 830.30 126 283
589 1 253 347.51 125 235
590 2 080 847.45 207 985
591 1 974 775.61 197 378
592 1 588 293.06 158 729
593 1 617 713.30 161 679

59 594 1 374 314.43 137 331
595 1 778 976.92 177 798
596 1 659 328.59 165 833
597 1 700 899.24 169 990
598 4 744 639.63 474 364
599 2 106 502.59 210 550
600 2 730 899.88 272 990
601 3 758 743.75 375 774

60 602 1 976 938.76 197 594
603 1 242 503.55 124 150
604 1 353 222.58 135 232
605 1 176 734.56 117 573
606 1 203 885.41 120 289

61 607 1 548 343.79 154 734
608 1 224 719.35 112 732
609 1 226 478.30 122 548
610 1 218 327.16 121 733
611 1 263 830.30 126 283
612 1 101 823.49 110 082
Page 40 of 58

613 1 100 365.48 109 937
614 1 014 960.59 101 369
615 1 519 188.89 151 819
616 1 291 689.92 129 009
617 1 105 436.37 110 444
618 1 129 300.28 112 830

62 619 1 922 521.36 192 152
620 1 037 786.59 103 679
621 1 485 809.63 148 481
622 1 250 054.86 124 095
623 1 200 160.91 119 116
624 1 279 448.36 127 845
625 1 283 914.28 128 391

63 626 1 437 660.40 143 666
627 1 443 718.47 144 272
628 4 950 435.12 494 944
629 1 458 826.50 145 783
630 808 864.84 80 786

64 631 1 871 184.18 187 018
632 1 171 808.10 117 081
633 1 364 721.11 136 373
634 1 792 077.41 179 108
635 1 142 617.70 114 162
636 1 787 921.36 178 692

TOTAL: 83 137 367.65 8 297 419
SOURCE: National Barangay Bureau, Manila City Hall


Page 41 of 58

APPENDIX. E

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 684 April 15, 1975
(KABATAANG BARANGAY)
STRENGTHENING AND DEFINING THE ROLE OF THE BARANGAY YOUTH IN
EVERY BARANGAY

WHEREAS, during the referendum of February 27, 1975, the youth throughout the land
has cogently displayed their zeal and capability to, as they did actually, participate in the
ventilation of vital issues, both local and national, affecting their welfare and the future of
this country;
WHEREAS, it has been noted that the present setup of the barangays under enabling
Acts and/or Decrees, has proved, to a great extent, inadequate to assign to the youth of
each and every barangay a definite role as well as afford them a medium to effectively
express their views and opinions on issues of transcendental significance;
WHEREAS, such barangay youth, if afforded each and every opportunity for
expression, would tremendously contribute toward an expeditious and clear
ascertainment of the actual, genuine, legitimate and valid expression of the will of the
people; and
WHEREAS, it would only be by giving them a definite role and affording them ample
opportunity to express their views that a complete cross-section of the will of the
populace could be accurately determined thereby providing a more democratic and
popular basis for legislation and/or other governmental operations;
NOW, THEREFORE, I, FERDINAND E. MARCOS, President of the Philippines, by
virtue of the powers vested in me by the Constitution, de hereby decree as part of the
law of the land, the following:
Page 42 of 58

Section 1. There shall be in every barangay throughout the land a barangay youth
organization to be known as "Kabataang Barangay" composed of all residents
therein who are less than eighteen years of age.
Section 2. The affairs of said barangay youth organization shall be administered by
a barangay youth chairman together with six (6) barangay youth leaders, all of
whom shall be at least fifteen years of age or over but less than eighteen and
actual residents of the particular barangay. They shall be chosen by the
barangay youth assembly from among its members at a meeting called for the
purpose.
Section 3. The barangay youth chairman shall be an ex-officio member of the
barangay council of the particular barangay and, in such capacity, shall be the
chairman of the Committee on Sports and Recreation activities of the barangay
council. As an ex-officio member of the barangay council, he shall exercise the
same powers and discharge the same functions as a regular barangay
councilman.
Section 4. The barangay youth assembly shall be composed of the residents of the
barangay who are at least fifteen years of age or over but less than eighteen
and who are registered in the barangay list contemplated by Section Four of
Presidential Decree Numbered Two Hundred and Ten dated June eight,
nineteen hundred and seventy-three.
Section 5. The barangay captain of the particular barangay shall have general
supervision over the affairs of the barangay youth organization (Kabataang
Barangay).
Section 6. The Secretary of Local Government and Community Development shall
promulgate such rules and regulations as may deemed necessary to effectively
implement the provisions of this Decree.
Page 43 of 58

Section 7. All provisions of laws, orders, and decrees as well as rules and
regulations inconsistent herewith are hereby repealed and/or modified
accordingly.
Section 8. Nothing in this Decree, however, shall be construed as depriving the
barangay youth of any and all rights, duties and responsibilities, vested or
imposed upon them, under existing laws.
Section 9. This Decree shall take effect immediately.
DONE in the City of Manila, this 15th day of April, in the year of Our Lord, nineteen
hundred and seventy-five.













Page 44 of 58

APPENDIX. F
Manila Map




Boundary of Sta. Mesa, Manila



Page 45 of 58

Sta. Mesa, Manila Map











Page 46 of 58

Department of Economics
POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
Sta. Mesa, Manila
College of Economics, Finance and Politics
Department of Economics

NOTE: This survey aims to generate inputs to the policy paper on Revisiting Sangguniang Kabataan for its effectiveness,
which is a requirement for graduation for a Bachelors Degree in Political Economy from PUP. All information gathered shall be
treated with confidentiality. Thank you for your kind cooperation and attention.
AGE: _____ SEX: _____ CIVIL STATUS: _____
NOTE: Please check the appropriate box: SK official: In School: Out-of-school-youth:


1. Are you aware that there is Sangguniang Kabataan?
(Pamilyar ka ba sa Sangguniang Kabataan?)

2. Are you a registered SK Voter?
(Ikaw ba ay rehistradong botante ng SK?)

If not, why?
(kung hindi, bakit?) ______________________________________________________________________


3. Do you have any relative(s) or friend(s) who have been SK official(s)?
(Meron ka bang kamag-anak o kaibigan na naging opisyal ng SK?)

4. In which of these activities did the SK in your barangay engaged in?
(Alin sa mga aktibidad na ito ang nagawa na ng inyong SK?)

NOTE: Put check(s) on the underline part.








5. Did you vote in the last SK elections? If yes, do you think the SK representatives fulfill their responsibilities
in your barangay?
(Bumoto ka ba noong nakaraang SK eleksyon? Kung OO, sa tingin mo ba
nagagampanan ba ng SK ang kanilang mga responsibilidad sa inyong barangay?)

6. Did the SK accomplish important projects for the community?
(Ang SK ba ay nakagawa ng mahahalagang proyekto para sa komunidad?)



___ Beauty Pageants ___ Livelihood Programs Others
___ Basketball Competition ___ Outreach Program
___ Sing & Dance Contest ___ Scholarship Program
___ Parties ___ Community Service

YES NO
YES NO
YES NO
YES NO
YES NO
Page 47 of 58

7. Do the SK in your barangay play a significant role for the development of
your community?
(Nakakatulong ba ang SK para sa pag papaayos ng inyong komunidad?)

8. Does the SK in your barangay fulfilled the needs and concerns of the youth?
(Napupunan ba ng SK ang mga pangangailangan at ikinababahala ng mga
kabataan?)

9. SK serves as a training ground for effective leadership?
(Nagsisilbi bang ensayo ang Sk para sa pangkinabukasang pamumuno ?)

10. Do you know that there are sangguniang barangay session for an organized
barangay?
(Pamilyar ka bang mayroong sesyong pang-Sangguniang barangay para sa isang
oraganisadong barangay?)

11. Do you know if SK representatives receive salaries?
(Alam mo ba kung nakakatanggap ng sweldo ang mga SK?)

Or, with incentives/benefits?
(O, insentibo/benepisyo?)

12. Does the SK representatives have the financial resources to used for
their projects in the barangay?
(Mayroon bang nakalaang pondo para sa SK upang matugunan ang
kanilang mga proyekto?)

13. In your perception, are there anomalies in the Sangguniang Kabataan,
including in the formulation of their projects?
(Sa iyong pagkakaalam, mayroon bang anomalya ang inyong SK, kabilang na sa
paggawa ng kanilang mga proyekto?)

14. Is it still relevant to retain the SK?
(Kailangan pa bang panatilihin ang SK?)

why?
(bakit?)
________________________________________________________________________


15. Do you plan to run for SK?
(May plano ka bang tumakbo sa SK?)

why?
(bakit?)
________________________________________________________________________




YES NO
YES NO
YES NO
YES NO
YES NO
YES NO
YES NO
YES NO
YES NO
YES NO
Page 48 of 58

NOTE: This is for SK officials only.

16. Have you attended this Sangguniang barangay session?
(Nakadalo ka ba sa pagpupulong na ito?)

17. Have you sponsored a resolution which pertains to the youth in
Sangguniang Kabataan?
(Nakagawa ka ba ng isang resolusyon patungkol sa kabataan sa Sangguniang Kabataan?

18. Have you coordinated with your barangay?
(Nakikipag tulungan ka ba sa inyong barangay?)

19. Who encourage you to run in the Sangguniang Kabataan?
(Sino ang nag hikayat sayong tumakbo sa Sangguniang Kabataan?)

___________________________________________________________________________________



M a r a m i n g s a l a m a t p o .














YES NO
YES NO
YES NO
Page 49 of 58

B I B L I O G R A P H Y

A. BOOKS

Abletez, J. P., 1993, Sangguniang Kabataan: Handbook for New Youth Councils, SK
Funding Support, Mary Jo Educational Supply, pp. 37- 43
A handbook wherein it provides the knowledgable information regarding to the youth, their
benefits, salaries, their function, duties and functions under the Local Government Code of
1991.
Davis, Nanette J., 1999, Youth Crisis: Growing Up in the High-Risk Society, Youth,
Addiction, and Control, Praeger, pp.155-192
The creation of this book responses to the treatment of young people in criminology. This
discipline has long been preoccupied with adolescent deviance, as any
perusal of juvenile delinquency textbooks reveals. the traditional concerns of legal definitions
and behavior patterns of delinquency and child dependency, but also other youth concerns as
well: studies of abused children, African American families, high school drop outs, teen
employment, differential arrest rates of minority youth, drugs, violence, gangs, poor laws,
teenage pregnancy, juvenile victims, juvenile justice, incarceration trends, and a host of other
topics related to youth problems.
Daft, Richard L., 2008, The Leadership Experience: Fourth Edition, Thomson South-
Western part of the Thomson Corporation, p. 223
This book, fourth edition, offers every students for a greater potential for self-assessment and
leadership development that is an important aspect of learning to be a good leader.
Dihan, Reverendo M., 2000, Procedural Rules in the SK, Mary Jo Publication Manila, p. 279
The main feature of this book is to provide parliamentary rules and procedures under the SK
constitution and laws.
Hempelman, Kathleen A., 2000, Teen Legal Rights, Teens and Crimes, Greenwood Press,
pp.187-216
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The purpose of writing of this book is again to educate teens, parents, teachers, and
counselors about the legal rights of young people and to explain the many aspects of American
law that teens want to know more about. Explaining to individual the story behind the criminal
reason of a teenager committed giving them the idea to know what are the challenges they are
facing.

McClelland, David C., The Achieving Society, Free Press Paperback
A book that provides a factual basis through economic, historical, and sociological where it
explain the rise and fall of the civilization. This also gives methods of the behavior of an
individual.
Moeller, Thomas G., 2001, Youth Aggression and Violence: A Psychological Approach,
Television and Media, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp.126-152
This book attempts to fill that void and draws on research from the fields of sociology,
criminology, and history as well. As the developmental psychologist, Thomas Moeller
familiarize the theory and research on moral development and aggression in normal children.
At the same time, he also knew that research in developmental psychopathology had
produced a large body of information on clinical manifestations of youthful antisocial behavior
and violence. However, he could find no one book that integrated these two bodies of
information.
Roach, John. & Thormaneck, Jurgen. (1985). Public Policy (law). Europe, Cross Cultural
Studies, pp. 17223.
Various disciplines such as psychology and sociology have examined vandalism from different
perspectives, and it is difficult to reach consensus on a definition. This form of destructive
behavior is thus motivated not by profit but by other factors, suggests that acts of vandalism
are motivated by anger, boredom, catharsis, erosion of already damaged objects, or aesthetic
factors.

B. MAGAZINES/ JOURNALS/ NEWSPAPER

Balod, Sophia; Gono, Cielo Marjorie (2010), Philippine Daily Inquirer, SKs Dark Side,
Page 51 of 58

Philippine Daily Inquirer
An article that shows on the defects in Sangguinian Kabataan set up wherein it states that a lot
of money is wasted that is allotted for the SK. From here it said to be they were exposed and
practices to an early corruption by means of their meaningless programs with no direction such
as parties, beauty contest, dance and singing competitions, etc
Barawid, Rachel (2010), Manila Bulletin Newspaper Online, The Great SK Debate: do we
really need the Sangguniang Kabataan?, Manila Bulletin Publishing Corporation
An article saying allegations of corruption by inefficient, ineffective and non-performing
Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) official causing to give a call for its abolition which supported of
various sectors and officials including the President of the Philippines Benigno Aquino. Prior to
that, Philippines is said to be the only country in the world, so far, that has given youths an
opportunity to take a participation role in the government through these SK.
Ben, R. R. (2007, September 4). Manila Bulletin, Bill postponing village polls old, Manila
Bulletin Publishing Corp, p.8
An article that discusses the Committee on Suffrage and Electoral Reforms in the House of
Representatives approved yesterday the consolidated bill postponing anew the barangay and
Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) elections from October 2007 to the second Monday of May in
2009. Embodied in at least 13 separate bills and resolutions, the postponement of the Oct. 29
elections is a priority measure of the House leadership. It is the first measure to pass
legislative committee procedure in the 14th Congress.
Cardinoza, Gabriel (2010), Inquirer.Net, Barangay, SK polls important in testing level of
Political Maturity, Philippine Daily inquirer
Over the past decades that the Philippines faces during election is still immature when it comes
to politics due to the government officials who are not properly elected. With that, those SK are
still needed to exist in every barangay to be able to assist and help people but then this chance
of becoming a leader will be rooted of violence due to hunger for power.
Cayanan, Erika Crititne B., (2008), PUPino Youth, An Act Scraping the Fix Budget Allocation
for Sangguniang Kabataan, Youth Congress
An article that is all about the bill regarding SKs states the planning to scrap the fix budget
allocation for the sangguniang kabataan. The fund of this SK are included in barangay funds
wherein 10% are for the Sangguniang Kabataan where they are using for their projects and
Page 52 of 58

also for their salaries but what is disappointing about this is that, some studies the
Sangguniang Kabataan Officials are failing to do their responsibilities.
CONCERN, INC. (1992). Sangguniang kabataan: primer book 1, Abolish it, Now!, Manila:
Mary Jo Educational Supply.
An article that states we do not need the SK to train good leaders. We do not need the SK to
enable the youth to do their share, and neither do we need it to have the voice of
teenyboppers heard and heeded. We have to clothe kids with formal powers so they can be
relevant to our national life. It only makes them believe too early what many of us desensitized
adults have come to accept: that politicians are self-important and that the citizens are
powerless.
Gono, Cielo Marjorie (2010), Negative on Sks Part, Philippine Daily Inquirer
An article on which it shows the defects in Sangguniang Kabaatn set up wherein it states that
a lot of budget is being wasted that is alloted on SK. Some says that corruption takes place on
this agesby means of their meaningless programs that has no directions.
Liporda, Isagani (2007), Student Leaders Call for Abolition as Bayan Depends SK Amidst
Air Strike, BROOD Online Forums,
In this article, it informs us that this Sangguniang Kabataan Federation should be abolished to
re-allocate their funds to give importance on providing more funds for public education system
with that more youth could reach schools and more Filipinos will be educated.The Sanggunian
kabataan Federation main objective is to enhance social, political, economic, cultural,
intellectual, moral, spiritual and physical development has been lost and turns into the
existence of miserable performance.
Mercene, Floro (2010), The Manila Bulletin Newspaper Online, Politics at an Early Age,
Manila Bulletin Publishing Corporation
An article that tackles that the most of the church leaders here in the Philippines wants to
abolished the said Sangguniang Kabataan due to they see that something is wrong to
most of the youth involve in this kind of leadership and the reason is that most of the
youth are engaging into corruption at this early age. Exposing them into dirty politics
that is present in here is not a good thing because they could adopt this kind of manner
in all aspects of their lives.
Page 53 of 58

Nuez, Dr. Domingo B., 1997, Social Welfare and Development Journal, Beyond Innocence:
A Study on the Age of Discernment of the Filipino Children, Department of Social Welfare and
Development Journal, vol.2 issue no.3; pp.40-46
In this journal, readers could learn about the real age for decision making of Filipino children
and how they react and think about a certain thing. Knowing and understanding this study was
conducted by Dr. Nuez we could learn that juvenile are innocent no more.
Quismundo, Tarra, 2009, February 10, Inquirer.Net, Juvenile Crimes Up by 18%--PNP,
Philippine Daily Inquirer

In this journal, the Philippine National Police states that as of February 2009 the cases
regarding juvenile crime increases to 18% from last year of record. Prior to that, the
sentence or detention for them are still in rehabilitation.

Smith, H. N., ( 1968). Moral Reasoning of Young adults: Political-social behavior, family
background and personality correlate. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

Definition of thought is obviously incomplete if we say only that thoughts are responses,
almost any definition we come up with is not going to be airtight, though, because there will be
gray areas where it will be hard to apply. Ordinarily, though, we symbolize things with words
and come people argue that thought is basically convert verbal behavior, in general, thoughts
can be defined as brain processes that are symbolical. This general definition refers to what
most of us think of us conscious thought but the definitions run into trouble when we consider
unconscious or partially conscious influences on behavior.


C. OFFICIAL REPORTS and DOCUMENTS

Balanon, Faye Alma G.; Ong, Michelle; Torre, Beatriz; Puzon Marco; Granada, Juan Paolo;
Trinidad, Arnie (2007), The Impact of Youth Participation in the Local Government, The
Sanggunian Experience, United Nation Childrens Fund (UNICEF), pp. 19-32
A study commissioned by the United Nations Childrens Fund in partnership with the
Department of the Interior and Local Government- National Barangay Operations Office to
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look up to the effectiveness of the SK council across the country. This study shows the
performance of SKs over the past ten years which ratified that its performance has been
generally weak though the study also discovered some strength of the said SK.
Fukuda- Parr, Sakiko, 2003, The Human Development Paradigm: Operationalizing Sens
Ideas on Capabilities, Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group, pp. 301 317
This paper reects on Sens work in light of this shift in emphasis. Gender analysis has been
central to the development of the new agency-driven paradigm, and gender equity is a core
concern. A gender perspective has also helped highlight important aspects of this paradigm,
such as the role of collective agency in promoting development.
Hak-Su, Kim (2000), Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, YOUTH IN
THE PHILIPPINES: A Review of the Youth Situation and National Policies and Programmes,
United Nations, New York, pp.101-118
The main highlights of this study is the Youth Participation on various organizations that is
operating in this country followed by a section that presents youth issues through the use of
their own voice. The objective of this project is to strengthen the capacity of governments, in
coordination with other sectors, to formulate and implement programmes that address the
human resources development needs of youth, it is hoped that this Monograph will encourage
at the local, national, and regional levels the inclusion of young people in decision-making
processes and project implementation.
Hindelang, Michael J., 1996, American Sociological Review, Correlates of Delinquency: The
Illusion of Discrepancy between Self- Report and Official Measures,
Official Records were it is said to be reflecting the accuracy of an individuals single most
serious violation that the pattern of offenses either serious or non-serious, which commonly
commits.
Layug, Allan S., 2010, Do Barangays Really Matter in Local Services Delivery? Some
Issues and Policy Options, The link between Barangay planning and Budgeting, Philippine
Institute for Development Studies, pp. 6- 16

The PIDS Discussion Paper Series constitutes studies that are preliminary and subject to
further revisions. They are being circulated in a limited number of copies only for purposes of
soliciting comments and suggestions for further refinements. The studies under the Series are
unedited and unreviewed.
Page 55 of 58


Macaspac, Macky (2011), Tranparency Reporting, The Sanggunian Kabataan in Limbo: What
Lies Ahead for the Nations Youth?,
Among the key findings of the study was that the SKs performance for the past ten years has
been generally weak. This is especially true in terms of coming up with legislations, promoting
the development of young people, submitting reports and holding consultations with their
constituents.Under its constitution and by-laws, the main function of the SK is to promulgate
resolutions necessary to carry out the objectives of the youth in the barangay, initiate
programs designed to enhance the social, political, economic, cultural, spiritual a physical
development of the members, conduct fund-raising activities, consult and coordinate with all
youth organizations in the barangay for policy formulation and program implementation, and
coordinate with the appropriate agency for the implementation of youth development projects
and programs at the national level.
Madelo, C. jr.; Amante, D.A.; Lorenzo, H.C, 2003, Introduction to criminology and
Psychology of Crime, Segment 5: Juvenile Delinquency, Mindshapers Co., INC., pp.65-77
Deals with the overview of the study of crimes: its cause and its effect, the criminals and its
criminal behavior including the approaches of their treatments. It also includes the studies of
the different factors that are precipitate crime repression, criminal etiology or the predisposing
factors and producing elements of crimes.
Razal, Uldarico S., 2004, The Implementation of the Programs and Projects of
Sangguniang Kabataan Municipal Federation Presidents in Cataduanes in their
Barangays, 145 leaves
A study where in it provides some projects and programs that Sangguniang Kabataan under
the barangay of Catandues. It also provides information about the ineffectiveness of the youth.
Said to be, the fund that should alloted to this SK should allocate in more resourceful projects
that will help its barangay.
Rhodes, Kristin; 2008, The Criminal Prosecution of Juveniles: A Philosophical Reappraisal
of Adolescent Agency, The Problem with Getting Tough on Juvenile Offenders, Lethbridge
Undergraduate Research Journal, volume 3, section 2
This paper examines the implications of contemporary advancements in neuroscience for our
understanding of agency, particularly in assessing the criminal responsibility of juvenile
offenders. an individual must be capable of navigating his or her own life and of making
Page 56 of 58

decisions for which he or she in significant part is responsible. It revised conception of free will
challenges conventional notions of legal guilt and accountability; it illuminates new ways of
thinking about the complex and difficult questions of juvenile agency.
D. INTERNET MATERIALS

del Finalbano, Isabela., Sangguniang Kabataan Constitution & By-Laws, The 2001
Katipunan ng Kabataan and Sangguniang Kabataan Constitution and By-Laws,
delfinalbanoisabela.com
Provides article concerning the main purpose and the obligations of the Sangguniang
Kabataan to every barangays. In the said article, its shows the responsibility and the duties of
SK given the consequences they will faced in terms of any irresponsible act they will do.
Fabian, Carlos Miguel; Necor, Sharmaine Bianca; Perez, Nicole Lucille (2008), A research
Paper from De La Salle University- Dasmarinas, On the Abolition or Retention of
Sangguniang Kabataan
This research paper would benefit the youth in that the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) is a
section of the government made up and for the youth, the so-called future leaders of society.
In the event that our research finds out that the SK should be abolished, it is the youth who
would be directly affected.On the other hand, if the research finds out that the SK should not
be abolished, it is still the youth who would largely benefit. Furthermore, this research paper
will inform the youth the roles and the benefits which they get from their peers whom they
have elected into office. Finally, since the SK focuses on members of the youth who are
becoming delinquent members of society, this research paper would be able to inform the
general public on the benefits of SK on the youth. Either way, the youth would benefit from the
research outcome.
Kohlberg, G. K., (1973). Stage and Sequence: The Cognitive Developmental Approach to
Socialization. Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research, Rand McNally & Company
Environment modifies to a certain extent the effects of heredity, a person endowed with
intelligence but bereft of education cannot fully develop into an achieving citizen. On the other
hand, a person who combines intelligence and formal education can fully develop an
achieving citizen, where good school can develop pupils better than the poor ones.
Environment provides the direction of the growth and development of individual wherein
school is an important factor in the wide variation of the levels of development of individuals.
Page 57 of 58

Ligalig, Mike Ortega (2007), Abolition of the Sangguniang Kabataan , Philippine Information
Agency, http://tubagbohol.mikeligalig.com/index.php?action=printpage;topic=5463.0
Stressing on the recommendations of the study to weigh the merits of the Sangguniang
Kabataan (SK), National Youth Commissioner (NYC) Benjie Oliva hinted that in case of the
abolition of the SK, the NYC would find other ways to engage the youth sector in national
development. The NYC wants to postpone the elections so that the Commission on Elections
can still implement programs to make polls credible, he admitted it could be too late for the
Senate to call on a plenum to discuss the Congressional Committee Suffrage and on Electoral
Reforms.
Maslow, Abraham H., 1945, A Theory of Human Motivation, retrieved on June 9, 2012,
http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Maslow/motivation.htm
Needs that provide human essential that is needed for survival.
Robles, Chan, Chan Robles Virtual Law Library, Executive Order no. 24, Chan Robles
Professional Review Inc.,
An online website that provides different laws under the Philippine constitution and also
different situation in within the country. It gives you information about the situation that is
happening in the country and the corresponding law on the given situation.

E. UNPUBLISHED WORKS

Bueno, Federico V., (1998), SK and National Security: A Policy Options Paper, Thesis
355.0330599 B8625, 104 leaves
A thesis made by DILG that provides ways that will strengthen the effectiveness of SK through
proper training and seminars that conducted by the Local Government Agency. This study
also stated that educational attainment has no significant relationship with the implementation
of SK projects and programs.
Dalusino, Bernadette M., (1999), The Types of Motivation and Temperamental Traits vis--
vis the Work Performance of the SK Barangay Chairmen in Angeles City, Thesis
305.23506 D175t, 142 leaves + abstract
Page 58 of 58

A thesis study that would be useful in the motivation and temperamental traits that an SK
official must have so that the said SK Official will be effective enough to its constituents.
Gonzales, Florante D., (), The SK Re-Examined, Thesis 305.23506 G589s, 77 leaves
The creation of this study is to assess whether the SK is still relevant in barangay.
Salcedo, Society V., (2005), The Participation in Local Governance of the Sangguniang
Kabataan Federation Presidents of Ilocos Sur, Thesis 305.23506 Sa31p, 78 leaves
It provides the roles and actions of the SK federation president in local government.
Singson, Jose Florante F., (2001), the Primary Role of Sangguniang Kabataan in Youth
Representative in Local Governance under Barangay Level, Thesis 324.3 Si64p, 83 leaves
The objective in the creation of this thesis is to know how the SK exercises its power and
functions as youth leaders in barangay governance.