Name of Student :

___________________________
Teachers Name : MR. CHRIS
Class : F2A1
Lesson No. : 11
Date : 10 APRIL - 2013
Time : 12.15PM 2.00PM

SEKOLAH MENENGAH SERI OMEGA, JOHOR BAHRU

Subject : Science
Chapter / Topic : 3.0 Biodiversity
Sub-Topic : 3.1 Understanding variety of living organisms and their
classification.


What is biodiversity?
1. The living things found on Earths are human, animals and plants.
2. A living thing is known as an organism
3. Animals and plants have various shapes, sizes and habitats.
4. The differences that exists between the same species of living things are called
variations/ diversity of life/ or biodiversity.
Habitat of living things
1. A natural place where plants and animals live is called a habitat.
2. Different animals and plants live in different habitats.
3. A habitat is important to an organism because
a. It provides the organism with food.
b. Protection
c. Space for breeding

HABITAT of living things
Animals Plants
Bird Tree Lotus Lake
Snake Bushes Mushroom Wood
Amoeba Pond Durian tree Orchid
Whale Sea Duckweed Pond
Camel Dessert Coconut tree Seashore
Termite Wood Cactus Dessert


Classification of Living Organism
1. Classification of living organism such as plants and animals can be done based on
their common characteristics.
2. A classification system is required to group living things methodically because of
their large number and types.
3. Although they possess common characteristics, organisms from the same species
still have distinctive characteristics which differentiate them from other species.
4. Classification is important to enable more in-depth scientific studies to be carried out
for the improvement of the species themselves.
5. Examples of classification of animal based on their habits and their breathing organs
are shown below.

Classification of animals
Habitat Breathing organs
Land water Water &
Land
Gills Lungs Moist Skin

Examples
Eagle Whale Crab Turtle Horse Frog
Chicken Prawn Seahorse Crocodile Duck Toad
snake Crab eel Frog Cow

Classification of Animals
1. Groups of animals can be classified according to similarities in characteristics,
features and structures.
2. Common characteristics are characteristics that are possessed by two or more types
of species.
3. Common characteristics in animals include methods of reproduction, types of food
habitats and physical features.
4. Classification of animals by common characteristics:


Characteristic of animal Examples

Live in water

Crab, fish, shrimp, oyster, squid, cockle and
jellyfish


Live on land


Dog, chicken, cat, squirrel, mouse, elephant, tiger
and deer


Live in water & on land


Crocodile, frog, turtle, seal and otter

Reproduces by laying eggs


Hen, fish, bird, crab, duck, goose and cockroach


Reproduces by giving birth


Whale, dolphin, porcupine, pangolin, bat, rabbit
and cow


Herbivorous


Rabbit, cow, goat, giraffe, squirrel, snail and
grasshopper


Carnivorous


Lion, tiger, piranha, crocodile, snake, frog

Omnivorous


Chicken, duck, cat, cockroach, mouse, bear

Body covered with hair


Cat, dog , cow , rabbit , bear, bat

Body covered with feathers


Bird, penguin, chicken and duck

Body covered with scales


Fish, pangolin, lizard, snake, monitor lizard



5. Animals can be classified into 2 big groups:
a. Animals with backbones
b. Animals without backbones
6. Animals with backbones are known as vertebrates
7. Animals without backbones are known as invertebrates




Vertebrates
with backbones
Main support is
endoskeleton
which consists of
bones
Invertebrates
without
backbones
Main support is
exoskeleton such
as hard skin and
fluid pressure
ANIMALS
vertebrates
fish amphibians reptiles mammals birds
invertebrates
8. Vertebrates are divided into 5 main groups. The 5 main groups are:
a. Fish
b. Bird
c. Mammals
d. Reptile
e. Amphibian

9. Classification of vertebrates and their characteristics:

a. FISH


Characteristics of fish:

1. Habitat : water
2. Type of blood: Cold-blooded ( poikilothermic ) body temperature change according
to the temperature of the surroundings.
3. Characteristics of body: streamlined; covered by slimy scales; moves using fins and
tails
4. Breathing organ: Gills
5. Method of reproduction: Lays eggs ( except sharks and seahorses give birth to
young)
6. Type of fertilization : external fertilization
7. Examples are fish and eel
b. BIRD



Characteristics of birds:

1. Habitat : land
2. Type of blood: Warm-blooded ( homoiothermic ) fixed body temperature
3. Characteristics of body:
i. covered by feathers
ii. have beaks
iii. legs covered with dry scales
iv. move using wings and legs
4. Breathing organ: Lungs
5. Method of reproduction:
i. Lays eggs
ii. Eggs have shell
6. Type of fertilization : internal fertilization
7. Examples are bird and chicken





c. REPTILE



Characteristics of reptiles:

1. Habitat : water and land
2. Type of blood: Cold-blooded ( poikilothermic )
3. Characteristics of body: covered by dry and hard scales , move using limbs and tails
4. Breathing organ: Lungs
5. Method of reproduction:
i. Lay eggs
ii. Eggs have shells ( rattle snakes give bith to young)
6. Type of fertilization : internal fertilization
7. Examples are snakes and crocodiles






d. AMPHIBIANS



Characteristics of amphibians:

1. Habitat : water ( the young ones ) and land ( adults )
2. Type of blood: Cold-blooded ( poikilothermic )
3. Characteristics of body: covered by moist skin ; moves with limbs and tails
4. Breathing organ:
i. Gills ( tadpole stage )
ii. Lungs ( adult stage )
iii. Moist skin ( adult stage )
5. Method of reproduction:
iii. Lay eggs
iv. Eggs have no shells
6. Type of fertilization : external fertilization
7. Examples are toad and frog



e. MAMMALS



Characteristics of mammals:

1. Habitat : land ( whales and dolphins are 2 exceptions)
2. Type of blood: Warm-blooded ( homoeothermic )
3. Characteristics of body:
i. covered by fur or hair
ii. have external ears
iii. have sweat glands
iv. have mammary ( milk) glands ( produce milk from young )
v. move using limbs.
4. Breathing organ: Lungs
5. Method of reproduction: Give birth to young ( except platypuses and anteaters)
6. Type of fertilization : internal fertilization
7. Examples are cat, rabbit and goat

Unusual characteristics of some mammals
1. Bats have wings and fly like birds
2. Whales and dolphins live in water like fish
3. Pangolin lays eggs and have beaks like ducks
4. Platypus lays eggs and have beaks like ducks
5. Porcupines the body is covered with spines for protection.
6. Kangaroos and koalas raise the young in their body pouches.

Invertebrates
1. Invertebrates are generally animals without backbones.
2. The support system of invertebrates consists of:
a. Exoskeleton such as hard shell. Examples are crabs, prawns and centipede
b. Hydrostatic frame. Examples are earthworms, caterpillar and planarians
3. Generally, the physical characteristics of invertebrates are much more simpler than
vertebrates.
4. Most microorganism are invertebrates. For examples, coelenterates ( Hydra and
Jellyfish) and protozoa ( Paramecium and Amoeba ).
5. Invertebrates also can be broadly classified into 2 groups. The 2 groups are:
a. With jointed legs
b. Without jointed legs
Invertebrates
Invertebrates with jointed legs Invertebrates without jointed legs
Example
Crab, Spider, centipede, millipede , butterfly Earthworm, flatworm, sea anemone, starfish
and snail.





Exercises

1. Diagram 2 shows the classification of vertebrates.
















(a) What groups do M and N represent? Label M and N on Diagram 2.

[2 marks]

(b) State one difference between group M and group N.

..
[1 mark]

(c) Name one group of vertebrate which is cold-blooded.




[1 mark]

(d) Which group of vertebrates has feathers?


[1 mark]

(e) Which group of vertebrate gives birth to their young?


[1 mark]










VERTEBRATES
BIRDS REPTILES FISH
M: . N: .
Diagram 2
2. Diagram 4 shows four different animals, P, Q, R, and S.




















(a) Based on your observation in Diagram 4, state one characteristic of each animal.

P.. ..

Q.

R :...

S:....


(b) Classify the animals in Diagram 4 into two groups based on their common
characteristics.
Name the animals belonging to each group.




















Common
characteristics
P, Q, R and S

Names of
animals

R P
S Q
Diagram 4

3. Diagram 5 shows animals P, Q and R.
















(a) Which group of vertebrates do P, Q, and R represent? Write the answers in Diagram 5

[3 marks]


(b) Match P, Q, and R to its correct common characteristics.

























[3 marks]
P

...
Q

...
R

...
Diagram 5
P
Q
R
Breathe with lungs, cold-blooded,
skin covered with hard and dry
scales

Breathe with lungs, cold-blooded,
skin covered with hard and dry
scales
Breathe with lungs, warm-blooded,
lay eggs with hard shells

Breathe with lungs, warm-blooded,
give birth to live young


Animal
Characteristics