1

Chapter 5: Failures Resulting from Static Loading

The concept of failure is
central to the design
process, and it is by
thinking in terms of
obviating failure that
successful designs are
achieved.

Henry Petroski
Design Paradigms
5.1 Static Strength
Yield Strength
Depending on heat treatment, surface nish, size
Use in multi-axial loading conditions
S
y
5.2 Stress Concentration
nom ts
nom t
K
K
! !
" "
=
=
max
max
See Table A-15 and 16
Walter D. Pilkey, Petersons Stress Concentration Factors,2
nd
ed.
John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1997.
FEA analysis can be used.
Stress concentration factors for round bar with fillet. (a) Axial load
and (b) Bending..
Round Bar with Fillet
2
Stress concentration factors for round bar with groove. (a) Bending and (b)
Torsion.
Round Bar with Groove
Stress concentration factors for round bar with hole.
Round Bar with Hole
Figure 6.8 Flat plate with fillet axially loaded
showing stress contours for (a) square corners;
(b) rounded corners; (c) small grooves; and (d)
small holes.
Stress Contours
Failure Prediction for Multiaxial
Stresses
The limit of the stress state on a material
Ductile Materials - Yielding
Brittle Materials - Fracture
In a tensile test, Yield or Failure Strength of a
material.
In a multiaxial state of stress, how do we use
Yield or Failure Strength?
3
A. Maximum Shear Stress (MSS) Criterion
(Tresca Criterion)
2
max
y
!
" =
y B A
y B
y A
S
S
S
= !
=
=
" "
"
" For Plane Stress:
!
A
, !
B
have same signs.
!
A
, !
B
have opposite signs.
In a tension specimen:
"
max
!
y

(!
3
=0)
The diameter of the Mohr circle = !
y

Ductile Material
[ ] ( ) [ ]
3 1 2 3 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1 3 3 2 2 1 1
2
2
1
2
1
! ! ! ! ! ! " ! ! ! # ! # ! # ! + + $ + + = + + =
E
u
For the three principal stresses;
in an uniaxial tension test.
2
3
1
Y d
S
E
u
! +
=
For plane stress; [ ]
2 2
3
1
B B A A d
E
u ! ! ! !
"
+ #
+
=
2 2 2
y B B A A
S = + ! " " " "
!
2

!
1

MSST
DET
After taken out the hydrostatic stress (!
ave
=(!
1
+!
2
+!
3
)/3)
( ) ( ) ( )
ave ave ave
! ! ! ! ! ! " " "
3 2 1
, , Now substitute !
1
, !
2
and !
3
with
B. Distortion Energy (DE) Criterion (von Mises)
Ductile Material
Ductile Material
Use of von Mises Stress









New Form: No Failure
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]
( )
( )
2 / 1
2 2 2
2 / 1
2 2
2 / 1
2 2 2 2 2
2 / 1
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
3
Stress Plane For
6
2
1
2
Stresses axial Multi For
xy y y x x
B B A A
xz yz xy x z z y y x
! " " " "
" " " " "
! ! ! " " " " " "
" " " " " "
"
+ + # =
+ # =
+ + + # + # + # =
$
%
&
'
(
) # + # + #
=
#
y
S ! "
FStresses acting on octahedral planes. (a) General state of stress; (b)
normal stress; (c) octahedral stress.
Octahedral Stresses
4
Ductile Material
C. Coulomb-Mohr (DCM) theory
Some metals have a higher compressive strength
than tensile strength.
Tensile, Shear and compression
1
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
3 1
3 1
3 1
1 3
1 1 3 3
1 2
1 1 2 2
= !
+
!
=
+
!
!
!
!
!
=
!
!
c t
t c
t c
t
t
S S
S S
S S
S
S
OC OC
C B C B
OC OC
C B C B
" "
" "
" "
"
!
!
3
!
1 -S
c
S
t C
1
C
2
C
3
B
1
B
2
B
3
O
c B B A
c
B
t
A
B A
t A B A
S
S S
S
! " " "
" ! " "
" " "
# # #
# #
# #
# # #
0 : 3 Case
1 0 : 2 Case
0 : 1 Case
S
t
S
t
S
c
S
c
!
A
!
B
Graphical representation of
maximum-shear-stress theory for
biaxial stress state.
Graphical representation of
distortion energy theory for biaxial
stress state.
MSS and DE for Biaxial Stress State
Three-dimensional yield locus for
MSS and DE.
Three-Dimensional Yield Locus
Brittle Materials
A. Maximum Normal Stress (NMS) Theory
uc ut
S S ! " #
3 1
or $ $
B. Modification to Mohr Theory
B A
uc
B
B A
uc
B
ut
A
B A
ut
A
n
S
n S S
n
S
! ! !
! !
! !
! ! !
" " # =
" " = #
" " =
0
0
1
0
!
1

!
2

NMS
B
S
ut
S
ut
S
uc
S
uc
uc B ut A
S S ! " # $ $ or
For Plane Stress
Brittle-Columb-Mohr