PlasticBuckling 1

1 Copyright 2011 by ASME
Proceedings of the ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels & Piping Division Conference
PVP2011
July 17-21, 2011, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

PVP2011-57544
AN EVALUATION METHOD FOR PLASTIC BUCKLING OF CANTILEVER TYPE
PIPES CONTROLLED BY DISPLACEMENT LOADS -PART 1 PROPOSAL OF THE
ESTIMATION METHOD AND THE CRITERION

Masanori ANDO
Japan Atomic Energy Agency,
Ibaraki, Japan
Taiji TEZUKA
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd,
Nagasaki, Japan

Toshio NAKAMURA
Nagasaki, Japan
Tomohiro OKAWA
Hyogo, Japan
Yasuhiro ENUMA
Mitsubishi FBR systems, Inc,
Tokyo, Japan

Nobuchika KAWASAKI
Ibaraki, Japan
Kazuyuki TSUKIMORI
Ibaraki, Japan

ABSTRACT
In Fast Breeder Reactor, dominant stresses in the piping
system are secondary, which are induced by constraint of the
thermal expansion of components and pipes. Therefore, the
structural design rule should essentially prevent the buckling
caused by displacement controlled loads. In this study, the
evaluation method of the buckling criterion of cantilever type
pipes subjected to lateral displacements is proposed. We define
the criterion of the deformation controlled buckling based on
bending strain at local buckling portion. Then finite element
analysis (FEA) is performed for estimating the displacement
and bending strain at local buckling portion during the
displacement controlled buckling. Those defined criterion and
results of FEA are availed to investigate the evaluation method
of the displacement controlled buckling criterion. In those FEA,
material properties of Mod.9Cr-1Mo steel are applied, because
the material is a candidate for primary and secondary heat
transport system components of JSFR (Japan Sodium cooled
Fast Reactor), and those of 316FR (type 316 stainless steel
modified for FR) are also used to compare the FEA results of
Mod.9Cr-1Mo steel. Results of FEA suggest that buckling
behaviors strongly depend on the distribution of bending
moment and strain hardening behavior of the material.
Therefore, those features must be considered in construction of
the evaluation method of displacement controlled buckling.
To consider the distribution of bending moment, two
indexes are defined. One indicates nonlinear bending
displacement of a straight pipe. The other indicates the
configuration of the pipe and material properties. Relationship
between those indexes, which including criterion of
displacement controlled buckling, is formulated by the
enveloped line considering the effect of the strain hardening
behavior of the material.
As a result, an equation which represents the criterion for
displacement controlled buckling of cantilever type pipes was
proposed. This equation consists of two indexes as mentioned
above, and can estimate criterion of displacement controlled
buckling by material properties and pipe configuration. The
proposed equation can be applied to the pipes made of
Mod.9Cr-1Mo steel and 316FR.
INTORODUCTION
Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) is undertaking Fast
Reactor Cycle Technology Development (FaCT) project now.
In FaCT project, the sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) was
selected as the primary candidate. Japanese demonstration fast
reactor (FR), which named Japan Sodium cooled Fast Reactor
(JSFR), is a sodium cooled, MOX fueled and advanced loop
type reactor evolved from Japanese FR technologies[1-3]. One
of those technologies is improvement of elevated temperature
design code for adopting the JSFR design. In the Japan Society
Proceedings of the ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels & Piping Division Conference
PVP2011
July 17-21, 2011, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
PVP2011-57544
Downloaded 03 Oct 2012 to 203.199.33.2. Redistribution subject to ASME license or copyright; see http://www.asme.org/terms/Terms_Use.cfm
of Mechanical Engineers (JSME), FR design and construction
code was published and it bases on the technologies adopted on
the design and construction for Japanese prototype FR named
MONJU[4-6]. Upgrading of JSME FR code by employing
innovative and optimal design methods will contribute to
achieve compact and simple plant design, and it will improve
the reliability and economic competitiveness of JSFR. To meet
those demands, we studied an evaluation method for plastic
buckling of cantilever type pipes controlled by displacement
loads as one of the design rule improvement.
In the operation of FRs, dominant stresses on the piping
system are secondary, which are induced by constraint of the
thermal expansion of the components and pipes. The piping and
components of FRs are subject to low primary stress and high
thermal stress. ASME Sec. Div.1 Subsec.NH[7] supplies
time-independent buckling factors in Table T-1521-1. This table
classifies buckling factors by dominant buckling mechanisms.
These are stress controlled buckling and strain controlled
buckling in Table T-1521-1. Since strain controlled buckling
is resulted from secondary stress condition, the amplitude of
factors in strain controlled buckling is smaller than those in
stress controlled buckling. The rule and concept are similar to
those in JSME FR code[6]. Therefore, the components and
piping systems can be designed by rational design factors
depending on the dominant stress mechanism in FRs.
Nevertheless, there are no evaluation method for strain
controlled buckling in ASME Sec. Div.1 Subsec.NH[7] and
JSME FR code[6]. On the contrary, T-1521 describes that
design limit of ASME Sec. Div.1 Subsec. NB-3133 may be
applied as an alternative rule, although NB-3133 is the rules for
external pressure. On the other hands, JSME FR code supplies
the evaluation methods based on local plastic buckling behavior
caused by primary stress as the conservative evaluation method.
In JSME FR code, the equivalent axial compression load is
limited lower than design yield strength(S
y
), as follows.

B
y
0 C
f
S
yI 2
M D
A
F
+
(1)
140
t
D
0
(2)
3 . 1 y ; =

y
0
S 5
E 2
t
D
140 < <
(3)
= 140
S 5
E 2
/ 140
t
D
3 . 0 3 . 1 y ;
y
0

where
f
B
; Safety factor
E ; Elastic modulus for average temperature through the
thickness(MPa)
S
y
; Design yield strength for average temperature
through the thickness (MPa)
F
C
; Axial compression load(N)
M ; Bending Moment (Nmm)
D
0
; Outside diameter(mm)
t ; Thickness(mm)
A ; Cross-sectional area(mm)
I ; Geometrical moment of inertia(mm
4
)
Note ; Evaluation of Euler type buckling should be
considered in case of the long column.

In addition to that, JSME FR code also requires satisfying
the external pressure limits. Equation (1) limits the equivalent
axial compression stress to design yield strength or less with
safety factor. The buckling limit is applicable to both buckling
mechanisms, stress controlled buckling and strain controlled
buckling. However, there is room for rationalization and
applying the optimal evaluation method for the buckling
resulted from displacement controlled loads.
NEEDS OF OPTIMIZED LIMITS ON PIPING DESIGN IN
JSFR
In JSFR, Mod.9Cr-1Mo steel is planned to be used for the
components of primary and secondary heat transport system,
because this steel has both excellent thermal properties and
high temperature strength. Application of Mod.9Cr-1Mo steel
enables to design the simpler piping system rather than the
cases of that in austenitic stainless steel. Figure 1 illustrates the
latest JSFR design[3].

Fig.1 Illustration of the latest JSFR design

To mitigate the influence of sodium fire resulted from
coolant boundary failure, all of the components in primary and
secondary heat transport systems including the piping have
double walled structure. The interstice is covered with Ar or N
2

gas to prevent chemical reactions between the sodium and H
2
O
contained surrounding atmosphere. Therefore, hot leg piping in
primary loop is also covered by outer pipe, as shown in Fig.1.
IHXwith primarypump
Secondarypump Steamgenerator
Hotlegpiping
(Doublepipingsystem)
Innerpipe
Outerpipe
Joint
portion
Upper end of the outer pipe is connected to the roof deck of the
reactor vessel and bottom end is jointed to the inner piping by
the parts called Y piece. Since the simply designed hot leg
piping with inverted L shape, the stress arisen by thermal
expansion have to be absorbed by the deformation of single
elbow and the flexure of straight pipes. Therefore, large loading
arises at the joint portion between inner piping and outer pipe.
This is one of the examples for the primary loop. To achieve the
plant with high reliability and economic competitiveness,
simple and shorter piping system is strongly demanded.
Designing of such piping results in larger loading at fixed end
of piping, which is mainly nozzle.
To realize such piping design, buckling limit should be
improved to fit the load condition of JSFR piping. Because
current code only provides evaluation methods based on the
load controlled buckling and just limits equivalent axial
compression load less than S
y
. In other words, evaluation
method for the plastic buckling resulted from displacement
controlled loads is needed for the piping design in JSFR.
In this study, an evaluation method for plastic buckling of
cantilever type pipes resulted from displacement controlled
loads was proposed on the purpose of improvement of the
JSME FR code. Therefore, the buckling mode described in this
study was local plastic buckling on cantilever type pipes
resulted from displacement controlled loads of the monotonic
bending, and all of the investigation was carried out assuming
that the buckling was caused by the secondary stress due to
thermal expansion. Generally, the buckling of cantilever type
pipes due to axial compressive load results in elephant-foot
buckling. Therefore, buckling mode treated in this study shows
local swelling deformation near the bottom end of pipe at the
compression side. Buckling caused by shear stress is out of
scope in this study, because this study focuses on plastic
buckling of cantilever type pipes. In the rough design of the
piping of JSFR, the buckling caused by the shear stress was
ignored.
Similar studies were performed in the design study of
former demonstration fast breeder reactor in 1990s for 316FR
(type 316 stainless steel modified for FR) piping[8-11]. Igari et
al. proposed the buckling criterion due to displacement
controlled load based on the results of buckling tests for 316FR
pipes[10]. The criterion prevents the buckling by using the
rotation of the pipe in order to eliminate the effect of pipe
length. In this study, we discussed the applicability of the
proposed criterion to the piping made of Mod.9Cr-1Mo steel.
Then, the buckling evaluation method, which can apply to the
piping made of both Mod.9Cr-1Mo steel and 316FR, was
proposed.
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
A series of elastic-plastic large deformation Finite Element
Analysis (FEA) was carried out to predict the buckling
behavior of cantilever type pipes resulted from displacement
controlled loads, using ABUQUS code. Material properties of
Mod.9Cr-1Mo and 316FR at 550 [12-13] were applied
considering the operating temperature of the hot leg piping in
primary loop. Configuration of FEA models are shown in Fig.2.
Shell elements with 5 integral points in the direction of
thickness were used. Ratio of radius to thickness (R/t) of the
base model was corresponded to that of the hot leg piping in
primary loop in JSFR, which was about 36.1. In these FEA,
pipe length, thickness and material properties were changed
parametrically. To assume the buckling behavior of the vertical
pipe by the horizontal loading due to thermal expansion, the
bottom end was fixed and horizontal load was applied to the top
end. Consequently, it implies plastic buckling of cantilever type
pipes resulted from displacement controlled loads.

Fig.2 Configuration of FEA model for estimating the
buckling behavior of displacement controlled load due to
monotonic bending
DEFINITION OF THE BUCKLING CRITERION UNDER
SECONDARY STRESS
Main concern of this study is application to the piping
design of FRs, and dominant stresses in the piping system are
secondary. Therefore, we decided that the criterion have to
contribute to the functional maintenance of the components,
although conventional buckling are related to the collapse. It
means that when the criterion will be satisfied, effect of the
local buckling deformation on the strength and coolant flow is
negligible. This agrees with the failure mode of Loss of
function due to excessive deformation described in ASME
Sec. Div.1 Sebsec. NH-1110. Here, the criterion to prevent
the buckling of cantilever type pipes resulted from
displacement controlled load was considered based on concept
as mentioned above. In fact, the criterion can prevent the pre-
buckling, because local deformation precedes the maximum
load.
Three kinds of concepts were compared as candidate
criteria for the buckling of cantilever type pipes resulted from
L (mm)
10004000
216.3(mm)
Displacement
displacement controlled load. Determination concepts of the
displacement as a buckling criterion for pipe subject to
monotonic bending are shown in Fig.3. In Fig.3, assumed
buckling condition is that a vertical straight pipe fixed on the
bottom end and top end is subjected to horizontal displacement
controlled load.

Fig.3 Determination concepts of the displacement as a
buckling criterion for pipe subject to monotonic bending

Figure 3(a) illustrates a concept of that the value of
displacement corresponding to the maximum load adopted as
buckling criterion. This concept is similar to the criterion of the
conventional load controlled buckling. Figure 3(b) bases on the
relationship between displacement at loading portion and
bending strain of longitudinal axis at local buckling portion. In
case of the elephant-foot buckling of cantilever type pipes,
bending strain of longitudinal axis at local buckling portion
increases with displacement. Extrapolated line is figured as a
tangential line, and the value of displacement where
extrapolated line cross to the horizontal axis was adopted as
buckling criterion. This tangential line is figured from the stable
proportional region. The criterion as shown in Fig.3(b) was
proposed in former study[10-11]. Figure 3(c) is a concept based
on the relationship between displacement and total strain at
local buckling portion. The value of displacement where the
discrepancy was observed between FEA based on the
infinitesimal deformation theory and that on the large
deformation theory was adopted as buckling criterion. Latter
one can be replaced by the real data when the experimental
result is obtained.
Comparison of those concepts by FEA indicated that
criterion of Fig.3(a) allows the largest displacement and that of
Fig.3(b) and (c) gave similar value, although it depends on the
material, thickness, length on the pipe and so on. Criterion of
Fig.3(a) allows larger swelling deformation than pipe thickness
at the local buckling portion. Larger deformation is not
adequate for integrity of the cantilever type pipes, because such
structural discontinuity may result in plastic hinge and crack
initiation. Difference between criterion of Fig.3(b) and (c) is
summarized as follows. Each prevents the local deformation by
bending moment. Concept of Fig.3(b) estimates displacement
of criterion from the deformation process, and this criterion
depends on local deformation. On the other hands, concept of
Fig.3(c) estimates that from the predictable range calculated by
FEA based on the infinitesimal deformation theory. It is
applicable for consideration based on FEA, but it is difficult to
apply to the experimental verification, because the prediction of
FEA not always agrees with the test behavior. Since there are
unknown factors in the tests, predictable range calculated by
FEA based on the infinitesimal deformation theory cannot be
clearly distinguished from the test results. As a result, we
concluded that criterion of Fig.3(b) is appropriate to prevent the
local deformation caused by plastic buckling of cantilever type
pipes subject to secondary stress.
Figure 4 shows the results of FEA of the buckling behavior
in the pipe made of Mod.9Cr-1Mo steel. In these FEA, pipe
length (L) was 2,000mm and thickness was changed in each
case. Displacement corresponding to the maximum load and
that corresponding to the criterion defined in Fig.3(b) were
shown in Fig.4. Differences between the displacement
corresponding to the maximum load and the criterion
displacement depend on R/t. The difference decreases with R/t,
but the local elastic-plastic deformation at the buckling portion
is almost similar, because this criterion is based on the local
bending strain.
Horizontal displacement at loading portion,
L
o
a
d
,

P

Displacement at the
maximum loading
(a)
P

Displacement extrapolated from abrupt
difference of local bending strain
(b)
B
e
n
d
i
n
g

s
t
r
a
i
n

o
f

l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l

a
x
i
s
a
t

b
u
c
k
l
i
n
g

p
o
r
t
i
o
n
,

Displacement at departure point

(c)
T
o
t
a
l

s
t
r
a
i
n

o
f

l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l

a
x
i
s

a
t

b
u
c
k
l
i
n
g

p
o
r
t
i
o
n
,


Infinitesimal deformation theory
Large deformation theory
0

Fig.4 Relationship between load and horizontal
displacement at loading portion
VERIFICATION OF THE ESTIMATION METHOD
BASED ON PIPE ROTATION
Evaluation method of displacement controlled buckling
based on pipe rotation was proposed for the design study of
former Japanese demonstration fast breeder reactor in 1990s[8-
11]. This evaluation method was based on the tests results of
displacement controlled buckling tests for pipes made of
316FR, because 316FR was the piping material of the former
Japanese demonstration fast breeder reactor at that time. The
outline of estimation method based on pipe rotation is
schematized in Fig.5 and those are expressed by the following
equations.

B R cr
+ =
(4)
L
cr R
=
(5)

ER 3
L 27 . 1
) 27 . 1 (
2
y
y
e
B

= =

(6)

L
) 27 . 1 (
y
e
cr
cr

=
(7)
( ) R t 15 . 0 003 . 0
cr
=
(8)

cr
;Buckling displacement [mm]
R
;Displacement due to the local plastic deformation
(rotation deformation)[mm]
B
;Displacement due to the elastic pipe bending
deformation (elastic deformation)[mm]
cr
;Buckling rotation [rad]
y
;Mean yield strength [MPa]
E ;Elastic modulus[MPa]
t ; Pipe thickness[mm]
R ; Pipe radius[mm]
L ; Pipe length[mm]

Fig.5 Evaluation method of the buckling due to deformation
based on pipe rotation [11]

Equation (8) was defined as envelope curve of the
experimental results of the series of buckling tests for 316FR
pipes, and applicable R/t is limited to 50 or less. Results of FEA
were evaluated by the procedure as mentioned above and those
were shown in Fig.6. Envelope curve expressed by eq.(8) is
also figured in Fig.6.

Fig.6 Estimation results of buckling criterion by FEA in
Mod.9Cr-1Mo and 316FR (L=1000mm)

It was clarified that the envelope curve was too
conservative comparing to the results of FEA for 316FR pipes.
When it used as estimation method of the buckling, safety
factors are also applied, because the envelope curve expressed
by equation (8) just estimates the buckling criterion. Similarly
to this, it was also conservative for that of Mod.9Cr-1Mo steel
pipes in the case that R/t is smaller than 60. There conservative
estimation was resulted from that the equation (8) was just
envelope curve of experimental results of 316FR pipe. Since
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 20 40 60 80 100
L
o
a
d
,

P

(
k
N
)
Horizontal displacement at loading portion, (mm)
R/t=27.0
R/t=36.1
R/t=50.1
R/t=72.1
Maximumload Criterionload
316FR
R/t=36.1
F
cr
R B
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
C
r
i
t
i
c
a
l

r
o
t
a
t
i
o
n

a
n
g
l
e
,

c
r

(
r
a
d
)
Ratio of radius and thickness, R/t (mm/mm)
Mod.9Cr-1Mo(L=1000mm)
316FR(L=1000mm)
0.003+0.15(t/R)
there are differences of stress and elastic-plastic strain
relationship of materials between 316FR and Mod.9Cr-1Mo, it
is not adequate to apply the envelope curve for estimating the
buckling behavior of the pipe made of Mod.9Cr-1Mo. In
addition, FEA for the various length models were estimated by
this procedure, and those results were shown in Fig.7.

Fig.7 Relationship between critical rotation angle and pipe
length in Mod.9Cr-1Mo and 316FR(R/t=36.1 and 54.1)

The differences between the envelope curve and results of
FEA increase with the pipe length. FEA results revealed that
local plastic deformation arose in the area depended on the pipe
length. Plastically deformation area was larger in the case of
longer pipe model. This agrees with the extension of the
bending moment around the local buckling portion of pipe end.
In Fig.7, the buckling rotation of 2,000mm pipe was twice of
that in the case of 1,000mm, and this agreed with difference of
the extension area of plastic deformation along the axial
direction in FEA. Those results implied that the effect of the
extension of local plastic deformation couldnt be considered in
the proposed evaluation method based on pipe rotation.
Therefore, we supposed that the proposed evaluation method
should be improved to perform more conservative estimation in
long pipe because most of straight pipes jointed to the nozzle in
actual plant may be longer than that of FEA models used in
Fig.7.
PROPOSAL OF THE EVALUATION METHOD BY
NONLINEAR FACTOR
It is difficult to take the effect of extension of plastic
deformation area into account for the proposed evaluation
method based on pipe rotation. Displacement considering both
distribution of bending moment and elastic-plastic deformation
of the pipe is demanded for calculating the accurate pipe
rotation due to buckling. To investigate the effect of extension
of plastic deformation area simply, pipe length was used as an
estimation parameter. As a result, two indexes were defined.
The first one was the non-linear factor, , expressed by the
following equation.

B
cr
=
(9)

where
cr
and
B
are the displacement defined as the criterion of
buckling subjected to the secondary stress and the elastic
displacement of the cantilever type pipe, respectively. Since
effect of extension of plastic deformation area was considered,
the pipe length was used for calculating the
B
. Nonlinear
factor, , indicates the ratio between the plastic displacement
and elastic displacement of the cantilever type pipes. The
concept of non-linear factor, , is schematized in Fig.8.

Fig.8 Concept of the nonlinear factor () for estimating
displacement controlled buckling

The second one was the configuration and material factor,
, composed by geometry of pipe and the material property.
was expressed by the following equation.

=
t
R
E
y
(10)

Where
y
and E are the mean yield strength and elastic
modulus of the pipe material and R and t are radius and
thickness of the pipe, respectively. Material properties were
taken into account as the estimation parameter to accommodate
the both of Mod.9Cr-1Mo steel and 316FR.
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
C
r
i
t
i
c
a
l

r
o
t
a
t
i
o
n

a
n
g
l
e
,

c
r

(
r
a
d
)
Length , L (mm)
Mod.9Cr-1Mo(R/t=36.1)
316FR(R/t=36.1)
Mod.9Cr-1Mo(R/t=54.1)
316FR(R/t=54.1)
R/t=36.1
R/t=54.1
0.003+0.15(t/R)
L
o
a
d
,

P

Pcr
E
B
B
e
n
d
i
n
g

s
t
r
a
i
n

o
f

l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l

a
x
i
s
a
t

b
u
c
k
l
i
n
g

p
o
r
t
i
o
n
,

cr
cr
The results of FEA applied to those indexes were shown in
Fig.9. The effect of pipe length was enabled to be insignificant
owing to the proposal indexes. The results of FEA assuming the
elastic perfect plastic (EPP) body were also shown in Fig.9.
Elastic limit was defined as mean yield strength in those
calculations. It was supposed that the effect of material
properties was insignificant in the results assuming EPP. This
result indicated that differences of relationship between and
observed in Mod.9Cr-1Mo steel and 316FR were mainly
caused by strain hardening properties of the materials. Since
Mod.9Cr-1Mo steel has high yield ratio, the difference between
EPP and Mod.9Cr-1Mo steel is smaller than that between EPP
and 316FR. Consequently, three approximation curves were
figured in Fig.9, and these approximation curves were
expressed by the following equations.

Mod.9Cr-1Mo
1
05 . 0 1+ =
(11)
316FR
1
15 . 0 1+ =
(12)
EPP
1
015 . 0 1+ =
(13)

Fig.9 Relationship between nonlinear factor () and
configuration and material factor() by FEA

The differences between equation (13) and equations (11)
and (12) imply the strain hardening properties of the materials.
If any plastic deformation could not be allowed, the equation
for EPP should be adopted as a conservative estimation method.
In contrast, consideration of the strain hardening was
indispensable for proposing the optimized estimation methods.
Equation (11), (12) and (13) were unified by equation (14) to
take the strain hardening of the material into account.

1
1 23 . 0 015 . 0 1
y
% 3
+ + =
(14)

To unify those equations, the ratio of stresses (
3%
/
y
) was
applied to express the strain hardening of the materials. Here,
3%
is defined as the stress which corresponds on the tensile
curve to a total strain equal to 3%. This
3%
was applied based
on the local plastic behavior obtained from a series of FEA,
because about 3% total strain was corresponding to the mean
axial strain of the inner surface at the maximum load roughly.
Relationship between R/t and axial strain of the inner surface at
the maximum load by FEA were shown in Fig.10. Axial strain
of the inner surface at the maximum load of smaller R/t is
larger than that of longer length and/or larger R/t. This indicates
that axial strain depends on the bending moment and increases
with increasing of bending moment at local buckling portion.
Results of a series of FEA were compared to the equation
(14) as shown in Fig.11. It is obvious that the proposed
evaluation method predicts the relationship between and
adequately.

Fig.10 Relationship between ratio of radius and thickness
(R/t) and axial strain of inner surface at maximum load

Fig.11 Comparison of the proposed evaluation method for
deformation controlled buckling and results of FEA

0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
N
o
n
l
i
n
e
a
r

f
a
c
t
o
r
,

c
r
/
B
)
Configuration and material factor, (
y
/ER/t )
Mod.9Cr-1Mo_EPP(L=1000mm)
Mod.9Cr-1Mo_EPP(L=2000mm)
316FR(L=1000mm)
316FR(L=2000mm)
316FR_EPP(L=1000mm)
316FR_EPP(L=2000mm)
EPP;Elastic perfect plastic
Eq.(11)
Eq.(12)
Eq.(13)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0
A
x
i
a
l

s
t
r
a
i
n

o
f

i
n
n
e
r

s
u
r
f
a
c
e

a
t

m
a
x
i
m
u
m

l
o
a
d
,

P
m
a
x
(
m
m
/
m
m
)
Ratio of radius and thickness, R/t (mm/mm)
316FR(L=1000mm)
316FR(L=2000mm)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
N
o
n
l
i
n
e
a
r

f
a
c
t
o
r
,

c
r
/
B
)
Configuration and material factor, (y/ER/t )
316FR(L=1000mm)
316FR(L=2000mm)
Equation (14) gave conservative estimation for buckling
criterion in practical use, because straight pipe was not
perfectly fixed at bottom end in actual piping. A flexibility of
bottom end, which is elastic deformation of nozzle and so on,
increases the criterion deformation (
cr
). Besides, equation (14)
was proposed based on the series of FEA using the material
properties of Mod.9Cr-1Mo and 316FR. So, verification study
that proves the applicability to other materials will be
demanded for the codification.
EFFECT OF INITIAL SHAPE IMPERFECTION
It is well known that an initial shape imperfection reduces
the buckling strength significantly [14-15]. Especially, an
imperfection similar to buckling mode reduces the buckling
strength. Therefore, it is important to consider the effect of
imperfection for the buckling criterion applied in this study. As
the imperfection, the pipe bending during the construction, the
local deformations caused by welding and manufacturing
tolerance can be assumed, for instance. Here, as the
imperfection in piping, local deformation caused by welding
was adopted as a likely case. For modeling the imperfection in
FEA, it was simulated as the shrinkage deformation of pipe,
and the shrinkage caused by welding was varied by welding
location. The amount of shrinkage and its profile along the
axial direction was considered using the following equation
[16].

( ) x sin x cos x
3
e
D 8
p
w

+
=

(15)

( )
4
2 2 2
h R 1 3 = (16)

where
w ; Amount of imperfection [mm]
; Bending rigidity factor
p ; External pressure [Pa]
D ; Outer diameter of pipe[mm]
x ; Distance from weld line[mm]
; Poissons ratio

Amount of the maximum imperfection was defined
referring the applicable limit of JIS B 2312, which is code of
Steel butt-welding pipe fittings. In JIS B 2312, the
imperfection is limited less than 12.5% of pipe thickness. For
conservativeness, twice of this limit was applied as the
maximum shrinkage. For the FEA model, the profile of
shrinkage along the axial direction was also modeled using
equation (15). FEA model shown in Fig.3 was used. Pipe length
of 2,000mm and pipe thickness of 3.0mm was applied as the
configuration of the reference model. A weld line was assumed
at 50mm, 500mm and 1,000mm from the bottom end. The
parameters applied to FEA are shown in Table 1. Results of
FEA were shown in Fig.12. The maximum load in the model
having a weld line at 50mm with 0.25t imperfection was 5%
smaller than that of the reference model, and the criterion
deformation estimated by the definition concept of Fig.3(b) was
almost same to the reference model. It is concluded that the
effect of initial shape imperfection of pipe is negligible in the
proposed evaluation method.

Table 1 Parameters of FEA models to investigate the effect
of initial shape imperfection

Fig.12 Comparison of the deformation behavior between
base model and the model with a initial imperfection in
FEA
CONCLUSIONS
The buckling mode prevented in FRs piping was
considered as plastic buckling of cantilever type pipes caused
by displacement controlled loads. Then, a buckling criterion of
cantilever type pipes subjected to lateral displacements was
proposed. Elastic-Plastic large deformation analysis was
implemented to estimate the relationship between proposed
criterion and pipe geometries. As a result, following
conclusions were obtained.
1) Proposed criterion strongly depends on the material
hardening behavior and the displacement where criterion strain
occurred during deformation controlled buckling became larger
in case of higher hardening material. Therefore, it is important
to take those material features into account for consisting the
optimized estimation method of the displacement criterion.
2) Two kinds of indexes, and , were applied to clarify the
relationship between displacement occurred during deformation
controlled buckling and pipe configurations. According to FEA
results, an evaluation method was proposed for plastic buckling
Maximum deflection
()
Location from lower end
(mm)
Base model
Model 0.125t-50 0.125t 50
Model 0.25t-50 0.25t 50
Model 0.25t-500 0.25t 500
Model 0.25t-1000 0.25t 1000
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 20 40 60 80 100
L
o
a
d
,

P

(
k
N
)
Horizontal displacement at loading portion, (mm)
Base model
Model 0.125t-50
Model 0.25t-50
Model 0.25t-500
Model 0.25t-1000
Model 0.25t50
Basemodel
Model0.25t500
Model0.25t1000
Model 0.125t50
of cantilever type pipes caused by displacement controlled
loads.
3) It was confirmed that the effect of initial shape imperfection
is negligible in the proposed evaluation method.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This paper includes results of Technical development
program on a commercialized FBR plant entrusted to JAEA by
the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan (METI).
The many valuable comments given by Mr. Kenichiro Sato of
Mitsubishi FBR systems, Inc. are greatly appreciated.
REFERENCES
[1]Yutaka.Sagayama et. al., Progress on reactor system
technology in the FaCT project toward the commercialization
of fast reactor cycle system Proceedings of international
conference on Fast Reactors and Related Fuel Cycles
2009(FR2009), IAEA-CN-176-01-02, 2009
[2]Kazumi Aoto et al., JSFR design study and R&D progress
in the FaCT project, Proceedings of international conference
on Fast Reactors and Related Fuel Cycles 2009(FR2009),
IAEA-CN-176-01-07, 2009
[3]Takaaki Sakai et al., Conceptual Design Study toward the
Demonstration Reactor of JSFR Proceedings of ICAPP 10,
Paper 10285, 2010
[4]Kunihiro Iida, Yasuhide Asada, Kunio Okabayashi and
Takashi Nagata, Construction codes developed for Prototype
FBR MONJU Nuclear Engineering and Design, No.98,
pp.283-288, 1987
[5]Kunihiro Iida, Yasuhide Asada, Kunio Okabayashi and
Takashi Nagata, Simplified analysis and design for elevated
temperature components of MONJU Nuclear Engineering and
Design, No.98, pp.305-317, 1987
[6]JSME: Code for Nuclear Power Generation Facilities, Rules
on Design and Construction for Nuclear Power Plants, Section
Fast Reactor Standards, (2009), JSME S NC2-2009 (in
Japanese).
[7]ASME Boiler and Pleasure Vessel Code, Section
Subsection NH, 2010 Edition
[8]Nobuchika Kawasaki et al., Recent design improvements of
elevated temperature structural design guide for DFBR in
Japan, SMiRT15, Div. F, F04/4, pp. V 161-168, 1990
[9]Takakura Kenichi et al., Elevated temperature structural
design guide for DFBR in Japan, Transactions of SMiRT 13,
E05-1, pp.389-400, 1995
[10]Toshihide Igari et al., Plastic buckling and ratcheting of
straight pipes subjected to deformation-controlled monotonic
and cyclic bending Proceeding of ASME PVP, 1996, pp.47-
54,1996
[11]Hiroshi Wada et al., Estimation of deformation-controlled
buckling of piping and nozzles subject to thermal expansion
load, Proceedings of the annual meeting of JSME/MMD 1992,
No.319, pp.191-192, 1992
[12]Kazuya Kurome et al., Material strength standard of
316FR stainless steel and modified 9Cr-1Mo steel,
Proceedings of ASME PVP 1999, PVP-Vol.391, pp.47-54, 1999
[13]Japan Atomic Power Company: Demonstration Design
Standard at Elevated Temperature (Draft), 1998, (in Japanese).
[14]Junji Okada et al., An evaluation method for plastic
buckling of circular cylindrical shells under shear forces
Transactions of SMiRT 12, E09/4, pp.281-286, 1993
[15]Koji Iwata, Improvement of buckling design criterion for
cylindrical shells subject to axial compression and bending,
PNC TN9410 93-088, Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel
Development Corporation, 1993, (in Japanese).
[16]Yuzuru Fujita et al., Studies on Thermal Elasto-Plastic
Problems : 4th Report : Welding Deformations and Residual
Stresses due to Circumferential Welds in Cylindrical Shells,
Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Japan., Vol.146,
pp.383-392, 1979(in Japanese)

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