By: Shannon VandenBerg

Type 1: This type is related to severe

hyperglycemia and hyperketonemia.
Inadequate energy and nutrient
metabolism can be considered a
complication. Some clinical manifestations
include excessive thirst, urination, and
hunger. Other symptoms include nocturia,
fatigue, weight loss, and blurred vision
Type 2: The clinical manifestations include
excessive thirst, urination, and hunger. The
long-term complications arise, such as
visual changes, changes in kidney function,
coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular
disease, recurrent infections, or
neutropathy.

Clinical
Manifestations and
Potential
Complications:
Diabetes Mellitus





Diabetes mellitus is a group of
disorders, characterized by the inability
to regulate the amount of glucose in the
body, leading to inadequate metabolism
of protein, fats, and carbohydrates
(Anderson & Braun, 2011).
Lifespan and
Cultural
Considerations:

Type 1: Onset affects puberty or
childhood with the peak at 10-14 years.
This type of diabetes is known as insulin-
dependent or juvenile onset diabetes.
Type 2: Onset affects adult years with the
peak at age 45 years), prevalence
increases in those under 45 years. This
form of diabetes is referred as non-insulin-
dependent or adult-onset diabetes. The
incidence in younger onset diabetes is
increasing and found to affect individuals
younger than 25 years. Native American,
Hispanic, and Black race are risk factors to
this type of diabetes.


Diabetes mellitus includes type one (insulin
deficit) and type two (resistance and
reduction). The absence, deficit, or resistance
to insulin it leads to a state of hyperglycemia
which is an elevation in blood glucose levels.
The etiology of both includes multifactorial,
genetics and environmental influences.
There are secondary conditions that lead to
insulin deficit or resistance. These conditions
include the disease of the pancreas that
destroys pancreatic beta cells (such as
pancreatitis), hormonal syndromes (such as
acromegaly), stress (such as severe medical
illness or surgery), and certain medications
(glucocorticoids).
Type 1: The pathophysiology includes an
autoimmune destruction of the pancreas. Risk
factors include triggering environmental agents.
Type 2: The pathophysiology includes a
decreased sensitivity to insulin in metabolic
tissues resulting in insufficient insulin usage.
The most sufficient risk factor is obesity others
include age over 30 years, family history, and
Native American, Hispanic, or Black race.
In the year 2011, 1568 new cases of diagnosed
diabetes among adults aged 1879 years in the
United States were shown.

Type 1: The treatment for insulin deficit
type one diabetes mellitus is insulin
replacement balanced with exercise and
diet. The goal is to stabilize blood glucose
levels within the expected range (70-120
mg/dL) this can be measured frequently
using self-blood glucose monitoring
systems. Diet should include complex
carbohydrates, protein, and unsaturated fat
restricting simple sugars, cholesterol, and
saturated fat.
Type2: Weight control is the most
important treatment through nutrition and
exercise including oral glycemic agents or
insulin replacement therapy. The treatment
goal is the same as type one by increasing
exercise adequate diet.

Diabetes Mellitus Treatment: References:
Braun, C. A., & Anderson, C. M. (2011). Pathophysiology: A
Clinical Approach (second ed., pp. 472-478).
Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Collage of the warning signs of diabetes (2014, March 17).
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http://www.superstock.com/stock-photos-
images/1538R-54764
Diabetes mellitus reduction and danger supervision
(2013, December 11). In Diabetes Symptoms.
Retrieved March 18, 2014, from http://floating-
cities.com/tag/diabetes-mellitus
Diabetes Public Health Resource (2013, November 19).
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Essiac & Diabetes (2013). In Give Me Life. Retrieved March
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Langley, C. (2013, September 27). Are Americans Interested
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March 18, 2014, from
http://teststripz.com/blog/is-america-interested-
in-reversing-diabetes/
Lifespan (2012, January 3). In HSHA: Hawai'i Speech-
Language-Hearing Association. Retrieved March
18, 2014, from
http://www.hsha.org/index.php/2011/08/1342/life
span/
Powell, R. (n.d.). Diabetes Self-Management. In OCONEE
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