QUESTION BANK FOR SATELLITE

COMMUNICATION
(EEE F472/ EEE C472)


SUBMITTED TO :
DR. M.K DESHMUKH
PREPARED BY
Aditya Chandratre 2011A8PS330G
S.Aditya 2011A8PS350G
Question Bank on Chapter 5:
Major Topics:
Carsons rule, Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis, Time Division Multiplexing,
Phase Shifting Keys
1: Write a short note on Carsons Rule and state the two facts with the help
of which frequency modulation is straightforward?
Solution: CARSON'S RULE: A formula is used to determine the RF Bandwidth or
occupancy for an FM signal. If you are designing an FM system on microwave or
satellite, you will need to take care that your signal does not cross-talk into other signals
on the system. Frequency Modulation creates modulation sidebands that theoretically
extend to infinite bandwidth. These sidebands consist of Bessel Functions of any order.
From a practical standpoint the band occupancy of an FM modulated carrier only needs
to count the Bessel Function sidebands of significant amplitude. The formula that
calculates this bandwidth is called CARSON'S RULE.
Frequency Modulation is very straightforward if you remember these two facts
1-The frequency deviation of carrier is directly proportional to modulating signal
voltage.
2-The bandwidth required to transmit an FM signal is found out by Carsons Rule.


2: Explain the concepts of Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis? Why are they
necessary? State the significance of both?
Solution: The concept of Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis is a broad subject, however I
will try to give you the basic concept behind the advantages, and necessities of using it
in FM.
In common narrowband two way fm communications, Pre-emphasis follows a 6 dB per
octave rate. This means that as the frequency doubles, the amplitude increases 6 dB.
This is usually done between 300 - 3000 cycles. Pre-emphasis is needed in FM to
maintain good signal to noise ratio. Why is it necessary? Common voice characteristics
emit low frequencies higher in amplitude than high frequencies. The limiter circuits that
clip the voice to allow protection of over deviation are usually not frequency sensitive,
and are fixed in level, so they will clip or limit the lows before the highs. This results in
added distortion because of the lows overdriving the limiter. Pre-emphasis is used to
shape the voice signals to create a more equal amplitude of lows and highs before their
application to the limiter. The result is that the signal received is perceived louder due
to more equal clipping or limiting of the signal, but probably more important is the
increased level of the higher frequencies being applied to the modulator results in a
better transmitted audio signal to noise ratio due to the highs being above the noise as
much or more than the lows
3: A carrier wave of frequency 100 MHz is frequency-modulated by a
sinusoidal wave of amplitude 20 volts and frequency 100 kHz. The frequency
sensitivity of the modulator is 25 kHz
per volt.
(a) Calculate the approximate bandwidth of the FM signal using Carsons rule.
(b) Repeat the calculation when the amplitude of the modulating signal is
doubled.
(c) Repeat the calculation when the modulation frequency is doubled.
Solution: We have the following parameters: fc = 100MHz, W = 100 kHz, |m|max =
maxt |m(t)| = 20 volts, kf = 25 kHz/volt. Also, recall that Carsons rule states that the FM
bandwidth can be approximated by
BT = 2_f + 2W = 2kf |m|max + 2W.
(a) BT = 2 25 20 + 2 200 = 1, 200 kHz.
(b) The maximum amplitude changes to |m|max = 40 volts and consequently Carsons
bandwidth
estimate is
BT = 2 25 40 + 2 200 = 2, 200 kHz.
(c) The bandwidth changes to W = 200 kHz and Carsons estimated bandwidth estimate
is
BT = 2 25 20 + 2 400 = 1, 400 kHz.

4: A satellite transponder has a bandwidth of 36 MHz.Earth stations use RRC
filters with a= 0.4.Find maximum bit error rate that can be sent through this
transponder by BPSK and QPSK?
SOLUTION: Maximum symbol rate is given by R = B/1+a = 25.7Msps
BPSK: Bit error rate = R = 25.7 Mbps
QPSK: Bit error rate = 2R = 51.4 Mbps
5:Write in short about BPSK and QPSK? Distinguish between them and draw
their constellation diagrams?
Solution: BPSK is the simplest form of phase shift keying (PSK). It uses two phases which
are separated by 180 and so can also be termed 2-PSK. It does not particularly matter
exactly where the constellation points are positioned, and in this figure they are shown
on the real axis, at 0 and 180. This modulation is the most robust of all the PSKs since
it takes the highest level of noise or distortion to make the demodulator reach an
incorrect decision. It is, however, only able to modulate at 1 bit/symbol (and so is
unsuitable for high data-rate applications. Constellation diagram is shown below


QPSK uses four points on the constellation diagram, equispaced around a circle. With
four phases, QPSK can encode two bits per symbol, shown in the diagram with Gray
coding to minimize the BER sometimes misperceived as twice the BER of BPSK.The
mathematical analysis shows that QPSK can be used either to double the data rate
compared with a BPSK system while maintaining the same bandwidth of the signal, or to
maintain the data-rate of BPSK but halving the bandwidth needed. In this latter case,
the BER of QPSK is exactly the same as the BER of BPSK - and deciding differently is a
common confusion when considering or describing QPSK. The transmitted carrier can
undergo numbers of phase changes.
The the advantage of QPSK over BPSK becomes evident: QPSK transmits twice the data
rate in a given bandwidth compared to BPSK - at the same BER. The engineering penalty
that is paid is that QPSK transmitters and receivers are more complicated than the ones
for BPSK. However, with modern electronics technology, the penalty in cost is very
moderate. As with BPSK, there are phase ambiguity problems at the receiving end, and
differentially encoded QPSK is often used in practice.



6: A satellite link has a RF channel and a bandwidth of 2 MHz . The
transmitter and receiver has a= 0.4.What is correct symbol rate for the link ?
Solution: The relation between symbol rate and bandwidth is given by
B= R(1+a)
2 X 10^6 = R(1+0.4)
R = 1420 Ksps

7: Write in detail about the conclusion we can derive about the quality of the signal
based on the value of signal to noise ratio in dB?
Solution : S/N = C/N + 10 log(B/Fmax) + 20log(dfpeak/Fmax) +P+Q
S/N = 55 dB No perceptible noise, studio quality sound
S/N = 50 dB Very good quality signal, noise just perceptible in background
S/N = 45 dB Good quality signal, some noise is visible but not annoying
S/N = 40 dB Poor quality signal with lot of noise visible
S/N = 35 dB Bottom limit for picture quality, noise very annoying

8: Explain in brief about Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)? State the
applications of TDM? Analyze TDM versus packet mode communication?
Solution: Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting and receiving
independent signals over a common signal path by means of synchronized switches at
each end of the transmission line so that each signal appears on the line only a fraction
of time in an alternating pattern. This form of signal multiplexing was developed in
telecommunications for telegraphy, but found its most common application in digital
telephony in the second half of the 20th century.
Applications:
1) For digital transmission of several telephone calls over the same four-wire copper
cable.
2) The GSM telephone system.
3) The Tactical Data Links Link 16 and Link 22.

Bandwidth reservation distinguishes time-division multiplexing from statistical
multiplexing such as packet mode communication, the time slots are recurrent in a fixed
order and pre-allocated to the channels, rather than scheduled on a packet-by-packet
basis. Statistical time-domain multiplexing resembles, but should not be considered the
same as time-division multiplexing.
.
9: A C-band satellite link sends a single NTSC-TV signal through a 36 MHz
transponder on a C-band GEO satellite. The NTSC video signal is modulated
onto the carrier using wideband frequency modulation, and the bandwidth
of the transmitted RF signal is 32 MHz. The baseband bandwidth of the TV
signal is 4.2 MHz.?
a. Calculate the peak frequency deviation of the FM carrier using Carsons
rule.
b. Calculate the unweighted FM improvement factor for the video signal.
SOLUTION: Carsons rule gives the bandwidth of an FM signal in terms of the peak
frequency
deviation, Dfpk, and the maximum baseband frequency, fmax.
B = 2 ( Dfpk + fmax)
Hence the peak frequency deviation can be found as
Dfpk = B/2 - fmax
For B = 32 MHz and fmax = 4.2 MHz
Dfpk = 16 4.2 = 11.8 MHz
The unweighted FM improvement factor is given by
Improvement in S/N = 10 log (B/fmax) + 20 log (Dfpk /fmax) + 1.8 dB
Using the results from part (a) above,
Improvement = 10 log (32 / 4.2) + 20 log(11.8 / 4.2) + 1.8 dB
= 8.8 + 9.0 + 1.8 = 19.6 dB

10: A satellite link has an RF channel with a bandwidth 2.0 MHz. The
transmitter and receiver have RRC filters with a = 0.5. What is correct symbol
rate (pulse rate) for this link?
Solution: For any RF channel, the bandwidth occupied by a digital signal with a symbol
rate Rs
is B = Rs (1 + a)
Hence the symbol rate with a bandwidth of 2.0 MHz and a = 0.5 is
Rs = B / 1.5 = 1.333 Mbaud (Msps)