Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PESTICIDES IN RELATION TO
THEIR SIDE EFFECTS.
by
THESIS
In
Department of Pesticides
Faculty of Agriculture, Kafer El-Sheikh
Tanta University
(1998)
TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES OF SOME PESTICIDES IN RELATION
TO THEIR SIDE EFFECTS.
by
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT.
INTRODUCTION. 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE. 3
1-Pesticidal efficiency against pests and their natural enemies 3
especially of vegetable crops.
1.1. Cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis. 4
1.2. Aphids. 13
1.3. Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. 29
1.4. Spider mites. 35
1.5. Beneficial arthropodes. 41
2- Mammalian toxicity of pesticides. 50
2.1. The effect on AChE and esterases. 51
2.2. The effect on liver function and other biochemical 63
parameters.
2.2.1. Transaminase. 64
2. 2. 2. Alkaline phosphatase 73
2. 2. 3 Cholesterol, bilirubin, total protien and albumin 78
2.3. Kidney function. 84
2.4. The effect on body weight. 86
2. 5. Histopathological studies. 91
MATERIALS AND METHODS. 95
1- Test insects. 95
1.1. The cotton leafworm: Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd). 95
1.2. Aphids. 95
1.3. Spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus (boisduval). 96
1.4. The predator, paederus alfierii (Kock). 97
2-Test animals. 97
3-Pesticides. 97
4-Laboratory-toxicity tests. 101
4.1. The cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis. 101
4.2. Aphids. 101
4.3. Mites. 102
4.4. The predator, P. alfierii. 102
4.5. L.D.P lines and statistical analysis. 103
5-Field studies. 103
6- Acute toxicity to rats. 104
7-Daily oral dose treatment. 105
7.1. Experimental. 105
7.2. Serum preparation. 106
8- Biochemical analysis. 106
I
CONTENTS
II
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
2
REVIEW
OF
LITERATURE
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
4
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low residual action were suggested for the control of the same pest in
vegetable plantations.
5
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
1/f ) CCN52( 0.6 1/f ), SH 488, Hostathion, Bolstar + GM ( 0.91 + 0.8 1/f
,tank mix ) and Bolstar 720.
6
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
7
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8
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initial and moderate residual effects, being higher than 90%. Field
evaluation indicated clearly the superiority of the IGR-profenofos
treatment.
for fourth and fifth instars treated with diflubenzuron were 295 and 16
mg/liter, respectively ; for teflubenzuron, LC50` s were 42 and 7 mg/liter,
9
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
10
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cycle I (22°C, 30°C, 38°C, and 30°C), cycle II (30°C, 38°C, 30°C, and
22°C), cycle III (38°C, 30°C, 22°C, 30°C), cycle IV ( 30°C, 22°C, 30°C,
38°C),] could be arranged in descending manner of toxicity as follows:
deltamethrin, cypermethrin, cis-permethrin, trans-permethrin, fenvalerate,
flucythrinate, chlorpyrifos and methomyl.
11
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1.2. Aphids
12
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13
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14
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15
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gave very highly effect against the cotton aphid, also vamidothion and
thiometon caused high effect while the other insecticides gave moderate
and low effectiveness.
Hussein and Fong. (1989), found that the LC50s (in mg/ml) of
dimethoate and (in brackets) malathion were 14.8 (17.8) for Menochilus
sexmacu [Cheilomenes sexmaculata], 75.9 (95.5) for Aphis craccivora
and 206.3 (239.8) for A. gossypii. Both insecticides reduced the fecundity
and adult life span of the predator. In the presence of dimethoate, the
level of prey population was influenced by the predator-prey ratio and the
dosage of insecticide used.
16
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17
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18
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19
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20
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21
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22
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23
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24
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and 66.17 mg/g body weight for the species tested. The linyphiid spider
Erigone atra (Black wall) was the most intrinsically susceptibility
predator species. There were significant differences in susceptible
between species of different orders, i.e .the Araneae, Hemiptera and
Coleoptera. Differences within the Coleoptera were closely related to
body weight, with the exception of the carabid beetle Demetrias
atricapillus (L.),which seemed to be tolerant to deltamethrin . The aphid
did , however , demonstrate a broader tolerance distribution than most of
the predators.
25
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26
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27
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28
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29
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30
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31
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Dennet through the four weeks post spray (Average reduction values were
58.8 and 55.3%).
32
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cowpea and the associated beneficial insects. They found that most
insecticides treatments were not effective against cotton whitefly,
Bemisia tabaci (Genn.).The best control of the whitefly immature was
obtained after 3 days of spraying in plots received thiodicarb (76%) and
fenpropathrin (60%) .All selected insecticides and rates used had very
low residual effect against B. tabaci immature by 3 days post treatment.
33
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34
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35
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36
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37
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38
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39
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40
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41
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42
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43
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insect ; order of toxicity was: methyl parathion > dieldrin > malathion >
dimethoate > cis-permethrin > DDT > fenvalerate .
fenvalerate, dimethoate and lindane were 0.99, 3.03, 6.53 and 109.2
p.p.m., respectively. Pirimicarb showed the highest selective ratio (natural
enemies LC50 :aphid LC50) of the 4 insecticides tested. Field trials
indicated that pirimicarb at 105 g a.i./ha gave the best control of the aphid
and was the least harmful to the natural enemies, while fenvalerate at 60 g
a.i./ha was also effective in controlling the aphid and did little damage to
the natural enemies. Dimethoate at 180 g a.i./ha was effective in
controlling the aphid but was harmful to the natural enemies.
Applications of lindane at 225 g a.i./ha were harmful to the natural
enemies and the compound was not recommended for control of the
aphid.
44
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45
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Hao et al. (1990) tested the eggs, 4th -instar larvae, pupae and
adults of Coccinella septempunctata with pirimicarb, phosalone and
monocrotophos at various concentrations using the leaf-soaking method.
The results showed that the eggs, larvae, pupae and adults reacted
similarly to the 3 insecticides. The toxicity index of pirimicarb and
phosalone in comparison with that of monocrotophos was 0.0483 and
0.3187, respectively., to eggs at 120h., 0.01088 and 0.4056 to 4th -instar
larvae at 24h., 0.0540 and 0.5990 to pupae at 216h., and 0.1406 and
0.0623 to adults at 24h., respectively., suggesting that pirimicarb and
phosalone were highly selective to different developmental stages of the
coccinellid.
46
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
level exhibited no toxicity for Coccinella but was highly toxic for
Chrysopa. Pirimicarb proved to be the most selective of the compounds
tested for the control of aphids when it was used at a concentration that
caused 50 per cent mortality as it was found to be unharmful to both
Chrysopa and Coccinella. Dimethoate, on the other hand, was fto be very
harmful and highly toxic to both Coccinella and Chrysopa adults and
would probably be destructive to those natural enemies in the field.
Laboratory evaluation indicates that both pirimicarb and malathion have
potentials for use in IPM program for vegetable pest control.
47
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
the egg stage and the 1st larval instar of Chrysoperla carnea (Steph).They
revealed that deltamethrin exhibited magnitude bad side effect against the
eggs(the LC90 was 3.35 ppm) as compared with the safest compound
kelthane-s (the LC50 was 144 ppm.). The figures of the other tested
toxicants ranged between 17.6 to 109.2 ppm .They found that also the
larval stage needed higher concentration to achieve similar mortality
percentages; LC90 values ranged between 72.2 - 1176 ppm . Ranking of
toxicity was similar to that of the ovicidal action. The LC50 for the first
instar were 20.84, 18.63, 12.75, 6.32, 12.02 and 16.49 fold more tolerant
than eggs to delta-methrin, cypermeithrin, fenvalerate, fenpropathrin,
methomyl and kelthane-s, respectively. The corresponding number of
folds based on LC90 were 20.93, 20.98, 11.67, 4.83, 8.97 and 8.17 .
48
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han the phytoselid mite E. scutalis. Moreover, atabron was more effective
on both mite species.
49
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50
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51
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52
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53
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dose after 21 days. Tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP), 500 mg/kg, was used
as a positive control. All pirimiphos-methyl-treated hens received
prophylactic doses of N-methylpyridinium-2-aldoxime methanesulphate
(P2S) and atropine sulphate. Hens dosed with pirimiphos-methyl had very
low AChE activities (<20% of control) in both the brain and spinal cord,
24 and 48 h after dosing. In the TOCP-treated hens, the activities were
about 90% of control. All hens dosed with pirimiphos-methyl showed the
expected signs of AChE inhibition and, following recovery, usually by
day 5, no clinical signs of delayed neuropathy were seen.
54
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
decrease in ChE when blood samples were taken at 1,3,6, 12, 24, 48 and
72hr after administration. On the other hand, subchronic toxicity through
administration of 50 and 100 ppm of methamidophos in drinking water
for 90 successive days resulted in a significant decrease in the plasma
ACh-ase activity.
55
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56
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24hr. post treatment in rats given doses of 0.96, 1.23 and 3.0 mg/kg,
orally, respectively. Only monocrotophos caused a significant inhibition
of the brain acetylcholinesterase activity.
The effects of single acute oral doses of 1, 2.1, and 3.5 mg/kg
oxamyl (a carbamate insecticide) on selected biochemical parameters in
male Sprague-Dawley rats was studied by Fayez and Kilgore. (1992),
They found that the compound inhibited brain and blood
57
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58
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by Mandal et al. (1992). They found that the fenvalerate did not produce
any significant effect on serum actylcholinesterase, cholesterol or protien
levels in goats.
of the three OPs towards either brain or plasma ChE activity was highly
correlated with sensitivity to acute toxicity in both neonatal and adult rats.
Additionally, under defined experimental condition, plasma ChE
inhibition may be a useful quantitative index for the degree of brain
cholinesterase following OP exposures.
59
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60
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61
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following the single dose treatment .On other hand, following the
multiple oral dose (five doses of 200 mg/Kg glyphosate in 10 day) ,
recovery of AchE in brain and kidney was observed , whereas liver AChE
remained significantly.
62
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2.2.1. Transaminases.
63
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64
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65
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significant elevation in the plasma GOT and GPT when blood samples
were taken at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72hr after administration .
66
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67
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These changes were related to type of insecticide used, dose and time
elapsed.
68
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69
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52.5 mg/kg B.W.) or repeated doses (1/10 LD50 21 mg/kg). They found
70
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71
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2. 2. 2. Alkaline phosphatase
72
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73
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74
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phosphatase (AP), when blood samples were collected at 1,3,6, 12, 24,48
and 72hr after administration. On the other hand, subchronic toxicity
through administration of 50 and 100 ppm of methamidophos in drinking
water for 90 successive days resulted in a significant increase in AP
activity at both concentrations.
75
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
and testis. On the other hand ALP activity increased in liver and testis but
decreased in plasma and kidney. Alteration of enzyme activities indicates
that long exposure of this systemic pesticide affects function of liver,
kidney and testis.
76
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77
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78
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79
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80
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alpha and Sumicidin was used recording 62.50, and 62.55%, respectively,
maximum effect was shown by dosing LD100 of Sumi-alpha and Cyanox
The effects of single acute oral doses of 1, 2.1, and 3.5 mg/kg
oxamyl (a carbamate insecticide) on selected biochemical parameters in
male Sprague-Dawley rats were investigated by Fayez and Kilgore
(1992), They found significant changes in serum total lipids and glucose
when oxamyl was given at 2.1 and 3.5 mg/kg, but serum protein was not
affected at any dose level.
81
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
by Mandal et al. (1992). They found that fenvalerate did not produce
any significant effect on serum actylcholinesterase, cholesterol or protien
levels in goats.
82
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83
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84
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85
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86
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aldrin at 1/40 LD50 that was dosed intraperitoneally daily for 8 weeks.
87
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Fayez and Kilgore. (1992), studied the effects of single acute oral
doses of 1, 2.1, and 3.5 mg/kg of oxamyl on selected biochemical
parameters in male Sprague-Dawley rats. They found that the animals
exhibited significantly decreased weight gain when compared to control
animals.
88
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
89
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weight/body weight ratio was higher than that observed in non treated
animals.
2. 5. Histopathological studies:
90
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Hanafy et al. (1991), gave groups of rats either a single large dose
of Tamaron (methamidophos) (20 mg/kg body wt) or repeated oral small
doses (2 mg/kg body wt). They found that both treatments caused
degenerative and vascular changes in the liver, kidney, heart, testis and
brain of rats.
91
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92
MATERIALS
AND
METHODS
MATERIALS AND METHODS
1- Test insects:
1.1. The cotton leafworm: Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd)
1.2.Aphids:
under laboratory conditions on suitable plants for six months free from
pesticidel contamination. Kenaf Hibiscus cannabinus, broad bean Vicia
faba and cabbage Brassica oleracea var capitata seedlings were used for
rearing aphids (Aphis gossypii, Aphis craccivora and Brevicoryne
brassicae, respectively. Aphids were always transferred weekly or after
two weeks from old to young seedlings by cutting the heavily infested
leaves and were placed on the new plants. Contamination between
cultures was prevented by placing these seedlings in special chambers
50x50x60 cm. covered on their sides with muslin. These cultures were
maintained in a breeding room under the temperature 252C and 655
R.H and 12 hours daily illumination by 2 fluorescent bulbs of 40 wts.
each.
96
MATERIALS AND METHODS
oil bean leaves on white paper, then the full mature individuals were
chosen and transferred by a fine brush to discs for treatements.
1.4. The predator, paederus alfierii (Kock):
The tested predator P. alfierii (Staphylinidae: Coleoptera) was
collected from untreated vegetable fields in Kafr - EL-Sheikh
Governorate by using an insect trap and was transferred to the laboratory.
Predators were placed in glass jars each of one littre covered with muslin.
New preys ( aphis sp, eggs of Spodoptera littorals) were offered every
day to the predator to keep a constant supply of food. Predators were kept
under laboratory conditions ( temperature 252 C and 655 RH and 12
hours daily illumination by fluorescent light) for at least 2 weeks before
testing.
2-Test animals:
A pure strain of healthy white albino male and female rats were
purchased from Faculty of Medicine, Tanta Univ., and reared in the
laboratory .The animals were housed in metallic cages, provided ad
libitum with balanced ration consisted of bread, carrot and milk. Male rats
of 3-4 months age and 150-180 gm weight were chosen for the
experiments.
3-Pesticides
Trade name :Marshal.
Common name :Carbosulfan.
Mol. Formula :C20H32N2O3S.
Chemical name :2,3-dihydro -2,2-dimethyl benzofuran -7-yl
(dibutylaminothio) methyl carbamate.
Structural formula
97
MATERIALS AND METHODS
CH3
OCON S N[(CH2)3CH3]2
O CH3
CH3
Formulation : W.P 25 %
Introduced by :FMC Corparation Agriculfural Chemical Group.
Philadlefhia, Pennsylvania.
N
CH3
OCON(CH3)2
Formulation :WP 50 %.
Introduced by :ICI plant protection Division. England.
98
MATERIALS AND METHODS
OCONHCH3
OCH(CH3)2
Formulation :EC 50 %.
Introduced by :Bayer, Agrochemical Division.Leverkusen, Germany.
Cl N O P(OCH3)2
Cl Cl
Formulation :EC 50 %
Introduced by :DOW. Elanco, USA.
99
MATERIALS AND METHODS
S
CH3NHCOCH2SP(OCH3)2
Formulation :EC 40 %.
Introduced by :Kafr El - Zayat Company.
CHSP(OCH3)2
CO2CH2CH3
Formulation :EC 50 %
Introduced by :ISAGRO - MILANO - Italy.
100
MATERIALS AND METHODS
CH3 N N(CH2CH3)2
OP(OCH3)2
S
Formulation :EC 50 %.
Introduced by :ICI plant protection Division. England.
Br O P OCH2CH3
Cl SCH2CH2CH3
Formulation : EC 72 %.
Introduced by : CIBA. GEIGY Limited. Basle, Switzerland.
4-Laboratory-toxicity tests:-
4.1. The cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis :-
101
MATERIALS AND METHODS
treated leaves for 24 hrs. Three replicates were made for each
concentration. Mortality counts were recorded.
4.2. Aphids
The slide dipping technique described by El- Sayed et al. (1978) was
applied to assay the toxicity of different pesticides against aphids. A piece
of double faced scotch tape was pressed tightly to the surface of a glass
slide. Using a moist brush, ten adults (1-2 days old) were stuk to the tape
on their backs so that thier legs and antennae were free. The infested
slides were then dipped in the pesticides dilutions and gently agitated for
five seconds. Any excess of the solutions was removed using a filter
paper and kept under the same conditions of the breeding room. Four
replicates were used for each concentration. Forty of insects was also
dipped in water according to the same technique and considered as
control check. Mortality counts were recorded 24 hours following
treatments. Aphids responding to touch of a fine brush were considered
alive.
4.3. Mites:
A leaf-disc dipping method described by Abo EL -Ghar and El-
Rafie (1961) was applied to evaluate the susceptibility of adult female
mites to different pesticides. Four castor bean leaf discs (1.5 cm in
diameter) were placed upside down on a filter paper over a wet cotton
pad in petri-dish, 9 cm in diameter. Treatments were carried out by
immersing the leaf disc in the tested pesticidal dilution for five seconds,
and the treated discs were left to dry and returend to the petri-dishes. Ten
adult mites were placed on the exposed surface of each disc and kept
under the same conditions of breeding room. Each dish contained four
discs and this was replicated 4 times. Using microscopical examination,
102
MATERIALS AND METHODS
5-Field studies:
Pestesides used in the laboratory were subjected to further
evaluation at the Experimental Farm of Faculty of Agric., Kafr El-Sheikh,
Tanta Univ. during the growing season, summer 1995. A cultivated area
grown with okra and squash was divided into plots of 1/60 fed. each.
Treatments were distributed in a complete randomized block desigen with
3 replicates. Pesticides used and their application rates are showin in
Table 1.
Table (1): Pesticides used in the field experiment, their formulations and application
rates.
103
MATERIALS AND METHODS
a c
%Reduction = 1- 100
b d
a = Counts in treatments after spraying.
b = Counts in treatments before spraying.
c = Counts in control before spraying at the same interval of 1, 3, 5, 7
days.
d = Counts in control after spraying.
The data were statistically analysed using complete randomized block
design.
104
MATERIALS AND METHODS
105
MATERIALS AND METHODS
continued for 30, 60 or 90 days. Rats of control groups were only given
corn oil . All doses were prepared and adminisetred in corn oil using
syringe equipped with needle that has a ball tip. Rats of the last group
were served as control and given corn oil only. Throughout the
experimental period, rats were observed for any mortalities or any
clinical signs. After each specified period rats were weighted, slaughtered
and blood samples were collected. Kidneys and livers were obtained and
kept in formalin 10%.
7.2. Serum preparation :
Blood samples were collected in clean sterile vials, left till clotting
occurred and centrifuged at 5000 r. p. m for 15 min. The obtained sera
were separated and kept frozen till use.
8- Biochemical analysis:
The sera of treated rats were subjected to biochemical analysis that
included, total protien, non-specific esterase, cholinesterase (ChE) ,
glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
(GOT), alkaline phosphatase, albumin, cholesterol, creatinine, billirubin
and uric acid.
106
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A sample
Serum protien concentration (g / dl) = 6
A standard
8.2 Determination of non-specific esterases activity :
Non-specific esterases were determined according to the method of
Van Asperen (1962). The method depends on the enzymatic hydrolysis
of or -naphthyl acetate producing or -naphthols. The naphthols
were colorimetrically determined by azo coupling. Because of the
excessive insolubility of naphtholic azo dyes, it was found that , azo dyes
may be kept in a perfectly clear colloidal solution by the use of
detergents. Sodium lauryl sulphate detergent proved to be very efficient.
This detergent had an additional advantage of stopping enzymatic
reaction immediately.
Reagents:
1- 310-4 M -naphthyl acetate containing 1% acetone and 0.04
M phosphate buffer pH 7.
107
MATERIALS AND METHODS
108
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Reagents:
ChE substrate solution:
The solution was prepared by dissolving 10-3M ASChI and 10-3 M
DTNB in a buffer solution containing 100 mM NaCl, 20 mM MgCl2,
109
MATERIALS AND METHODS
0.8
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
110
20mM Na2HPO4 and the volume was completed with distilled water to
500 ml (pH 7).
Blank solution:
The blank solution was identical to substrate solution except that the
substrate (ASChI) was ommitted.
Procedure:
1- 4 ml of substrate solution were added to two tubes and 4 ml of
the blank solution to a third tube.
2- Tubes were preheated to 37°C in water bath and 50 µl of
serum sample were added.
3- O.D readings were taken at two time points 1 minute a part at
412 nm.. Thus, changes of optical density per minute
(O.D/min.) were obtained.
Calculation:
The activity in µ moles ASCh/min/mg protein was calculated by using the following equation:
111
bioMérieux, France were used. The principle of determination was based on
the following reactions:
GOT
GOT:Asparate+-keto-glutarate oxaloacetate+ glutamate
GPT
GPT: Alanine+-keto-glutarate pyruvate+glutamate
The pyruvate or oxaloacetate formed is measured in its derivative form,
2,4- dinitrophenylhydrazone.
Reagents:
Reagent 1(GOT substrate): Phosphate buffer pH 7.5 85 mol/L
aspartate 200 m.mol/L
- ketoglutarate 2.0 m.mol/L
Reagent 2 (GPT) Phosphate buffer pH 7.5 95 m.mol/L
substrate): alanine 200 m.mol/L
-keto glutarate 2.0 m.mol/L.
Reagent 3 (Color reagent): 2,4 dinitro phenyl hydrazine 1 m.mol/L.
Reagent 4 (Standard): Pyruvate
Procedure:
a- Standard curve:
Different aliquots of distilled water, reagent 1; reagent 4 and
reagent 3 were pipetted into each of six test tubes as shown in the
following table:
Tube No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Distilled water: 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
Reagent 1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
Reagent 4 -- 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Reagent 3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
The mixture of each tube was shaken well and let stand for 20
minutes at room temperature, then 10 ml of NaOH 0.4 N was added to
each tube and the contents of each tube were mixed well and let to stand
112
for 5 minutes. The developed color was measured at 505 nm. The
standard curve was drawn by plotting the number of units/ml on the
abscissa and the optical denisty on the ordinate.
Tube No.: 1 2 3 4 5 6
GOT units/ml: 0.0 22 55 95 150 215
GPT units/ml : 0.0 25 50 83 126 ----
Measurment:
Two test tubes were set up for serum samples as following:
1- One ml of reagent 1 (GOT substrate) was pipetted into one tube and one
ml of reagent 2 (GPT substrate) was pipetted in the second tube, then the
tubes were incubated for 5 minutes at 37°C.
2- 0.2 ml of serum was added to each tube and the contents were mixed well
and incubated at 37°C for exactly one hour (GOT tube) and 30 minutes
(GPT tube), then 1 ml of reagent 3 was added to each tube. The contents of
each tube were let to stand for 20 minutes at room tepmerature.
3- After that, 10 ml NaOH 0.4 N were added to each tube and the contents
were mixed well.
4- After 5 minutes the devloped colour was measured under the same
conditions used for the standard curve.
Calculation:
The number of GOT and GPT units/ml of serum was calculated from
the standard curve as shown in figure 2 and 3.
8.5.Dtermination of alkaline phosphatase:
The method of Bessey et al (1946) were used for the determination of
alkaline phosphatase. The determination was done using commercial kits of
113
0.5
0.4
O p tical D en sity.
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 50 100 150 200
(Units/ml.)
114
1
0.8
O p tica l D en sity.
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 50 100 150
(Units/ml.)
115
Biocon Diognostik, Germany . This method is based on the following
reaction:
P-nitrophenyl phosphate+H2O AP Phosphate +P-nitrophenol
Reagents:
116
Cholesterol Esterase
Cholesterol ester + H2O Cholesterol + fatty acids
Cholesterol Oxidase
Cholesterol + O2 Cholesten-3-on + H2O2/2 H2O2 +
Phenol + 4-aminophenazone Peroxidase
quinoneimine dye + 4H2O
Reagents:
Reagent(1):(Buffer): pipes buffer, pH 6.9 90mmol/l.
1 phenol 26 mmol/l.
Reagent(2): (Enzyme reagent): cholesterol oxidase 200 U/l.
cholesterol esterase 300 U/l.
4-amino phenazone 0.4 mmol/l.
Reagent (4): (Standard): cholesterol 200 mg/dl
Procedure:
1-Contents of enzyme reagent (R2) were dissolved with the
corresponding volume of buffer (R1). This working solution was stable 2
weeks at +20 to
+25 C or 8 weeks at +2 to +8 C.
2- Three tubes, sample tube, standard tube and blank tube were prepared.
10 l of reagent 4 (standard) were added in stanadard tube. 10 l of
serum were added in sample tube. 1000 l working reagent were added to
all tubes. Tubes were mixed well, incubated at: 37 C for 5 minutes and
the developed colour was measured spectrophotometrically at 546 nm.
Calculation:
sample
Cholesterol in mg / dl = standard concentration
standard
Standared concentration: 200 mg/dL.
117
bilirubin is coupled with diazotized sulfanilic acid in the presence of
caffeine to gave an azo dye.
Reagents:
Reagent(1): Sulfanillic acid 31 mmol/l
1 HCl 0.2 N
reagent(2): Sodium nitrite 28 mmol/l.
Reagent(3): Caffeine 0.28 mol/l.
1 sodium benzoate 0.55 mol/l.
Reagent(4): Tartarate 0.99 mol/l.
1 NaoH 2.0N.
Procedure:
1- Two clean and dry tubes for sample blank and sample were prepared.
0.2 ml of reagent 1 was added to sample blank and sample, 1 drop of
reagent 2 was added to sample tube, 1 ml of reagent 3 were added to each
of sample blank and sample tubes.
2- 0.2 ml of serum was added to each of sample blank and sample tubes.
Tubes were mixed and incubated for 10 min. at 20-25 C. after that 1 ml
of reagent 4 was added to each of tubes. Tubes were mexid and incubated
for 5 min. at 20-24 C.
3- Absorbance of sample against sample blank (A sample) was read at
the wave lenghth 578 nm.
Calculation:
Total bilirubin (mg/dl)= (A sample) 10.8
8.8.Detemination of Albumin:
The colorimetric method of Doumas and Watson (1971) as
modified by Webster (1974) was used for assaying Albumin using
bromcresol green (BCG) at pH 4.2. Commercial kits of Biocon
Diagnostik, Germany were used.
Reagents:
Reagent(1):(BCG reagent): succinate buffer, pH 4.2 75 mmol/l.
118
1 Bromcresol green 0.15 mmol/l.
1 Brij 35 7ml/l.
Reagent(4):(Standard): bovine albumin 5g/100 ml.
Procedure:
Three tubes, blank tube, standard tube and sample tube were set up
and treated as follows:
1- 20l of serum was transferred into sample tube. 20l of reagent 4
(standard) was transferred into standard tube.
2- 4000 l of reagent 1 was added to each tube of sample, standard and
blank, mixed well and measured after 10 minutes. Results against reagent
blank were read at 628 nm.
Calculation:
A sample
Albumin in g / dl = standard concentration
A standard
Concentration of standard: 5gm/100 ml.
8.9.Determination of creatinine :
The determination was carried out according to the method of Henry
(1974).Commercial kits of Diamond Diagnostics, Egypt, were used.The
detemination is based on the idea that creatinine in alkaline solution
reacts with picrate to form a colored complex.
Reagents:
Reagent(1): Creatinine standard 2mg/dl.
Reagent(2): color reagent: picric acid 38 mmol/l.
Reagent(3):alkaline reagent: sodium hydroxide 1.2 mmol/l.
Reagent(4): equal volumes of solution 2and 3 were mixed.
119
Additional reagent: Trichloro acetic acid (TCA) 1.2 mol/l.
Procedure:
1- The serum was firstly deprotenized by pipetting 1 ml of trichloroacetic
acid and 1 ml of serum into centrifuge tube. The mixture was mixed well
and centrifuged for 10 min. at 3000 r.p.m, then the clear supernatant was
porured into dry test tube.
2- Three clean and dry tubes for blank, standard and serum supernatant
were prepared. 0.5 ml of distilled water was added to the blank tube and
0.5 ml of reagent 1 was added to the standard tube. 0.5 ml of
trichloroacetic acid was added to each of blank and standard tubes while 1
ml of serum supernantant was added to serum tube.
3- For all tubes, 1 ml of reagent 4 was added to each, mixed and
incubated for 10 min. at 37 C. The absorbances of sample (A sample)
and standard (A standard) were measured against the blank at 520 nm.
Calculation:
A sample
Creatinine (mg / dl) = 2
A standard
120
1 2,4 HDCBS 4 mmol/l.
Reagent(2):(Enzyme reagent): uricase 60 U/l.
peroxidase 660 U/l.
1 4-Aminophenazone 1mm ml/l.
Reagent(4):(standard): uric acid 6 mg/dl
Procedure:
1-Contents of enzyme reagent (2) were dissolved with the corresponding
volume of buffer(R1). This working solution was stable 2 weeks at +20 to
+25 C
2- Three tubes were prapared for blank, standerd and sample. 1000 l of
working solution were added to each tube. 20 l serum were added to
sample tube only, 20 l of reagent 4 were added to standard tube. Tubes
were mixed well, incubated for exactly 5 min. in water bath at +37 C.
Absorbance (A) of sample against blank at 546 nm.was read.
Calculation:
sample
Uric acid in mg / dl = standard concentration.
standard
Standard concentration: 6mg/dl.
9.Histopathological studies:
This experiment was conducted to study the histopathological
lesions of liver and kidney tissues of rats treated with 1/10 and 1/30 LD5 0
of chloropyrifos methyl or pirimicarb as daily oral dose for 30, 60 or 90
days. The livers and kidenys of slaughtered rats were removed and
prepared for histopathological examination according to Lillie and
Fullman (1976) .
Chemicals and apparatus:
1-Alcohol of different concentrations (i.e.. 70%, 80%, 90%, 96%
and100%)
121
2-Formalin 10%, 3-Xylol, 4-Paraffin wax(melting point of 50-56 °C),
5- Mercuric oxide 6- acetic acid 7- Canda balsam, 8-Water bath, 9-
Glass slides, 10-Cover glass, 11-Microtome (Model MR52, Russian).
12-Microscope. 13-Incubator.
Haematoxylin stain
The components of Harris alum hematoxylin-stain were prepared
as follows:
A- Haematoxylin crystal 5 gm
Absolute alcohol 50 ml
B- Potassium alum 100 gm
Distilled water 1000 ml
The solution B was boiled, and added to solution A, then 2.5 gm of
mercuric oxide were added, stirred , boiled for 1-2 min.and cooled
quickly by immersing the container into cold water. The mixture was
allowed to stand overnight and acidiffied by adding 30-50 ml acetic acid
to inhibit staining of cytoplasm. Finally it was filtered and stored in a
tightly stoppered bottle.
Eosin 1%:
1- Preparation of stock solution:
Eosin 1 gm
Alcohol (80%) 100 ml.
122
2- Embedding in paraffin wax and sectioning:
Tissues were mascerated in xylol/ paraffin wax mixture (1:3). After
complete infiltration, a solid rectangular block of paraffin was made.
Microtome was used for cutting blocks into sections each of thickness 5
m.
3- Mounting paraffin sections and staining:
The ribbons were mounted on clean glass slides pretreated with thin
film of Mayer`s albumin fixative. The slides were put on a hot plate (50
°C) over nigh to dry. The sections were then stained with differentially
double stain, Ehrlish haematoxylin for nuclei and Eosin for cytoplasm and
cell wall. The staining process was carried out as follows:
The slides were dipped in xylol for 20-30 minutes to remove the
wax from the sections, then dipped again in fresh xylol for 15 minutes to
ensure complete removal of wax. The slides were then dipped in a series
of different alcohol solutions each for 5 minutes starting with absolute
ethanol, 95, 90, 80, and 70% ethanol. Then the slides were rinsed in
distilled water and became ready for staining. They were dipped in the
solution of Ehrilish stain for 2 minutes. The excess stain was washed in
distilled water, 70% acidic alcohol until the sections became reddish, then
treated with alkaline alcohol 70% until the sections turned blue. Then
slides were dipped in 80, 90 and 95% alcohol each for 3 minutes,
respectively, then in Eosin for a few seconds. Excess Eosin was removed
with 95% alcohol. To remove any traces of water, the slides were dipped
in absolute ethanol for 5 minutes then in a series of xylol until perfectly
clear sections were obtained. The sections were covered with Canada
balsam and glass covers were placed properly on the slides. Finally
sections were examined under the microscope. Nuclei appeared blue,
while cytoplasm had the red color.
123
10-Statistical analysis:-
Statistical analysis of all data was carried out according to: Duncan`s
multiple range test (Duncan, 1955.).
124
RESULTS
AND
DISCUSSION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The insecticides were evaluated for their toxicity against the cotton
leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis; three species of aphids (i.e. Aphis
gossypii, Aphis craccivora and Brevicoryne brassicae), the spider mite,
Tetranychus cinnabarinus and the predator Paederus alfierii.
126
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (2): Toxicity of the tested pesticides against Spodoptera littoralis using leaf
dipping technique.
Pesticides LC50 (ppm.) Confidence limits. Slope.
Lower Upper
Carbosulfan. 4855.42 3564.54 6613.79 2.66
Pirimicarb. >10000
Propoxur. >10000
Dimethoate. >10000
Table (3): Toxicity of the tested pesticides against Aphis gossypii using slide dipping
technique.
Pesticides LC50 (ppm.) Confidence limits Slope.
Lower Upper
Carbosulfan. 0.125 0.1043 0.15 3.87
Table (4): Toxicity of the tested pesticides against Brevicoryne brassicae using slide
dipping technique.
127
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Lower Upper
Carbosulfan. 5.88 2.79 12.41 1.35
Table (5): Toxicity of the tested pesticides against Aphis craccivora using slide
dipping technique.
Pesticides LC50 (ppm.) Confidence limits. Slope.
Lower Upper
Carbosulfan. 34.22 24.89 47.04 1.83
128
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
100 8
7
6
% Mortality.
Probit.
50 5
4
carbosulfan
pirimiphos-methyl
chlorpyrifos-methyl 3
phenthoate
profenofos
0 2
10 100 1000 10000 100000
Concentration (ppm).
Fig. (4) Probit regression lines for the toxicities of various pesticides to Spodoptera littoralis.
129
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
100 8
7
6
% Mortality.
Probit.
50 5
carbosulfan
pirimicarb
propoxur 4
pirimiphos-methyl
chlorpyrifos-methyl
phenthoate
3
profenofos
dimethoate
0 2
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Concentration (ppm).
Fig. (5) Probit regression lines for the toxicities of various pesticides to Aphis gossypii .
130
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
100 8
7
6
% Mortality.
Probit.
50 5
carbosulfan
pirimicarb
propoxur 4
pirimiphos-methyl
chlorpyrifos-methyl
phenthoate
3
profenofos
dimethoate
0 2
0.1 1 10 100 1000
Concentration (ppm).
Fig. (6) Probit regression lines for the toxicities of various pesticides to Brevicoryne brassicae.
131
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
100 8
carbosulfan
pirimicarb
propoxur
pirimiphos-methyl 7
chlorpyrifos-methyl
phenthoate
profenofos 6
dimethoate
% Mortality.
Probit.
50
5
4
3
0 2
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Concentration (ppm).
Fig. (7) Probit regression lines for the toxicities of various pesticides to Aphis craccivora.
132
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1990; Zeitoun et al. 1990; Sharma et al, 1991; Mourad, 1991 & Konar
and Rai, 1992 who showed that dimethoate was effective against aphids.
Against A. gossypii, profenofos proved to be the potent among the tested
chemicals (Zeitoun et al 1990). Dimetry and Marei, (1992). Also they
found that, profenofos was highly toxic to the cabbage aphid, B.
brassicae.Rizk and Kamel (1991) found that, chloropyrifos-methyl
proved to have an immediate effect on aphids. For pirimicarb, Zidan et
al, 1988a and 1989b reported that the compound have shown to be very
effective against A. gossyppii and Schizaphi graminum aphids. However
Abdel-Wahab and Mohamed, (1992) found that profenfos was the most
potent compound against S. graminum aphid whereas pirimicarb was the
least toxic one.
Results of the present investigation show that A. gossypii was
the most susceptible species to carbosulfan. Similar results were obtained
by Shalaby et al. 1991; Halawa et al. 1992; Mourad, 1991; Shaheen et
al 1992 and Nassef, et al. 1995 who found that, carbosulfan was among
the most effective pesticides against A. gossypii.
The leaf disc dipping technique was used to evaluate the toxicity of
the tested insecticides to adults of mites Teteranychus cinnabarinus.
Results are recorded in Table (6) and probit regression lines are shown in
Fig(8). Results show that, profenofos was the most toxic compound
followed by pirimiphos-methyl and phenthoate (LC50`s: 186.54, 223.16
and 688.15 ppm, respectively). The rest of the tested insecticides showed
very weak toxicity against the spider mite. Thomson, (1983) reported
that, profenofos and phenthoate had acaricidal properties.
In general, the very weak toxicity exhibited by the tested
insecticides is something logical since these toxicants are not specific
acaricides.
133
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
134
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Lower Upper
Carbosulfan. 5494.52 3911.38 7718.44 1.48
Table (7): Toxicity of the tested pesticides against Paederus alfierii using surface
deposit technique.
Pesticides LC50 (g/cm2) Confidence limits Slope.
Lower Upper
Carbosulfan. 0.0062 0.00450 0.0087 2.04
135
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
100 8
Carbosulfan
Pirimicarb
Propoxur
7
Pirimiphos-methyl
Chlorpyrifos-methyl
phenthoate
Profenfos 6
dimethoate
% Mortality.
Probit.
50 5
4
3
0 2
10 100 1000 10000 100000
Concentration (ppm).
Fig. (8) Probit regression lines for the toxicities of various pesticides to Tetranychus cinnabarinus .
136
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
100 8
carbosulfan
pirimicarb
propoxur
7
pirimiphos-methyl
chlorpyrifos-methyl
phenthoate
profenofos 6
dimethoate
% Mortality.
Probit.
50 5
4
3
(g/cm 2).
0 2
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
Concentration
Fig. (9) Probit regression lines for the toxicities of various pesticides to Paederus alfierii.
137
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
138
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table(8): Toxicity of the tested pesticides against certain pests and the beneficial predator, P. alfierii.
Insects S.littorals A. gossypii. A. craccivora. B.brassica. T.cinnabarinus. P. alfierii
Pesticides LC50 Toxicity LC50 Toxicity LC50 Toxicity LC50 Toxicity LC50 Toxicity LC50 Toxicity
(ppm) index. (ppm) index. (ppm) index. (ppm) index. (ppm) index. (g/cm )2
index.
Carbosulfan. 4855.42 1.53 0.125 3.52 34.22 15.92 5.88 24.48 5494.52 3.3950 0.00626 44.40
Pirimicarb. >10000 0.55 0.8 17.50 31.14 2.95 48.81 16471.3 1.1325 0.10153 2.738
Propoxur. >10000 26.40 0.016 153.90 3.54 4.37 32.95 36065.2 0.51722 0.00278 100
Chloropyrifos-methyl. 74.53 100 0.11 4 8.83 61.72 1.44 100 2525.23 7.3870 0.54858 0.5027
Dimethoate. >10000 0.01 44 11.56 47.14 32.46 4.43 1079.19 17.2851 0.00393 70.73
Phenthoate. 3949.29 1.887 0.051 44.56 1632.42 0.33 15.50 9.29 688.15 27.10 0.00298 93.28
Pirimiphos-methyl. 1485.68 5.01 66.78 0.006 8.25 66.06 8.64 16.66 223.16 83.59 0.11482 2.421
Profenofos. 133.35 55.89 0.0044 100 5.45 100 2.40 60 186.54 100 0.81139 0.342
Toxicity index calculated according to Sun equation, 1950.
Toxicity index =LC 50 of the most toxic one/ LC 50 of the insecticides 100.
139
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table ( 9): Efficiency of certain pesticides against the population density of cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis larvae in okra plants.
Chemical Average no. of larvae/3leaves S.D at days:-
used Before
1st 1 3 5 7 9* 10 12 14 16 18** 19 21 23 25
spray.
Carbosulfan 12.25 1.25 4.25 3.11 0.28 4.42 1.43 4.35 6.10 5.42 7.33 0.67 5.05 4.36 3.54
0.20 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.01 0.38 0.18 0.15 0.19 0.19 0.21 0.07 0.65 0.14 0.04
Pirimicarb 2.70 1.70 1.36 0.70 0.08 3.83 4.35 4.30 5.51 4.25 5.54 5.45 4.96 3.61 2.63
0.26 0.31 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.20 0.30 0.17 0.08 0.19 0.33 0.12 0.58 0.85 0.14
Propoxur 4.47 1.42 1.74 1.16 0.10 2.31 2.42 2.68 3.48 2.93 4.39 2.75 3.54 2.45 2.98
0.36 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.01 0.23 0.28 0.26 0.15 0.21 0.33 0.48 0.86 0.64 0.31
Chlorpyrifos 2.56 0.01 0.02 0.11 0.02 4.29 0.08 0.19 1.40 1.92 4.52 0.17 0.15 0.35 0.64
-methyl
0.23 0.001 0.002 0.01 0.002 0.29 0.001 0.01 0.17 0.06 0.27 0.15 0.08 0.10 0.10
Dimethoate 9.02 5.97 3.92 2.50 0.31 3.74 4.33 4.52 5.21 4.93 5.70 5.86 3.89 4.52 2.92
0.21 0.45 0.16 0.16 0.02 0.29 0.10 0.17 0.34 0.28 0.39 0.91 0.39 1.13 0.47
Phenthoate 10.23 1.19 1.52 1.43 0.18 2.67 0.80 1.03 2.43 0.96 2.33 0.45 0.60 0.85 0.85
0.36 0.08 0.25 0.18 0.01 0.21 0.02 0.04 0.14 0.06 0.13 0.14 0.26 0.13 0.12
Pirimiphos 2.63 0.25 0.51 0.41 0.05 2.34 0.34 1.28 2.03 2.36 4.79 1.25 1.80 1.45 2.21
-methyl
0.24 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.27 0.05 0.26 0.04 0.19 0.39 0.19 0.30 0.22 0.24
Profenofos 16.85 0.05 0.02 0.12 0.10 3.44 0.06 0.49 0.99 0.95 4.39 0.24 0.06 0.04 0.15
0.46 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.13 0.17 0.01 0.06 0.03 0.10 0.30 0.21 0.01 0.01 0.03
Control 9.86 4.66 3.61 2.56 0.23 3.59 4.24 4.45 5.41 4.72 5.65 6.10 4.63 3.69 2.83
0.68 0.38 0.17 0.29 0.02 0.35 0.13 0.20 0.13 0.10 0.24 0.73 0.34 0.92 0.36
* the second spray (population density just before spraying) ,** the third spray(population density just before spraying) . S.D: Standard deviation.
140
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (10): Efficiency of certain pesticides against larvae of cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis in okra plants .
Chemical Rate/ Average % reduction S.D. at days:- Average
used fed. 1 3 5 7 9* 10 12 14 16 18** 19 21 23 25 reduction
Carbosulfan 600 gm. 78.34 5.13 2.19 0.35 72.17 19.95 7.845 6.21 81.59 15.73 7.28 1.42 22.66
0.00 a 0.00 a
2.17 d 0.91 a 2.56 a 0.24 a 5.51 b 8.24 b 10.13 a 7.06 a 6.95c 0.57c 1.88a 0.60a
Pirimicarb 500 gm. 0.14 3.83 9.42 2.29 8.09 8.88 0.22 5.22 2.72
0.00a 0.00a 0.00 a 0.00 a 0.00 a 0.00 a
0.01 a 0.26 a 0.38 a 0.14 a 0.35 a 0.13 a 0.01 a 0.45 a
Propoxur 1L. 32.78 0.05 4.09 11.29 6.40 3.52 41.97 1.59 14.54 8.30
0.00 a 0.00 a 0.00 a 0.00 a 0.00 a
2.36b 0.01 a 0.95 0.59 a 0.36 a 0.47 a 2.35b 0.01 a
0.16 a
Chlorpyrifos 1 L. 98.88 97.52 82.65 62.79 51.07 98.33 96.4 86.95 72.7 38.65 90.72 95.11 84.57 75.96 81.52
-methyl
0.32 f 0.47 d 2.01 c 7.38 b 4.52c 0.15 d 0.43 c 1.39c 1.099c 7.76c 0.25d 2.44f +2.35 3.08c
Dimethoate 1L. 1.97 2.50 3.16 4.77 16.71 2.07
0.00a 0.00 a 0.00 a 0.00a 0.00 a 0.00 a 0.00 a 0.00 a 0.00 a
a a
0.01 0.19 0.23 a 0.14 a 0.28 b
Phenthoate 0.800 L. 75.29 59.25 45.97 24.60 21.31 77.90 63.35 49.61 34.02 19.16 76.58 61.27 52.55 37.63 49.89
2.39 c 7.55 c 8.43 b 1.58 a 3.38b 1.53b 0.94c 2.48b 4.71b 1.65b 1.20c 1.30d 3.72b 2.52b
Pirimiphos 1.5 L. 80.11 47.15 40.08 11.63 87.40 55.53 41.69 21.99 75.86 53.71 53.12 7.55 41.13
-methyl 0.00 a 0.00 a
1.70d 3.978 b 7.01 b 11.10 b 2.56 c 9.85 c 8.13 b 14.91 ab 1.81 c 11.16 d 11.10 b 13.24 a
Profenofos 0.750 L. 99.33 99.63 97.36 93.63 43.88 98.64 88.35 80.81 79.00 21.60 99.72 94.08 89.52 83.81 83.52
0.046 f 0.03 d 0.11 d 0.15e 4.31c 0.12 d 2.02 d 0.78 c 1.44 c 4.38b 0.25d 2.90f 1.18c 1.28c
L.S.D0.95 2.9791 6.9930 9.3038 28.2074 10.9737 8.1949 3.9962 8.8272 8.10106 12.9775 10.4526 5.9390 9.6575 9.8823
* the second spray. ** the third spray. S.D: Standard deviation. Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)
141
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
20
15
Average number of insects/3 leaves
10
5
0
0 1 3 5 7 9 10 12 14 16 18 19 21 23 25
Time (days).
pirimiphos-methyl pirimicarb propoxur dimethoate chlorpyrifos-methyl
phenthoate profenofos carbosulfan Control.
Fig. (10) :The average number of larvae of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis / 3 leaves infesting okra
plants.
142
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Okra and squash plants were heavily infested with the whitefly, B.
tabaci. The insect was abundantly existed on plants throughout the
examination period which lasted more than three weeks. For okra plants
results were recorded in Table (11-18) and illustrated in Fig 11-14.
From the obtained results, it is clear that, apart from pirimiphos-
methyl, profenofos and carbosulfan whose efficiency were relatively
moderate (Average % reduction ranged 64-78), the tested insecticides
were of poor efficacy. The insecticides retained their moderate toxicities
up to 9 days after spraying. On squash plants, pirimiphos-methyl,
profenofos and phenthoate were moderately effective. Although
chloropyrifos-methyl was poorly effective against whitefly on okra plants
(average of % reduction: 31.49 and 35.56 for adult and immature stage,
143
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
144
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (11): Efficiency of certain pesticides against the population density of nymphs of cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci in okra plants .
Chemical Average No. of nymphs/3 leaves S.D. at days:-
used Before 1 3 5 7 9* 10 12 14 16 18** 19 21 23 25
1 st
spray.
Carbosulfan 18.94 2.77 4.73 5.71 9.88 11.30 1.21 2.37 3.01 4.35 5.51 0.54 1.08 1.00 1.42
0.48 0.17 0.17 0.20 0.29 0.05 0.14 0.09 0.15 0.21 0.34 0.10 0.09 0.03 0.03
Pirimicarb 19.40 10.38 13.27 16.72 20.56 23.89 13.74 13.76 15.96 20.60 25.94 14.45 14.46 12.81 15.95
1.13 0.19 0.72 0.38 0.44 0.75 0.65 0.32 0.52 0.47 0.50 0.42 0.92 0.33 0.46
Propoxur 12.69 5.21 7.44 8.55 16.19 19.55 7.77 9.76 12.07 19.68 22.20 8.69 8.75 7.62 14.77
0.85 0.20 0.06 0.27 0.64 0.79 0.67 0.54 0.68 1.05 1.41 0.31 0.41 0.22 0.19
Chlorpyrifos 15.40 7.73 10.58 13.34 16.88 20.61 9.25 11.68 14.51 18.55 22.15 9.06 9.66 8.52 10.38
-methyl
0.73 0.24 0.36 0.53 0.29 0.75 0.10 0.77 0.40 0.82 0.04 0.50 0.17 0.23 0.13
Dimethoate 10.69 2.71 5.52 6.20 13.96 16.65 3.44 6.65 10.41 16.40 18.00 4.27 6.34 4.42 10.63
0.58 0.20 0.32 0.23 0.32 0.86 0.25 0.99 2.44 0.57 1.79 0.32 0.27 0.26 0.21
Phenthoate 11.01 6.45 8.70 12.21 15.46 17.90 9.18 11.77 14.67 18.80 21.71 12.54 12.39 11.43 14.44
0.53 0.44 0.21 0.32 0.16 0.58 0.19 0.46 0.74 0.16 0.66 0.21 0.23 0.16 0.23
Pirimiphos 26.31 0.96 3.88 9.17 12.43 14.09 0.16 2.21 4.26 5.01 6.60 0.03 0.94 1.20 1.47
-methyl
1.59 0.09 0.29 0.51 0.07 0.59 0.01 0.22 0.21 0.15 0.28 0.001 0.04 0.04 0.21
Profenofos 10.78 1.36 1.69 2.56 3.51 4.30 0.50 0.74 1.05 1.56 2.56 0.23 0.38 0.35 0.47
0.30 0.29 0.18 0.08 0.25 0.39 0.12 0.03 0.20 0.07 0.29 0.01 0.04 0.04 0.02
Control 14.68 12.56 15.91 18.76 23.43 25.82 20.56 22.87 25.83 31.10 33.65 29.29 27.73 22.25 25.88
0.18 0.29 0.32 0.27 0.78 0.66 0.78 0.29 0.40 0.79 0.75 0.28 2.10 0.72 0.53
0 the second spray (population density just before sprying) ,** the third spray (population density just before sprying) . S.D: Standard deviation.
145
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table ( 12 ): Efficiency of certain pesticides against nymphs of cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci i n okra plants
Chemical Rate/ Average % reduction S.D. at days:- Average
used fed. 1 3 5 7 9* 10 12 14 16 18** 19 21 23 25 reduction
Carbosulfan 600 gm. 82.85 76.93 76.39 67.3 66.06 86.59 76.32 73.38 68.07 62.57 88.73 76.09 72.36 66.31 74.28
1.49 e e 1.17 0.33ef 1.60 c 0.91d 1.49 d 1.01 e 1.17 e 1.40 d 2.47d 2.51 f 3.27 d 2.56 f 2.42 e
Pirimicarb 500 gm. 37.30 36.61 32.31 33.39 29.84 27.73 34.90 33.16 28.35 16.65 36.00 32.29 25.3 20.03 30.27
3.20 b 6.52 b 5.55 b 5.35 b 4.40c 2.58 a 2.97 b 3.14 b 2.73 c 1.19b 0.62 b 5.57 b 3.11 b 1.54 c
Propoxur 1 L. 51.75 45.75 47.03 19.71 12.33 50.13 55.04 38.28 16.43 12.89 54.88 51.98 47.93 13.27 36.96
4.92 c 3.20 c 4.89 c 8.33 a 2.68a 2.84d 4.24ef 0.97b 1.75b 2.05ab 3.94b 4.69b 4.31d 4.62a
Chlorpyrifos 1 L. 41.2 36.54 32.09 31.21 23.83 43.60 35.99 29.60 25.29 17.46 53.02 47.10 41.85 39.05 35.56
-methyl
3.76 b 2.73 b 4.31 b 3.73 b 3.03b 1.88c 4.85d 2.20b 1.80c 2.83b 2.53b 0.86b 1.58c 0.87c
Dimethoate 1L. 70.23 52.28 54.5 17.97 11.32 74.02 43.64 37.22 18.12 17.17 72.45 56.97 62.67 22.66 43.66
3.00 d 1.58 d 2.80 d 5.71 a 5.06a 1.03e 4.25c 16.25b 2.49b 3.84b 4.29c 4.34c 3.00e 7.64b
Phenthoate 0.800 L. 31.45 27.01 12.96 11.85 7.51 35.55 25.79 18.10 12.73 6.94 33.57 30.69 20.31 13.48 20.57
3.53 a 2.76 a 6.15 a 5.07 a 1.5b 1.34b 0.86b 1.54a 2.57a 0.28a 2.86a 3.34a 3.40a 1.42a
Pirimiphos 1.5 L. 95.70 86.35 72.62 70.32 69.51 98.56 82.3 69.69 70.41 64.03 99.41 82.67 72.46 70.89 78.92
-methyl
0.63 f 1.51 f 2.74 e 1.69 c 0.887d 0.05 e 1.50 f 2.68 e 1.99 d 1.22d 0.047g 0.13 e 2.04 f 4.93 f
Profenofos 0.750 L. 85.19 85.55 81.37 79.61 77.36 85.33 80.40 75.72 69.71 53.77 89.47 81.91 79.49 75.76 78.62
3.56 e 1.20 f 1.11 f 1.55 d 1.60e 3.98f 1.11a 2.52c 1.48d 9.65c 1.04 f 1.53 e 0.44 g 2.39 g
L.S.D 0.95 5.6527 5.3161 6.9177 8.1661 5.0488 3.8346 4.7029 10.5491 3.6093 6.927 4.5931 6.0202 4.8304 6.7199
* the second spray . ** the third spray . S.D: Standard deviation. Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level).
146
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
53
03
52
02
51
01
sevael 3/stcesni fo rebmun egarevA
5
0
0 1 3 5 7 9 01 21 41 61 81 91 12 32 52
.)syad( emiT
lyhtem-sohpimirip
bracimirip
ruxoporp
etaohtemid
lyhtem-sofiryprolhc
etaohtnehp
sofoneforp
naflusobrac
.lortnoC
Fig.(11): The average number of immature stage of whitefly Bemisia tabaci/ 3 leaves infesting okra plants.
147
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (13): Efficiency of certain pesticides against the population density of the adults of cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci in okra plants
.
Chemical No of adults whitefly/3 leaves S.D. at days:-
used Before 1 3 5 7 9* 10 12 14 16 18** 19 21 23 25
1st
spray.
Carbosulfan 26.45 3.57 3.44 5.67 7.39 8.51 0.72 0.84 0.95 1.73 2.58 0.27 0.44 0.97 1.66
2.53 0.35 0.15 0.21 0.44 0.34 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.18 0.12 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.08
Pirimicarb 13.90 3.45 5.34 6.45 4.39 5.61 1.09 1.67 1.25 1.69 2.59 0.62 1.35 2.43 3.32
0.88 0.15 0.29 0.19 0.34 0.28 0.04 0.27 0.14 0.21 0.20 0.03 0.05 0.18 0.2 b
Propoxur 8.61 4.53 5.57 8.10 5.33 6.74 2.03 3.54 3.67 4.11 5.150 2.30 4.59 8.39 9.13
0.15 0.18 0.21 0.09 0.29 0.14 0.05 0.18 0.27 0.12 0.13 0.16 0.20 0.12 0.39
Chlorpyrifos 11.25 4.62 5.43 11.27 7.07 8.53 1.92 3.06 4.48 5.30 6.69 2.31 4.56 11.28 11.55
-methyl
0.29 0.26 0.09 0.26 0.08 0.34 0.07 0.06 0.23 0.14 0.26 0.17 0.19 0.22 0.39
Dimethoate 7.62 0.74 0.67 3.71 3.51 3.74 0.40 0.32 1.16 1.95 2.54 0.15 0.25 2.07 3.54
0.36 0.05 0.04 0.20 0.24 0.1 d 0.23 0.09 0.05 0.07 0.12 0.02 0.01 0.12 0.32
Phenthoate 17.43 2.65 3.60 5.23 9.70 10.22 1.14 1.61 1.71 5.57 6.80 0.87 1.62 3.22 10.74
0.45 0.18 0.36 0.22 0.17 0.26 0.05 0.14 0.18 0.10 0.32 0.06 0.18 0.19 0.34
Pirimiphos 9.72 2.24 1.83 3.02 3.49 4.57 0.54 0.84 0.93 1.60 2.47 0.44 0.64 1.41 2.81
-methyl
0.46 0.15 0.06 0.08 0.43 0.32 0.05 0.02 0.09 0.18 0.42 0.12 0.19 0.25 0.58
Profenofos 16.56 2.27 2.28 4.57 4.52 4.67 0.34 0.57 0.80 1.49 2.05 0.15 0.45 1.09 1.75
0.39 0.26 0.02 0.23 0.24 0.19 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.10 0.03 0.19 0.12 0.28
Control 36.68 45.37 35.78 39.27 24.52 24.46 28.85 19.97 16.83 18.25 18.82 20.56 24.56 34.67 36.18
0.82 0.28 0.39 0.73 0.40 0.15 0.65 0.52 1.43 0.64 0.11 0.68 0.95 0.97 2.34
ㄱ the second spray (population density just before sprying) ,** the third spray (population density just before sprying) . S.D: Standard deviation.
148
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table ( 14 ): Efficiency of certain pesticides against adults of cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci in okra plants.
Chemical Rate/ Average % reduction S.D. at days:- Average
used fed 1 3 5 7 9* 10 12 14 16 18** 19 21 23 25 reduction
Carbosulfan 600 gm. 89.00 86.57 79.80 57.95 51.48 92.85 87.82 83.66 72.74 60.52 90.41 86.78 79.66 66.45 77.54
1.72 d 1.77 e 2.57 e 5.03 e 4.82f 0.80 e 1.93 f 2.08 d 1.93 f 3.19e 0.99 d 1.95 fig 0.40 d 2.81 d
Pirimicarb 500 gm. 79.9 60.53 56.6 52.75 39.17 83.57 63.68 67.76 59.74 40.07 78.1 59.78 49.05 33.29 58.82
0.61 c 3.40 c 2.4 c 1.27 de 6.57c 0.58 c 4.38 c 2.42 c 3.39 e 4.59d 1.73c 2.58c 0.23b 0.79d
Propoxur 1 L. 57.44 33.66 12.13 7.38 74.42 35.79 20.96 18.29 59.05 31.64 11.43 7.62 26.42
0.00 a 0.00 a
2.30 a 2.46 a 2.54 b 3.54 a 0.74 a 2.10 a 4.72 a 4.00 a 1.87 a 4.23 a 1.00 a 5.64 a
Chlorpyrifos 1 L. 66.82 50.48 6.4 6.01 80.88 56.04 23.38 16.61 68.39 47.62 8.31 9.95 31.49
-methyl 0.00 a 0.00 a
1.86 b 0.89 b 3.85 a 3.31 a 1.33 b 2.13 b 6.85 a 1.34 a 1.37 b 3.58 b 4.88 a 6.57 a
Dimethoate 1L. 92.15 90.94 54.46 30.85 26.17 90.97 89.47 54.93 29.91 11.82 94.47 92.33 55.73 27.36 60.11
0.42 e 0.51 f 3.12 c 6.82 c 5.58c 5.35c 2.71f 1.52b 5.40b 2.36b 0.72 d 0.70 g 3.74 bc 7.65 ab
Phenthoate 0.800 L. 87.71 78.83 71.95 16.72 11.98 90.54 80.76 75.67 26.93 13.5 88.26 81.74 74.30 17.71 58.32
0.80 d 2.37 d 1.41 d 1.73 b 4.29b 0.60 d 1.38 de 1.98 c 0.51 b 6.05b 1.032e 2.24d 1.13d 2.987ab
Pirimiphos 1.5 L. 81.39 80.66 70.95 45.95 29.16 89.93 77.32 70.21 53.08 30.05 84.01 80.46 68.95 40.71 64.48
-methyl
0.80 c 1.24 d 0.72 d 9.04 d 8.17c 0.14 d 2.12 d 4.97 c 4.54 d 7.03c 1.54d 2.62d 4.07ec 7.47d
Profenofos 0.750 L. 88.91 85.90 74.18 59.13 57.69 93.93 80.00 75.17 26.93 42.90 93.32 83.21 71.19 55.37 70.56
1.51 d 0.42 e 1.88 d 2.43 e 2.08f 1.50c 2.04ff 3.58c 0.51c 3.45d 0.99 d 2.70 ef 1.95 d 9.28 cd
L.S.D 0.95 2.4354 3.3027 4.3055 8.37924 9.9334 3.5984 4.3191 6.7884 5.9851 8.4309 2.3118 4.776 4.766 10.4726
* the second spray . ** the third spray. S.D: Standard deviation. Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level) .
149
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 3 5 7 9 10 12 14 16 18 19 21 23 25
Time (days).
pirimiphos-methyl pirimicarb propoxur dimethoate chlorpyrifos-methyl
phenthoate profenofos carbosulfan Control.
Fig. (12):The average number of adult of whitefly Bemisia tabaci / 3 leaves infesting okra plants.
150
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (15 ): Efficiency of certain pesticides against the population density of nymphs of cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci in squash plants .
Chemical No of nymphs /leaf S.D. at days:-
used Before 1 3 5 7 9* 10 12 14 16 18** 19 21 23 25
st
1
spray.
Carbosulfan 18.88 0.01 2.46 17.35 13.93 14.71 14.71 2.66 8.21 11.45 12.39 0.16 1.61 7.21 8.46
0.72 0.01 0.32 0.34 0.50 0.63 0.63 0.23 0.21 0.20 0.53 0.02 0.25 0.05 0.32
Pirimicarb 23.78 8.55 10.95 25.31 17.32 18.80 6.60 9.69 12.35 16.34 17.15 4.00 6.28 10.47 11.53
0.71 0.37 0.44 1.13 0.85 0.71 0.24 0.60 0.20 0.20 1.19 0.70 0.20 0.24 0.57
Propoxur 37.34 17.39 29.67 53.14 37.23 38.89 19.44 33.58 33.71 43.95 44.79 17.80 27.05 37.57 42.25
1.03 2.13 0.32 0.93 1.14 0.57 0.44 0.40 0.51 0.62 0.87 0.31 0.55 1.37 0.30
Chlorpyrifos 44.27 3.12 7.26 14.78 11.91 13.41 0.64 1.82 2.74 4.51 4.89 0.22 0.67 1.04 1.29
-methyl
2.23 0.14 0.27 0.48 0.85 0.50 0.02 0.25 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.09 0.14 0.02 0.11
Dimethoate 34.65 5.55 15.03 29.59 25.61 26.94 4.10 11.63 12.79 20.70 22.64 3.61 8.06 11.51 15.48
1.15 0.37 0.95 0.57 0.90 0.33 0.95 0.74 0.71 0.25 0.52 0.29 0.29 0.16 0.45
Phenthoate 48.70 0.52 8.42 25.34 23.84 25.08 25.08 5.10 9.41 14.11 15.75 0.16 1.86 4.83 7.26
0.52 0.04 0.04 1.17 0.37 0.31 0.31 0.08 0.15 0.61 0.70 0.09 0.08 0.11 0.75
Pirimiphos 36.44 7.09 9.51 38.69 26.65 27.90 5.24 8.63 18.80 23.86 25.50 3.03 5.23 17.17 17.51
-methyl
0.84 0.12 0.08 0.89 0.70 0.51 0.20 0.28 0.63 0.62 1.01 0.12 0.23 0.63 0.33
Profenofos 22.51 0.01 4.60 8.61 10.67 11.68 11.68 2.32 2.72 5.52 6.06 0.05 1.00 1.59 2.71
1.09 0.01 0.35 0.29 0.30 0.72 0.72 0.11 0.29 0.36 0.44 0.03 0.14 0.16 0.14
Control 33.05 36.83 39.45 59.75 41.01 40.67 40.67 49.38 43.44 55.01 54.61 49.21 48.77 58.05 60.28
0.50 1.17 0.67 0.35 0.73 0.75 0.75 1.07 0.95 1.98 1.44 0.52 0.34 0.49 0.90
ㄴ the second spray (population density just before sprying) ,** the third spray (population density just before sprying). S.D: Standard deviation.
151
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table ( 16): Efficiency of certain pesticides against nymphs of cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci in squash plants.
Chemical Rate/ Average % reduction S.D. at days:- Average
used fed. 1 3 5 7 9* 10 12 14 16 18** 19 21 23 25 reduction
Carbosulfan 600 gm. 99.97 89.05 49.10 40.43 36.67 99.40 85.05 47.69 42.38 37.19 98.56 85.37 45.20 38.00 63.26
0.05 e 1.73 e 2.61 c 4.11 b 2.08 b 0.08 f 1.87 e 2.20 c 2.31 c 3.96 b 0.23 e 2.90 d 2.62 c 5.06 b
Pirimicarb 500 gm. 67.70 61.39 41.03 41.27 35.72 68.80 57.46 38.43 35.70 32.11 73.99 58.86 42.30 38.83 49.54
2.18 b 1.46 b 4.28 b 3.41 b 3.01 b 0.23 b 4.01 b 2.96 b 1.90 b 2.17 b 5.15 b 3.74 b 5.19 c 6.38 b
Propoxur 1 L. 58.09 33.37 21.2 19.54 15.32 55.55 28.87 18.83 16.42 14.23 55.88 32.37 21.04 14.53 28.95
6.28 a 2.55 a 3.54 a 4.70 a 1.29 a 1.63 a 1.82 a 2.02 a 2.38 a 0.74 a 0.83 a 1.56 a 4.14 a 1.04 a
Chlorpyrifos 1 L. 93.67 86.26 81.51 78.28 75.33 95.77 88.76 80.79 75.14 72.80 94.97 84.00 79.90 76.05 83.13
-methyl
0.06 d 0.37 de 0.76 e 1.91 d 1.83 b 0.11 e 1.86 f 2.45 e 1.39 f 2.21 e 1.89 e 3.98 d 0.63 f 2.27 d
Dimethoate 1 L. 85.63 63.6 52.73 40.42 36.75 86.51 64.48 55.56 43.19 37.43 82.27 60.16 52.13 38.04 57.06
0.50 c 3.23 b 1.99 c 0.97 b 2.01 b 2.99 c 1.86 c 2.11 d 1.02 c 1.51 1.85 c 0.75 b 1.26 d 1.69 b
Phenthoate 0.800 L. 99.03 85.52 71.21 60.54 58.15 99.97 83.26 64.85 58.39 53.21 98.1 86.74 71.10 58.25 74.88
0.08 e 0.10 de 1.45 d 0.82 c 0.75 c 0.023 f 0.45 e 0.97 d 2.18 d 2.62 c 0.62 e 0.43 d 1.53 e 3.99 c
Pirimiphos 1.5 L. 82.53 78.14 41.22 41.00 37.77 83.32 74.53 36.89 36.75 31.94 86.79 76.97 36.54 37.72 55.865
-methyl
0.70 c 0.33 c 2.67 b 2.88 b 1.18 b 0.52 c 1.06 d 2.55 b 2.07 b 1.96 b 1.00 d 1.89 c 4.75 b 3.32 b
Profenofos 0.750 L. 99.97 82.84 78.79 61.69 57.84 98.55 83.61 78.08 64.87 61.19 98.99 81.51 75.3 59.47 77.34
.
0.02 e 1.92 d 1.72 e 2.94 c 0.64 c 0.16 f 0.52 e 3.66 e 4.37 e 5.18 d 0.67 e 1.167 d 1.85 ef 0.89 c
L.S.D 0.95 4.1002 3.122 4.5110 5.2239 3.0477 2.1212 3.4294 4.2850 4.1378 4.9611 3.6778 4.1636 5.5156 6.2153
* the second spray . ** the third spray . S.D: Standard deviation. Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level).
152
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
07
06
05
04
03
02
fael/stcesni fo rebmun egarevA
01
0
0 1 3 5 7 9 01 21 41 61 81 91 12 32 52
.)syad( emiT
lyhtem-sohpimirip
bracimirip
ruxoporp
etaohtemid
lyhtem-sofiryprolhc
etaohtnehp
sofoneforp
naflusobrac
.lortnoC
Fig. (13):The average number of immature stage of Bemisia tabaci/ leaf infesting squash plants.
153
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (17): Efficiency of certain pesticides against the population density of adults of cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci in squash plants
Chemical Average no.of adults whitefly/leaf S.D. at days:-
used Before 1 3 5 7 9* 10 12 14 16 18** 19 21 23 25
spray.
Carbosulfan 6.63 5.55 6.66 9.24 8.25 10.46 5.63 5.73 6.58 7.52 8.49 5.67 4.76 5.70 4.88
0.30 0.31 0.10 0.18 0.24 0.36 0.18 0.28 0.13 0.42 0.28 0.25 0.16 0.19 0.12
Pirimicarb 5.49 3.53 6.38 9.63 9.08 10.65 4.60 7.22 8.59 10.26 12.00 5.94 8.87 10.42 9.73
0.32 0.11 0.46 0.21 0.09 0.34 0.37 0.19 0.35 0.53 0.17 0.49 0.28 0.15 0.16
Propoxur 4.57 2.56 4.28 5.66 5.50 7.32 2.64 3.78 4.45 5.43 6.62 2.79 3.55 4.05 4.09
0.33 0.21 0.36 0.16 0.19 0.44 0.29 0.05 0.15 0.43 0.24 0.28 0.04 0.18 0.40
Chlorpyrifos 4.57 1.87 5.43 8.46 7.69 8.86 2.11 5.71 7.50 9.07 9.97 2.64 6.58 8.91 8.44
-methyl
0.33 0.08 0.09 0.13 0.20 0.42 0.14 0.27 0.45 0.45 0.29 0.12 0.14 0.18 0.31
Dimethoate 3.68 1.71 4.53 6.64 6.25 6.99 2.26 4.69 5.70 7.25 8.48 3.48 6.32 7.33 7.23
0.27 0.14 0.32 0.15 0.20 0.44 0.11 0.27 0.23 0.51 0.08 0.17 0.24 0.19 0.22
Phenthoate 7.43 1.05 3.49 7.12 7.13 10.40 0.96 2.47 4.40 5.62 8.02 0.42 1.79 3.47 3.40
0.18 0.04 0.24 0.12 0.13 0.54 0.30 0.11 0.09 0.15 0.42 0.13 0.06 0.33 0.24
Pirimiphos 4.32 0.46 0.97 1.57 1.78 2.28 0.16 0.32 0.61 0.62 0.85 0.05 0.15 0.24 0.23
-methyl
0.12 0.06 0.08 0.28 0.26 0.22 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.07 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.02
Profenofos 3.97 2.44 3.35 5.06 4.49 6.56 2.51 2.89 3.80 4.62 6.53 2.73 3.33 3.26 3.65
0.13 0.16 0.16 0.05 0.22 0.13 0.07 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.05 0.24 0.10 0.12 0.25
Control 5.00 6.51 8.22 10.44 9.31 10.45 9.46 9.89 10.29 11.54 12.43 13.68 12.59 13.04 11.47
0.22 0.07 0.22 0.07 0.19 0.71 0.11 0.23 0.14 0.37 0.38 0.25 0.26 0.36 0.37
ㄷ the second spray (population density just before sprying) ,** the third spray (population density just before sprying) . S.D: Standard deviation.
154
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table ( 18 ): Efficiency of certain pesticides against adults of cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci in squash plants .
Chemical Rate/ Average % reduction S.D. at days:- Average
used fed. 1 3 5 7 9* 10 12 14 16 18** 19 21 23 25 reduction
Carbosulfan 600 gm. 35.68 38.82 33.16 33.13 24.42 40.47 42.02 36.08 34.81 31.76 39.14 44.62 35.95 37.64 36.28
2.53 a 1.89 b 2.02 b 2.48 b 2.76b 3.87a 4.78b 3.41b 5.33c 3.67e 4.56 a 1.99 c 4.02 b 3.27 b
Pirimicarb 500 gm. 50.45 28.96 15.73 10.97 7.04 52.36 28.38 18.153 12.83 5.196 55.16 27.06 17.26 12.09 24.39
3.73 b 8.68 a 6.35 a 4.58 a 3.50a 2.32b 1.11a 1.51a 1.75b 3.89b 4.19b 3.06a 1.64a 1.611a
Propoxur 1 L. 56.75 42.97 40.46 35.33 23.32 60.18 45.38 38.26 32.87 23.92 61.80 47.06 41.65 33.12 41.65
5.83 b 3.75 b 5.35 b 2.49 b 2.48b 2.12c 2.56b 2.02bc 1.67c 1.76d 2.57c 2.29cd 0.86c 4.08b
Chlorpyrifos 1 L. 68.35 26.99 10.41 8.75 6.50 73.68 31.93 14.13 7.3 5.33 75.95 34.85 14.80 7.64 27.62
-methyl
1.84 c 5.45 a 7.23 a 8.01 a 3.91a 1.37e 1.56a 1.39a 0.96a 2.61b 0.43d 2.06b 2.07a 3.03a
Dimethoate 1L. 64.36 24.68 13.153 8.49 9.05 64.29 29.05 17.14 6.01 62.71 26.50 17.62 7.64 25.05
0.00 a
0.59 c 10.19 a 7.77 a 5.11 a 2.18a 1.4d 0.49a 1.92a 1.25a 2.08 c 3.02 a 1.97 a 3.04 a
Phenthoate 0.800 L. 89.15 71.47 54.12 48.51 33.00 89.92 74.90 56.97 51.02 35.16 95.16 77.97 58.7 8.27 60.31
0.49 d 2.21 b 1.77 c 0.81 c 5.14c 2.64f 1.63d 1.30d 1.22d 0.98e 1.67e 1.58e 4.67e 0.99c
Pirimiphos 1.5 L. 91.88 86.28 82.52 77.82 74.75 92.19 85.21 72.91 75.65 68.66 94.28 82.52 72.89 70.38 80.57
-methyl
0.98 d 1.45 d 3.42 d 3.80 d 1.73d 1.16 f 2.34 e 1.92 e 4.67 e 3.39f 0.43 e 0.26 f 5.39 f 4.39 d
Profenofos 0.750 L. 52.69 48.70 38.92 39.34 20.68 57.79 53.61 41.33 36.49 16.57 62.01 49.62 52.37 39.46 43.54
3.71 b 3.33 c 2.60 b 2.40 b 2.59b 1.47c 3.49c 2.46c 1.56c 1.72c 3.19 c 1.22 d 1.72 d 4.19 b
L.S.D 0.95 5.2280 9.5721 8.8129 7.3516 3.8298 3.8298 4.4842 3.6268 4.8393 4.8586 4.8423 3.6823 5.5301 5.5289
* the second spray . ** the third spray . S.D: Standard deviation. Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)
155
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
61
41
21
01
8
6
fael/stcesni fo rebmun egarevA
4
2
0
0 1 3 5 7 9 01 21 41 61 81 91 12 32 52
.)syad( emiT
lyhtem-sohpimirip
bracimirip
ruxoporp
etaohtemid
lyhtem-sofiryprolhc
etaohtnehp
sofoneforp
naflusobrac
.lortnoC
Fig .(14):The average number of adult of whitefly Bemisia tabaci / leaf infesting squash plants.
156
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Aphid, A. gossypii was observed only on squash plants and was not
observed on okra plants through the experimental period. Results
pertaining the efficiency of the tested insecticides against the aphids were
recorded in Table 19, 20 and illustrated in Fig.15. From the results
obtained it is evident that, the population of aphids started with low
numbers then increased rapidly to reach a maximum of 62 aphids/leaf of
squash plant throughout the experimental period. Carbosulfan was the
most effective insecticide followed by chloropyrifos-methyl and
pirimicarb (average percents of reduction through test period: 87.69, 84.7
and 82.86). The least effective compounds were pirimiphos-methyl and
propoxur (% reduction: 60.29 and 56.4, respectively). However, all tested
insecticides resulted in a considerable reduction after 24 hours of
spraying. The effectiveness of the insecticides, carbosulfan,
chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb lasted up to 9 days after spraying
whereas that of the rest of
insecticides were reduced after 3 days. The results of the present study
are in agreement with those of many authors. Shalaby et al. (1991) found
that Marshal(carbosulfan) 25% at rate of 300 gm/fed gave exellent control
for aphids. Against the cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae,
chloropyrifos-methyl was the most toxic insecticide among other
pesticides (El-Sayed et al. 1991). Also Rizk and Kamel (1991) found
that, chloropyrifos methyl bioencapsulated at a rate of 400 gm/F.
produced an immediate effect on aphids after 3 days of application in
157
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
158
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (19): Efficiency of certain pesticides against the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii in squash plants.
Chemical Average no.of aphids/leaf S.D. at days:-
used Before 1 3 5 7 9* 10 12 14 16 18** 19 21 23 25
st
1
spray.
Carbosulfan 3.25 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.23 1.45 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.13 0.32 0.04 0.15 0.44 0.68
0.29 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.13 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.64 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.07 0.18
Pirimicarb 3.45 0.12 0.50 1.14 1.35 2.51 0.05 0.41 0.51 0.94 1.74 0.21 0.53 0.68 0.96
0.30 0.02 0.09 0.25 0.10 0.36 0.01 0.06 0.08 0.07 0.21 0.25 0.11 0.06 0.11
Propoxur 2.59 0.66 0.91 1.48 2.46 4.35 1.37 1.41 3.42 4.03 5.99 3.21 3.00 9.32 13.52
0.38 0.07 0.07 0.26 0.38 0.48 0.38 0.37 0.18 0.52 0.21 0.28 0.19 1.12 1.11
Chlorpyrifos 2.48 0.01 0.06 0.37 0.48 1.46 0.01 0.01 0.24 0.33 0.51 0.00 0.01 0.16 0.18
-methyl.
0.41 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.07 0.38 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.08 0.09 0.00 0.01 0.08 0.14
Dimethoate 2.86 0.16 0.46 1.43 1.78 3.94 0.05 0.48 1.81 2.63 3.36 0.12 0.73 3.86 4.00
0.36 0.02 0.04 0.42 0.21 0.15 0.01 0.05 0.19 0.35 0.21 0.07 0.3.9 00.6 0.47
Phenthoate 2.67 0.13 0.74 0.77 1.35 2.54 0.10 0.68 0.74 1.59 1.92 0.13 0.98 1.60 2.14
0.71 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.52 0.02 0.14 0.09 0.21 0.17 0.07 0.34 0.24 0.42
Pirimiphos 2.57 0.16 0.43 1.85 2.42 4.44 0.27 0.78 3.62 4.36 5.89 0.66 2.10 9.63 10.62
-methyl
0.14 0.03 0.06 0.11 0.36 0.61 0.05 0.19 0.32 0.15 0.51 0.06 0.35 0.87 0.84
Profenofos 4.46 0.37 1.59 2.55 3.86 7.36 0.22 2.26 4.05 6.61 8.42 0.69 3.91 8.83 12.62
0.33 0.05 0.21 0.34 0.36 0.35 0.08 0.26 0.65 0.45 0.74 0.07 0.30 0.34 0.75
Control 4.70 4.47 5.25 6.33 7.30 11.42 13.34 15.44 14.91 21.09 20.30 33.62 41.91 61.71 62.80
0.44 0.44 0.24 0.36 0.19 1.02 1.24 2.41 2.21 2.07 0.82 3.48 3.41 2.89 2.78
ㄹ the second spray (population density just before sprying) ,** the third spray (population density just before sprying). S.D: Standard deviation.
159
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table ( 20 ): Efficiency of certain pesticides against the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii in squash plants.
Chemical Rate/ Average % reduction S.D. at days:- Average
used fed. 1 3 5 7 9* 10 12 14 16 18** 19 21 23 25 reduction
Carbosulfan 600 gm. 99.9 99.35 99.47 95.48 81.59 99.23 98.83 96.69 95.08 85.106 93.15 80.98 61.37 41.51 87.69
0.17 e 0.22 c 0.09 c 0.63 c 0.03 c 0.27 b 0.19 d 0.50 d 1.18 d 2.70 c 0.21 b 2.39 ab 7.81 dc 17.85 ab
Pirimicarb 500 gm. 96.45 87.02 75.03 74.59 69.64 98.24 88.04 84.14 79.65 60.21 92.77 85.23 87.05 81.95 82.86
0.19 d 1.08 b 7.54 b 3.99 b 6.86 bc 0.60 b 0.24 bc 3.80 cd 2.23 c 9.49 d 8.59 b 2.81 b 2.40 cd 3.79 e
Propoxur 1 L. 73.06 67.76 57.72 38.71 30.62 72.16 75.46 84.14 49.84 21.57 67.597 75.68 48.67 26.90 56.42
1.27 a 7.14 a 3.24 a 4.60a 3.36 a 11.05 a 8.82 a 3.79 a 2.36 a 12.04 a 3.73 a 2.22 a 7.78 a 8.19 a
Chlorpyrifos 1 L. 99.44 97.75 88.87 87.56 75.32 99.34 99.30 86.45 86.84 78.94 99.41 98.65 88.90 89.09 84.70
-methyl
0.19 e 0.78 c 0.65 bc 0.82 c 7.25 0.61 b 0.32 d cd 4.62 6.69 cd 8.12 c 0.74 b 1.138 c 7.57 b 6.75 c
Dimethoate 1L. 93.89 85.46 61.83 59.22 42.54 99.02 91.03 38.99 63.86 51.83 97.9b 89.38 62.09 61.38 71.32
1.37 c 2.32 b 16.01a 9.06 b 9.75 a 0.15 b 1.20 cd 9.98 d 4.72 b 2.85 b 1.10 b 5.57 b 8.25 bc 7.05 d
Phenthoate 0.800 L. 94.66 73.7 77.31 65.66 60.41 96.3 79.05 77.34 65.18 56.72 95.89 74.75 72.76 63.58 75.24
1.99cd 8.07 a 7.31 b 9.58 b 2.52 b 1.39 b 8.60 ab 1.88 c 8.19 b 5.48 b 2.31 b 10.8 ba 2.64 c 9.97 b
Pirimiphos 1.5 L. 93.47 85.08 46.54 39.2 28.71 94.8 86.59 36.66 46.11 24.04 93.23 82.61 45.80 41.26 60.29
-methyl
0.91c 2.74 b 2.16 a 11.35a 11.79 a 1.17 b 4.5 abc 12.63 a 8.49 a 14.92 a 0.90b 3.45 b 8.25 a 8.84 b
Profenofos 0.750 L. 91.19 68.21 57.78 43.84 31.95 96. 3 77.24 58.1 51.23 35.46 95.08 77.30 65.29 51.49 64.32
1.85 b 3.24 a 2.70 a 9.38 a 3.13 c 1.39 b 3.59 ab 4.68 b 5.38 a 8.17 a 0.19 3.58 ab 4.16 c 1.30 b
L.S.D 0.95 2.1026 7.2736 0.0778 12.6711 11.6330 6.9109 803740 11.788 9.6188 15.4353 5.9882 8.5134 11.3677 15.8949
* the second spray . ** the third spray. S.D: Standard deviation. Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)
160
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
70
60
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 3 5 7 9 10 12 14 16 18 19 21 23 25
Time (days).
pirimiphos-methyl pirimicarb propoxur dimethoate chlorpyrifos-methyl
phenthoate profenofos carbosulfan Control.
Fig. (15):The average number of Aphis gossypii / leaf infesting squash plants.
161
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
considerable effect against the cotton leaf worm, These results are
important when designing a program of pest control as it is something
precious to control more than one insect at the same time particularly
those belonging to certain group (e.g. sucking pests and lepidopteran
insects).
2- Both chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb were relatively of low
toxicity to the beneficial predator, Paedrus alfierii Table (8). Therefore
the two compounds (i.e. chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb) were
subjected to further evaluation for their toxicities to white rats as a
mammalian test organism aiming to detect the possible hazardous effects
which might reflect the noxious effects on human consuming edible parts
of sprayed plant or handling these insecticides during application.
2-Toxicity of chloropyrifos-methyl and
pirimicarb to white rats.
2.1. Acute toxicity:
The acute toxicity as a single oral dose expressed as LD50 values
and their confidence limits was determined. The method of Weil (1952)
was used. Results recorded in Table (22) show that LD50 values of
chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb are 1200 and 70.7 mg a.i/kg b.w. of
rats, respectively. These values are somewhat in the range of those
reported by Thomson(1983) (LD50: 2140 and 147 mg/kg b.w of rats for
chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb, respectively). The severity of the
acute toxicity symptoms for both compounds was dose-dependent. Sings
of toxicity appeared as tremors, decreased appetite, abdominal cramps,
salivation, diarrhea, back legs paralyzation, convulsions and coma which
was often terminated by death. These symptoms are similar (to some
extent) to those of human intoxication of organophosphate and carbamate
insecticides reported by Kaloyanova and El-Batawi (1991). Death and
162
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (21): Average % reduction of different insect pests infesting squash and okra
crops as affected by the tested pesticides.
Squash Okra
Average reduction percentage
Pesticides A. gossypii Whitefly S. littoralis Whitefly
B. tabaci B. tabaci
Adult stage nymph stage Adult stage nymph stage
Carbosulfan 87.69 36.28 63.26 22.66 77.54 74.28
Table ( 22 ): Acute toxicity of the tested insecticides expressed (as LD 50 values and
their confidence limits.) against rats.
Insesticides LD50 (mg/kg b.w) Confidence limits
Pirimicarb 70.7
163
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
164
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Toxicity rating commonly used term LD50 single oral dose(rats)( mg/kg)
6 Super toxic <5
These results are very important for humans consuming edible parts of
vegetables collected directly after spraying especially with pirimicarb or
for those exposing to these compounds during their handling and
application. Thus, pre-harvest periods after applying these insecticides on
vegetables should be greatly considered. Safety precautions during
application must be adopted as well. Also, growing vegetables (e.g. okra
and onion) inside or beside cotton fields, as commonly practiced by
Egyptian farmers, must be avoided where cotton plants are often subject
to massive application of pesticides.
2.2. Sub-chronic toxicities:
Rats were given daily single oral doses each equivalent to 1/10 and
1/30LD50 of chloropyrifos-methyl or pirimicarb. The treatments continued
for 30, 60, or 90 days. Moralities and clinical symptoms of toxicity were
recorded throughout the test period. After each experimental period,
animals were weighed, slaughtered and the tested biochemical parameters
were measured in serum. The effects of the tested insecticides on the
specific activities or levels of ChE, non-specific esterases, enzymes and
biomarkers of liver and kidney functions were determined. The measured
biomarkers of liver function included aspartate aminotransferase, AST
(formerly, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, GOT); alanine
aminotransferase, ALT (formerly, glutamate pyruvic transaminase, GPT);
alkaline phosphatase, ALP; total protein; total bilirubin; albumin and
cholesterol while those of kidney function were creatinine and uric acid.
165
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (24): The mortality percentage of rats treated with chloropyrifos methyl and
pirimicarb as daily oral doses.
166
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1/30 LD50 0 0 0
1/30 LD50 0 0 0
167
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
168
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
169
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
170
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (25): Effect of daily oral doses of chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb on the specific activity serum ChE in male white rats.
Activities ( mole AsCI/min./mg protein) of periods:-
30 day 60 day 90 day
Insecticides 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50
Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont.
Chloropyrifos-methyl 1.47 10- 10- 10- 10- 10- 10-
4 4 4 4 4 4
0.12 a 36.96 2.10 0.07a 52.63 1.32 0.29a 34.33 1.92 0.22a 50.19 0.88 0.08a 23.90 1.36 0.05a 36.95
Pirimicarb 2.87 0.45 b 71.99 3.58 0.10b 89.78 2.56 0.44b 66.77 3.17 0.40b 82.64 2.67 0.31b 72.41 3 .00 0.07b 81.30
Control. 3.99 0.15 c 100 3.99 0.15 c 100 3.83 0.18c 100 3.83 0.18c 100 3.69 0.52c 100 3.69 0.52b 100
LSD0.95 0.56 0.22 0.64 0.70 0.70 0.60
Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly different (P= 0.95 level)
Table (26): Effect of daily oral doses of chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb on serum esterases specific activity in male white rats.
Activities ( mole - naphthol/min./mg protein) after periods:-
30 day 60 day 90 day
Insecticides 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50
Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont.
10a -65.59 77.79 6.07 100.10
Chloropyrifos-methyl 0.27
-6 a
84.51 4.92 107.62 a 67.73 0.062
-6
10a -65.48 75.44 0.11
10 2.93 38.83 3.70 100.09a 44.04
a -6 -6
Pirimicarb 0.15b 5.75 80.09 6.43 0.36 a 89.54 0.11a 5.62 77.37 5.68 0.18a 78.14 0.20b 3.96 52.58 0.55 b 4.69 62.16
Control. 0.13 c 7.18 100 0.13b 7.18 100 0.06c 7.27 100 0.06 b 7.27 100 0.43c 7.54 100 7.54 0.43 c 100
LSD0.95 0.38 0.45 0.18 0.26 0.57 0.81
Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly different (P= 0.95 level)
171
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
100
80
60
% control.
40
20
0
30 60 90
Time / days.
1/10LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/10LD50 pirimicarb.
1/30LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/30 LD50 pirimicarb.
Fig.( 16 ):The effect of daily oral dose of chloropyrifos methyl and pirimicarb on serum ChE activity of rats.
172
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
100
80
% control.
60
40
20
30 60 90
Time / days.
1/10LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/10LD50 pirimicarb.
1/30LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/30 LD50 pirimicarb.
Fig.(17):The effect of daily oral dose of chloropyrifos methyl and pirimicarb on serum esterases activity of rats.
173
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (27): Effect of daily oral doses of chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb on serum alkaline phosphatase activity in male white rats.
Activities (U/L.) after periods:-
Pirimicarb 121.60 6.50b 180.42 74.53 1.94a 110.58 135.33 2.20b 204.23 83.67 5.13b 126.26 71.73 10.07a 106.11 96.73 9.50b 143.10
Control. 67.40 2.12a 100 67.40 2.12a 100 66.27 8.82a 100 66.27 8.82a 100 67.60 7.21a 100 67.60 7.21a 100
Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly different (P= 0.95 level)
174
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
250
200
150
% control.
100
50
0
30 60 90
Time / days.
1/10LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/10LD50 pirimicarb.
1/30LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/30 LD50 pirimicarb.
Fig.(18):The effect of daily oral dose of chloropyrifos methyl and pirimicarb on serum alkaline phosphatase activity of rats.
175
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (28): Effect of daily oral doses of chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb on serum ALT(GPT) activity of male white rats.
Activities (/ml.) after periods:-
30 day 60 day 90 day
Insecticides 1/10LD50 1/30 LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50
Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont.
Chloropyrifos-methyl 23.20 2.18b 64.50 25.65 4.17a 71.29 46.31 3.97b 121.13 30.34 1.41a 79.37 23.20 2.38b 61.40 32.22 1.60b 85.26
Pirimicarb 10.93 1.42a 29 21.58 1.31a 59.97 56.82 1.15c 148.64 51.06 4.55b 133.57 13.31 3.34a 35.23 20.26 0.99b 53.61
Control. 35.98 3.90c 100 35.98 3.90b 100 38.23 5.17a 100 38.23 5.17a 100 37.79 4.94c 100 37.79 4.94b 100
LSD0.95 5.40297 6.7534 7.6290 8.10801 7.4057 6.0993
Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly different (P= 0.95 level)
Table (29): Effect of daily oral doses of chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb on serum AST(GOT) activity of male white rats.
Activities (/ml.) after periods:-
30 day 60 day 90 day
Insecticides 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50
Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont.
Chloropyrifos-methyl 122.10 8.38c 154.69 111.73 2.70c 115.07 109.52 4.63c 142.75 94.06 4.57c 122.59 96.78 4.34b 129.58 98 1.56c 132.09
Pirimicarb 108.33 5.11b 137.25 90.83 3.68b 111.56 63.13 2.52c 82.28 56.84 2.62a 74.08 103.91 2.57 139.14 81.65 1.02b 109.33
Control. 78.93 1.47a 100 78.93 1.47a 100 76.72 0.29b 100 76.72 0.29b 100 74.68 3.39a 100 74.68 3.39a 100
LSD0.95 11.4495 5.5271 6.0838 6.0834 7.0081 4.4658
Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly different (P= 0.95 level)
176
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
160
140
120
100
% control.
80
60
40
20
0
30 60 90
Time / days.
1/10LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/10LD50 pirimicarb.
1/30LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/30 LD50 pirimicarb.
Fig.(19):The effect of daily oral dose of chloropyrifos methyl and pirimicarb on serum ALT activity of rats.
177
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
160
140
120
100
% control.
80
60
40
20
0
30 60 90
Time / days.
1/10LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/10LD50 pirimicarb.
1/30LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/30 LD50 pirimicarb.
Fig.(20):The effect of daily oral dose of chloropyrifos methyl and pirimicarb on serum AST activity of rats.
178
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
179
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
180
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
181
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (30): Effect of daily oral doses of chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb on serum Cholesterol concentration of male white
rats.
Concentration (mg/100 ml.) after periods:-
30 day 60 day 90 day
Insecticides 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50
Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont.
Chloropyrifos-methyl 65.51 2.19b 109.18 55.65 3.14b 92.75 64.3514.01b 104.60 65.38 4.39b 106.28 179.69 5.17c 323.71 171.109.87c 308.25
Pirimicarb 28.41 6.53a 47.34 16.23 2.19a 27.05 39.64 3.65a 64.44 44.53 5.69a 72.38 135.91 3.87a 244.85 153.368.25b 276.29
Control. 60.00 1.74b 100 60.00 1.74b 100 61.52 2.71b 100 61.52 2.71b 100 55.51 1.79a 100 55.51 1.79a 100
LSD0.95 8.1886 4.8475 16.9941 8.8645 7.7305 14.9863
Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly different (P= 0.95 level)
Table (31): Effect of daily oral doses of chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb on serum Bilirubin concentration of male white rats.
182
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
350
300
250
200
% control.
150
100
50
0
30 60 90
Time / days.
1/10LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/10LD50 pirimicarb.
1/30LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/30 LD50 pirimicarb.
Fig.(21):The effect of daily oral dose of chloropyrifos methyl and pirimicarb on serum cholisterol concentration of
rats.
183
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
003
052
002
051
.lortnoc %
001
05
0
03 06 09
.syad / emiT
.lyhtem sofiryporolhc 05DL01/1 .bracimirip 05DL01/1
.lyhtem sofiryporolhc 05DL03/1 .bracimirip 05DL 03/1
Fig.(22):The effect of daily oral dose of chloropyrifos methyl and pirimicarb on serum bilirubin concentration of
rats.
184
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (32): Effect of daily oral doses of chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb on serum Total protein concentration of male white rats.
Concentration (g/100 ml.) after periods:-
30 day 60 day 90 day
Insecticides 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50
Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont.
Chloropyrifos-methyl 4.36 0.05a 86.59 5.07 0.24a 100.68 4.71 0.04a 91.14 4.99 0.59a 96.63 8.33 0.11c 163.23 7.20 0.39b 141.25
Pirimicarb 4.47 0.05b 88.75 4.94 0.18a 98.10 6.14 0.11c 118.73 5.38 0.30b 104.12 6.93 0.07b 135.82 7.10 0.52b 139.21
Control. 5.04 0.04c 100 5.04 0.04a 100 5.17 0.24b 100 5.17 0.24a 100 5.10 0.20a 100 5.10 0.20a 100
LSD0.95 0.0999 0.3499 0.3015 0.8093 0.2760 0.7853
Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)
Table ( 33 ): Effect of daily oral doses of chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb on serum Albumin concentration of male white rats.
Concentration (g/100 ml.) after periods:-
30 day 60 day 90 day
Insecticides 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50
Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont.
Chloropyrifos-methyl 2.45 0.30a 55.55 2.61 0.30a 43.36% 6.00 0.01b 143.14 5.19 0.15b 101.30 5.23 0.84a 129.08 4.16 0.20b 119.61
Pirimicarb 2.40 0.54a 54.59% 1.91 0.29a 59.22% 5.53 0035a 131.94 4.25 0.30a 123.91 4.80 0.72a 118.51 4.84 0.18b 102.62
Control. 4.40 0.64b 100 4.40 0.64b 100 4.19 0.40a 100 4.19 0.40a 100 4.05 0.24a 100 4.05 0.24a 100
LSD0.95 1.0268 0.8786 0.6163 0.6082 1.3028 0.4124
Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly different (P= 0.95 level)
185
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
002
081
061
041
021
.lortnoc %
001
08
06
03 06 09
.syad / emiT
.lyhtem sofiryporolhc 05DL01/1 .bracimirip 05DL01/1
.lyhtem sofiryporolhc 05DL03/1 .bracimirip 05DL 03/1
Fig.(23):The effect of daily oral dose of chloropyrifos methyl and pirimicarb on serum total protein
concentration of rats.
186
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
160
140
120
100
% control.
80
60
40
20
0
30 60 90
Time / days.
1/10LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/10LD50 pirimicarb.
1/30LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/30 LD50 pirimicarb.
Fig.(24):The effect of daily oral dose of chloropyrifos methyl and pirimicarb on albumin concentration on
serum of rats.
187
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table ( 34): Effect of daily oral doses of chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb on serum Creatinine concentration of male white rats.
Concentration(mg/100 ml.) after period:-
30 day 60 day 90 day
Insecticides 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50
Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont.
Chloropyrifos-methyl 1.14 0.07a 101.09 1.25 0.03a 111.41 1.20 0.02b 111.5 1.13 0.03a 98.27 1.07 0.08a 96.39 1.13 0.21a 91.62
Pirimicarb 1.22 0.01a 108.70 1.20 0.05a 106.52 1.51 0.06c 131.21 1.35 0.09b 117.34 1.99 0.23b 160.73 1.50 0.06b 120.94
Control. 1.13 0.09a 100 1.13 0.09a 100 1.15 0.06a 100 1.15 0.06a 100 1.24 0.04a 100 1.24 0.04a 100
LSD0.95 0.1335 0.12618 0.10571 0.13050 0.27819 0.24971
Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly different (P= 0.95 level)
Table (35 ): Effect of daily oral doses of chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb on serumUric acid concentration of male white rats.
Concentration(mg/100 ml.) after period:-
30 day 60 day 90 day
Insecticides 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50
Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont. Mean sd % cont.
Chloropyrifos-methyl 4.89 0.27b 142.71 3.93 0.22a 114.58 6.60 1.03b 201.30 4.34 0.26b 132.47 5.95 0.35c 160 4.70 0.35c 126.25
Pirimicarb 6.61 0.82 192.71 4.54 0.71 132.29 5.57 0.96 170.13 3.62 0.15 110.39 5.02 0.28
c a b a b
135 4.23 0.21b 113.75
Control. 3.43 0.21a 100 3.43 0.21a 100 3.28 0.45a 100 3.28 0.45a 100 3.72 0.21a 100 3.72 0.21a 100
LSD0.95 1.02452 0.895394 1.70145 0.16116 0.57473 0.27970
Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly different (P= 0.95 level)
188
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
081
061
041
021
.lortnoc %
001
08
06
03 06 09
.syad / emiT
.lyhtem sofiryporolhc 05DL01/1 .bracimirip 05DL01/1
.lyhtem sofiryporolhc 05DL03/1 .bracimirip 05DL 03/1
Fig.(25):The effect of daily oral dose of chloropyrifos methyl and pirimicarb on serum creatinne
concentration of rats.
189
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
250
% control. 200
150
100
50
30 60 90
Time / days.
1/10LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/10LD50 pirimicarb.
1/30LD50 chloropyrifos methyl. 1/30 LD50 pirimicarb.
Fig.(26):The effect of daily oral dose of chloropyrifos methyl and pirimicarb on serum uric acid
concentration of rats.
190
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
191
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
192
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
193
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table (36): Effect of daily oral doses of chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb on body weight gain of male white rats.
30 day 60 day 90 day
1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50 1/10LD50 1/30LD50
Insecticides initial End body body initial End body body initial End body body initial End body body initial End body body initial End body body
body weight weight body weight weight body weight weight body weight weight body weight weight body weight weight
weight gain weight gain weight gain weight gain weight gain weight gain
Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean
sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd sd
Chloropyrifos-methyl 105.66 108.00 1.23 106.33 142.67 34.20 105.67 152.33 44.20 98.67 143.67 45.56 106 144.67 36.81 99.00 147.33 49.03
9.60 27.05a 1.63a 3.78 12.22ab 10.78a 1.15 2.89ab 4.28a 7.02 12.66a 3.89a 7.937 3.78a 6.78a 12.53 16.86a 5.68a
Pirimicarb 91.66 95.00 4.37 89.33 119.00 33.84 101.00 132.00 31.56 95.00 139.33 46.79 101.67 163.33 61.01 94.33 153.00 62.10
0.57 4.00a 3.25a 5.033 10.39a 18.03a 7.21 13.00a 20.76a 5.00
4.16a 3.79a 8.96 9.50a
7.91a 3.21 8.88a 3.88a
Control. 102.0 179.63 76.63 102.0 179.67 76.63 100 206.00 106.27 100.00 206.00 106.27 100.00 251.67 151.63 100.00 251.67 151.63
3.60 30.72b 30.24b 3.60 30.24b 33.72a 1.00 b
45.92 47.93 b 1.00 45.92 a 47.93 a
1.00 25.97 b
25.32 b
1.00 25.97b 25.32b
LSD0.05 47.02 43.39 39.48 45.82 55.15 60.45 55.15 55.64 32.19 31.58 30.32 37.15
Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly different (P= 0.95 level)
194
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
150
100
% control.
50
0
30 60 90
Time / days.
Fig.(27):The effect of daily oral dose of chloropyrifos methyl and pirimicarb on body weight gain of
rats.
195
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
196
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
and atrophy of the lining epithelium (Fig. 38). The changes were more
prominent in rats dosed at 1/10LD50.
For rats treated with pirimicarb at doses 1/10 or 1/30LD50 for
periods 60 or 90 days tissues of kidneys showed cloudy swelling renal
tubular epithelium and cystic dilatation of some renal tubules and
collecting duct (Fig, 39 and 40).
197
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Fig. (30): Liver of rats treated with daily single oral dose of
1/10LD50 chloropyrifos methyl for 90 days. The
figure shows local areas of lytic necrosis of the
hepatocytes.(H & E. X100).
198
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Fig. (31): Liver of rats treated with daily oral doses of 1/10LD50
pirimicarb for 90 days. The figure shows cloudy
swelling and vaculolar degeneration of hepatocytes
with dilating of some hepatic sinusiod. (H & E.
X400).
199
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
200
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
201
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
202
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
203
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
Among eight insecticides, chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb
were found to be the most advantageous ones as protectants against
certain pests commonly attacking vegetable plants. In addition to their
reasonable efficacy against a wide range of pests, they exhibited a low
toxicity to the tested predator. Chloropyrifos-methyl was of a moderate
acute toxicity. However these insecticides may present many adverse
effects to human and animals especially after repeated exposure.
Although the two insecticides might not be nephrotoxic, they showed
severe hepatotoxicity. So, the study demonstrate the great importance of
using non chemical methods for pest control. In general if chloropyrifos-methyl and pirimicarb have
to be involved in I.P.M programs especially on vegetable plants, repeated exposure must be avioded
as possible. In this respect, safety precautions during application, and preharvest intervals should be
greatly considered.
ENGLISH
Summary
TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES OF SOME PESTICIDES
IN RELATION TO THEIR SIDE EFFECTS
SUMMARY
206
SUMMARY
were mainly observed and detected on squash plants while the whitefly
and cotton leafworm S. littoralis could be observed on okra plants.
Generally the insecticides showed low effectiveness against the whitefly.
Apart from, pirimiphos-methyl, profenofos, phenthoate and carbosulfan
whose efficiencies to whitefly were relatively moderate, insecticides
tested were of poor efficacy. The efficiency varied depending on the
tested stage (nymphs or adults) and the type of vegetable plants carrying
the insect (i. e. squash and okra). For aphids, A. gossypii, carbosulfan was
the most effective insecticide followed by chloropyrifos-methyl and
pirimicarb (percents of reduction through the experimental period were
87.69, 84.7 and 82.86, respectively). The least effective compounds were
pirimiphos-methyl and propoxur (% reduction: 60.29 and 56.4,
respectively). Against the cotton leafworm, profenofos and chloropyrifos-
methyl had the highest effects (% of reduction: 83.5 and 81.5
respectively).
207
SUMMARY
208
SUMMARY
insecticides showed normal kidneys but those treated for 60 days showed
degeneration of renal tissues and other alterations.
209
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252
ARABIC
SUMMARY
الملخص العربى
تتعلق الرسالة بدراسة وتقيم مسية مثانية من املبيدات الفوسفورية والكارمباتية ضد عدد من آفات اخلضر مثل
الذبابة البيضاء -املن -دود ورق القطن -العنكبوت االمحر وكذا مسية هذه املبيدات لنوع من املفرتسات
النافعة وهو حشرة الرواغه .وىف هذا الصدد مت اجراء دراسات معملية واخرى حقلية على نباتات الكوسه
ميثايل ،الدامييثويت ،الفينثويت ،الربوفينوفوس ،البريميفوس ميثايل ..وبعد التوصل اىل معرفة انسب هذه
املركبات ىف مكافحة االفات املذكورة معمليا وحقليا مت أختبار مسية املركبات الواعده ضد الفئران البيضاء
وفيما خيتص بدراسة النشاط االبادى ضد احلشرات معمليا وجد أن أعلى املركبات مسية ضد من القطن هو
مركب الربوفينفوس يليه الداميثويت مث الفينثويت مث الكلوربري يفوس ميثايل فالكاربورسلفان مث الربمييكارب
حيث بلغت قيمة اجلرعه النصفيه القاتلة للمركبات ( )LC50هى على الرتتيب ، 0.01 ، 0.004
0.055 ، 0.125 ، 0.11 ، 0.051جزء ىف املليون .أما بالنسبه للربوبكسر والربميفوس ميثايل فقد
أظهر مسيه ضعيفه ضد هذا النوع من املن ( اجلرعة النصفية القاتلة LC50 26.4 ، 66.78جزء ىف املليون
،على التواىل ) .وبالنسبه ملن الصلبيات فقد كان ملركب الكلوروبريفوس ميثايل أعلى مسيه يليه مركب
الربوفينفوس والربمييكارب فالربوبكسر ( اجلرعة النصفيه القاتله هى 4.73 ، 2.95 ، 2.40 ، 1.44
جزء ىف املليون على التواىل ) أما بالنسبه ملن البقوليات فقد كان أقل أنواع املن حساسية للمركبات حتت
الدراسة وبالنسبة للعنكبوت االمحر فقد أظهرت املركبات حتت الدراسة مسيه ضعيفة له .أما بالنسبه لدودة
ورق القطن فقد أظهر مبيد الكلوربريفوس ميثايل أعلى مسيه هلا وذلك من خالل الدراسات احلقلية واملعملية
على نباتات الباميه وبالنسبة لسمية املركبات املختربة ضد حشرة الرواغه وهى من املفرتسات النافعه فقد
امللخص العرىب
أمكن ترتيب هذه السميه كاالتى :الربوبكسر > الفينثويت > الداميثويت > الكاربوسلفان > البريميفوس
ميثايل > الربمييكارب > الكلوربريفوس ميثايل > الربفينفوس وهكذا فان مركبات الربمييكارب
والكلوربريفوس ميثايل من أقل املركبات مسيه ضد هذه احلشره النافعة .أما ىف التجارب احلقلية فقد مت رش
نباتات الكوسه والباميه ثالث رشات باملبيدات حتت الدراسه بني كل رشه واألخرى تسعة أيام .وقد وجد
أن نباتات الكوسه تصاب بشده بكل من ،من القطن والذبابة البيضاء ىف حني أمكن رصد دودة ورق
القطن والذبابة البيضاء على نباتات الباميه .وبصفه عامه لوحظ ضعف تأثري املبيدات املدروسة على الذبابة
البيضاء مع أستثناء مبيدات البريميفوس ميثايل والربوفينفوس والفينثويت والكربوسلفان الىت أظهرت مسيه
متوسطه أما ضد من القطن على نباتات الكوسه فلقد وجد أن أعلى املركبات تأثريا كان الكاربوسلفان يليه
الكلوربريفوس ميثايل والربمييكارب .وللمره الثانية أكدت الدراسات احلقلية على نباتات الباميه أن اعلى
مركب مسيه ضد دودة ورق القطن هو الربوفينفوس والكلوربريفوس ميثايل .وبصفه عامه وبناء على
التجارب السابقه يتضح ان معظم املميزات من ناحية النشاط االبادى ومن ناحيه أخنفاض السميه للمفرتس
النافع هى ملركبات الكلوربريفوس ميثايل والربمييكارب ولذا فان هذين املركبني قد مت إعاده تقيميها من
ناحية مسيتهما ضد فئران التجارب البيضاء ولقد مت معاملة هذه احليوانات جبرعات يوميه تعادل ( 1/10LD
) ملدة 60 ، 30او 90يوم .وىف سريم دم الفئران املعاملة هبذه اجلرعات عند االزمنه 50 1/30 LD50
املذكورة لوحظ حدوث تغريات معنويه ىف مستوى بعض القياسات البيوكيمائيه الىت متثل وظيفة الكبد مثل
الفوسفاتيز القلوى ،الرتانس امينيز ،الكولستريول ،البيلوروبني ،االلبيومني والربوتني الكلى مشريا بذلك
اىل احتمال حدوث تعطل ىف وظائف الكبد .أما بالنسبه للقياسات البيوكيماويه الىت متثل وظيفة الكلى
( محض البوليك ،الكرياتينني ) فلم حيدث هبا تغري معنوى خصوصا ىف الفئران الىت عوملت جبرعات ملدة
30يوم فقط .أما بالنسبة لوزن اجلسم ىف الفئران املعاملة فقد لوحظ بصفه عامه وجود اخنفاض باملقارنة
2
امللخص العرىب
باحليوانات الغري معامله وهذا يشري اىل سوء احلاله الصحيه العامه والفسيولوجيه .هذا وقد أكدت
الدراسات اهلستوباثولوجيه مدلوالت القياسات البيوكيماويه حيث لوحظ ىف أنسجة كبد احليوانات الىت
عوملت بأى من اجلرعات املستخدمه وجود تغريات هستولوجيه تظهر ىف شكل أحتقان وتدمري للخاليا
الكبديه وغريها من التغريات اهلستوباثولوجيه مما يدل على تلف الكبد أما بالنسبة ألنسجة كلى احليوانات
املعاملة بـ LD50 1/30من كال املبيدين حتت الدراسة فلم تظهر أى تغريات هستولوجيه .
وبصفة عامه تشري الدراسة اىل أنه بالرغم من جناح ومالئمة مبيدى الكلوربريفوس ميثايل والربمييكارب
ملكافحة احلشرات الثاقبة املاصه ودودة ورق القطن اال أن هلذين املركبني خطورة واضحة .لذا توصى
الدراسة بضرورة اختاذ احتياطات األمان عند تطبيق وتداول هذين املركبني كذلك يراعى االخذ ىف االعتبار
أمهية وجود فرتات كافية بني تطبيق هذين املبيدين وبني مجع احملصول حىت تقل خطورة متبقياهتما على الثمار
املأكوله.
3
لجنة اإلشراف
رسالة مقدمةـ
1998م