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Fluid Dynamics
Viscosity
Dave Foster
Dave Foster
Department of Chemical Engineering
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Rochester
University of Rochester
Email:
Email:
dafoster
dafoster
@
@
che
che
.
.
rochester
rochester
.
.
edu
edu
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Chemical Engineering
What do Chemical Engineers Do?

Manufacturing
Manufacturing

Research
Research
Chemical
Biotech
Medical
Pharmaceutical
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OK, first a little background

Fluid Mechanics is the study of fluids either in
Fluid Mechanics is the study of fluids either in
motion (Fluid Dynamics) or at rest (Fluid Statics)
motion (Fluid Dynamics) or at rest (Fluid Statics)

Fluids are either gas or liquid
Fluids are either gas or liquid

Solids are NOT fluids
Solids are NOT fluids

Properties of the fluid are things like density,
Properties of the fluid are things like density,
pressure, temperature, and
pressure, temperature, and
VISCOSITY
VISCOSITY
!
!
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Fluid a definition

A substance that deforms continuously under

A substance that deforms continuously under
the action of shear stress
the action of shear stress

Gas or Liquid
Gas or Liquid

Solids can resist a shear stress, a fluid can
Solids can resist a shear stress, a fluid can

t
t
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Applications of Fluid Mechanics

Explains
Explains blood flow
in capillaries of a few
in capillaries of a few
microns in diameter to
crude oil flow
crude oil flow
through an 800 mile long, 4 ft diameter pipe
through an 800 mile long, 4 ft diameter pipe

Explains why
Explains why airplane
s
s
are streamlined
are streamlined
with smooth surfaces
with smooth surfaces

Explains why
Explains why golf balls
are made will
are made will
dimpled surfaces for most efficient travel
dimpled surfaces for most efficient travel
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Effect of Dimples on Golf Balls
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0 100 200 300 400
Velocity (Feet per Second)
D
r
a
g

(
P
o
u
n
d
s

o
f

F
o
r
c
e
)
Drag for Sphere
Drag for Golf Ball
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A List of Some Applications

Coating
Coating

Breathing
Breathing

Blood flow/pipe flow
Blood flow/pipe flow

Swimming
Swimming

Pumps (traditional and
Pumps (traditional and
your heart)
your heart)

Fans
Fans

Turbines
Turbines

Airplanes & Rockets
Airplanes & Rockets

Missiles
Missiles

Ships
Ships

Kidney dialysis machines
Kidney dialysis machines

Heart
Heart
-
-
Lung bypass
Lung bypass
machines
machines

Membrane
Membrane
oxygenators
oxygenators

Engines
Engines

And lots more!
And lots more!
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For everything FLUID -

Flow is key
Flow is key

How fast
How fast

What direction
What direction

How changing with time (differential
How changing with time (differential
equations)
equations)

Flow properties deal with things like the

Flow properties deal with things like the
velocity, changes in temperature,
velocity, changes in temperature,
concentration.
concentration.
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Isaac Newton

Key player in much of basic science

Key player in much of basic science

Three
Three

Laws
Laws

1. 1.
A body will remain at rest or in motion
A body will remain at rest or in motion
unless acted upon by an external force
unless acted upon by an external force
2. 2.

F = m a
F = m a
3. 3.
For every action there is an equal and
For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction
opposite reaction
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Newtons Law of Viscosity:
dy
dv
=
Shear stress viscosity Shear Strain
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Viscosity What is it?

A property of a fluid to resist the rate of
A property of a fluid to resist the rate of
deformation
deformation

a quantitative measure of a fluid

a quantitative measure of a fluid

s
s
resistance to flow (water vs. syrup)
resistance to flow (water vs. syrup)

Takes place when a fluid is acted upon by a shear
Takes place when a fluid is acted upon by a shear
stress
stress

Simply stated, it
Simply stated, it

s how
s how

thick
thick

a fluid is
a fluid is

We easily move through air
We easily move through air

It
It

s more difficult to move through water which

s more difficult to move through water which
is 50X higher in viscosity than air
is 50X higher in viscosity than air
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A couple common examples:
Air < Water < Paint < Pancake Syrup < Tooth Paste
Air < Water < Paint < Pancake Syrup < Tooth Paste
Least Viscous
Most Viscous
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Units
(yep units, very important)

If we talk about how deep a

If we talk about how deep a
swimming pool is and I tell you
swimming pool is and I tell you
that it
that it

s
s

10
10

, would you dive in?

, would you dive in?

Not if it
Not if it

s 10 inches
s 10 inches

But you might if it was 10 feet

But you might if it was 10 feet
Units are key in all of science, never
Units are key in all of science, never
accept a number without a unit if it
accept a number without a unit if it

s
s
supposed to have one
supposed to have one
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Units of Viscosity

Poise (the most common units used to

Poise (the most common units used to
describe viscosity, but not the only one)
describe viscosity, but not the only one)

Named after the French physician

Named after the French physician

Jean Louis Poiseuille (1799

Jean Louis Poiseuille (1799
-
-
1869)
1869)

One
One
-
-
hundredth of a Poise is a centipoise or
hundredth of a Poise is a centipoise or

cP
cP

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Viscosity of Some Common Materials
(all are in units of Centi-Poise)
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
0.0088
0.0088
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Dioxide
0.015
0.015
Air
Air
0.018
0.018
Blood
Blood
0.40
0.40
Gasoline
Gasoline
0.29
0.29
Water
Water
1.0
1.0
Mercury
Mercury
1.5
1.5
Corn Oil
Corn Oil
72
72
SAE 30 oil
SAE 30 oil
290
290
Heinz Ketchup
Heinz Ketchup
50,000
50,000
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Changing a Materials Viscosity

Easiest ways:
Easiest ways:

Change the Temperature
Change the Temperature

Heat it Up !
Heat it Up !

Strong Effect
Strong Effect

Change the Pressure
Change the Pressure

not as easy
not as easy

Weak Effect: Decrease pressure, viscosity
Weak Effect: Decrease pressure, viscosity
decreases
decreases
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In a perfect world:

Fluids obey Newton

Fluids obey Newton

s Law of Viscosity
s Law of Viscosity
Straight line passing
through the origin
dy
dv
=
Slope = viscosity

(Format: y = m x + b)
dv/dy
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Newtonian Fluids

Fluids that obey Newton

Fluids that obey Newton

s Law of Viscosity
s Law of Viscosity

Linear relationship between shear stress and

Linear relationship between shear stress and
shear strain
shear strain

Some Examples of Newtonian Fluids:

Some Examples of Newtonian Fluids:

Water
Water

Simple Alcohols
Simple Alcohols

Simple Organic Solvents
Simple Organic Solvents
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Everything Else is a
Non-Newtonian Fluid
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Non-Newtonian Fluids

Examples: Honey, toothpaste, paint, blood,

Examples: Honey, toothpaste, paint, blood,
ketchup, syrup, many polymers
ketchup, syrup, many polymers
The list goes on and on
The list goes on and on

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Non-Newtonian Fluids
Newtonian
Dilatant shear-thickening-
fluid increases resistance with
Increasing applied stress
(ex. Rarely encountered,
Cornstarch + water, Silly putty)
Pseudoplastic shear-thinning-
Fluid decreases resistance with
increasing stress.
(ex: hair gel)

dv/dy
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Why do we care?

The primary parameter correlating the

The primary parameter correlating the
viscous behavior of Newtonian Fluids is the
viscous behavior of Newtonian Fluids is the
dimensionless Reynolds Number:
dimensionless Reynolds Number:
viscosity
distance * velocity
Re =
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Why do we care?

The first thing a fluids researcher should do

The first thing a fluids researcher should do
is estimate the Reynolds Number range of
is estimate the Reynolds Number range of
flow under study.
flow under study.

Low Re = laminar flow
Low Re = laminar flow
(no change with time)
(no change with time)

High Re = turbulent flow
High Re = turbulent flow
(changes with time)
(changes with time)
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Reynolds Number and Viscosity
Viscosity Re
Viscosity Re
Viscosity Re
Viscosity Re
viscosity
distance * velocity
Re =
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How can we use Viscosity
(and Fluid Dynamics)?

Flow measurements in human body
Flow measurements in human body

Heart valve flow volumes
Heart valve flow volumes

Coating technologies
Coating technologies

Lots of applications
Lots of applications

Moving fluids from one place to another
Moving fluids from one place to another

Blood flow in your body
Blood flow in your body

Chemicals in pipes
Chemicals in pipes

Moving objects through fluids
Moving objects through fluids
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Thanks !!
Thanks !!
Any Questions ?
Any Questions ?