Mini Project Report

Integrated framework for implementation of Frequency Divider

using Flip-flops (LabVIEW Simulation)











Submitted by
Sagar Thakar
Samir Anand






Measurement and instrumentation laboratory (ELE 308)
Department of E&E Engineering

Manipal Institute of Technology


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT



We place on record and warmly acknowledge the continuous encouragement,
invaluable supervision, timely suggestions and inspired guidance offered by our
teachers, Mr Pramod Antony D'Sa and Ms Srividya R for their invaluable
guidance during the course of this project work.
Needless to say, without their personal indulgence and patience in answering
our incessant queries, this project titled Integrated framework for
implementation of Frequency Divider using Flip-flops (LabVIEW Simulation)
would not have seen the light of the day.


We offer our respectful obiesance to our respected mentors for the learning
opportunities provided during the course of Measurement & Instrumentation
Laboratory (ELE 308).




Submitted by:


Sagar Thakar
110906792
A-68

Samir Anand
110906736
A-60


INTRODUCTION



Overview
This report discusses the result of the work done in development of an Integrated framework
for implementation of Frequency Divider using Flip-flops in the LabVIEW envvironment.
The report is a part of the Mini Project undertaken for the Measurement & Instrumentation
Laboratory (ELE 308) at the Department of E&E Engineering, MIT Manipal.
In the current iteration, the project is completely software based and serves as a basic
frequency divider using T Flip-flop. However, the scope of the project would extend to
interacting with appropriate hardware for use in several Control System applications.






Objective
The final goal of the project is twofold.
1. Implementation of JK Flip-flop with user defined clock signal (manual).

2. Conversion of the JK Flip- flop, used as a Sub VI to a T Flip-flop which could then be
used for developing a frequency divider to produce half of the input signal frequency
and also plot the input and output frequencies on the same Waveform Chart.


Frequency Division

The concept of a synthetic instrument is a subset of the virtual instrument concept. A
synthetic instrument is a kind of virtual instrument that is purely software defined. A
synthetic instrument performs a specific synthesis, analysis, or measurement function on
completely generic, measurement agnostic hardware.
The frequency divider implemented in this project is one such example of a synthetic
instrument that finds use in many Control System and other applications. Frequency dividers
can be implemented for both analog and digital applications.
A frequency divider, also called a clock divider or scaler or prescaler, is a circuit that takes
an input signal of a frequency, , and generates an output signal of a frequency:

Where n is an integer. However, because of the scope of the project, n=2.

The final output clock signal will have a frequency value equal to the input clock frequency
divided by the value of n. Such circuits are known as divide-by-n counters. Counters can be
formed by connecting individual flip-flops together and are classified according to the way
they are clocked.

JK Flip-flop




The JK flip-flop augments the behavior of the SR flip-flop (J=Set, K=Reset) by interpreting
the S = R = 1 condition as a "flip" or toggle command. Specifically, the combination J = 1, K
= 0 is a command to set the flip-flop; the combination J = 0, K = 1 is a command to reset the
flip-flop; and the combination J = K = 1 is a command to toggle the flip-flop.
The characteristic equation of the JK flip-flop is:


T flip-flop

If the T input is high, the T flip-flop changes state ("toggles") whenever the clock
input is strobed. If the T input is low, the flip-flop holds the previous value. This
behavior is described by the characteristic equation:













JK Flip-flop Characteristic table
J K Comment Q
next

0 0 hold state Q
0 1 reset 0
1 0 set 1
1 1 toggle Q

Sub VI
JK Flip-flop
Sub VI
JK Flip-flop
Block Diagram

















Sub VI
JK Flip-flop
Front Panel
MAIN VI
FRONT PANEL













MAIN VI
BLOCK DIAGRAM
REFERENCES


1. Learning with LabVIEW 7TM EXPRESS
- Robert H. Bishop
2. "Product Activation FAQ", National Instruments.
3. "Building a Stand-Alone Application", National Instruments.
4. "Using the Lab VIEW Run-Time Engine", National Instruments.
5. Internet references:
http://www.ni.com/events/tutorials/campus.htm
http://forums.ni.com
http://zone.ni.com/devzone/fn/p/sn/n15:EXAMPLE
http://www.wikipedia.com