6.5 Switchger and Protection

3/2 EEE (2008-09) Auroras Scientific Technological and Research Academy
6. SUBJECT-WISE DETAILS
6.5 SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION
6.5.1 Objectives and Relevance
6.5.2 Scoe o! t"e S#bject
6.5.3. $%e%e&#isites
6.5.' S(llab#s
i. )*+,
ii. -.+E
iii. /ES
6.5.5 S#00ested 1oo2s
6.5.6 E3e%t 4etails
6.5.5 )o#%nals
6.5.8 Session $lan
6.'.10 .ssi0n6ent 7#estions
6.5.11 7#estion 1an2
i. )*+,
6.5.12 -.+E 7#estions
6.5.13 /ES 7#estions
1
2
6.5.1 OBJECTIVE AND RELEVANCE
*o8 a da(s $o8e% S(ste6 is co6le39 inte%connected and va%ies in si:es and
con!i0#%ations. +"e tec"nical anal (sis o! t%ans6ission line is done to 2no8 its
e%!o%6ance. .n Elect%ic $o8e% S(ste6 consists o! 0ene%ato%s9 t%ans!o%6e%s and
t%ans6ission lines etc. S"o%t ci%c#its and ot"e% abno%6al condition o!ten occ#% on a
o8e% s(ste69 8"ic" leads to "eav( !a#lts. ;ence it is 6andato%( !o% an Elect%ical
En0inee% to be a8a%e o! oe%ation o! s8itc" 0ea% and %otection.
6. 5.2 SCOPE OF THE SUBJECT
$o8e% s(ste6 is essential !o% #nde%standin0 "o8 t"e o8e% is 0ene%ated and "o8 it is
t%ans6itted !%o6 0ene%atin0 station to cons#6e% %e6ises. +"is total oe%ation 8ill be
a%%an0ed in a %oe% 8a( and t"is total s(ste6 8ill be %otected b( t"e e&#i6ents
8"ic" 8e deal in t"is s#bject. S8itc"0ea% and %otection is t"e 6ajo% a%t in o8e%
s(ste6s 8"e%e total cont%ollin0 action is ta2en lace.
6. 5.3. PREREQUISITES
/t %e&#i%es 2no8led0e o! $o8e% s(ste6s9 *et8o%2 t"eo%(9 and %i0o%o#s b#t clea%
t%eat6ent o! 6ec"anical desi0n o! t%ans6ission lines9 6at"e6atical a%oac"9 and
salvation o! di!!e%ential e&#ations.
6. 5.4 SYLLABUS
6.5.4.1 JNTU
UNIT - I
CIRCUIT BREAERS - I
O!"#$%&'#(
+"e objective o! t"is #nit is to e3lain t"e const%#ction9 !#nction9 %incile and
alications o! !#ses9 ci%c#it b%ea2e% and c#%%ent li6itin0 %eacto%s.
S)**+!,-(
<i%c#it b%ea2e%s = Ele6enta%( %inciles o! a%c inte%%#tion9 Recove%(9 Rest%i2in0
>olta0e and Recove%( volta0es = Rest%i2in0 $"eno6enon9 .ve%a0e and ?a3. RRR>9
*#6e%ical $%oble6s. <#%%ent <"oin0 and Resistance S8itc"in0. <1 %atin0s and
Seci!ications@ +(es and *#6e%ical $%oble6s. = .#to %eclos#%es.
UNIT . II
CIRCUIT BREAERS - II
O!"#$%&'#(
+"e objective o! t"is #nit is to e3lain t"e const%#ction9 !#nction9 %incile and
alications o! !#ses9 ci%c#it b%ea2e% and c#%%ent li6itin0 %eacto%s.
S)**+!,-(
4esc%ition and Oe%ation o! !ollo8in0 t(es o! ci%c#it b%ea2e%s@ ?ini6#6 Oil <i%c#it
b%ea2e%s9 .i% 1last <i%c#it 1%ea2e%s9 >ac##6 and SA6 ci%c#it b%ea2e%s.
3
UNIT - III
ELECTRO/AGNETIC AND STATIC RELAYS(
O!"#$%&'#(
+"is #nit on Belect%o6a0netic and Static Rela(sC 0ives t"e details o! necessit(9
%incile o! oe%ation and const%#ction o! bot" elect%o6a0netic and static %ela(s
S)**+!,-(
$%incile o! Oe%ation and <onst%#ction o! .tt%acted a%6at#%e9 1alanced 1ea69
ind#ction 4isc and ind#ction <# %ela(s.
Rela(s classi!ication@ /nstantaneo#s9 4?+ and 4?+ t(es.
.lication o! %ela(s@ Ove% c#%%ent/#nde% volta0e %ela(s9 4i%ection %ela(s9 4i!!e%ential
Rela(s and $e%centa0e 4i!!e%ential Rela(s.
,nive%sal to%&#e e&#ation9 4istance %ela(s@ i6edance9 Reactance and ?"o and O!!-Set
?"o %ela(s9 c"a%acte%istics o! 4istance Rela(s and <o6a%ison.
Static Rela(s@ Static Rela(s ve%ses Elect%o6a0netic Rela(s.
UNIT - IV
GENERATOR PROTECTION
O!"#$%&'#(
+"is #nit is to %otection 0ene%ato% !%o6 di!!e%ent !a#lts li2e stato% %otato% and
abno%6al conditions li2e %i6e 6ove%s !ail#%es. $%otection o! 8indin0 %otection
%e!e%%ed to stato% 8indin0.
S)**+!,- (
$%otection o! 0ene%ato%s a0ainst Stato% !a#lts9 Roto% !a#lts9 and abno%6al <onditions.
Rest%icted Ea%t" !a#lt and /nte%-t#%n !a#lt $%otection. *#6e%ical $%oble6s on D
Eindin0 ,n%otected.
UNIT - V
TRANSFOR/ER PROTECTION
O!"#$%&'# (
+"is #nit ai6s va%io#s %otection sc"e6es a0ainst ove% volta0es9 ove% loads9 ea%t"
!a#lts9 #nde% !%e&#enc( and di!!e%ential %otection !o% inte%nal !a#lts.

S)**+!,- (
$%otection o! t%ans!o%6e%s e%centa0e 4i!!e%ential %otection9 *#6e%ical %oble6 on
desi0n o! <+s %atio9 1#c""olt: %ela( %otection.
UNIT - VI
FEEDER AND BUS-BAR PROTECTION
O!"#$%&'# (
+"is #nit is to %otect b#s-ba% and !eede%s in va%io#s s8itc"in0 stations and lines
%otection tec"ni&#es.

S)**+!,- (
$%otection o! Fines@ Ove% <#%%ent9 <a%%ie% <#%%ent and +"%ee-:one distance %ela(
%otection #sin0 i6edance %ela(s. +%ansla( Rela(.
$%otection o! 1#s ba%s = 4i!!e%ential %otection.
'
UNIT . VII
NEUTRAL GROUNDING
O!"#$%&'# (
+"is #nit is (ields 8it" t"e advanta0es and disadvanta0es 8it" 0%o#ndin0 and 8it" o#t
0%o#ndin0 and t(es o! 0%o#ndin0.
S)**+!,- (
-%o#nded and ,n0%o#nded *e#t%al S(ste6s = E!!ects o! ,n0%o#nded *e#t%al on s(ste6
e%!o%6ance. ?et"ods o! *e#t%al -%o#ndin0@ Solid9 Resistance9 Reactance = .%cin0
-%o#nds and -%o#ndin0 $%actices.
UNIT . VIII
PROTECTION AGAINST OVER VOLTAGES
O!"#$%&'# (
+"is #nit ai6s to %otect t%ans6ission lines and elect%ical e&#i6ents a0ainst li0"tnin0
and di!!e%ent t(es 8aves and a%a6ete%s.
S)**+!,- (
-ene%ation o! Ove% >olta0es in o8e% S(ste6s = $%otection a0ainst Fi0"tnin0 Ove%
>olta0es = >alve t(e and Ginc-O3ide Fi0"tin0 .%%este%s. /ns#lation and <oo%dination
= 1il9 /6#lse Ratio9 Standa%d /6#lse +est Eave. >olt-+i6e <"a%acte%istics and
ins#lation <o-o%dination
6. 5.4. 2 GATE
UNIT-I
.nal(sis o! ci%c#it b%ea2e%s.
UNIT-II
UNIT . III
.lication o! %ela(s9 4istance %ela(s.
UNIT . IV
-ene%ato% %otection
UNIT - V
4i!!e%ential %otection !o% t%ans!o%6e%
UNIT - VI
$%otection o! t%ans6ission lines 9 !eede%s and b#s ba%s
UNIT . VII
-%o#ndin0 s(ste6s and advanta0es o! *e#t%al 0%o#ndin0.
UNIT-VIII
+%avelin0 8aves %e!lection %e!%action coe!!icients.
5
6. 5.4. 3 IES
UNIT-I
UNIT-II
UNIT . III
.lication o! %ela(s9 4istance %ela(s.
UNIT . IV
-ene%ato% %otection
UNIT - V
4i!!e%ential %otection !o% t%ans!o%6e%
UNIT - VI
$%otection o! t%ans6ission lines 9 !eede%s and b#s ba%s
UNIT . VII
-%o#ndin0 s(ste6s and advanta0es o! *e#t%al 0%o#ndin0.
UNIT-VIII
+%avelin0 8aveHs %e!lection %e!%action coe!!icients.
6. 5.5 SUGGESTED BOOS
TE0T BOOS
+1@ $%inciles o! $o8e% S(ste6s - >. I. ?e"ta9 Ro"it ?e"ta
+2@ $o8e% S(ste6 $%otection and S8itc"0ea% b( 1. Ravind%anat" and ?. <"ande%9 *e8
.0e /nte%national ($) Fi6ited9 $#blis"e%s 1996.
+3@ R'. $o8e% S(ste6 $%otection and S8itc" -ea% - b( 1ad%i%a6 +ata ?c. -%a8 ;ill
$#blis"e%s
REFERENCE BOOS
R1. Elect%ical $o8e% S(ste6s b( <. F. Ead"8a9 *e8 .0e /nte%national ($) Fi6ited9
$#blis"e%s 2nd edition.
R2@$o8e% s(ste6 en0inee%in0 b( /.) *a0%at" 4.$. Iot"a%i +ata ?c-%a8-;ill
$#blis"in0 co6an( Fi6ited *EE 4EF;/
R3@ E3t%a ;i0" >olta0e .< +%ans6ission En0inee%in0 b( R. 4. 1e0a6#d%a9 *e8 .0e
/nte%national ($) Ftd. $#blis"e%s9 2nd edition9 1995.
R'@ Elect%ical $o8e% S(ste6 b( S. F. ,al9 I"anna $#blis"e%s
R5@ . te3t boo2 on $o8e% S(ste6 En0inee%in0 b( ?. F. Soni9 $.>. -#ta9 ,.S.
1"atna0a% and .. <"a2%abo%ti9 4"anat Rai J <o. $vt. Ftd. 9 1999.
6
6. 5.6 E0PERT DETAILS
INTERNATIONAL
1. ?. Ia%i6i--"a%te6ani
<ent%e !o% .lied $o8e% Elect%onics (<.$E)
4ea%t6ent o! Elect%ical and <o6#te% En0inee%in09
,nive%sit( o! +o%onto9
+o%onto9 O* ?5S 3-F9 <anada.
E6ail@ 6aso#dKele. #to%onto.ca
2. ?.R. /%avani
<ent%e !o% .lied $o8e% Elect%onics (<.$E)
4ea%t6ent o! Elect%ical and <o6#te% En0inee%in09
,nive%sit( o! +o%onto9
+o%onto9 O* ?5S 3-F9 <anada.
E6ail@ 6aso#dKele. #to%onto.ca
3. $ ) ?oo%e
,nive%sit( o! 1at"9
1at" 1. 25.L9 , I
NATIONAL
1. 4%. 1. F. ?at"#%9
$%o! J ;ead
4ea%t6ent o! Elect%ical and Elect%onics9
SS* <olle0e o! En0inee%in0
Old ?a"abali#%a6 Road
SS* *a0a%9 $/* - 603110
+a6ilnad#9 /ndia
E6ail @ in!oKssnce. ac.in
2. $%o!. S.>. I#l2a%ni9
4ea%t6ent o! Elect%ical En0inee%in09
/ndian /nstit#te o! +ec"nolo0( 1o6ba(9
$o8ai9 ?#6bai '00 0569 /ndia.
E-6ail @ sv2Kee.iitb. ac.in
REGIONAL
1. $%o! . ?. >ija(a I#6a%9
.ssociate $%o!esso%9
4ea%t6ent o! Elect%ical En00.
)*+, <olle0e o! En00.
.nanta#%9
.nd"%a $%ades"9
Eebsite@ 888.jnt#. ac.in
2. $%o!. +#lsi Ra6das
$%incial9
)*+, <olle0e o! En00.
I#2at alli9 ;(de%abad.
.nd"%a $%ades"9
5
6. 5.1 JOURNALS
INTERNATIONAL
1. /EEE +%ansactions on $o8e% S(ste6s
2. /EEE +%ansactions on $o8e% 4elive%(
3. /EEE +%ansactions on Ene%0( <onve%sion
'. /nstit#tion o! Elect%ical En0inee%s
NATIONAL
1. /nstit#tion o! En0inee%s (/ndia)
2. S(ste6 Societ( o! /ndia
6. 5.2 SESSION PLAN
S.
N3
T34&$- +- 4#5 JNTU
S)**+!,-
/36,*#-7S,!-836,*#-
L#$%,5#
N3.
B339- R#:#55#6
R#-
8+59-
T#+$;-
&<= +&6-
UNIT . I
CIRCUIT BREAERS - I
1. <i%c#it 1%ea2e%s = /
Ove% vie8 o! t"e s#bject and
lannin0 o! t"e s(llab#s
F1
-.+E9
/ES
C
H
A
L
>

B
L
A
C

B
O
A
R
D
/nt%od#ction to s#bject and
session lan
F2
R1 <;15 ('58)
+1 <;19 (''5)
R2 c"1' (606)
$%incile o! a%c inte%%#tion9
F3
R1 <;15 ('81)
+1 <;19 (''9)
R2 <;1' (608)
Recove%(9 Rest%i2in0 volta0e and
Recove%( volta0es.
F'
R1 <;15 ('83)
+1 <;19 ('65)
R2 <;1' (608)
Rest%i2in0 $"eno6enon9 .ve%a0e
and ?a39 RRR>9
F5
R1 <;15 ('8')
+1 <;19 ('50)
R2 <;1' (610)
<#%%ent c"oin0 "eno6enon
F6
R1 <;15 ('85)
+2 <;1' (312)
+3 <;9 (355)
Resistance s8itc"in0. .nd ci%c#it
b%ea2e% seci!ications
F5
R1 <;15 ('86)
+1 <;19 ('65)
R2 <;1' (611) .#to %eclos#%es
*#6e%ical %oble6s F8 R1 <;15 (511)
+1 <;19 ('52)
R2 <;1' (6'6)
*#6e%ical %oble6s
F9
2.
+#to%ial <lass F10
8
S.
N3
T34&$- +- 4#5 JNTU
S)**+!,-
/36,*#-7S,!-836,*#-
L#$%,5#
N3.
B339- R#:#55#6
R#-
8+59-
T#+$;-
&<= +&6-
UNIT . II
CIRCUIT BREAERS - II
3. <i%c#it 1%ea2e%s = //
+(es o! ci%c#it b%ea2e%s
F11
+3 <;9 (358)
+2 <;15 (326)
R1 <;15 ('86)
-.+E
C
H
A
L
>

B
L
A
C

B
O
A
R
D
?ini6#6 oil ci%c#it b%ea2e%s
4esc%ition and Oe%ation
F12
+2 <;15 (331)
+3 <;9 (358)
R1 <;15 ('88)
1#l2 oil ci%c#it b%ea2e%s
F13
+2 <;15 (332)
+3 <;9 (358)
R1 <;15 ('88)
.i% blast ci%c#it b%ea2e%s
F1'
+2 <;15 (339)
+3 <;9 (365)
R1 <;15 ('9')
>ac##6 ci%c#it b%ea2e%s
F15
+2 <;16 (353)
+3 <;9 (350)
R1 <;15 ('96)
SA6 ci%c#it b%ea2e%s 4esc%ition
and Oe%ation
F16
+2 <;16 (38')
+3 <;9 (368)
R1 <;15 (500)
+3 <;9 (385)
R1 <;15 (511)
*#6e%ical $%oble6s
'.
+#to%ial <lass
F15
UNIT . III
ELECTRO/AGNETIC AND STATIC RELAYS
5. Elect%o6a0netic
%ela(s
/nt%od#ction F18 R1 <;1' (359)
+2 <;1 (3)
+3 <;1 (1)
-.+E9
/ES
C
H
A
L
>

B
L
A
C

B
O
A
R
D
$%incile o! oe%ation and
const%#ction o! att%acted
a%6at#%e9 1alanced bea6
ind#ction 4isc and /nd#ction <#
%ela(s.
F199
F20
R1 <;1' (361)
+2 <;3 (35-'2)
+3 <;3 (36)
6. .lication o! %ela(s Ove% c#%%ent/ #nde% volta0e
%ela(s9
F21
R1 <;1' (36')
+2 <;3 (52-65)
+3 <;3 (68-86)
4i%ection %ela(s9 F22
4i!!e%ential Rela(s and
e%centa0e di!!e%ential Rela(s
F23
5. ,nive%sal to%&#e
e&#ation9 distance
%ela(s
/6edance9 Reactance and ?"o
%ela(s
F2'
R1 <;1' (385)
+2 <;5 (92)
+3 <;'(9'-108)
O!!-Set 6"o %ela(s9
c"a%acte%istics o! 4istance Rela(s
F25
<o6a%ison
8. Static Rela(s Static Rela(s t(es F26 R1 <;1' ('28)
9
S.
N3
T34&$- +- 4#5 JNTU
S)**+!,-
/36,*#-7S,!-836,*#-
L#$%,5#
N3.
B339- R#:#55#6
R#-
8+59-
T#+$;-
&<= +&6-
+2 <;9 (201)
+3 <;2 (5')
Static %ela(s ve%ses
Elect%o6a0netic %ela(s
*#6e%ical $%oble6s F25
9. +#to%ial <lass F28
UNIT . IV
GENERATOR PROTECTION
10. -ene%ato% $%otection /nt%od#ction F29 R1 <;1' (392)
+1 <;22 (505)
R2 <;15 (510)
-.+E9
/ES
C
H
A
L
>

B
L
A
C

B
O
A
R
D
Stato% !a#lts9 Roto% !a#lts and
%otection
F30
R1 <;1' (392)
R2 <;15 (510)
+1 <;22 (505-515)
Rest%icted Ea%t" !a#lt and inte%-
t#%n !a#lt %otection
F31
$e%centa0e o! 8indin0 %otection F32
*#6e%ical %oble6s on D
8indin0 #n%otected
F33
11 +#to%ial <lass F3'
UNIT . V
TRANSFOR/ER PROTECTION
12. +%ans!o%6e%
$%otection
/nt%od#ction to t(es o! !a#lts on
t%ans!o%6e%
F35
+1 <;22 (518-522)
R1 <;1' ('01)
R2 <;15 (516)
-.+E9
/ES
$e%centa0e di!!e%ential %otection F36
4esi0n o! <+s Ratio9 1#c""olt:
$%otection.
F35 +1 <;22 (521-523)
R1 <;1' ('01)
R2 <;15 (516) *#6e%ical %oble6s F38
UNIT . VI
FEEDER AND BUS-BAR PROTECTION
1'. Aeede% and 1#s-1a%
$%otection
/nt%od#ction F'0
R1 <;1' (381)
R2 <;15 (692)
+1 <;22 (525)
+1 <;22 (528-535)
-.+E9
C
H
A
L
>

B
L
A
C

B
O
A
R
D
$%otection Fines @ Ove% c#%%ent F'1
<#%%ent9 ca%%ie% c#%%ent and t"%ee-
:one
F'2
4istance %ela( %otection #sin0
/6edance %ela(s. +%ansla(
Rela(
F'3
15. $%otection o! 1#s
ba%s
4i!!e%ential %otection F'' R1 <;1' (381)
R2 <;15 (692)
+1 <;22 (532)
16. +#to%ial <lass F'5
10
S.
N3
T34&$- +- 4#5 JNTU
S)**+!,-
/36,*#-7S,!-836,*#-
L#$%,5#
N3.
B339- R#:#55#6
R#-
8+59-
T#+$;-
&<= +&6-
UNIT . VII
NEUTRAL GROUNDING
15. *e#t%al -%o#ndin0 /nt%od#ction to t(es o! *e#t%al
-%o#ndin0
F'6
R1 <;11
(3'5-352)
R2 .endi3 (589)
-.+E
C
H
A
L
>

B
L
A
C

B
O
A
R
D
-%o#nded and ,n0%o#nded
*e#t%al S(ste6s
F'5
E!!ects o! ,n0%o#nded *e#t%al on
s(ste6 e%!o%6ance
F'8
?et"ods o! *e#t%al -%o#ndin0 F'9
Solid9 Resistance9 F50
Reactance-.%cin0 -%o#nds and
-%o#ndin0 $%actices.
F51
UNIT . VIII
PROTECTION AGAINST OVER VOLTAGES
19. $%otection .0ainst
ove% volta0es
/nt%od#ction9 ,n0%o#nded s(ste6
and st%on0l( 0%o#nded s(ste69
.%c"in0 0%o#nd
F53 R1 <;12
(288-290)
R2 .endi3 (596)
-.+E
C
H
A
L
>

B
L
A
C

B
O
A
R
D
?et"ods9 Solid 0%o#ndin09
Resistance 0%o#ndin0
F5' R1 <;12
(288-290)
R2 .endi3 (596)
-.+E
-ene%ation o! ove% >olta0es in
o8e% S(ste6s
F55 R1 <;12
(288-290)
R2 .endi3 (596)
-.+E
$%otection a0ainst Fi0"tnin0 ove%
>olta0es
F56 R1 <;12
(288-290)
R2 .endi3 (596)
-.+E
>alve t(e and Ginc-O3ide
Fi0"tin0 .%%este%s
F55 R1 <;12
(288-290)
R2 .endi3 (596)
-.+E
/ns#lation and <oo%dination F58 R1 <;12
(288-290)
R2 .endi3 (596)
E3#lsion t(e and >alve t(e
Fi0"tnin0 a%%este%s9 Ratin0 o!
Fi0"tnin0 a%%este%s
F59
R1 <;12
(288-290)
R2 .endi3 (596)
Standa%d i6#lse test 8ave F60
-%o#nd 8i%es- -%o#nd Rods9
<o#nte%oise
F61
R1 <;12
(288-290)
R2 .endi3 (596)
>olt-ti6e <"a%acte%istics and
ins#lation co-o%dination
F62
11
S.
N3
T34&$- +- 4#5 JNTU
S)**+!,-
/36,*#-7S,!-836,*#-
L#$%,5#
N3.
B339- R#:#55#6
R#-
8+59-
T#+$;-
&<= +&6-
6. 4.? ASSIGN/ENT QUESTIONS
UNIT - I
1. E"at is a ci%c#it b%ea2e%M 4esc%ibe its oe%atin0 %incile.
2. 4isc#ss t"e a%c "eno6enon in a ci%c#it b%ea2e%.
3. E3lain t"e va%io#s 6et"ods o! a%c e3tinction in a ci%c#it b%ea2e%.
'. E"at is t"e need to distin0#is" a%c
5. E"( is c#%%ent inte%%#tion easie% in an a. c. ci%c#it t"an in a d. c. ci%c#itM
6. E3lain t"e te%6s %ecove% and %est%i2in0 volta0e
5. E3lain abo#t RRR>
8. E3lain ave%a0e and 6a3i6#6 RRR>
9. 4e!ine and e3lain t"e !ollo8in0 te%6s as alied to ci%c#it b%ea2e%s
(i) .%c volta0e
(ii) Rest%i2in0 volta0e
(iii) Recove%( volta0e
10. E3lain b%ie!l( abo#t c#%%ent c"oin0 "eno6enon
11. E3lain c#%%ent c"oin0 "eno6ena 8it" neat s2etc"
12. E3lain 8"at a%e t"e di!!e%ent t(es s8itc"in0 tec"ni&#es
13. E%ite do8n ci%c#it b%ea2e%s seci!ications
1'. E"at is 6eant b( a#to %eclos#%es
15. +(es a#to %eclos#%es
16. E3lain oe%ation o! a#to %eclos#%es
15. /n a 220 2 > s(ste69 t"e line to 0%o#nd caacitance is 0. 02
A and ind#ctance is 9;. Aind

o#t t"e volta0e aea%in0 ac%oss t"e ole o! a <19 i! and instantaneo#s 6a0neti:in0 c#%%ent o! 6 . is
inte%%#ted. Aind t"e val#e o! %esistance to be #sed ac%oss t"e contacts to eli6inate t"e %est%i2in0
volta0e.
18. /n a s"o%t ci%c#it test on a 220 2>9 3-"ase <1 8it" ea%t"ed ne#t%al t"e !ollo8in0
%es#lts 8e%e obtained@ Aa#lt ! N 0. 'O %ecove%( volta0e N 0.9 o! !#ll line val#eO t"e
12
b%ea2in0 c#%%ent is s(66et%ical and t"e %est%i2in0 t%ansient "ad a nat#%al !%e&#enc( o!
18 2;:. 4ete%6ine RRR>9 ass#6in0 t"at t"e S< is an ea%t"ed !a#lt.
19. . 3-"ase oil ci%c#it b%ea2e% is %ated at 1000.9 1500 ?>.9 332>9 's. Aind t"e %ated
no%6al c#%%ent9 s(66et%ical b%ea2in0 c#%%ent9 6a2in0 c#%%ent and s"o%t ti6e c#%%ent
%atin0.
20. . 50 ;:9 112>9 3 = "ase s(nc"%ono#s 0ene%ato% 8it" ea%t"ed ne#t%al "as a %eactance
o! ' e% "ase and is connected to b#sba% t"%o#0" a <1. +"e caacitance to ea%t" bet8een t"e
0ene%ato% and t"e <1 is 0.015
A e% "ase and %esistance 6a( be i0no%ed. Aind

(a) ?a3i6#6 volta0e ac%oss t"e contacts o! t"e <1.
(b) A%e&#enc( o! t"e t%ansient oscillations.
(c) +"e ave%a0e %ate o! %ise o! %est%i2in0 volta0e # to t"e !i%st ea2 o! t"e oscillation.
UNIT . II
1 +(es ci%c#it b%ea2e%s e3lain
2. 4isc#ss t"e const%#ctional details and oe%ation o! a t(ical lo8-oil ci%c#it b%ea2e%M
E"at a%e its %elative 6e%its and de6e%itsM
3. 4esc%ibe b%ie!l ( t"e action o! an oil ci%c#it b%ea2e%. ;o8 does oil "el in a%c
e3tinctionM
'. 4isc#ss t"e advanta0es and disadvanta0es o! oil ci%c#it b%ea2e%s.
5. E3lain 8it" neat s2etc"es t"e const%#ction and 8o%2in0 o! t"e !ollo8in0 ci%c#it
b%ea2e%s@
(i) $lain e3losion ot
(ii) <%oss jet e3losion ot
(iii) Sel!-co6ensated e3losion ot
6. E3lain t"e di!!e%ence bet8een b#l2 oil ci%c#it b%ea2e%s and lo8-oil ci%c#it b%ea2e%s.
5. E"( to lain b%ea2 oil ci%c#it b%ea2e%s "ave a lo8 seed o! ci%c#it inte%%#tionM
8. 4isc#ss t"e const%#ctional details and oe%ation o! a t(ical 1#l2-oil ci%c#it b%ea2e%M
E"at a%e its %elative 6e%its and de6e%itsM
9. E"at a%e t"e advanta0es 6ini6#6 oil ci%c#it b%ea2e% ove% 1#l2-oil ci%c#it b%ea2e%
10. 4isc#ss t"e %incile o! oe%ation o! an ai%-blast ci%c#it b%ea2e%. E"at a%e t"e
advanta0es and disadvanta0es o! #sin0 ai% as t"e a%c &#enc"in0 6edi#6M
11. E3lain b%ie!l( t"e !ollo8in0 t(es o! ai%-blast ci%c#it b%ea2e%s@
(i) .3ial-blast t(e
(ii) <%oss-blast t(e
12. E3lain t"e oe%ation %incile o! >ac##6 ci%c#it b%ea2e%s
13. E"at a%e t"e 4i!!e%ences bet8een oil and >ac##6 ci%c#it b%ea2e%s
1'. E3lain t"e oe%ation %incile o! SA6 ci%c#it b%ea2e%s
15. E"at a%e t"e 4i!!e%ences bet8een SA6 and >ac##6 ci%c#it b%ea2e%s
16. E"at a%e advanta0es o! SA6 ci%c#it b%ea2e% ove% oil ci%c#it b%ea2e%.
15. . ci%c#it b%ea2e% is %ated 2500 .9 1500 ?>.9 33 2>9 3 sec9 3 = "ase oil ci%c#it
b%ea2e%. 4ete%6ine (i) t"e %ated no%6al c#%%ent (ii) b%ea2in0 c#%%ent (iii) 6a2in0
c#%%ent (iv) s"o%t ti6e %atin0 c#%%ent.
13
18. . ci%c#it b%ea2e% is %ated at 1500 .9 2000 ?>.9 33 2>9 3 sec9 3-"ase oil ci%c#it
b%ea2e%9 4ete%6ine (i) t"e %ated no%6al c#%%ent (ii) b%ea2in0 c#%%ent (iii) 6a2in0
c#%%ent (iv) s"o%t ti6e %atin0 c#%%ent.
19. /n a s"o%t ci%c#it test on a ci%c#it b%ea2e%9 t"e !ollo8in0 %eadin0s 8e%e obtained on
sin0le !%e&#enc( t%ansient@
(i) ti6e to %eac" t"e ea2 %e-st%i2in0 volta0e9 50

sec
(ii) t"e ea2 %e-st%i2in0 volta0e9 100 2>
4ete%6ine t"e ave%a0e RRR> and !%e&#enc( o! oscillations
20. .n ai%-blast ci%c#it b%ea2e% is desi0ned to inte%%#t a t%ans!o%6e% 6a0neti:in0 c#%%ent o! 11 . (%.6.s)
c"os t"e c#%%ent at an instantaneo#s val#e o! 5 .. /! t"e val#es o! F and < in t"e ci%c#it a%e 35.2 ;
and 0.0023
A9 !ind t"e val#e o! volta0e t"at aea%s ac%oss t"e contacts o! t"e b%ea2e%. .ss#6e t"at
all t"e ind#ctive ene%0( is t%ans!e%%ed to t"e caacitance.
UNIT . III
1. E"at is %otective %ela(M E3lain its !#nction in an elect%ical s(ste6.
2. E"at is t"e di!!e%ence bet8een a !#se and a %ela(M
3. 4isc#ss t"e !#nda6ental %e&#i%e6ents o! %otective %ela(in0.
'. 4esc%ibe b%ie!l( so6e i6o%tant t(es o! elect%o6a0netic att%action %ela(s.
5. E%ite a b%ie! note on %ela( ti6in0.
6. 4e!ine and e3lain t"e !ollo8in0 te%6s as alied to %otective %ela(in0@
(i) $ic2-# val#e (ii) c#%%ent settin0 (iii) $l#0-settin0 6#ltilie%
(iv) +i6e-settin0 6#ltilie%
5. S2etc" a t(ical ti6e/$.S. ?. c#%ve.
8. 4esc%ibe t"e va%io#s stes !o% calc#latin0 t"e act#al %ela( oe%atin0 ti6e.
9. E3lain 8it" t"e "el o! neat dia0%a6 t"e const%#ction and 8o%2in0 o!@
(i) *on-di%ectional ind#ction t(e ove% c#%%ent %ela(
(ii) /nd#ction t(e di%ectional o8e% %ela(
10. 4esc%ibe t"e const%#ction and %incile o! oe%ation o! an ind#ction t(e di%ectional
ove% c#%%ent %ela(.
11. E3lain t"e 8o%2in0 %incile o! distance %ela(s.
12. E%ite a detailed not on di!!e%ential %ela(s.
13. 4esc%ibe t"e +%ansla( sc"e6e o! %otection.
1'. 4e%ive t"e e&#ation !o% to%&#e develoed in an ind#ction %ela(.
15. E3lain t"e 8o%2in0 %incile o! i6edance9 %eactance and 6"o %ela(s.
16. .lication o! i6edance9 %eactance and 6"o %ela(s E3lain b%ie!l(.
15. E"at is 6ean b( o!!set 6"o %ela(s. 4%a8 t"e c"a%acte%istics o! distance %ela(s.
18. E"at a%e t"e di!!e%ent bet8een o!!-set 6"o %ela(s and 6"o %ela(s
1'
19. 4e!ine static %ela(s and 8"at a%e t"e t(es.
20. E"at a%e t"e di!!e%ences bet8een static %ela(s and elect%o 6a0netic %ela(s.
UNIT . IV
1. E3lain t"e const%#ctional !eat#%es o! alte%nato%.
2. E3lain t"e tests to be cond#cted !o% dete%6inin0 s(nc"%ono#s i6edance.
3. 4isc#ss t"e i6o%tant !a#lts on an alte%nato%.
'. E"at a%e t"e di!!e%ent !a#lts 8"ic" a%e occ#%s on stato% o! an alte%nato%.
5. E"at a%e t"e di!!e%ent !a#lts 8"ic" a%e occ#%s on %oto% o! an alte%nato%.
6. <an %ela(s be #sed to %otect an alte%nato% a0ainst (i) one-"ase oen ci%c#its (ii)
#nbalanced loadin0 (iii) 6oto%in0 (iv) loss o! s(nc"%onis6M
5. E"( is ove%load %otection not necessa%( !o% alte%nato%sM
8. 4esc%ibe 8it" a neat dia0%a6 t"e balanced ea%t" %otection !o% s6all-si:e 0ene%ato%s.
9. E"at is t"e di!!e%ence bet8een an ea%t" %ela( and ove%c#%%ent %ela(M
10. ;o8 8ill (o# %otect an alte%nato% !%o6 t#%n-to-t#%n !a#lt on t"e sa6e "ase 8indin0M
11. E3lain 8it" a neat dia0%a6 t"e alication o! ?e%:-%ice ci%c#latin0 c#%%ent %incile
!o% t"e %otection o! alte%nato%.
12. E3lain t"e %ocess o! !a#lt clea%in0 8it" t"e "el o! a neat s2etc".
13. E3lain t"e 8o%2in0 %incile o! alte%nato%.
1'. ;o8 e6! is ind#ced in a 3 = "ase alte%nato%M 4e%ive t"e e3%ession !o% e6! ind#ced
in an alte%nato% inte%6s o! itc" and dist%ib#tion !acto%s.
15. /n 0ene%al9 t"e !ield 8indin0 o! a 3-"ase alte%nato% is %otatin0 ele6ent and t"e
a%6at#%e is stationa%(. -ive %easons.
16. ;o8 e6! is ind#ced in t"e a%6at#%e o! alte%nato%. E"at a%e t"e !acto%s t"at ca#se a
c"an0e o! t"e alte%nato% te%6inal volta0eM
15. 4e%ive an e&#ation !o% e6! o! a t"%ee "ase alte%nato%.
18. 4%a8 a neat s2etc" s"o8in0 t"e va%io#s a%ts o! a s(nc"%ono#s 6ac"ine and e3lain
eac" a%t b%ie!l(.
19. 4e!ine volta0e %e0#lation o! an alte%nato%. E3lain s(nc"%ono#s i6edance 6et"od o!
dete%6inin0 %e0#lation o! an alte%nato%.
20. 4%a8 t"e oen ci%c#it and s"o%t ci%c#it c"a%acte%istics o! a s(nc"%ono#s 0ene%ato%.
E3lain t"e s"ae o! t"e c"a%acte%istics.
UNIT . V
1. E3lain t"e 8o%2in0 o! a t%ans!o%6e% at no load and !#ll load conditions 8it" neat
dia0%a6s.
15
2. E"at a%e di!!e%ent !a#lts in 0ene%all ( occ#%s on t%ans!o%6e%s.
3. E"at !acto%s ca#se di!!ic#lt( in al(in0 ci%c#latin0 c#%%ent %incile to a o8e%
t%ans!o%6e%M
'. 4esc%ibe t"e ?e%:-$%ice ci%c#latin0 c#%%ent s(ste6 !o% t"e %otection o! t%ans!o%6e%s.
5. 4esc%ibe t"e const%#ction and 8o%2in0 o! a 1#c""ol: %ela(.
6. ;o8 can (o# desi0n <+ %atio e3lain.
5 E%ite s"o%t notes on t"e !ollo8in0@
(i) Ea%t"-!a#lt %otection !o% alte%nato%
(ii) <o6bined lea2a0e and ove% load %otection !o% t%ans!o%6e%s
(iii) Ea%t"-!a#lt %otection !o% t%ans!o%6e%s
8. ;o8 6an( !a#lts develo in a o8e% t%ans!o%6e%M
9. . 3 = "ase9 33/6.6 2>9 sta%/delta connected t%ans!o%6e% is %otected b( ?e%:-$%ice
ci%c#latin0 c#%%ent s(ste6. /! t"e <+s on t"e lo8-volta0e side "ave a %atio o! 300/59
dete%6ine t"e %atio o! <+s on t"e "i0" volta0e side.
10. . - "ase9 200 2>.9 11/0.' 2> t%ans!o%6e% is connected as delta/sta%. +"e %otective
t%ans!o%6e%s on t"e 0. ' 2> side "ave t#%n %atio o! 500/5. E"at 8ill be t"e <. +. %atios
on t"e "i0" volta0e sideM
11. . 3 = "ase t%ans!o%6e% o! 220/119 000 line volts is connected in sta%/delta. +"e
%otective t%ans!o%6e%s on 220 > side "ave a c#%%ent %atio o! 600/5. E"at s"o#ld be
t"e <+ %atio on 119 000 > sideM
12. . 3 = "ase t%ans!o%6e% "avin0 line-volta0e %atio o! 0.' 2>/112v is connected in sta%-
delta and %otective t%ans!o%6e%s on t"e '00 > side "ave a c#%%ent %atio o! 500/5.
E"at 6#st be t"e %atio o! t"e %otective t%ans!o%6e%s on t"e 11 2> sideM
13. 4%a8 and e3lain t"e "aso% dia0%a6 o! t%ans!o%6e% #nde% load condition.
1'. 4%a8 t"e no load and !#ll load "aso% dia0%a6s o! a t%ans!o%6e%.
15. E"at a%e t"e di!!e%ent a%ts o! a t%ans!o%6e% and e3lain t"ei% !#nction clea%l(M
16. E3lain di!!e%ent losses t"at occ#% in a t%ans!o%6e%.
15. State and %ove t"e condition !o% 6a3i6#6 e!!icienc( o! a t%ans!o%6e%.
18. 4esc%ibe t"e 6et"od o! calc#latin0 %e0#lation and e!!icienc( o! a t%ans!o%6e% b( oen
ci%c#it and s"o%t ci%c#it tests.
19. 4isc#ss t"e const%#ctional !eat#%es o! t%ans!o%6e%s. 4%a8 neat dia0%a6s.
20. 4e%ive t"e e3%ession !o% a%o3i6ate %e0#lation !o% a t%ans!o%6e% oe%atin0 on
la00in0 o8e% !acto% load.
UNIT - VI
1. E"at is t"e necessit( o! !eede%s and b#s-ba% in o8e% s(ste6s
2. E"at is t"e di!!e%ence bet8een b#s-ba% and !eede%s
16
3. "o8 can (o# %otect !eede%s and b#s-ba% !%o6 ove% c#%%ent.
'. E"at is t"e i6o%tance o! b#s-ba% %otectionM
5. 4esc%ibe t"e !ollo8in0 s(ste6s o! b#s-ba% %otection@
(i) di!!e%ential %otection
(ii) Aa#lt-b#s %otection
6. E"at a%e t"e %e&#i%e6ents o! %otection o! linesM
5. 4isc#ss t"e ti6e-0%aded ove%c#%%ent %otection !o%
(i) Radial !eede%s
(ii) $a%allel !eede%s
(iii) Rin0 6ain s(ste6
8. 4esc%ibe t"e di!!e%ential ilot 8i%e 6et"od o! %otection o! !eede%s.
9. 4esc%ibe distance %otection sc"e6e !o% t"e %otection o! !eede%s.
10. E%ite s"o%t-notes on t"e !ollo8in0@
(i) Aa#lt = b#s %otection
(ii) ?e%:-%ice volta0e balance s(ste6 !o% %otection o! !eede%s
(iii) +%ansla( sc"e6e
11. E"at 6et"ods can be #sed to %event sat#%ation o! c#%%ent t%ans!o%6e%sM
12. E"at !acto%s 0ove%n c"oosin0 ilot-8i%e installationM
13. E"( 6#st di%ectional %ela(s be #sed on a %in0 6ain s(ste6M
1'. ;o8 do ti6e-dela( ove%c#%%ent %ela(s 8o%2 on a %adial s(ste6M
15. 4o ove%"ead s(ste6s need di!!e%ential %otection sc"e6es t"an #nde%0%o#nd s(ste6sM
16. ;o8 a%e ilot-8i%e %ela(s b#ilt !o% t%ans6ission-line %otectionM
15. State t"e va%io#s alications o! diCe%ential %otection.
18. 4isc#ss t"e 8o%2in0 %incile o! !%a6e lea2a0e %otection
19. E3lain 8"at is 6eant b( %i6a%( %otection and bac2 # %otection.
20. E"at a%e #nit s(ste6 and non-#nit s(ste6 o! %otection M
UNIT - VII
1. E"at do (o# 6ean b( 0%o#ndin0 o% ea%t"in0M E3lain it 8it" an e3a6le.
2. E"at do (o# 6ean b( e&#i6ent 0%o#ndin0M
3. /ll#st%ate t"e need o! e&#i6ent 0%o#ndin0.
'. 4esc%ibe #n0%o#nded o% isolated ne#t%al s(ste6. E"at a%e its disadvanta0esM
5. E"at is ne#t%al 0%o#ndin0M
6. E"at a%e t"e advanta0es o! ne#t%al 0%o#ndin0M
5. E"at is solid 0%o#ndin0M E"at a%e its advanta0esM
8. E"at a%e t"e disadvanta0es o! solid 0%o#ndin0M
15
9. E"at is %esistance 0%o#ndin0M E"at a%e its advanta0es and disadbanta0esM
10. 4esc%ibe .%c s#%ession coil 0%o#ndin0
11. E"at is %esonant 0%o#ndin0M
12. E"( is 0%o#nd 8i%e #sed in e&#i6ent 0%o#ndin0M
13. +"e%e is 11 2>/230> sin0le "ase t%ans!o%6e%. One can notice t"at one o! t"e
seconda%( cond#cto%s is 0%o#nded. E"(M
1'. +"e ;. >. line o! a sin0le "ase t%ans!o%6e% accidentl ( !alls on F. >. line. +"e%e 6a(
be 6assive !las" ove% in a "o6e o% !acto%(. E"(M
15. /n an ove%"ead s(ste69 6ost o! t"e !a#lts a%e sin0le line to 0%o#nd. E"(M
16. E"at a%e t"e !acto%s ca#sin0 a%c"in0 0%o#ndsM
15. E"at is t"e i6o%tance o! a%c s#%ession coil 0%o#ndin0M
18. E"e%e do 8e #se 0%o#ndin0 t%ans!o%6e%M
19. ;o8 do ea%t"in0 sc%een and 0%o#nd 8i%es %ovide %otection a0ainst di%ect
li0"tnin0 st%o2esM
20. E3lain t"e state6ent in #n0%o#nded s(ste6 B;ealt"( line volta0e inc%eases b( P3
ti6es d#%in0 an ea%t" !a#lt on t"e t"i%d line
UNIT - VIII
1. E3lain "o8 ove% volta0es 8ill e!!ected o! #n0%o#nded s(ste6 and st%on0l( 0%o#nded
s(ste6

2. E"at a%e t"e di!!e%ent 6et"ods in 0%o#ndin0 s(ste6
3. E3lain abo#t solid 0%o#ndin0 8it" neat s2etc".
'. E3lain abo#t %esistance 0%o#ndin0 8it" neat s2etc".
5. E"at is a volta0e s#%0eM 4%a8 a t(ical li0"tnin0 volta0e s#%0e.
6. E"at a%e t"e di!!e%ence bet8een #n0%o#nded s(ste6 and st%on0l( 0%o#nded s(ste6
5. 4isc#ss t"e ca#ses o! ove% volta0es.
8. E"at is li0"tnin0M 4esc%ibe t"e 6ec"anis6 o! li0"tnin0 disc"a%0e.
9. 4esc%ibe t"e va%io#s t(es o! li0"tnin0 st%o2e.
10. E"at a%e t"e "a%6!#l e!!ects o! li0"tnin0M
11. ;o8 do ea%t"in0 sc%een and 0%o#nd 8i%es %ovide %otection a0ainst di%ect li0"tnin0
st%o2esM
12. E"at is a s#%0e dive%te%M E"at is t"e basic %incile o! oe%ation o! a s#%0e dive%te%M
13. E%ite s"o%t notes on t"e !ollo8in0 s#%0e dive%te%s@
(i) Rod 0a dive%te%
(ii) ;o%n 0a dive%te%
18
(iii) E3#lsion t(e dive%te%
(iv) ?#lti0a dive%te%
1'. 4isc#ss t"e const%#ction9 %incile and 8o%2in0 o! a valve t(e a%%este%.
15. E"at is a s#%0e abso%be%M E%ite a s"o%t note on Ae%%anti s#%0e abso%be%.
16. E"( a%e stee !%onted s#%0es 6o%e dan0e%o#s to o8e% s(ste6 e&#i6entM
15. E"( is li0"tnin0 acco6anied b( a t"#nde%M
18. /s t"e na6e li0"tnin0 a%%este% a%o%iateM
19. E"( a%e s#%0e dive%te%s located ve%( close to t"e e&#i6ent to be %otectedM
20. E"e%e 8ill (o# #se a s#%0e abso%be%M
6.5.1@ QUESTION BAN AU<&%-B&-#C AJNTUC
UNIT - I
1. E3lain t"e %eason !o% initiation o! elect%ic a%c d#%in0 contact sea%ation. .lso disc#ss
8"ic" o! t"ese is %i6a%il( %esonsible !o% c%eation o! a%c in ci%c#it b%ea2e%s and 8"(M
(.%il9 05)
2. (a) E"at a%e t"e di!!e%ent t(es o! ci%c#it b%ea2e%s 8"en t"e a%c-&#enc"in0 6edi#6 is t"e c%ite%ionM
?ention t"e volta0e !o% 8"ic" a a%tic#la% %an0e o! ci%c#it b%ea2e% is %eco66ended.
(b) 4isc#ss t"e %ecove%( %ate t"eo%( and ene%0( balance t"eo%( o! a%c inte%%#tion in a ci%c#it b%ea2e%.
(.%/?a( 05)
3. E3lain t"e %eason !o% initiation o! elect%ic a%c d#%in0 contact sea%ation. .lso disc#ss 8"ic" o! t"ese is
%i6a%il( %esonsible !o% c%eation o! a%c in ci%c#it b%ea2e%s and 8"(M (.#0/Se 05)
'. E"at a%e t"e di!!e%ent t(es o! ci%c#it b%ea2e%s 8"en t"e a%c-&#enc"in0 6edi#6 isM
i. +"e c%ite%ionM ?ention t"e volta0e !o% 8"ic" a a%tic#la% %an0e o! ci%c#it b%ea2e% is
%eco66ended.
ii. 4isc#ss t"e %ecove%( %ate t"eo%( and ene%0( balance t"eo%( o! a%c inte%%#tion in a
ci%c#it b%ea2e%. (.%il9 05)
5. (a) E"at is a %otective %ela(M E"at a%e t"e !#nda6ental %e&#i%e6ents o! %otective %ela(in0. E"at
a%e t"e #nit s(ste6 o! %otection and non-#nit s(ste6 o! %otection.
(b) E3lain in detail t"e %i6a%( and bac2-# %otection. E"at a%e t"e advanta0es o! :onal %otection.
(.#0/Se 05)
6. E3lain t"e te%6s %ecove%( volta0e9 %est%i2in0 volta0e and RRR>. 4e%ive t"e
e3%ession !o% t"e %est%i2in0 volta0e in te%6s o! s(ste6 caacitance and ind#ctance.
()an.Q03)
5. Ao% a 322> S(ste6 %eactance and caacitance # to t"e location o! t"e ci%c#it b%ea2e% is 3 o"6s and
0.015 6ic%o!a%ad9 %esectivel(. <alc#late t"e !ollo8in0@
i.. +"e !%e&#enc( o! t%ansients oscillation
ii. +"e 6a3i6#6 val#e o! %est%i2in0 volta0e ac%oss t"e contacts o! t"e ci%c#it b%ea2e%.
+"e 6a3i6#6s val#e o! RRR>. ()an.Q03)
8. /n a1322> s(ste69 t"e ind#ctance and caacitance e% "ase # to t"e location o! t"e
ci%c#it b%ea2e% is 10; and 0.02 6ic%o!a%ad9 %esectivel(. /! t"e ci%c#it b%ea2e%
inte%%#ts a 6a0neti:in0 c#%%ent o! 20 .(instantaneo#s)9 c#%%ent c"oin0 occ#%s.
4ete%6ine t"e volta0e 8"ic" 8ill aea% ac%oss t"e ci%c#it b%ea2e%. .lso dete%6ine t"e
%esistance t"at s"o#ld be connected ac%oss t"e contacts o! t"e ci%c#it bea2e% to
eli6inate %est%i2in0 volta0e. ()an.Q03)
19
9. Ao% a 32 2> S(ste6 %eactance and caacitance # to t"e location o! t"e ci%c#it b%ea2e% is 3 o"6s and
0.015 6ic%o!a%ad9 %esectivel(. <alc#late t"e !ollo8in0
(a) +"e !%e&#enc( o! t%ansients oscillation
(b) +"e 6a3i6#6 val#e o! %est%i2in0 volta0e ac%oss t"e contacts o! t"e ci%c#it b%ea2e%
(c) +"e 6a3i6#6 val#e o! RRR>. (.%/?a( 08)
10. i. E3lain t"e !ollo8in0.
i. <lassi!ication o! %est%i2in0 t%ansients
ii. Rest%i2in0 volta0e c"a%acte%istics
ii. E3lain 8it" a neat dia0%a6 t"e !acto%s aCectin0 t"e %est%i2in0 volta0e
c"a%acte%istics. (.%il9 05)
11. Ao% a 322> S(ste6 %eactance and caacitance # to t"e location o! t"e ci%c#it b%ea2e%
is 3 o"6s and 0.0156ic%o!a%ad9 %esectivel (. <alc#late t"e !ollo8in0
i. +"e !%e&#enc( o! t%ansients oscillation
ii. +"e 6a3i6#6 val#e o! %est%i2in0 volta0e ac%oss t"e contacts o! t"e ci%c#it b%ea2e%
iii. +"e 6a3i6#6s val#e o! RRR> (.%il9 05)
12. /n a 1322> s(ste69 t"e ind#ctance and caacitance e% "ase # to t"e location o! t"e
ci%c#it b%ea2e% is 10; and 0.02 6ic%o!a%ad9 %esectivel(. /! t"e ci%c#it b%ea2e%
inte%%#ts a 6a0neti:in0 c#%%ent o! 20. (instantaneo#s)9 c#%%ent c"oin0 occ#%s.
4ete%6ine t"e volta0e 8"ic" 8ill aea% ac%oss t"e ci%c#it b%ea2e%. .lso dete%6ine t"e
%esistance t"at s"o#ld be connected ac%oss t"e contacts o! t"e ci%c#it b%ea2e% to
eli6inate %est%i2in0 volta0e. (.%il Q0')
13. . 50 ;:9 11 2>9 t"%ee "ase alte%nato% 8it" ea%t"ed ne#t%al "as a %eactance o! 5 o"6/"ase and is
connected to t"e b#s-ba% t"%o#0" a ci%c#it b%ea2e%. +"e caacitance to ea%t" bet8een t"e alte%nato% and
t"e ci%c#it b%ea2e% is 0.02 6ic%o!a%ad e% "ase. .ss#6e t"e %esistance o! t"e 0ene%ato% to be
ne0li0ible. <alc#late t"e !ollo8in0.
(a) ?a3i6#6 val#e o! volta0e ac%oss t"e contacts o! t"e ci%c#it b%ea2e%
(b) A%e&#enc( o! oscillation
(c) +"e ave%a0e %ate o! %ise o! %est%i2in0 volta0e # to !i%st ea2 (.%/?a( 08)
1'. E%ite s"o%t notes on t"e !ollo8in0.
i.. ?a2in0 caacit ( ii. S"o%t ti6e c#%%ent %atin0
iii. Rated volta0e9 c#%%ent and !%e&#enc( iv)Rated oe%atin0 d#t( ()an.Q03)
15. i. E3lain t"e !ollo8in0 te%6s@
i. S(66et%ical b%ea2in0 <#%%ent ii. ?a2in0 <#%%ent
iii. .s(66et%ical b%ea2in0 <#%%ent
ii. . 66 I> 50 ;:9 3-"ase alte%nato% "as an ea%t"ed ne#t%al. +"e ind#ctance and
<aacitance o! t"e s(ste6 e% "ase a%e 5 6; and 0. 01 6! %esectivel (. +"e s"o%t-
ci%c#it test 0ave t"e !ollo8in0 %es#lts@ o8e% !acto% o! !a#lt 0. 259 !a#lt c#%%ent
s(66et%ical %ecove%( volta0e is 90D o! !#ll line volta0e. .ss#6in0 t"at t"e !a#lt is
isolated !%o6 t"e 0%o#nd9 calc#late t"e RRR>. (S#l( Q01)
16. E%ite s"o%t notes on t"e !ollo8in0@
i. ?a2in0 caacit ( ii. S"o%t ti6e c#%%ent %atin0
iii. Rated volta0e9 c#%%ent and !%e&#enc( iv. Rated oe%atin0 d#t(
(.%il Q0')
15. E%ite s"o%t notes on t"e !ollo8in0.
(a) ?a2in0 caacit(
(b) S"o%t ti6e c#%%ent %atin0
(c) Rated volta0e9 c#%%ent and !%e&#enc(
(d) Rated oe%atin0 d#t( (.%/?a( 08)
18. /n a 132 2> s(ste69 ind#ctance and caacitance # to t"e location o! t"e ci%c#it b%ea2e%s a%e 0.' ; and
0.015 6ic%o!a%ad %esectivel(. 4ete%6ine
(a) +"e 6a3i6#6 val#e o! %est%i2in0 volta0e ac%oss t"e contact o! t"e ci%c#it b%ea2e%s.
(b) A%e&#enc( o! t%ansient oscillations and t"e 6a3i6#6 val#e o! RRR>. (.%/?a( 08)
20
19. Ao% a 32 2> S(ste6 %eactance and caacitance # to t"e location o! t"e ci%c#it b%ea2e% is 3 o"6s and
0.015 6ic%o!a%ad9 %esectivel(. <alc#late t"e !ollo8in0
(a) +"e !%e&#enc( o! t%ansients oscillation
(b) +"e 6a3i6#6 val#e o! %est%i2in0 volta0e ac%oss t"e contacts o! t"e ci%c#it b%ea2e%
(c) +"e 6a3i6#6 val#e o! RRR>. (.#0/Se 05)
20. (a) E3lain t"e $"eno6enon o! c#%%ent c"oin0 in a ci%c#it b%ea2e%. E"at 6eas#%es a%e ta2en to
%ed#ce it.
(b) . ci%c#it inte%%#ts t"e 6a0neti:in0 c#%%ent o! a 100?>. t%ans!o%6e% at 2202>. +"e 6a0neti:in0
c#%%ent is 5D o! t"e !#ll load c#%%ent. 4ete%6ine t"e 6a3i6#6 volta0e 8"ic" 6a( aea% ac%oss
t"e -a o! t"e b%ea2e% 8"en t"e 6a0neti:in0 c#%%ent is inte%%#ted at 53D o! its ea2 val#e. +"e
st%a( caacitance is 2500 6ic%o!a%ad. +"e ind#ctance is 30;. (.%/?a( 05)
21. i. E3lain t"e %ocess o! !a#lt clea%in0 8it" t"e "el o! a neat s2etc".
ii. <lassi!( t"e va%io#s t(es o! ove% c#%%ent %ela(s and 0ive t"ei% alication alon0
8it" a%o3i6ate c"a%acte%istics. (.%il9 05)
22. i. E3lain t"e $"eno6enon o! c#%%ent c"oin0 in a ci%c#it b%ea2e%. E"at 6eas#%es a%e ta2en to
%ed#ce it M
ii. . ci%c#it inte%%#ts t"e 6a0neti:in0 c#%%ent o! a 100?>. t%ans!o%6e% at 2202>.
+"e 6a0neti:in0 c#%%ent is 5D o! t"e !#ll load c#%%ent. 4ete%6ine t"e 6a3i6#6
volta0e 8"ic" 6a( aea% ac%oss t"e -a o! t"e b%ea2e% 8"en t"e 6a0neti:in0
c#%%ent is inte%%#ted at 53D o! its ea2 val#e. +"e st%a( caacitance is 2500
6ic%o!a%ad. +"e ind#ctance is 30;. (.%ilQ0')
UNIT - II
1. i. E3lain 6ini6#6 oil ci%c#it b%ea2e% in detail 8it" a neat s2etc".
ii. E3lain t"e advanta0es and disadvanta0es i! a oil blast ci%c#it b%ea2e%s. .lso e3lain t"ei% t(es in
detail. ()an.Q03)
2. i. /n 8"at asects is a 6ini6#6 oil ci%c#it b%ea2e% an i6%ove6ent ove% t"e b#l2 oil
b%ea2e%s.
ii. 4isc#ss t"e e%!o%6ance o! a ci%c#it b%ea2e% 8"en caacitive c#%%ents a%e
inte%%#ted. ()an.Q03)
3. a) /n 8"at asects is a 6ini6#6 oil ci%c#it b%ea2e% an i6%ove6ent ove% t"e b#l2 oil b%ea2e%s.
b) 4isc#ss t"e e%!o%6ance o! a ci%c#it b%ea2e% 8"en caacitive c#%%ents a%e inte%%#ted.
(.%/?a( 06)
'. i. E3lain "o8 an a%c is initiated and s#stained in a ci%c#it b%ea2e% 8"en t"e ci%c#it b%ea2e% contacts
sea%ate.
ii. 4esc%ibe t"e %incile o! oe%ation o! an ai%blast ci%c#it b%ea2e% 8it" a nea% s2etc".
(Re0. Q00)
5. a) E"( is c#%%ent c"oin0 not a se%io#s %oble6 8it" vac##6 ci%c#it b%ea2e%s.
b) ;o8 does SA6 b%ea2e%s di!!e% !%o6 an ai% blast ci%c#it b%ea2e%sM
c) E"at a%e t"e ossible alications o! vac##6 ci%c#it b%ea2e%sM (.%/?a( 05)
6. E3lain t"e oe%ation o! SA6 ci%c#it b%ea2e% 8it" %elevant s2etc" in a detailed 6anne%.
()an. Q03)
5. E"at t"e va%io#s t(es o! SA6 ci%c#it b%ea2e%s. E3lain t"e6 in detail 8it" a neat
s2etc". ()an.Q03)
8. i. 4esc%ibe t"e const%#ction9 %incile o! oe%ation and alication o! SA
6
ci%c#it
b%ea2e%.
ii. E%ite b%ie! notes on <onst%#ction and #ses o! ;R< !#ses. (S#l( Q01)
9. i. 4%a8 t"e const%#ctional details o! a 6ini6#6 oil ci%c#it b%ea2e% and e3lain it in
21
detail alon0 8it" its oe%ation.
ii. E3lain t"e %ocess o! a%c &#enc"in0 in SA
6
b%ea2e% and its alications.
(S#l( Q01)
10. i. E3lain t"e %ocess o! c#%%ent c"oin0 in SA6 b%ea2e%s.
ii. . 3-"ase oil ci%c#it b%ea2e% is %ated at 1000.9 1500 ?>.9 33 I>9 'S. Aind t"e
%ated no%6al c#%%ent9 s(66et%ical b%ea2in0 c#%%ent9 6a2in0 c#%%ent and s"o%t ti6e
c#%%ent %atin0. ()*+,Q03)
11. i. E"at a%e t"e 6e%its and de6e%its o! SA
6
b%ea2e%sM
ii. . 3-"ase oil ci%c#it b%ea2ae% is %ated 25000 .9 1200 ?>.9 33 2>9 3 seconds. 4ete%6ine t"e %ated
s(66et%ical b%ea2in0 c#%%ent9 %ated 6a2in0 c#%%ent9 s"o%t ti6e %atin0 and %ated se%vice volta0e.
(Re0.02)
12. E3lain di%ect testin0 o! ci%c#it b%ea2e%s 8it" a neat dia0%a6. (.%/?a( 05)
13. E3lain di%ect testin0 o! ci%c#it b%ea2e%s 8it" a neat dia0%a6. (.%/?a( 06)
1'. E3lain di%ect testin0 o! ci%c#it b%ea2e%s 8it" a neat dia0%a6. (.%/?a( 05)
UNIT - III
1. i. 4esc%ibe t"e const%#ction9 %incile o! oe%ation and alication o! an ;R<-!#se.
ii. /n a s"o%t ci%c#it test on a 3-ole9 132 2>9 ci%c#it b%ea2e% t"e !ollo8in0
obse%vations a%e 6ade@ $o8e% !acto% o! !a#lt 0. '. +"e %ecove%( volta0e 0. 9 ti6es
!#ll line val#e9 t"e b%ea2in0 c#%%ent s(66et%ical9 t"e !%e&#enc( o! oscillations o!
%est%i2in0 volta0e 16 2;:. .ss#6e t"at t"e ne#t%al is 0%o#nded and t"e !a#lt does
not involve 0%o#nd. 4ete%6ine t"e ave%a0e %ate o! %est%i2in0 volta0e. (Re0. Q02)
2 i. E3lain t"e c"a%acte%istics o! an ;R< !#se and disc#ss "o8 t"e( a%e #se!#l in
ci%c#it b%ea2in0.
ii. Eit" a neat ci%c#it sc"e6atic9 e3lain t"e 8o%2in0 o! a static ove%-c#%%ent %ela(
8it" inve%se ti6e c"a%acte%istic. ()an. Q03)
3. i. E"at a%e t"e basic %e&#i%e6ents o! %ela(s M
ii. E3lain 8it" necessa%( s2etc"es t"e %incile and oe%ation o! an elect%o6a0netic
ind#ction %ela( to be #sed !o% ove%c#%%ent %otection 8it" di%ectional %oe%t (.
(Re0#la% Q02)
'. E3lain t"e !ollo8in0 8it" neat s2etc" in detail@
i. 4-t(e ca%t%id0e !#ses ii. ;R< ca%t%id0e !#se (.%il Q0')
5. i. Fist o#t t"e advanta0es and disadvanta0es o! ;R< !#se.
ii. E3lain !#se c"a%acte%istics in detail. (.%il Q0')
6. E3lain t"e !ollo8in0 te%6s in %elation to A#se@
i. !#se ele6ent ii. ?ini6#6 A#sin0 c#%%ent
iii. A#sin0 !acto% iv. <#t o!! c#%%ent (.%il Q0')
5. i. 4esc%ibe t"e const%#ction9 %incile o! oe%ation and alication o! an ;R<-!#se.
ii. /n a s"o%t ci%c#it test on a 3-ole9 132 2>9 ci%c#it b%ea2e% t"e !ollo8in0
obse%vations a%e 6ade@ $o8e% !acto% o! !a#lt 0. '. +"e %ecove%( volta0e 0. 9 ti6es
!#ll line val#e9 t"e b%ea2in0 c#%%ent s(66et%ical9 t"e !%e&#enc( o! oscillations o!
%est%i2in0 volta0e 16 2;:. .ss#6e t"at t"e ne#t%al is 0%o#nded and t"e !a#lt does
not involve 0%o#nd. 4ete%6ine t"e ave%a0e %ate o! %est%i2in0 volta0e. (Re0. Q02)
22
8. E3lain t"e !ollo8in0 8it" %elevant dia0%a6s.
i. Oen !#se ii. Se6i enclosed %e8i%able !#se. (.%il Q0')
9. E3lain t"e !ollo8in0 te%6s in %elation to A#se
a) A#se ele6ent
b) ?ini6#6 A#sin0 c#%%ent
c) A#sin0 !acto%
d) <#t o!! c#%%ent. (.%/?a( 2006)
a) Oen !#se
b) Se6i enclosed %e8i%able !#se. (.%/?a( 05)
11. a) Fist o#t t"e advanta0es and disadvanta0es o! ;R< !#se
b) E3lain !#se <"a%acte%istics in detail. (.%/?a( 06)
a) Oen !#se
b) Se6i enclosed %e8i%able !#se. (.%/?a( 05)
13. i. 4esc%ibe t"e static ove%c#%%ent %ela( 8it" a bloc2 dia0%a6.
ii. E"at is a <o6a%ato% M E3lain b%ie!l( abo#t "ase and a6lit#de co6a%ato%s
8it" neat dia0%a6s. (Re0#la%Q02)
1'. E3lain t"e !ollo8in0 8it" neat s2etc" in detail
a) 4-t(e ca%t%id0e !#se
b) ;R< ca%t%id0e !#se. (.#0/Se 05)
15. a) E"at is a %otective %ela(M E"at a%e t"e !#nda6ental %e&#i%e6ents o! %otective %ela(in0. E"at
a%e t"e #nit s(ste6 o! %otection and non-#nit s(ste6 o! %otection.
b) E3lain in detail t"e %i6a%( and bac2-# %otection. E"at a%e t"e advanta0es o! :onal %otection.
(.#0/Se 05)
16. i. 4isc#ss t"e %incile o! oe%ation o! an /nd#ction disc %ela( 8it" %elevant
dia0%a6s.
ii. E"at a%e t"e advanta0es o! /nd#ction c# %ela(s ove% /nd#ction disc %ela(sM E"at
is t"e #%ose o! s"adin0 in an /nd#ction disc %ela( M (.%il Q0')
15. i. E3lain t"e classi!ication o! distance %ela(s in detail.
ii. 4e%ive t"e to%&#e e&#ation o! an ind#ction disc %ela(. (Re0. Q00)
18. i. 4esc%ibe t"e 6et"od o! %otectin0 b#s ba%s b( di!!e%ential %ela(in0.
ii. E"at a%e t"e li6itations o! t"is 6et"od and to 8"at e3tent t"ese can be ove%co6e.
()an. Q03)
dia0%a6s.
ii. E"at a%e t"e advanta0es o! /nd#ction c# %ela(s ove% /nd#ction disc %ela(s. E"at is
t"e #%ose o! s"adin0 in an /nd#ction disc %ela(M ()an. Q03)
dia0%a6s.
ii. E"at a%e t"e advanta0es o! /nd#ction c# %ela(s ove% /nd#ction disc %ela(s. E"at is
t"e #%ose o! s"adin0 in an /nd#ction disc %ela(M (.%il9 05)
21. a) E"e%e a%e t"e %ela(s "avin0 e3t%e6el( inve%se and ve%( inve%se c"a%acte%istics #sedM E"at t(es
o! c"a%acte%istics a%e #sed !o% %otectin0 %ecti!ie%s9 and !o% %elace6ent o! !#sesM
b) E3lain "o8 t"e 6"o c"a%acte%istic %eali:ed #sin0 a sa6lin0 co6a%ato%M (.%/?a( 08)
22. a) 4isc#ss t"e %incile o! oe%ation o! an /nd#ction disc %ela( 8it" %elevant dia0%a6s.
b) E"at a%e t"e advanta0es o! /nd#ction c# %ela(s ove% /nd#ction disc %ela(s. E"at is t"e #%ose o!
23
s"adin0 in an /nd#ction disc %ela(M (.#0/Se 05)
23. 4ete%6ine t"e ti6e o! oe%ation o! t"e %ela(s laced at location *o. 1 and 2 ass#6in0 t"at !a#lt c#%%ent
is 2000a6s9<.+.%atio 200/19 %ela( 1 set at 100D and 2 at 125Dand t"at t"e %ela( *o.1 "as a ti6e
6#ltilie% o! 0.2. +"e ti6e 0%adin0 6a%0in bet8een t"e %ela(s is 0.5. sec !o% disc%i6ination. .ss#6e t"e
%ela( to "ave 2.2 seconds /.4.?.+. <"a%acte%istic. .s s"o8n in !i0#%e 1. (.%/?a( 06)

2'. a) E"at is 6eant b( di%ectional !eat#%e o! a di%ectional ove% c#%%ent %ela(M 4esc%ibe t"e const%#ction9
%incile o! oe%ation and alication o! a di%ectional ove% c#%%ent %ela(.
b) E"at is t"e di!!e%ence bet8een a ola%i:ed 6"o and si6le 6"o %ela(. E"at a%e sel!-ola%i:ed and
c%oss-ola%i:ed 6"o %ela(sM (.%/?a( 08)
25. a) E"at is 6eant b( di%ectional !eat#%e o! a di%ectional ove% c#%%ent %ela(M 4esc%ibe t"e const%#ction9
25. a) E"at a%e t"e di!!ic#lties in t"e desi0n o! <.+ !o% %est%icted ea%t" !a#lt %otectionM ;o8 a%e t"ese
di!!ic#lties ove%co6e in "i0" i6edance %otectionM
b) E"at a%e s8itc"ed distance-%ela(in0 sc"e6esM E3lain t"e6 in detailM (.%/?a( 06)
28. i. E"at %otective devices ot"e% t"an t"e diCe%ential %otection a%e #sed !o% t"e
%otection o! a la%0e t%ans!o%6e%M 1%ie!l ( desc%ibe t"e6.
ii. S"o8 t"at t"e to%&#e on t"e disc o! an ind#ction disc %ela( is 6a3i6#6 8"en t"e
"ase diCe%ence bet8een t"e t8o !l#3es is 90 4e0%ees. (.%il9 05)
29. a) E3lain "o8 to %ovide di%ectional !eat#%e o! /6edance and Reactance %ela(. E3lain 8"( t"e
di%ectional !eat#%e %ovided !o% /6edance %ela(.
b) E3lain 8"( att%acted a%6at#%e t(e %ela(s a%e nois(M E"at 6eas#%es a%e ta2e to 6ini6i:e t"e
noise. (.%/?a( 06)
30. a) E3lain t"e 6e%its and de6e%its o! static %ela(s.
b) 4isc#ss "o8 an a6lit#de co6a%ato% can be conve%ted into a "ase co6a%ato% and vice ve%sa.
(.%/?a( 08)
(.%/?a( 08)
(.#0/Se 05)
2'
(.#0/Se 05)
3'. a) E3lain t"e 6e%its and de6e%its o! static %ela(s.
(.%/?a( 05)
(.%/?a( 06)
(.%/?a( 06)
35. i. E3lain t"e 6e%its and de6e%its o! static %ela(s.
ii. 4isc#ss "o8 an a6lit#de co6a%ato% can be conve%ted into a "ase co6a%ato%
and vice ve%sa. (.%il9 05)
and vice ve%sa. (.%il9 05)
and vice ve%sa. (.%il Q0')
'0. i. 4isc#ss t"e advanta0es and disadvanta0es o! static %ela(s.
ii. E3lain t"e concet o! d#ali( bet8een a6lit#de and "ase co6a%ato%s.
(Re0. Q00)
UNIT - IV
1. a) E"at is a di%ect connected 0ene%ato%M
b) ?ention %otective sc"e6es !o% a di%ect connected 0ene%ato%. E3lain an( one
o! t"ese sc"e6es. (.#0/Se 05)
2. a) 4isc#ss t"e %otection e6lo(ed a0ainst loss o! e3citation o! alte%nato%.
b) 4isc#ss an( one o! t"e stato% %otection sc"e6es !o% 0ene%ato%s above 1?E. (.%/?a( 08)
3. a) E"at a%e t"e abno%6al conditions in a la%0e s(nc"%ono#s 0ene%ato% a0ainst 8"ic" %otection is
necessa%(M
b) 4%a8 neatl( t"e di!!e%ential %otection sc"e6e o! an alte%nato%. 4isc#ss its li6itations and s#00est
%e6edies to ove%co6e t"e6. (.#0/Se 05)
'. a) E"at is a di%ect connected 0ene%ato%M
b) ?ention %otective sc"e6es !o% a di%ect connected 0ene%ato%. E3lain an( one o! t"ese sc"e6es.
(.%/?a( 08)
5. S"o8 in detail9 t"e %otection a%%an0e6ent o! a 60 ?E 0ene%ato% %ovided 8it"
a) 4i!!e%ential %otection
b) 1ac2-# ove% R c#%%ent %otection t"%o#0" !a#lts
c) standb( ea%t" !a#lt %otection in ne#t%al connection. (.%/?a( 08)
6. a) E"at is a di%ect connected 0ene%ato%M
b) ?ention %otective sc"e6es !o% a di%ect connected 0ene%ato%. E3lain an( one o! t"ese sc"e6es.
(.%/?a( 06)
5. i. 4isc#ss t"e %otection e6lo(ed a0ainst loss o! e3citation o! alte%nato%.
ii. 4isc#ss an( one o! t"e stato% %otection sc"e6es !o% 0ene%ato%s above 1?E.
(.%il Q05)
25
i. 4i!!e%ential %otection
ii. 1ac2-# ove% - c#%%ent %otection t"%o#0" !a#lts
iii. Standb( ea%t" !a#lt %otection in ne#t%al connection. (.%il Q05)
9. S"o8 in detail9 t"e %otection a%%an0e6ent o! a 60 ?E 0ene%ato% %ovided 8it"@
i. 4i!!e%ential %otection
ii. 1ac2-# ove% - c#%%ent %otection t"%o#0" !a#lts
iii. Standb( ea%t" !a#lt %otection in ne#t%al connection. (.%il Q0')
10. i. E"at a%e t"e va%io#s t(es o! ove% c#%%ent %ela(sM 4isc#ss t"ei% a%ea o!
alications.
ii. E"at a%e t"e va%io#s ove% c#%%ent %otective sc"e6esM E"( /4?+ %ela(s a%e
8idel( #sed !o% ove% c#%%ent %otection. ()an. Q03)
11. i. E"at is %est%icted ea%t" !a#lt %otection !o% alte%nato%sM E3lain t"e di!!e%ence
bet8een %i6a%( %otection and bac2 # %otection.
ii. E"at is 6eant b( 3 Gone %otectionM -ive s#c" sc"e6es o! %otection !o%
i. S"o%t len0t" lines ii. ?edi#6 len0t" lines iii. Fon0 lines.
()an. Q03)
12. i. E"at a%e t"e abno%6al conditions in a la%0e s(nc"%ono#s 0ene%ato% a0ainst 8"ic"
%otection is necessa%(M
ii. 4%a8 neatl( t"e di!!e%ential %otection sc"e6e o! an alte%nato%. 4isc#ss its
li6itations and s#00est %e6edies to ove%co6e t"e6. ()an. Q03)
13. E%ite s"o%t notes on t"e !ollo8in0 @
i. $%i6e 6ove% !ail#%e %otection sc"e6e o! 0ene%ato%s.
ii. /nd#ction disc %ela(. iii. S#%0e abso%be%. ()an. Q03)
1'. i. 4esc%ibe 8it" a neat dia0%a6 di!!e%ential 6et"od o! %otectiono! 0ene%ato%s.
ii. E"at is 6eant b( 3-:one %otection M -ive s#c" sc"e6es o! %otection !o%
i. s"o%t len0t" lines ii. 6edi#6 len0t" lines iii. lon0 lines.
(S#l( Q01)
15. a) 3300 >9 3 "ase t#%bo alte%nato% "as a 6a3i6#6 contin#o#s %atin0 o! 2000 2E at 0.8 .! and
%eactance is 12.5D. /t is e&#ied 8it" ?e%:-$%ice ci%c#latin0 c#%%ent %otection 8"ic" is set to
oe%ate at !a#lt c#%%ents not less t"an 200.. Aind 8"at val#e o! t"e ne#t%al ea%t"in0 %esistance
leaves 10D o! 8indin0s #n%otected.
b) 4esc%ibe e%centa0e di!!e%ential %otection !o% t%ans!o%6e%s. State t"e advanta0es. (.%/?a( 08)
16. a) . 11I>9 100?>. alte%nato% is 0%o#nded t"%o#0" a %esistance o! 5. +"e <.+.s "ave a %atio 1000/5.
+"e %ela( is set to oe%ate 8"en t"e%e is an o#t o! balance c#%%ent o! 1.. E"at e%centa0e o! t"e
0ene%ato% 8indin0 8ill be %otected b( t"e e%centa0e di!!e%ential sc"e6e o! %otectionM
b) . 11I>9100?>. alte%nato% is %ovided 8it" di!!e%ential %otection. +"e e%centa0e o! 8indin0 to
be %otected a0ainst "ase to 0%o#nd !a#lt is 85D. +"e %ela( is set to oe%ate 8"en t"e%e is 20D o!
o#t o! balance c#%%ent. 4ete%6ine t"e val#e o! t"e %esistance to be laced in t"e ne#t%al to 0%o#nd
connection. (.%/?a( 05)
15. a) E3lain b%ie!l( 8it" sc"e6atic dia0%a69 t"e %otective 0ea% !o% alte%nato%s connected to 0%id
a0ainst
i. !a#lt bet8een "ases and
ii. !a#lt bet8een t#%ns in one o! t"e "ase 8indin0s.
b) +"%ee "ase 33/6.6 2> t%ans!o%6e% is connected sta%- delta and c#%%ent t%ans!o%6e%s on t"e lo8
volta0e side "ave %atio 300@ 5. E"at 8ill be t"e %atio o! < + on t"e "i0" volta0e side o! ?e%: M
$%i:e %otection is to be adoted. (.#0/Se 05)
18. i. .n 11I>9 100?>. 0ene%ato% is 0%o#nded t"%o#0" a %esistance o! 6 o"6s. +"e
<. +. s "as a %atio 1000/5. +"e %ela( is set to oe%ate 8"en t"e%e is an o#t o! balance
c#%%ent o! 1.. E"at e%centa0e o! t"e 0ene%ato% 8indin0 8ill be %otected b( t"e
e%centa0e di!!e%ential sc"e6e o! %otectionM
ii. E"at is 1#c2""ol: %ela(M 4isc#ss its 8o%2in0 %incile. (.%il Q0')
26
19. i. 4esc%ibe t"e %i6e 6ove% !ail#%e %otection sc"e6es o! an alte%nato%.
ii. +"e ne#t%al oint o! a 3-9 20?>.9 112v alte%nato% is ea%t"ed t"%o#0" a %esistance
o! 59 t"e %ela( is set to oe%ate 8"en t"e%e is an o#t o! balance c#%%ent o! 1. 5 ..
+"e <.+.s "ave a %atio o! 1000/5. E"at e%centa0e o! 8indin0 is %otected a0ainst
an ea%t" !a#lt and 8"at s"o#ld be t"e 6ini6#6 val#e o! ea%t"in0 %esistance to
%otect 90D o! t"e 8indin0M ()an. Q03)
UNIT - V
1. 4esc%ibe t"e %incile o! di!!e%ential $%otection alied to a o8e% t%ans!o%6e%. E"at a%e t"e
di!!ic#lties e3e%ienced and "o8 a%e t"e( ove%co6eM (.#0/Se 05)
2. a) . 3-"ase 66/11 I.>. sta% delta connected t%ans!o%6e% is %otected b( ?e%:%ice %otection
sc"e6e +"e <.+.s on t"e F+ side "ave a %atio o! '20/5 a6s. S"o8 t"at t"e <.+.s on t"e ;.+ side
8ill "ave a %atio o! 50@ 5/ 3
b) -ive va%io#s sc"e6es o! %otection !o% !eede%s. (.%/?a( 05)
3. a) E3lain a sc"e6e o! %otection !o% !ail#%e o! alte%nato% e3citation.
b) E3lain 8it" neat dia0%a6 t"e ?e%: M $%ice %otection !o% 0ene%ato%. (.%/?a( 05)
'. 4isc#ss t"e e%centa0e di!!e%ential %otection sc"e6e o! a t%ans!o%6e%. (.%/?a( 06)
5. i. 4e!ine Hdi!!e%ential %otectionH 4esc%ibe t"e %incile o! ci%c#latin0 c#%%ent
di!!e%ential %otectin0
ii. State t"e va%io#s alications o! diCe%ential %otection. (.%il Q05)
6. i. E3lain "o8 t"e selection o! c#%%ent and ti6e settin0s is done in a ti6e c#%%ent
0%aded s(ste6.
ii. -ive sc"e6es o! %otection !o% a a%allel !eede% !ed !%o6
i. one end ii. bot" t"e ends. (.%il Q05)
5. Eit" t"e "el o! neat s2etc"es e3lain t"e %otections o! a sta% - delta o8e%
t%ans!o%6e%9 a0ainst t"e !ollo8in0 abno%6al conditions
i. "ase to "ase !a#lt ii. ea%t" !a#lt iii. "i0" volta0e s#%0es
(.%il Q05)
8. i. E3lain "o8 t"e selection o! c#%%ent and ti6e settin0s is done in a ti6e c#%%ent
-%aded s(ste6.
ii. -ive sc"e6es o! %otection !o% a a%allel !eede% !ed !%o6
i. One end ii. 1ot" t"e ends. (.%il Q05)
9. Eit" t"e "el o! neat s2etc"es e3lain t"e %otections o! a sta%-delta o8e%
t%ans!o%6e%9 a0ainst t"e !ollo8in0 abno%6al conditions.
i. $"ase to "ase !a#lt ii. Ea%t" !a#lt iii. ;i0" volta0e s#%0es
(.%il Q0')
10. i. 4%a8 and e3lain t"e connectin0 dia0%a6 o! a sta%/delta o8e% t%ans!o%6e% #sin0
e%centa0e di!!e%ential %ela(s.
ii. E"at is +%an sla( %otection M -ive s#c" a sc"e6e o! %otection !o% 3-"ase
t%ans6ission line. ()an. Q03)
11. i. E3lain t"e %incile o! ?e%:-$%ice s(ste6 o! %otection #sed !o% o8e%
t%ans!o%6e%s.
ii. E3lain t"e %otection sc"e6e e6lo(ed !o% t"e %otection o! an alte%nato% b(
Roto% $%otection a0ainst loss o! e3citation. (Re0. Q02)
12. i. Eit" t"e "el o! neat dia0%a69 e3lain t"e %otection o! Sta%/4elta t%ans!o%6e%
#sin0 e%centa0e di!!e%ential %ela(. ;o8 do (o# %event t"e oe%ation o! t"e %ela(
d#%in0 6a0netic in-%#s" c#%%ents M
25
ii. E3lain t"%ee-:one %otection o! t%ans6ission lines #sin0 ?;O %ela(s.
(Re0. Q00)
i. /ns#lation <oo%dination. ii. >ac##6 <i%c#it 1%ea2e%s. iii. 1#c""ol: %ela(.
(Re0. Q00)
1'. i. E"at is di!!e%ential %otection M E"at is e%centa0e di!!e%ential %otection M E"(
it is s#e%io% to si6le di!!e%ential %otection. E3lain t"e c"a%acte%istics.
ii. E"at is t"e e!!ect o! balanced load on t"e 0ene%ato% M E"ic" a%t is da6a0ed d#e
to s#stained #nbalanced c#%%entsM (.%il Q0')
15. . 3-"ase 66/11 I. >. sta% delta connected t%ans!o%6e% is %otected b( 6e%:S%ice
%otection sc"e6e +"e <. +. s on t"e F+ side "ave a %atio o! '20/5 a6s. S"o8 t"at t"e
<. +. s on t"e ;. + side 8ill "ave a %atio o! 50@ 5/ T3. -ive va%io#s sc"e6es o!
%otection !o% !eede%s. ()an. Q03)
16. a) 4isc#ss t"e c"oice bet8een i6edance9 %eactance and ?"o t(e %ela(s.
b) +%ans!o%6e%@ 5?>.9 L / S9 UN6D +"e t%ans6ission line sections .1 and 1< a%e to be %otected
b( ?"o distance %ela(s. +"e s(ste6 is as s"o8n in t"e !i0#%e1. /! t"e <.+. %atio is 300/5 and <.+.
%atio is 166000/110> and a 3-O s"o%t ci%c#it !a#lt o! :e%o i6edance occ#%s at A9 !ind t"e
i6edance seen b( t"e %ela(s and dete%6ine t"e settin0 o! t"e %ela(s !o% "i0" seed %otection o!
line .1 and bac2# %otection !o% line 1<9 8"en t"e %ela(s a%e located at end ..
(.%/?a( 06)
UNIT . VI
i. $%otection o! 1#s ba%sO ii. /n!l#ence o! %eacto%s in <1 %atin0sO
iii. S#%0e abso%be%s and s#%0e dive%te%s. (Re0. Q02)
2. a) E3lain clea%l( t"e basic %incile o! $e%centa0e 4i!!e%ential %ela( !o%
i. /nte%nal !a#lt
ii. +"%o#0" !a#lt.
b) E3lain 8"at (o# #nde%stand b( ic2R # and %eset val#e o! t"e act#atin0 &#antit(. E3lain t"e
te%6 selectivit( in %otective %ela(s. (.%/?a( 08)
3. a) 4isc#ss t"e c"oice bet8een i6edance9 %eactance and?"o t(e %ela(s. (.%/?a( 08)
'. a) 4istin0#is" bet8een ne#t%al ea%t"in0 and e&#i6ent ea%t"in0 .
b) E3lain t"e necessit( o! %eactance 0%o#ndin0. (.%/?a( 08)
5. a) Eit" a neat s2etc"9 disc#ss t"e di!!e%ential sc"e6e !o% b#s :one %otection.
b) 4isc#ss t"e 8o%2in0 %incile o! !%a6e lea2a0e %otection. (.%/?a( 08)
b) 4isc#ss t"e 8o%2in0 %incile o! !%a6e lea2a0e %otection. M (.#0/Se 05)
b) 4isc#ss t"e 8o%2in0 %incile o! !%a6e lea2a0e %otection. (.#0/Se 05)
8. a) E3lain t"e di%ectional i6edance %ela( b( 6eans o! its c"a%acte%istics on RR U lane.
b) E3lain "o8 a%c %esistance int%od#ces an e%%o% in distance 6eas#%e6ent. (.%/?a( 05)
9. a) E3lain "o8 t"e selection o! c#%%ent and ti6e settin0s is done in a ti6e c#%%ent 0%aded s(ste6.
b) -ive sc"e6es o! %otection !o% a a%allel !eede% !ed !%o6
i. one end
ii. bot" t"e ends. (.%/?a( 05)
28
10. a) E"at t(e o! %otection 8ill (o# %eco66end !o% a o8e% line oe%atin0 at
i. 11 I.>.
ii. 33 I.>.
iii. 66 I.>.
b) 4isc#ss in detail 8it" %elevant dia0%a6s t"e s"aded ole t(e /.4.?.+. %ela( #sed in %actice.
(.%/?a( 05)
11. 4istin0#is" bet8een #nit %otection and non #nit %otection. E"at a%e t"e va%io#s 6et"ods o!
%otectin0 a t%ans6ission line b( #nit %otectionM (.%/?a( 06)
a) 4i!!e%ential %otection
b) 1ac2-# ove% R c#%%ent %otection t"%o#0" !a#lts
c) standb( ea%t" !a#lt %otection in ne#t%al connection. (.%/?a( 06)
13. a) E"e%e a%e t"e %ela(s "avin0 e3t%e6el( inve%se and ve%( inve%se c"a%acte%istics #sedM E"at t(es
o! c"a%acte%istics a%e #sed !o% %otectin0 %ecti!ie%s9 and !o% %elace6ent o! !#sesM
b) E3lain "o8 t"e 6"o c"a%acte%istic %eali:ed #sin0 a sa6lin0 co6a%ato%M (.%/?a( 06)
1'. a) 4isc#ss t"e conside%ations 8"ic" dete%6ine t"e need !o% a b#sba% %otection.
b) 4isc#ss an( one b#sba% %otection sc"e6e in detail. (.%/?a( 06)
16. i. 4isc#ss t"e eCect o! o8e% s#%0es on t"e e%!o%6ance o! diCe%ent t(es o! distance
%ela(s.
ii. 4isc#ss in detail t"e alications o! ove% c#%%ent %ela(s. (.%il9 05)
15. i. 4esc%ibe t"e %incile o! i6edance t(e distance %ela( and e3lain its
c"a%acte%istics on >-/ .nd R-U lanes.
ii. 4e%ive e3%ession !o% to%&#e develoed b( a do#ble activatin0 &#antit( distance
%ela(. S"o8 t"at t"e %ela( oe%ates 8"en !a#lt is 8it"in t"e %otected distance o!
line. (.%il Q05)
18. E%ite s"o%t notes on
i. Reactance %ela( ii. ?"o %ela( iii. 4i%ectional /6edance %ela(.
(.%il Q05)
19. i. E"at is 6eant b( di%ectional !eat#%e o! a di%ectional ove% c#%%ent %ela( M 4esc%ibe
t"e const%#ction9 %incile o! oe%ation and alication o! a di%ectional ove%
c#%%ent %ela(.
ii. E"at is t"e di!!e%ence bet8een a ola%i:ed 6"o and si6le 6"o %ela(. E"at a%e
sel!-ola%i:ed and c%oss-ola%i:ed 6"o %ela(s M (.%il Q0')
20. i. E"at a%e t"e di!!e%ent t(es o! 4istance %ela(s M <o6a%e t"ei% 6e%its and
de6e%its.
ii. E"at is an an0le i6edance %ela( M 4isc#ss "o8 its c"a%acte%istics a%e %eali:ed
#sin0 t"e "ase co6a%ison tec"ni&#e. (.%il Q0')
21. i. E"at is t"e di!!e%ence bet8een a ola%i:ed 6"o and si6le 6"o %ela(. E"at a%e
sel!-ola%i:ed and c%oss-ola%i:ed 6"o %ela(s M ()an. Q03)
22. i. E%ite a neat s2etc"9 disc#ss t"e di!!e%ential sc"e6e !o% b#s :one %otection.
ii. 4isc#ss t"e 8o%2in0 %incile o! !%a6e lea2a0e %otection. (.%il Q0')
23. E%ite s"o%t notes on @
i. Reactance %ela( ii. ?"o %ela( iii. 4i%ectional /6edance %ela(.
29
(.%il Q0')
2'. (a) E3lain t"e di%ectional i6edance %ela( b( 6eans o! its c"a%acte%istics on RRU lane.
(b) E3lain "o8 a%c %esistance int%od#ces an e%%o% in distance 6eas#%e6ent. (.%/?a( 06)
25. i. -ive t"e const%#ctional !eat#%es and oe%atin0 c"a%acte%istics o! an i6edance
%ela(.
ii. 4%a8 t"e bloc2 dia0%a6 o! static ove% c#%%ent %ela( and e3lain t"e !#nctions o!
eac" bloc2. (S#l( Q01)
26. i. E"at a%e t"e di!!e%ent t(es o! 4istance %ela(s. <o6a%e t"ei% 6e%its and
de6e%its.
ii. E"at is an an0le i6edance %ela(M 4isc#ss "o8 its c"a%acte%istics a%e %eali:ed
#sin0 t"e "ase co6a%ison tec"ni&#e. ()an. Q03)
25. a) E"at is %est%icted ea%t" !a#lt %otection !o% alte%nato%sM E3lain t"e di!!e%ence bet8een %i6a%(
%otection and bac2 # %otection.
b) E"at is 6eant b( 3 Gone %otectionM -ive s#c" sc"e6es o! %otection !o%
i. S"o%t len0t" lines
ii. ?edi#6 len0t" lines
iii. Fon0 lines. (.%/?a( 06)
28. a) .n 11 I>9100?>. 0ene%ato% is 0%o#nded t"%o#0" a %esistance o! 6 o"6s +"e <.+.s "ave a %atio
1000/5.+"e %ela( is set to oe%ate 8"en t"e%e is an o#t o! balance c#%%ent o! 1 .. E"at e%centa0e
o! t"e 0ene%ato% 8indin0 8ill be %otected b( t"e e%centa0e di!!e%ential sc"e6e o! %otection.
b) E"at is 1#c2""ol: %ela(M 4isc#ss its 8o%2in0 %incile. (.%/?a( 05)
29. a) En#6e%ate t"e %ela(in0 sc"e6es 8"ic" a%e e6lo(ed !o% t"e %otection o! a 6ode%n alte%nato%.
b) . 11I>9 100?>. 0ene%ato% is %ovided 8it" di!!e%ential sc"e6e o! %otection. +"e e%centa0e
o! t"e 0ene%ato% 8indin0 to be %otected a0ainst "ase to 0%o#nd !a#lt is 80D . +"e %ela( is set to
oe%ate 8"en t"e%e is 15D o#t o! balance c#%%ent. 4ete%6ine t"e val#e o! t"e %esistance to be
laced in t"e ne#t%al to 0%o#nd connection. (.%/?a( 06)
30. a) En#6e%ate t"e %ela(in0 sc"e6es 8"ic" a%e e6lo(ed !o% t"e %otection o! a 6ode%n alte%nato%.
b) . 11I>9 100?>. 0ene%ato% is %ovided 8it" di!!e%ential sc"e6e o! %otection. +"e e%centa0e
o! t"e 0ene%ato% 8indin0 to be %otected a0ainst "ase to 0%o#nd !a#lt is 80D . +"e %ela( is set to
oe%ate 8"en t"e%e is 15D o#t o! balance c#%%ent. 4ete%6ine t"e val#e o! t"e %esistance to be
laced in t"e ne#t%al to 0%o#nd connection. (.%/?a( 06)
31. +"e t%ans6ission line sections .1 and 1< a%e to be %otected b( ?"o distance %ela(s.
+"e s(ste6 is as s"o8n in t"e !i0#%e. /! t"e <+ %atio is 300/5 and $+ %atio is
166000/110 > and a 3- s"o%t ci%c#it !a#lt o! :e%o i6edance occ#%s at A9 !ind t"e
i6edance seen b( t"e %ela(s and dete%6ine t"e settin0 o! t"e %ela(s !o% "i0" seed
%otection o! line .1 and bac2 # %otection !o% line 1<9 8"en t"e %ela(s a%e located
at end .. ()an. Q03)
32. i. E"at is 6eant b( di%ectional !eat#%e o! a di%ectional ove% c#%%ent %ela(M 4esc%ibe
t"e const%#ction9 %incile o! oe%ation and alication o! a di%ectional ove%
c#%%ent %ela(.
ii. E"at is t"e di!!e%ence bet8een an ola%i:ed 6"o and si6le 6"o %ela(. E"at a%e
sel!-ola%i:ed and c%oss-ola%i:ed 6"o %ela(sM ()an. Q03)
33. i. E"at a%e t"e di!!e%ent t(es o! distance %ela(s M <o6a%e t"ei% 6e%its and de6e%its
and 0ive t"ei% !ield o! alications.
ii. E3lain t"e %incile o! oe%ation o! di!!e%ential %otection. E"at a%e its
li6itations M E"at 6odi!ications a%e %e&#i%ed to 6a2e it !%ee !%o6 6al oe%ation M
()an. Q03)
30
3'. i. E3lain t"e %incile o! oe%ation o! distance %ela(s. E"at is R-U dia0%a6 M
ii. . t"%ee "ase9 10?>.9 6. 6 2> alte%nato% s#lies a load o! 8 ?>. at 0.8 o8e%
!acto% and is bein0 %otected t"%o#0" ?e%:-%ice ci%c#latin0 c#%%ent s(ste6 and its
%ela(s a%e so set t"at t"e( do not oe%ate #ntil o#t o! balance c#%%ent e3ceeds 20D
o! !#ll load <#%%ent. <alc#late t"e val#e o! ea%t" %esistance to be %ovided in o%de%
to ens#%e t"at onl( 10D o! alte%nato% 8indin0 %e6ains #n%otected. .ss#6e
alte%nato% %eactance o! 10D *e0lect %esistance. (S#l( Q01)
UNIT . VII
1. i. E"at do (o# #nde%stand b( ne#t%al 0%o#ndin0 and e3lain t"e va%io#s 6et"ods o!
ne#t%al 0%o#ndin0 in detail M
ii. 4esc%ibe t"e li0"tin0 "eno6enon and 8"at a%e t"e 6et"ods o! %otection o!
t%ans6ission lines a0ainst li0"tnin0M E3lain. (Re0. Q00)
2. E3lain clea%l( t"e 6eanin0 o! %esonant 0%o#ndin0. E"at a%e t"e %e&#i%e6ents o! t"e %eacto% in ne#t%al
connections o! s#c" a 0%o#ndin0M 4%a8 t"e connection o! a%c s#%ession coil. (.%/?a( 06)
3. i. E3lain t"e state6ent in #n0%o#nded s(ste6C ;ealt"( line volta0e inc%eases b( 3
ti6es d#%in0 an ea%t" !a#lt on t"e t"i%d lineC.
ii. 4isc#ss t"e 6e%its o! ea%t"in0 in i. solidl( ii. t"%o#0" a %esistance.
()an.Q03)
'. 4esc%ibe t"e co6a%e t"e !ollo8in0 6et"ods o! ne#t%al 0%o#ndin0@
i. Solid 0%o#ndin0 ii. Resistance 0%o#ndin0
iii. Reactance 0%o#ndin0 and iv. +%ans!o%6e% 0%o#ndin0 ()an.Q03)
5. i. E"at a%e 0%o#nd %ods and co#nte% oisesM E3lain clea%l( "o8 t"ese can be #sed
to i6%ove t"e 0%o#ndin0 conditions. -ive va%io#s a%%an0e6ents o! co#nte% oise.
ii. E"at is 0%o#nd 8i%eM 4isc#ss its location 8it" %esect to o8e% cond#cto%s.
()an.Q03)
6. E3lain t"e !ollo8in0 @-
i. Resistance 0%o#ndin0 ii. Reactance 0%o#ndin0 (.%il9 05)
5. a) E3lain abo#t ne#t%al 0%o#ndin0 %actice.
b) E"at a%e t"e va%io#s 6et"ods o! 0ene%ato% ne#t%al 0%o#ndin0M
c) E"at a%e t"e %e&#i%e6ents o! a 0%o#nd 8i%e !o% %otectin0 o8e% cond#cto%s a0ainst di%ect
li0"tnin0 st%o2eM (.%/?a( 05)
8. a) 4istin0#is" bet8een ne#t%al ea%t"in0 and e&#i6ent ea%t"in0 .
b) E3lain t"e necessit( o! %eactance 0%o#ndin0. (.#0/Se 05)
9. a) 4istin0#is" bet8een ne#t%al ea%t"in0 and e&#i6ent ea%t"in0 .
b) E3lain t"e necessit( o! %eactance 0%o#ndin0. (.%/?a( 05)
10. E3lain 8it" t"e aid o! ci%c#it dia0%a6 and "aso% dia0%a6 t"e !#nction o! a $ete%son
coil in a 3 "ase s(ste6. E"at a%e e%6issible %actical deviations !%o6 %esonance in
t#nin0 o! $ete%son coilM E"at t(e o! %ela( is connected 8it" s#c" a coil and "o8 is
t"e %ela( connectedM ()an. Q03)
11. a) 4e%ive t"e e3%ession !o% %eactance o! t"e $ete%son coil.
b) 4ete%6ine t"e val#e o! %eactance to be connected in t"e ne#t%al connection to ne#t%ali:e t"e
caacitance c#%%ent o! a ove%"ead line "avin0 line to 0%o#nd caacitance o! eac" line e&#al to
0.015V ! 9 A%e&#enc( N 50;:. (.#0/Se 05)
31
12. i. 4e%ive t"e e3%ession !o% %eactance o! t"e $ete%son coil.
ii. 4ete%6ine t"e val#e o! %eactance to be connected in t"e ne#t%al connection to
ne#t%ali:e t"e caacitance c#%%ent o! a ove%"ead line "avin0 line to 0%o#nd
caacitance o! eac" line e&#al to 0. 015!9 A%e&#enc( N 50;:. ()an. Q03)
UNIT - VIII
1. 4evelos e&#ivalent ci%c#it !o% anal(:in0 t"e be"avio#% o! t%avelin0 8aves at t%ansition
oints on t%ans6ission lines. (.%il Q0')
2. 4%a8 e&#ivalent ci%c#it !o% !indin0 t"e t%ans6itted volta0e and c#%%ent s#%0es on a
!o%2ed line. 4e%ive e3%essions !o% t"e t%ans6itted volta0e and c#%%ents.
(.%il Q05)
3. a) 4isc#ss t"e ca#ses o! s8itc"in0 s#%0es .
b) E3lain t"e selection o! s#%0e a%%este%s 8it" %e!e%ence to s8itc"in0 s#%0es . (.%/?a( 06)
'. . %ectan0#la% s#%0e volta0e E t%avels alon0 a cond#cto% o! s#%0e i6edance G
e
to8a%ds
a t%ansition oint $. S"o8 t"at t"e volta0e >
0
and c#%%ent io at oint $ satis!( t"e
%elation >
0
N 2E - G
e
i
0
. (.%il9 Q0')
5. i. 4esc%ibe t"e %otection o! o8e% stations and s#bstations a0ainst di%ect li0"tnin0
st%o2es.
ii. 4isc#ss abo#t ins#lation coo%dination in o8e% s(ste6s. (Re0. Q02)
6. i. E3lain b%ie!l( t"e va%io#s ca#ses !o% ove%volta0es on ove%"ead lines.
ii. E"at is t"e necessit( o! %otectin0 elect%ical e&#i6ent a0ainst t%avellin0 8aves M
4esc%ibe in detail t"e %otective devices #sed !o% %otection o! e&#i6ent a0ainst
s#c" 8aves. (Re0. Q00)
5. 4esc%ibe t"e const%#ction and 8o%2in0 %incile o! a :inc o3ide 0aless a%%este% 8it" a
neat s2etc". (.%il Q0')
8. 4isc#ss t"e be"avio#% o! t%avelin0 8ave 8"en it %eac"es t"e end o!
a) oen ci%c#ited
b) s"o%t ci%c#ited t%ans6ission line. 4%a8 dia0%a6s to s"o8 volta0e and c#%%ent on t"e line be!o%e
and a!te% t"e 8ave %eac"es t"e end. (.%/?a( 06)
9. i. E3lain abo#t s#%0e abso%be%s.
ii. E"at a%e t"e t(es o! s#%0e a%%este%sM
iii. E"at is t"e %elation bet8een ne#t%al ea%t"in0 and selection o! volta0e %atin0 o! t"e
li0"tin0 a%%este%M ()an.Q03)
10. Sta%tin0 !%o6 !i%st %inciles s"o8 t"at s#%0es be"ave as t%avellin0 8aves. Aind
e3%essions !o% s#%0e i6edance and 8ave velocit(. (.%il Q0')
11. a) 4isc#ss t"e ca#ses o! s8itc"in0 s#%0es .
b) E3lain t"e selection o! s#%0e a%%este%s 8it" %e!e%ence to s8itc"in0 s#%0es
(.%/?a( 06)
12. 4%a8 e&#ivalent ci%c#it !o% !indin0 t"e t%ans6itted volta0e and c#%%ent s#%0es on a !o%2ed line. 4e%ive
e3%essions !o% t"e t%ans6itted volta0e and c#%%ents. (.%/?a( 06)
13. i. E"at a%e t"e %e&#isites o! a 0ood li0"tnin0 a%%este%M
ii. 4isc#ss t"e %elative 6e%its and de6e%its o!
i. %od 0a ii. e3#lsion a%%este%s iii. valve a%%este%s ()an. Q03)
32
1'. i. E3lain t"e va%io#s a%%este% %atin0.
ii. 4i!!e%entiate !%o6 t"e vie8 oint o! t"e %incile o! 8o%2in0 bet8een a s#%0e
dive%te% and s#%0e abso%be%. ()an.Q03)
15. i. 4%a8 t"e e3#lsion t(e li0"tnin0 a%%este% and e3lain its oe%ation. +o 8"at
volta0e loads can t"is be #sed on o8e% s(ste6.
ii. E"at a%e "o%n 0as M ;o8 a%e t"e( #se!#l in %otectin0 e&#i6ent on a o8e%
s(ste6 a0ainst ove% volta0esM ()an.Q03)
16. a) E3lain b%ie!l( t"e seci!ication o! +%avelin0 8aves.
b) 4evelo 0ene%al !o%6#la !o% %e!lection and %e!%action co-e!!icient !o% a line 8it" s#%0e i6edance
G c te%6inated b( an i6edance G. (.%/?a( 05)
15. a) E3lain b%ie!l( t"e seci!ication o! +%avelin0 8aves.
b) 4evelo 0ene%al !o%6#la !o% %e!lection and %e!%action co-e!!icient !o% a line 8it" s#%0e i6edance
G c te%6inated b( an i6edance G. (.%/?a( 05)
18. a) E3lain b%ie!l( abo#t t%avelin0 8aves on +%ans6ission lines.
b) 4e%ive t"e e&#ations !o% volta0e and c#%%ent +%avelin0 8aves !o% a sin0le ci%c#it t8o cond#cto%s.
(.%/?a( 08)
19. a) E3lain station t(e s#%0e a%%este% 8it" a neat s2etc".
b) E3lain t"e tests cond#cted on s#%0e a%%este%s. (.%/?a( 06)
20. 4esc%ibe t"e const%#ction and 8o%2in0 %incile o! a :inc o3ide 0aless a%%este% 8it" a neat s2etc".
(.%/?a( 05)
21. a) E"at a%e t"e %e&#isites o! a 0ood li0"tnin0 a%%este%M
b) 4isc#ss t"e %elative 6e%its and de6e%its o!
i. %od 0a
ii. e3#lsion a%%este%s
iii. valve a%%este%s (.%/?a( 06)
22. 4e%ive an e3%ession !o% t"e volta0e ac%oss t"e te%6inatin0 ind#ctance connected at t"e end o! a line
on 8"ic" a ste 8ave o! 6a0nit#de E is t%avelin0. .ss#6e t%ans6ission line s#%0e i6edances as Gc.
(.#0/Se 05)
23. 4isc#ss 8"(
a) . t%avelin0 8ave is #s#all( %e%esented as a ste 8ave in t"e anal(sis.
b) +"e ind#cto% t%ans!o%6e%s a%e #s#all( connected to t"e ove% "ead line t"%o#0" s"o%t len0t"s o!
cable. (.%/?a( 05)
2'. 4isc#ss 8"(
a) . t%avelin0 8ave is #s#all( %e%esented as a ste 8ave in t"e anal(sis.
b) +"e ind#cto% t%ans!o%6e%s a%e #s#all( connected to t"e ove% "ead line t"%o#0" s"o%t len0t"s o!
cable. (.%/?a( 08)
i. Rod 0a ii. ;o%n 0a iii. E3#lsion 0a (.%il Q0')
26. a) ;o8 do ea%t"in0 sc%een and 0%o#nd 8i%es %ovide %otection a0ainst di%ect li0"tnin0 st%o2esM
b) E3lain 8"( t"e s#%0e dive%te%s a%e located ve%( close to t"e e&#i6ents to be %otected and
6ention t"e alication o! s#%0e abso%be%s. (.%/?a( 08)
25. 4e!ine t"e !ollo8in0 te%6s@-
a) 4%( !las" ove% volta0e
b) Eet !las" ove% volta0e
c) /6#lse !las" ove% volta0e
d) /6#lse sa%2 ove% volt-ti6e c"a%acte%istics. (.%/?a( 08)
33
28. 4esc%ibe t"e const%#ction and 8o%2in0 %incile o! a :inc o3ide 0aless a%%este% 8it" a
neat s2etc". (.%il9 05)
29. i. 4i!!e%entiate !%o6 t"e vie8-oint o! t"e %incile o! 8o%2in0 bet8een a s#%0e
dive%te% and s#%0e abso%be%. E"( a%e li0"tnin0 a%%este%s and s#%e abso%be%s #sed
to0et"e% in i6o%tant s#bstations.
ii. E"at a%e t"e %e&#isites o! a 0ood li0"tnin0 a%%este% M 4isc#ss t"e %elative 6e%its
and de6e%its o! @
i. Rod 0as ii. E3#lsion a%%esto%s and iii. >alve a%%este%s
30. 4e!ine t"e te%6s @-
a) Rated volta0e o! li0"tnin0 a%%este%
b) *o%6al disc"a%0e c#%%ent
c) Sa%2 ove% volta0e-o8e% !%e&#enc( i6#lse
d) *on-linea% %esistance
e) $%otective %atio
!) Resid#al volta0e. (.#0/Se 05)
31. . s#%0e o! 100I> t%avels alon0 an ove%"ead line to8a%ds its j#nction 8it" a cable. Aind t"e 6a0nit#de
o! s#%0e t%ans6itted ove% t"e cable %ovided t"e s#%0e i6edance o! t"e line and cable a%e '00 o"6s
and 50 o"6s %esectivel(. (.%/?a( 08)
32. i. . 332>9 3-"ase9 50;:9 ove%"ead line 5026 lon0 "as a caacitance to ea%t" o! eac"
line e&#al to 0.0196! e% I6. 4ete%6ine t"e ind#ctance and I>. %atin0 o! t"e a%c
s#%ession coil.
ii. 4isc#ss in b%ie! di!!e%ent %otective devices a0ainst li0"tin0 s#%0es.
(.%il9 05)
33. a) . %ectan0#la% s#%0e o! 1000 2v incident on a ove% "ead t%ans6ission line o! s#%0e i6edance o!
300 9 6eets a j#nction o! t8o cables o! s#%0e i6edance 150 and 100 . <alc#late t"e o#t0oin0
volta0es and c#%%ents on eac" cable and also t"e ove% "ead line. 4e%ive t"e !o%6#la #sed.
b) E3lain b%ie!l( abo#t e&#ivalent ci%c#it !o% t%avelin0 8ave st#dies. (.#0/Se 05)
3'. +8o stations a%e connected to0et"e% b( an #nde%0%o#nd cable "avin0 a s#%0e i6edance o! 60 o"6s
joined to an ove%"ead line 8it" a s#%0e i6edance o! '00o"6s. /! a s#%0e "avin0 a 6a3i6#6 val#e o!
100I> t%avels alon0 t"e cable to8a%ds t"e j#nction 8it" t"e ove% "ead line9 dete%6ine t"e val#e o! t"e
%e!lected and t%ans6itted 8aves o! volta0e and c#%%ent at t"e j#nction. ()*+, .%/?a( 05)
35. a) E3lain abo#t 1e8le(Hs Fattice dia0%a6s and also 6ention t"e #ses o! t"ese dia0%a6s.
b) . line o! s#%0e i6edance o! '00 o"6s is c"a%0ed !%o6 a batte%( o! constant volta0e o! 135volts.
+"e line is 300 6et%e lon0 and is te%6inated in a %esistance o! 200 O"6s. $lot %e!lection lattice and
t"e volta0e ac%oss t"e te%6inatin0 %esistance. (.%/?a( 06)
36. a) . 500 2>9 26ic%osecond %ectan0#la% 8ave t%avels on a line "avin0 a s#%0e i6edance o! 350 O"6
and a%oac"es a te%6ination 8it" a caacitance < e&#al to 300 A. 4ete%6ine t"e 6a0nit#des o!
t"e %e!lected and t%ans6itted 8aves.
b) A%o6 !#nda6entals obtain t"e e3%essions !o% %e!lection and t%ans6ission coe!!icient on a line
te%6inated 8it" load i6edance e&#al to t"e s#%0e i6edance o! t"e line. (.%/?a( 06)
35. a) E3lain abo#t 1e8le(Hs Fattice dia0%a6s and also 6ention t"e #ses o! t"ese dia0%a6s.
b) . line o! s#%0e i6edance o! '00 o"6s is c"a%0ed !%o6 a batte%( o! constant volta0e o! 135volts.
+"e line is 300 6et%e lon0 and is te%6inated in a %esistance o! 200 O"6s. $lot %e!lection lattice and
t"e volta0e ac%oss t"e te%6inatin0 %esistance. (.%/?a( 06)
3'
38. . %ectan0#la% s#%0e volta0e E t%avels alon0 a cond#cto% o! s#%0e i6edance G
c
to8a%ds
a t%ansition oint $. S"o8 t"at t"e volta0e >0 and c#%%ent i0 at oint $ satis!( t"e
%elation >
0
N 2E G
e
i
0
. (.%il Q05)
39. . 200Ivs#%0e t%avels on a t%ans6ission line o! '00 o"6s s#%0e i6edance and %eac"es
a j#nction 8"e%e t8o b%anc" lines o! s#%0e i6edances o! 500 o"6s and 300 o"6s a%e
connected 8it" t"e t%ans6ission line. Aind t"e s#%0e volta0e and c#%%ent t%ans6itted in
to eac" b%anc" line. .lso !ind t"e %e!lected volta0e and c#%%ent. (.%il Q05)
'0. +8o stations a%e connected to0et"e% b( an #nde%0%o#nd cable "avin0 a s#%0e i6edance
o! 60 o"6s joined to an ove%"ead line 8it" a s#%0e i6edance o! '00 o"6s. /! a
s#%0e "avin0 a 6a3i6#6 val#e o! 100I> t%avels alon0 t"e cable to8a%ds t"e !#nction
8it" t"e ove% "ead line9 dete%6ine t"e val#e o! t"e %e!lected and t%ans6itted 8aves o!
volta0e and c#%%ent at t"e j#nction. (.%il Q03)
'1. . s#%0e o! 150I> t%avels on a line o! s#%0e i6edance '50 o"6s and %eac"es j#nction
o! t"e line 8it" t8o b%anc" lines. +"e s#%0e i6edance o! b%anc" lines a%e '00 o"6s
and '0 o"6s. Aind t"e t%ans6itted volta0es and c#%%ents. .lso !ind t"e %e!lected
volta0e and c#%%ent. ()an.Q03)
'2. . 200I> s#%0e t%avels on a t%ans6ission line o! '00 o"6s s#%0e i6edance and
%eac"es a j#nction 8"e%e t8o b%anc" lines o! s#%0e i6edances o! 500 o"6s and 300
o"6s a%e connected 8it" t"e t%ans6ission line. Aind t"e s#%0e volta0e and c#%%ent
t%ans6itted in to eac" b%anc" line. .lso !ind t"e %e!lected volta0e and c#%%ent.
()an.Q03)
'3. i. E3lain 8it" an e3a6le o! an oen ended t%ans6ission line t"e concets o!
%e!lections and %e!%actions o! t%avellin0 8ave.
ii. . s#%0e o! 10I> 6a0nit#de is t%avellin0 alon0 a cable to8a%ds its j#nction 8it" an
ove%"ead line. +"e ind#ctance and caacitance o! t"e cable and ove%"ead line a%e
%esectivel ( 0. 1855 6;9 0.25 6A and 0.9355 6;9 0. 0055 6A e% I6. Aind t"e
volta0e %ise o! t"e j#nction d#e to t"e s#%0e. ()an.Q03)
''. i. 4e%ive an e3%ession !o% t"e velocit( o! %oa0ation o! a t%avellin0 8ave and
co6#te its val#e.
ii. . %ectan0#la% t%avellin0 8ave t%avels alon0 a 50026 lon0 line te%6inated 8it" a %esistance o!
1200E. +"e line "as a %esistance o! 0.2 o"6/26 and a s#%0e i6edance o! '00 o"6s. /! t"e
volta0e at t"e te%6ination a!te% t8o s#ccessive %e!lections is 200 2>9 dete%6ine t"e a6lit#de o!
t"e inco6in0 s#%0e. (Re0. Q02)
'5. i. S"o8 t"at t"e velocit( o! t%avellin0 8ave on a ove%"ead t%ans6ission line is e&#al to velocit( o!
li0"t.
ii. +8o ends o! a lon0 t%ans6ission line . and < a%e connected b( a cable o! 126
lon0. +"e s#%0e i6edances o! .9 19 < a%e 5009 50 and 600 o"6s %esectivel(. .
%ectan0#la% s#%0e o! 102> 6a0nit#de is initiated in . and t%avels to <. 4ete%6ine.
i. !i%st and second volta0es i6%essed on < and
ii. volta0es at a oint on .9 0.5 26 !%o6 !#nction o! . and 19 30 6ic%oseconds
a!te% t"e initial 8ave "as %eac"ed j#nction o! 1 and <. +"e velocit( o! 8ave in 1
is 10
10
c6/sec. 4%a8 t"e 1e8el ( dia0%a6. (S#l(9 Q01)
6. 5.11 GATE QUESTIONS
UNIT-I
1. +"e inte%%#tin0 ti6e o! a ci%c#it b%ea2e% is t"e e%iod bet8een t"e instant o!
i. initiation o! s"o%t ci%c#it and t"e a%c e3tinction on an oenin0 oe%ation
ii. Ene%0i:in0 o! t"e t%i ci%c#it and t"e a%c e3tinction on an oenin0 oe%ation
iii. /nitiation o! s"o%t ci%c#it and t"e a%tin0 o! %i6a%( a%c contacts
iv. Ene%0i:in0 o! t"e t%i ci%c#it and t"e a%tin0 o! %i6a%( a%c contacts (-.+E H03)
35
2. +"%ee sections o! a !eede% a%e %ovided 8it" ci%c#it b%ea2e%s <119 <129 <139 <1'9
<15 and <16. Ao% a !a#lt A as indicated in Ai0.
i. <15 6#st be set to t%i a!te% <11 t%is
ii. <15 6#st be set to t%i a!te% <13 and <1' t%is
iii. <15 6#st be set to t%i a!te% <12 t%i
iv. <15 6#st be set to t%i be!o%e <119 <129 <13 and <1' t%is (-.+E H99)

UNIT-II
+"e%e a%e no &#estions !%o6 t"is #nit.
UNIT .III
1. . list o! %ela(s and t"e o8e% s(ste6 co6onents %otected b( t"e %ela(s a%e 0iven in
-%o# / and -%o# // %esectivel (. <"oose t"e co%%ect 6atc" !%o6 t"e !o#% c"oices
0iven belo8 @ (-.+E Q03)
-%o# = / -%o# - //
$ 4ist%ance %ela( 1 +%ans!o%6e%s
7 ,nde% !%e&#enc( %ela( 2 +#%bines
R 4i!!e%ential %ela( 3 1#s"e%s
S 1#c""ol: %ela( ' S"#nt caacito%s
5 .lte%nato%s
6 +%ans6ission lines
a) $-69 7-59 R-39 S-1 b) $-'9 7-39 R-29 S-1
c) $-59 7-29 R-19 S-6 d) $-69 7-'9 R-59 S-3
2. /n an inve%se de!inite 6ini6#6 ti6e9 elect%o6a0netic t(e ove%-c#%%ent %ela( t"e
6ini6#6 ti6e !eat#%e is ac"ieved beca#se o!
i. sat#%ation o! t"e 6a0netic ci%c#it ii. %oe% 6ec"anical desi0n
iii. a%o%iate ti6e dela( ele6ent iv. elect%o6a0netic da6in0
(-.+E Q00)
UNIT-IV
1. +"e s(nc"%ono#s %eactance o! a 200 ?>.9 10 2>9 3-"ase9 50 ;: 0ene%ato% is 1.0 . #.
at its o8n base. /ts .#. %eactance at 100 ?>.9 20 2> base 8ill be.. .. .. .. . (-.+E H95)
2. . s"#nt %eacto% o! 100 ?>.% is oe%ated at 98D o! its %ated volta0e and at 96D o! its
%ated !%e&#enc(. +"e %eactive o8e% abso%bed b( t"e %eacto% is@
i. 98 ?>.% ii. 10'. 02 ?>.% iii. 96.0' ?>.% iv.100.0' ?>.%
(-.+E H98)
UNIT . V
1. . 50 ;:9 ba% %i6a%( <+ "as a seconda%( 8it" 500 t#%ns. +"e seconda%( s#lies 5.
c#%%ent into a #%el( %esistive b#%den o! 1 O"6. +"e 6a0neti:in0 a6e%e-t#%ns is 200.
+"e "ase an0le bet8een t"e %i6a%( and seconda%( c#%%ent is
i. '. 6
0
ii.85. '
0
iii. 9'.6
0
iv. 155.'
0
(-.+E Q0')
36
2. +"e co%e !l#3 in t"e <+ o! $%ob 7 289 #nde% t"e 0iven oe%atin0 condition is
i. 0 ii. '5.0 6Eb iii. 22. 5 6Eb iv. 100.0 6Eb
(-.+E Q0')
3. /n t"e %otection o! t%ans!o%6e%s9 "a%6onic %est%aint is #sed to 0#a%d a0ainst
a) 6a0neti:in0 in%#s" c#%%ent b) #nbalanced oe%ation
c) li0"tnin0 d) s8itc"in0 ove%-volta0es (-.+E Q01)
'. +"e %atio e%%o% o! a 0iven 1000/5. c#%%ent t%ans!o%6e% is :e%o 8"en !eedin0 5 >.9 #!
b#%den at %ated c#%%ent. Esti6ate t"e i%on loss o! t"e c#%%ent t%ans!o%6e% at t"is
oe%atin0 condition i! t"e seconda%( "as 198 t#%ns and a 8indin0 %esistance o! 0. 02E.
*e0lect lea2a0e %eactance. (-.+E 00)
5. +"e l#0 settin0 o! a ne0ative se&#ence %ela( is 0-2.. +"e c#%%ent t%ans!o%6e% %atio is
5.1. +"e 6ini6#6 val#e o! line to line !a#lt c#%%ent !o% t"e oe%ation o! t"e %ela( is @
(-.+E Q00)
6. . 3-"ase t%ans!o%6e% ban2 consists o! t"%ee identical 2300/230>9 15 2>. sin0le-
"ase t%ans!o%6e%s connect in delta/delta. +"e ban2 s#lies a 20 2>.9 #nit( .!. 3-
"ase load. /! one o! t"e sin0le-"ase t%ans!o%6e% develos a !a#lt9 and is %e6oved9 t"e
load ca%%ied b( eac" o! t"e t8o t%ans!o%6e%s no8 oe%atin0 in oen delta 8ill
be . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2>.. (-.+E H95)
5. . 6. 6 2>9 10 ?>. sta% connected alte%nato% "as a %eactance o! 2 o"6s/"ase and
ne0li0ible %esistance. ?e%: %ice %otection is #sed !o% %otection o! 8indin0. +"e
ne#t%al 0%o#ndin0 %esistance is 5 o"6s. /! onl( 10D o! t"e 8indin0 is to %e6ain
#n%otected. 4ete%6ine t"e settin0 o! t"e %ela(. (-.+E Q96)
8. . 3-! delta-sta% connected 30 ?>.9 33 I> / 11 I> t%ans!o%6e% is %otected b( a
si6le di!!e%ential %ela(in0 sc"e6e. +"e <+ %atio on t"e %i6a%( side is 500 @ 5 and
t"at on t"e seconda%( side is 2000 @ 5. S2etc" t"e <+ connection dia0%a6 !o% t"e
%ela(in0 sc"e6e. .lso calc#late t"e %ela( c#%%ent settin0 !o% !a#lts d%a8in0 #to 200D
o! t"e %ated c#%%ent. (-.+E 95)
9. . 50 ?>.9 132/66 I>9 4/L9 3-! o8e% t%ans!o%6e% is %otected b( e%centa0e di!!e%ential %ela(s. /!
t"e c#%%ent t%ans!o%6e% (<+S) located on t"e delta and sta% sides o! t"e o8e% t%ans!o%6e% a%e 300/5.
and 1200/5. %esectivel(9 dete%6ine
i. +"e o#t#t c#%%ent at !#ll load ii. +"e %ela( c#%%ent at !#ll load
iii. +"e 6ini6#6 %ela( c#%%ent settin0 to e%6it 25D ove%load (-.+E Q91)
UNIT . VI
1. +"e t%ans6ission line distance %otection %ela( "avin0 t"e %oe%t ( o! bein0 in"e%entl (
di%ectional is
i. i6edance %ela( ii. ?;O %ela( iii. O;? %ela( iv. %eactance %ela(
(-.+E Q0')
2. <onside% t"e %oble6 o! %ela( co-o%dination !o% t"e distance %ela(s Rl and R2 on
adjacent lines o! a t%ans6ission s(ste6 (Ai0). +"e Gone 1 and Gone 2 settin0s !o% bot"
t"e %ela(s a%e indicated on t"e dia0%a6. E"ic" o! t"e !ollo8in0 indicates t"e co%%ect
ti6e settin0 !o% t"e Gone 2 o! %ela(s Rl and R2.
(a) +G2R1N 0. 6S9 +G2 R2 N 0.3S (b) +G2R1N 0. 3s9 +G2 R2 N 0.6s
(c) +G2R1N 0. 3S9 +G2 R2 N 0. 3S (d) +G2R1N o. 1s9 +:2 R2 N 0. 3s
(-.+E H02)
35
3. /n a 3-ste distance %otection9 t"e %eac" o! t"e t"%ee :ones o! t"e %ela( at t"e
be0innin0 o! t"e !i%st line t(icall ( e3tends # to
(a) 100D o! t"e !i%st line9 50D o! t"e second line and 20D o! t"e t"i%d line
(b) 80D o! t"e !i%st line9 50D o! t"e second line and 20D o! t"e t"i%d line
(c) 80D o! t"e !i%st line9 20D o! t"e second line and 10D o! t"e t"i%d line
(d) 50D o! !i%st line9 50D o! second line and 20D o! t"e t"i%d line. (-.+E Q 00)
'. +"e ne#t%al o! 10 ?>.9 11 I> alte%nato% is ea%t"ed t"%o#0" a %esistance o! 5 o"6s.
+"e ea%t" !a#lt %ela( is set to oe%ate at 0. 55.. +"e <+W s "ave a %atio o! 1000 @ 5. E"at
e%centa0e o! t"e alte%nato% 8indin0 is %otectedM
(a) 85D (b) 88. 2D (c) 15D (d) 11.8D
(-.+E Q98)
5. Reactance %ela( is no%6all( %e!e%%ed !o% %otection a0ainst
i. ea%t" !a#lts ii. "ase !a#lts iii. oen-ci%c#it !a#lts
iv. *one o! t"e above (-.+E H95)
6. Reactance %ela( is no%6all( %e!e%%ed !o% %otection a0ainst
i. ea%t" !a#lts ii. "ase !a#lts iii. oen-ci%c#it !a#lts iv. *one o! t"e above
(-.+E Q95)

UNIT . VII
1. . 20 ?>.9 6.6 I>9 3-"ase alte%nato% is connected to a 3-"ase t%ans6ission line. +"e
e% #nit ositive se&#ence9 ne0ative se&#ence and :e%o se&#ence i6edances o! t"e
alte%nato% a%e j0.19 j0. 1 and jo. 0' %esectivel(. +"e ne#t%al o! t"e alte%nato% is
connected to 0%o#nd t"%o#0" an ind#ctive %eacto% o! j0. 05 $. ,. +"e e% #nit ositive9
ne0ative and :e%o se&#ence i6edances o! t"e t%ans6ission line a%e j0.19 j0. 1 and j0.3
%esectivel (. .ll e% #nit val#es a%e based on t"e 6ac"ine %atin0s. . solid 0%o#nd !a#lt
occ#%s at one "ase o! t"e !a% end o! t"e t%ans6ission line. +"e volta0e o! t"e
alte%nato% ne#t%al 8it" %esect to 0%o#nd d#%in0 t"e !a#lt is @ (-.+E 03)
UNIT - VIII
1. .n 800 2> t%ans6ission line "as a 6a3i6#6 o8e% t%ans!e% caacit( o! $. /! it is
oe%ated at '00 2> 8it" t"e se%ies %eactance #nc"an0e9d t"en ne8 6a3i6#6 o8e%
t%ans!e% caacit ( is a%o3i6atel(. (-.+E Q05)
2. . 800 2> t%ans6ission line is "avin0 e% "ase line ind#ctance o! 1. 1 6;/26 and e%
"ase line caacitance o! 11.68 nA/26. /0no%in0 t"e len0t" o! t"e line9 its ideal o8e%
t%ans!e% caabilit( in ?E is
a) 120' ?E b) 150' ?E c) 2085 ?E d) 2606 ?E (-.+E Q0')
3. . li0"tnin0 st%o2e disc"a%0es i6#lse c#%%ent o! 10 2. (ea2) on a '00 2>
t%ans6ission line "avin0 s#%0e i6edance o! 250 O"6s. +"e 6a0nit#de o! t%ansient
ove%volta0e t%avellin0 8aves in eit"e% di%ection ass#6in0 e&#al dist%ib#tion !%o6 t"e
oint o! li0"tnin0 st%i2e 8ill be
a) 1250 2> b) 1650 2> c) 2500 2> d) 2900 2> (-.+E Q0')
38
'. . s#%0e o! 20 I> 6a0nit#de t%avels alon0 a lossless cable to8a%ds its j#nction 8it" t8o identical
lossless ove%"ead t%ans6ission lines. +"e ind#ctance and t"e caacitance o! t"e cable a%e 0.' 6; and
0.5 6A e% I6. +"e ind#ctance and caacitance o! t"e ove%"ead t%ans6ission lines a%e 1.56; and
0.01 6! e% I6. +"e 6a0nit#de o! t"e volta0e at t"e j#nction d#e to s#%0e is. (-.+E Q03)
5. . s#%0e o! 20 2> 6a0nit#de t%avels alon0 a lossless cable to8a%ds its j#nction 8it" t8o
identical lossless ove%"ead t%ans6ission lines. +"e ind#ctance and t"e caacitance o!
t"e cable a%e 0. ' 6; and 0. 5 6A e% 26. +"e ind#ctance and caacitance o! t"e
ove%"ead t%ans6ission lines a%e 1.5 6; and 0.015 6A e% 26. +"e 6a0nit#de o! t"e
volta0e at t"e j#nction d#e to s#%0e is
a) 36.52 2> b) 18.36 2> c) 6. 05 2> d) 33. 93 2> (-.+E Q03)
6. . lon0 lossless t%ans6ission line "as a #nit( o8e% !acto% (,$A) load at t"e %eceivin0
end and an ac volta0e so#%ce at t"e sendin0 end (!i0.). +"e a%a6ete%s o! t"e
t%ans6ission line a%e as !ollo8s @ <"a%acte%istic i6edance G
<
N '00 O"6s9
%oa0ation constant b N 1.2 3 10
-3
%ad/269 and len0t" l N 100 26. +"e e&#ation
%elatin0 sendin0 and %eceivin0 end &#estions is >s N >% cos (bl) X jGc sin (bl)/
R
<o6lete t"e 6a3i6#6 o8e% t"at can be t%ans!e%%ed to t"e ,$A load at t"e %eceivin0
end i! Y>sY N 230 2>. (-.+E Q02)
5. . lossless %adial t%ans6ission line 8it" s#%0e i6edance loadin0
a) ta2es ne0ative >.R at sendin0 end and :e%o >.R at %eceivin0 end
b) ta2es ositive >.R at sendin0 end and :e%o >.R at %eceivin0 end
c) "as !lat volta0e %o!ile and #nit( o8e% !acto% at all oints alon0 it
d) "as sendin0 end volta0e "i0"e% t"an %eceivin0 end volta0e and #nit( o8e% !acto% at
sendin0 end (-.+E Q01)
8. . 132 2> t%ans6ission line .1 is connected to a cable 1<. +"e c"a%acte%istic
i6edances o! t"e ove%"ead line and t"e cable a%e '00 O"6s and 80 O"6s %esectivel(.
.ss#6e t"at t"ese a%e #%el( %esistive . 250 2> s8itc"in0 s#%0e t%avels !%o6 . to 1.
a) <alc#late t"e val#e o! t"is volta0e s#%0e 8"en it !i%st %eac"es <.
b) <alc#late t"e val#e o! t"e %e!lected co6onent o! t"is s#%0e 8"en t"e !i%st
%e!lection %eac"es ..
c) <alc#late t"e s#%0e c#%%ent in t"e cable 1<. (-.+E Q01)
9. .n ove%"ead line "avin0 a s#%0e i6edance o! '00 O"6s is connected in se%ies 8it" an
#nde%0%o#nd cable "avin0 a s#%0e i6edance o! 100 O"6s. /! a s#%0e o! 50 2> t%avels
!%o6 t"e line end to8a%ds t"e line-cable j#nctions9 t"e val#e o! t"e t%ans6itted volta0e
8ave at t"e j#nction is @
a) 30 2> b) 20 2> c) 80 2> d) 30 2> (-.+E Q99)
10. . cable "as t"e !ollo8in0 c"a%acte%istics. F N 0. 201 6;/6 and < N 196.2 /A/6. +"e
velocit( o! 8ave %oa0ation t"%o#0" t"e cable is @
a) 32 6/s b) 159.2' 6/6s c) 0. 0312 6/s d) 159.2' 6/s (-.+E Q98)
11. +"e velocit( o! %oa0ation o! elect%o6a0netic 8ave on an #nde%0%o#nd cable 8it"
%elative e%6ittivit( o! 3 8ill be . .. . 6/sec. (-.+E Q95)
39

12. +"e s#%0e i6edance o! a '00 I6 lon0 ove% "ead t%ans6ission line is '00 o"6s. Ao% a
200 I6 len0t" o! t"e sa6e line9 t"e s#%0e i6edance 8ill be. .. (-.+E Q95)
6. 5.12 IES QUESTIONS
UNIT - I
1. -iven an RF ci%c#it 8it" a s#dden 50 ;: sin#soidal volta0e alied 8"e%e R N 20
O"6s9 F N 0. 36 ; and volta0e > N 200>.
i. +"e s8itc" is closed at s#c" a ti6e as to e%6it 6a3i6#6 t%ansient c#%%ent. E"at is
t"e instantaneo#s val#e o! > #on closin0 t"e s8itc" M
ii. E"at is t"e 6a3i6#6 val#e o! c#%%ent is a%t (a) M
iii. Fet t"e s8itc" "e closed so as to (ield 6ini6#6 t%ansient c#%%ent. E"at
instantaneo#s val#es o! > and a co%%esond to t"is instant o! closin0 t"e s8itc" M
(+39 <".12)
2. 4ete%6ine t"e %elative atten#ation occ#%%in0 in t8o c(cles in t"e ove% volta0e s#%0e set
# on a 132 2> cable !ed t"%o#0" an ai% blast b%ea2e% 8"en t"e b%ea2e% oens on a
s(ste6 s"o%t ci%c#it. t"e b%ea2e% #ses c%itical %esistance s8itc"in0. +"e net8o%2
a%a6ete%s a%e R N 10 o"6s9 F N 8 6; and < N 0. 08 6A. (+39 <".12)
3. E3lain 8it" neat dia0%a6s t8o di!!e%ent t"eo%ies o! c"a%0e 0ene%ation and sea%ation
in a t"#nde% clo#d. (+39 <".12)
'. S"o8 t"at a t%avellin0 8ave 6oves 8it" a velocit( o! li0"t on t"e ove%"ead line and its
seed is %oo%tional to on a cable 8it" dielect%ic 6ate%ial o! e%6ittivit( e
%
(+39 <".12)
5. E3lain t"e va%iation o! c#%%ent and volta0e on an ove%"ead line 8"en one end o! t"e
line is (i) s"o%t-ci%c#ited9 and (ii) oen-ci%c#ited and at t"e ot"e% end a so#%ce o!
constant e.6.!. > is s8itc"ed in. (+39 <".12)
6. E"at is a t%avellin0 8ave M E3lain t"e develo6ent o! s#c" a 8ave on an ove%"ead
line. (+39 <".12)
5. .n ove%"ead t%ans6ission line 8it" s#%0e i6edance '00 o"6s is 300 26 lon0. One
end o! t"is line is s"o%t-ci%c#ited and at t"e ot"e% end a so#%ce o! 11 2> is s#ddenl(
s8itc"ed in. <alc#late t"e c#%%ent at t"e so#%ce end 0. 005 sec a!te% t"e volta0 eis
alied. (+39 <".12)
8. .n ove%"ead line 8it" s#%0e i6edance '00 o"6s bi!#%cates into t8o lines o! s#%0e
i6edance '00 o"6s and '0 o"6s %esectivel(. /! a s#%0e o! 20 2> is incident on t"e
ove%"ead line9 dete%6ine t"e 6a0nit#des o! volta0e and c#%%ent 8"ic" ente% t"e
bi!#%cated lines. (+39 <".12)
9. E"at is Bcaacitance s8itc"in0CM e3lain its e!!ect on t"e e%!o%6ance o! t"e ci%c#it
b%ea2e%. (+39 <".12)
10. 4e%ive an e3%ession !o% t"e %est%i2in0 volta0e ac%oss t"e ci%c#it b%ea2e%. (+39 <".12)
UNIT - II
1. E"at is a volta0e s#%0e M 4%a8 a t(ical li0"tnin0 volta0e s#%0e. (R59 <".23)
'0
'. 4isc#ss t"e ca#ses o! ove% volta0es. (R59 <".23)
5. E"at is li0"tnin0 M 4esc%ibe t"e 6ec"anis6 o! li0"tnin0 disc"a%0e. (R59 <".23)
6. 4esc%ibe t"e va%io#s t(es o! li0"tnin0 st%o2e. (R59 <".23)
5. E"at a%e t"e "a%6!#l e!!ects o! li0"tnin0 M (R59 <".23)
8. ;o8 do ea%t"in0 sc%een and 0%o#nd 8i%es %ovide %otection a0ainst di%ect li0"tnin0 st%o2es M
(R59 <".23)
9. E"at is a s#%0e dive%te% M E"at is t"e basic %incile o! oe%ation o! a s#%0e dive%te% M (R59 <".23)
10. E%ite s"o%t notes on t"e !ollo8in0 s#%0e dive%te%s @
i. Rod 0a dive%te% ii. ;o%n 0a dive%te%
iii. E3#lsion t(e dive%te% iv. ?#lti0a dive%te%. (R59 <".23)
11. 4isc#ss t"e const%#ction9 %incile and 8o%2in0 o! a +"(%ite a%%este%. (R59 <".23)
12. E"at is a s#%0e abso%be% M E%ite a s"o%t note on Ae%%anti s"oc2 abso%be%. (R59 <".23)
13. E"( a%e stee !%onted s#%0es 6o%e dan0e%o#s to o8e% s(ste6 e&#i6ent M (R59 <".23)
1'. E"( is li0"tnin0 acco6anied b( a t"#nde% M (R59 <".23)
15. /s t"e na6e li0"tnin0 a%%este% a%o%iate M (R59 <".23)
16. E"( a%e s#%0e dive%te%s located ve%( close to t"e e&#i6ent to be %otected M (R59 <".23)
15. E"e%e 8ill (o# #se a s#%0e abso%be% M (R59 <".23)
18. E3lain 8it" neat s2etc"es t"e 6ec"anis6 o! li0"tnin0 disc"a%0e. (+39 <".12)
19. 4i!!e%entiate bet8een a "ot li0"tnin0 st%o2e and a cold li0"tin0 st%o2e. (+39 <".12)
20. E"at is a%cin0 0%o#nd M E3lain its e!!ect on t"e e%!o%6ance o! a o8e% s(ste6.
(+39 <".12)
21. E"at a%e t"e va%io#s 6et"ods o! ne#t%al 0%o#ndin0 M <o6a%e t"ei% e%!o%6ance 8it"
%esect to (i) %otective %ela(in09 (ii) !a#lt levels9 (iii) stabilit(9 (iv) volta0e levels o!
o8e% s(ste6s. (+39 <".11)
22. E3lain t"e "eno6enon o! Q.%cin0 0%o#ndsH and s#00est t"e 6et"od to 6ini6ise t"e
e!!ect o! t"is "eno6enon. (+39 <".11)
23. 4isc#ss t"e advanta0es o! (i) 0%o#ndin0 t"e ne#t%al o! t"e s(ste69 (ii) 2eein0 t"e ne#t%al isolated.
(+39 <".11)
2'. . t%ans6ission line "as a caacitance o! 0.1 6A e% "ase. 4ete%6ine t"e ind#ctance o!
$ete%son coil to ne#t%ali:e t"e e!!ect o! caacitance o! (i) co6lete len0t" o! line9 (ii)
95D o! t"e line9 (iii) 90D len0t" o! t"e line. +"e s#l( !%e&#enc( is 50 ;:. (+39 <".11)
25. . 132 2>9 50 ;:9 3-"ase9 100 26 lon0 t%ans6ission line "as a caacitance o! 0.012 6A e% 26 e%
"ase. 4ete%6ine t"e ind#ctive %eactance and 2>. %atin0 o! t"e a%c s#%ession coil s#itable !o% t"e
line to eli6inate a%cin0 0%o#nd "eno6enon. (+39 <".11)
26. . 132 2>9 3-"ase9 50 ;: ove%"ead line o! 100 26 len0t" "as a caacitance to ea%t" o! eac" line o!
0.01 6A e% 26. 4ete%6ine ind#ctance and 2>. %atin0 o! t"e a%c s#%ession s#itable !o% t"is line.
(+39 <".11)
UNIT - III
'1
1. E3lain "o8 a%c is initiated and s#stained in a ci%c#it b%ea2e% 8"en t"e ci%c#it b%ea2e%
contacts sea%ate. (+3. <".15)
2. 4isc#ss t"e %incile o! a%c inte%%#tion in (i) an oil <.1.O and (ii) ai% blast ci%c#it
b%ea2e%. (+3. <".15)
3. <o6a%e t"e e%!o%6ance and c"a%acte%istics o! (i) 6ini6#6 oil b%ea2e%s and ai% blast
<. 1. O (ii) ai% blast <.1. and b#l2 oil <.1. (+3. <".15)
'. E3lain t"e te%6s (i) S(66et%ical b%ea2in0 c#%%entO (ii) .s(66et%ical b%ea2in0
c#%%entO and 9iii) 6a2in0 c#%%ent. E3lain clea%l ( "o8 t"ese c#%%ents can be dete%6ined
!%o6 oscillo0%a6s ta2en d#%in0 s"o%t ci%c#it tests on a 3-"ase <. 1. (+3. <".15)
5. E3lain t"e te%6s (i) %est%i2in0 volta0eO (ii) %ecove%( volta0eO and (iii) RRR>. 4e%ive
an e3%ession !o% t"e %est%i2in0 volta0e in te%6s o! s(ste6 volta0e9 ind#ctance and
caacitance9 ac%oss a <.1. contact 8"en a 3-"ase !a#lt ta2es lace. .ss#6e t"e ne#t%al
o! t"e s(ste6 to be solidl( 0%o#nded. (+3. <".15)
6. 4esc%ibe 8it" t"e "el o! neat dia0%a6 s"o%t ci%#cit testin0 stations. E"at a%e t"e
advanta0es o! labo%ato%( t(e testin0 station M (+3. <".15)
5. E"at a%e t"e %e&#i%e6ents o! t"e contact 6ate%ial !o% a vac##6 ci%c#it b%ea2e% M E"(
is c#%%ent c"oin0 not a se%io#s %oble6 8it" s#c" ci%c#it b%ea2e%s M (+3. <".15)
8. 4esc%ibe t"e const%#ction9 %incile o! oe%ation and alication o! a vac##6 b%ea2e%.
(+3. <".15)
9. <o6a%e t"e e%!o%6ance o! SA
6
0as 8it" ai% 8"en #sed !o% ci%c#it b%ea2in0.
(+3. <".15)
10. E3lain t"e %ocess o! Qc#%%ent c"oin0H in SA
6
b%ea2e%s. (+3. <".15)
11. 4esc%ibe t"e const%#ction9 %incile o! oe%ation and alication o! SA
6
ci%c#it
b%ea2e%. ;o8 does t"is b%ea2e% essentiall( di!!e% !%o6 an ai% blast b%ea2e% M (+3. <".15)
UNIT - IV
1. E"at is a %otective %ela( M E3lain t"e !#nctional c"a%acte%istics o! a %otective %ela(.
(+39 <".1')
2. E3lain 8"at is 6eant b( %i6a%( %otection and bac2 # %otection. (+39 <".1')
3. 4e!ine t"e te%6s @ (i) $ic2 # val#e9 (ii) Reset val#e9 (iii) Oe%atin0 ti6e9 and (iv)
Reset ti6e (+39 <".1')
'. E"at a%e #nit s(ste6 and non-#nit s(ste6 o! %otection M (+39 <".1')
5. S"o8 t"at t"e to%&#e on t"e disc o! an ind#ction disc %ela( is 6a3i6#6 8"en t"e "ase
di!!e%ence bet8een t"e t8o !l#3es is 90
0
. /ndicate t"e di%ection o! %otation o! t"e disc
8it" %e!e%ence to t"e !l#3es #nde% t"e oles. (+39 <".1')
6. E3lain t"e %ocess o! !a#lt clea%nin0 8it" t"e "el o! a neat s2etc". (+39 <".1')
5. 4esc%ibe t"e const%#ction9 %incile o! oe%ation and alication o! an (i) ind#ction
disc and (ii) ind#ction c# t(e o! %ela(. E"at is t"e %atio o! %eset to ic2 # val#e in
case o! t"ese %ela(s M (+39 <".1')
8. E3lain 8"( t"e %atio o! %eset to ic2 # s"o#ld be "i0". (+39 <".1')
'2
9. E%ite a s"o%t note on t"e ti6e-c#%%ent c"a%acte%istics o! an ove%c#%%ent %ela(. 4%a8
t"ese c"a%acte%istics !o% t"e %ela( #sed to %otect a %adial !eede% 8it" t"%ee s#bstations
!ed !%o6 one end. (+39 <".1')
10. <lassi!( t"e va%io#s t(es o! ove%c#%%ent tela(s and 0ive t"ei% alications alon08it"
a%o3i6ate c"a%acte%istics. (+39 <".1')
11. E"at is an /4?+ c"a%acte%istic M E3lain "o8 t"is is ac"ieved in %actice. (+39 <".1')
UNIT - V
1. S"o8 6at"e6aticall( "o8 t"e distance %ela(s s"o#ld be connected so t"at t"e( %ovide
e&#all( sensitive %otection a0ainst t"%ee-"ase and "ase-to-"ase !a#lts. -ive t"e
dia0%a6 o! connection also. (+39 <".1')
2. E3lain 8"at is 6eant b( "ase !a#lt co6ensation as alied to distance %otection.
E"( is it necessa%( and "o8 can it be ac"ieved M -ive t"e dia0%a6 o! connections.
(+39 <".1')
3. E3lain clea%l( t"e basic %incile o! oe%ation o! a di!!e%ential %ela(. E3lain t"e
8o%2in0 o! t"is t(e o! %ela( !o% (i) an inte%nal !a#lt9 and (ii) a t"%o#0" !a#lt.
(+39 <".1')
'. -ive va%io#s sc"e6es o! %otection !o% !eede%s and co6a%e t"ei% e%!o%6ance.
(+39 <".1')
5. E"at is 6eant b( (i) ti6e-0%aded9 9ii) c#%%ent 0%aded and (iii) ti6e-c#%%ent 0%aded
s(ste6s M E3lain 8"( ti6e-c#%%ent 0%aded s(ste6 is no%6all( %e!e%%ed ove% t"e ot"e%
s(ste6s o! %otection M (+39 <".1')
6. E3lain clea%l( "o8 t"e selection o! c#%%ent and ti6e settin0s is done in a ti6e-c#%%ent
0%aded s(ste6M (+39 <".1')
5. -ive sc"e6es o! %otection !o% a a%allel !eede% !ed !%o6 (i) one end9 (ii) bot" t"e
ends. (+39 <".1')
8. -ive a sc"e6e o! %otection !o% a %in0 6ain "avin0 t"%ee s#bstations and !ed !%o6 one
end. E3lain 8"et"e% t"e sa6e sc"e6e co#ld be #sed i! t"e %in0 6ains 8e%e !ed !%o6
6o%e t"an one end. (+39 <".1')
9. E"at is 6eant b( 3-:one %otection M -ive s#c" sc"e6es o! %otection !o% (i) s"o%t
len0t" lines9 9ii) 6edi#6 len0t" lines9 and (iii) lon0 lines. -ive sc"e6atic dia0%a6s o!
contact ci%c#its and e3lain t"ei% %incile o! oe%ation !o% t"ese sc"e6es. (+39 <".1')
10. E3lain t"e ca%%ie% s(ste6 o% %otection. Eit" a bloc2 dia0%a6 and neat s2etc"es
disc#ss "o8 t"e "ase co6a%ison sc"e6e can be #sed !o% %otectin0 a !eede% !ed !%o6
(i) one end9 and (ii) bot" t"e ends. E"at is t"e basis !o% t"e c"oice o! !%e&#enc( in
o8e% line ca%%ie% s(ste6 M E3lain 8"et"e% t"is sc"e6e can be #sed !o% t"e %otection
o! #nde%0%o#nd cables. (+39 <". 1')
'3

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3/2 EEE (2008-09) Auroras Scientific Technological and Research Academy

A and ind#ctance is 9;. Aind

A e% "ase and %esistance 6a( be i0no%ed. Aind

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